Earth Days

President John F.

总统约翰·F.

Kennedy (archival): If we do what is right now, in 1963, we must set aside substantial areas of our country for all the people who are going to live in it by the year 2000.

肯尼迪（档案）：如果我们按照 1963 年现在的方式行事，我们必须在 2000 年之前为所有将在其中居住的人们留出我国的大部分地区。

Where 180 million Americans now live, by the year 2000 there will be 350 million of them.

现在居住着 1.8 亿美国人，到 2000 年，这一数字将达到 3.5 亿。

President Lyndon B.

总统林登·B.

Johnson (archival): Either we stop the poisoning in our air or we become a nation in gas masks.

约翰逊（档案）：要么我们停止空气污染，要么我们成为一个戴着防毒面具的国家。

Groping our way through these dying cities and a wilderness of ghost towns that the people have evacuated.

我们在这些垂死的城市和人们撤离的鬼城荒野中摸索前进。

President Richard M.

总统理查德·M.

Nixon (archival): The great question of the ‘70s is: shall we surrender to our surroundings or shall we make our peace with nature and begin to make reparations for the damage we have done to our air, to our land, and to our water.

尼克松（档案）：70 年代的重大问题是：我们应该向周围环境投降，还是应该与自然和平相处，并开始对我们对空气、土地和水造成的损害进行赔偿。

President Gerald R.

总统杰拉尔德·R.

Ford (archival): And accelerate development of technology, to capture energy from the sun and the earth for this and future generations.

福特（档案）：并加速技术发展，为今世后代从太阳和地球获取能量。

President Jimmy Carter (archival): If we fail to act soon we will face an economic, social, and political crisis that will threaten our free institutions.

吉米·卡特总统（档案）：如果我们不尽快采取行动，我们将面临一场经济、社会和政治危机，这将威胁我们的自由机构。

President Ronald Reagan (archival): We must and will be sensitive to the delicate balance of our ecosystems, the preservation of endangered species, and the protection of our wilderness lands.

罗纳德·里根总统（档案）：我们必须而且将会对生态系统的微妙平衡、濒危物种的保护以及我们荒野的保护保持敏感。

President George Bush (archival): It has been said that we don’t inherit the Earth from our ancestors, but we borrow it from our children.

乔治·布什总统（档案）：有人说，我们不是从祖先那里继承了地球，而是从我们的子孙那里借来的。

And when our children look back on this time and this place they will be grateful.

当我们的孩子回顾这段时光、这个地方时，他们会心存感激。

President William J.

总统威廉·J.

Clinton (archival): If we fail to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, deadly heat waves and droughts will become more frequent, coastal areas will flood and economies will be disrupted.

克林顿（档案）：如果我们不能减少温室气体的排放，致命的热浪和干旱将变得更加频繁，沿海地区将被洪水淹没，经济将受到干扰。

That is going to happen, unless we act.

除非我们采取行动，否则这种情况将会发生。

President George W.

总统乔治·W.

Bush (archival): And here we have a serious problem: America is addicted to oil.

布什（档案）：我们这里有一个严重的问题：美国对石油上瘾。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: I am 87 years old.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），自然资源保护主义者：我今年 87 岁了。

I was a child during the Depression.

大萧条时期我还是个孩子。

The Great Depression had an enormous influence on the lives of all of us that experienced it.

大萧条对我们所有人的生活产生了巨大的影响。

I lived in the country; I’m a country boy.

我住在乡下；我是一个乡下男孩。

Small town kid.

小镇孩子。

We didn’t have electricity, we learned to live simply and get our sustenance from the earth.

我们没有电，我们学会了简单的生活，从土地中获取食物。

I didn’t own a car until I was 27.

直到 27 岁我才拥有一辆车。

I grew up with conservation because it was important for our lives.

我是在保护环境中长大的，因为它对我们的生活很重要。

Then after the war, everybody thought they ought to have a chance to be rich.

战后，每个人都认为他们应该有机会致富。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: There was an enormous economic boom going on after the war, there was this “progress is our most important product” feeling to the 1950s.

未来主义者斯图尔特·布兰德：战后出现了巨大的经济繁荣，到了 20 世纪 50 年代，人们有一种“进步是我们最重要的产品”的感觉。

And I was one of many relatively spoiled children of that, compared to the people who grew up in the Depression.

与在大萧条中长大的人相比，我是许多被宠坏的孩子之一。

When I was a kid growing up in Rockford, Illinois, I was reading Outdoor Life and I took the Conservation Pledge.

当我还是个在伊利诺伊州罗克福德长大的孩子时，我正在阅读《户外生活》，并做出了“保护誓言”。

“I give my pledge as an American to faithfully defend from waste the natural resources of my country—Its soil and minerals, its forests, waters and wildlife.” That was me, at age 10 or something like that.

“作为一名美国人，我承诺忠实地保护我国的自然资源——土壤和矿产、森林、水域和野生动物，免遭浪费。”那就是我，10 岁左右的时候。

I got rubber stamps that I put on all of my books that said that.

我在我所有的书上都贴了橡皮图章，上面写着这句话。

And I guess like a lot of that generation I saw pieces of that childhood destroyed in one way or another you couldn’t go back to.

我想像那一代人中的很多人一样，我看到童年的片段以某种方式被摧毁，你无法回到过去。

Then you get that sense of angst, well, how much of this process of loss is going to go on?

然后你就会有一种焦虑感，好吧，这个失去的过程会持续到什么程度？

Dennis Meadows, The Forecaster: I grew up in a beautiful Midwest town.

丹尼斯·梅多斯（Dennis Meadows），预报员：我在一个美丽的中西部小镇长大。

You drove around and it was a green, peaceful, relatively intact system.

你开车绕了一圈，这是一个绿色、和平、相对完整的系统。

I really never was confronted by issues of scarcity, pollution, man’s impact on the planet.

我真的从未遇到过稀缺、污染、人类对地球的影响等问题。

These things just didn’t come up for me.

这些事情只是不适合我。

In those days, environmental problems didn’t really impress themselves on you.

那时候，环境问题并没有给你留下什么深刻的印象。

It wasn’t clear that we had any very serious problems.

目前还不清楚我们是否遇到了任何非常严重的问题。

Hunter Lovins, The Motivator: Americans want to believe in a future that is expansive.

亨特·洛文斯（Hunter Lovins），《激励者》：美国人希望相信广阔的未来。

That is better than the past.

这比过去好多了。

When I was a kid, the year 2000 was 40 years in the future.

当我还是个孩子的时候，2000年已经是40年后的事了。

And the sort of thing that the futurists were all laying out was almost unimaginable.

未来主义者所设想的那种事情几乎是难以想象的。

That never seemed to me to be a particularly interesting way to live.

在我看来，这从来都不是一种特别有趣的生活方式。

I always thought and kind of held a mental model, that somehow we would all find a way to live in something more like a New England village.

我一直认为并且持有一种心理模型，即我们都会找到一种方式生活在更像新英格兰村庄的地方。

We would know our neighbors.

我们会认识我们的邻居。

We would have genuine say in decisions that were made that would impact our lives.

我们会对影响我们生活的决定拥有真正的发言权。

This always seemed to me, a far superior future.

在我看来，这是一个更加美好的未来。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: I voted for the Interstate Highway program, which I see now as a great mistake.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），环保人士：我投票支持州际公路计划，我现在认为这是一个巨大的错误。

I was a freshman Congressman; you went along for the ride.

我是一名新任国会议员；你也跟着去兜风了。

The vision we had was super-abundance.

我们的愿景是超级丰富。

There was no discussion of how much oil we had.

没有讨论我们有多少石油。

There was just the assumption that it would always be there and they would always be finding more oil, and oil would be cheap.

只是假设它永远存在，他们总是会找到更多的石油，而且石油会很便宜。

So the automobile culture that we adopted began to gain strength.

所以我们采用的汽车文化开始增强。

Let the trains and public transportation go.

让火车和公共交通畅通无阻。

That’s what we did in most parts of the county.

这就是我们在该县大部分地区所做的事情。

This was the future.

这就是未来。

The individual.

个人。

The automobile.

汽车。

Pete McCloskey, The Politician: California has been the heart of much of the environmental leadership in America.

皮特·麦克洛斯基（Pete McCloskey），《政治家》：加利福尼亚州一直是美国环境领导力的核心。

Every day we see something that we grew up with our youth that we treasured that is lost.

每天，我们都会看到一些我们在青春时期长大的、我们珍惜的东西消失了。

Southern California was a beautiful place, small towns, orange groves, mustard fields, and then the metropolis of Los Angeles.

南加州是一个美丽的地方，有小镇、橘子园、芥菜田，还有大都市洛杉矶。

We had the finest transportation system in the world, electric trains.

我们拥有世界上最好的交通系统：电动火车。

You could go anywhere: San Bernardino to Santa Monica.

您可以去任何地方：圣贝纳迪诺到圣莫尼卡。

My dad commuted to work from South Pasadena every day of his life.

我父亲每天都从南帕萨迪纳上班。

We’d had steady development since the end of World War II in 1945 and by 1950 when I was up at Stanford, they had to close down high school baseball games because the air had grown so smoggy as a result of the automobiles and the vanishing of the great electric trains.

自 1945 年第二次世界大战结束以来，我们一直在稳步发展，到 1950 年，当我在斯坦福大学读书时，他们不得不关闭高中棒球比赛，因为汽车的出现和大型电动火车的消失，导致空气变得雾霾。

What happened to Los Angeles in my lifetime is that it became one huge suburb.

在我一生中，洛杉矶发生的事情是它变成了一个巨大的郊区。

Paul Ehrlich, The Biologist: Ecology means the study of organisms in combination with their environments.

保罗·埃利希（Paul Ehrlich），生物学家：生态学是指对有机体与其环境相结合的研究。

We take groups of organisms put them in their environment and try and understand what’s happening.

我们将一组生物体放入其环境中，并尝试了解正在发生的事情。

My original interest in human population developed when I was an undergraduate at Penn in the ‘50s.

我最初对人类的兴趣是在 20 世纪 50 年代我在宾夕法尼亚大学读本科时产生的。

As a biologist, the thing that I saw first was when I was in high school they were doing so much building of subdivisions for more and more people in New Jersey and spraying so much DDT around that the butterflies I was interested in studying were disappearing.

作为一名生物学家，我首先看到的事情是，当我在高中时，他们为新泽西州越来越多的人建造了如此多的分区，并在周围喷洒了如此多的滴滴涕，以至于我感兴趣研究的蝴蝶正在消失。

That tied very directly to population, as do almost all of our other environmental problems.

这与人口直接相关，几乎所有其他环境问题也是如此。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: I was born into a papermaking family.

Denis Hayes，组织者：我出生在一个造纸世家。

So, my youth was surrounded by the felling of trees and by paper mills that produced vast quantities of uncontrolled sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.

因此，我的童年被砍伐树木和造纸厂所包围，这些工厂产生了大量不受控制的二氧化硫和硫化氢。

I think I probably have a bit of diminished lung capacity that grew out of breathing all of that acid for all of those years.

我想我的肺活量可能会因为这些年来呼吸所有的酸而有所下降。

There is probably some Freudian rebellion against my father that was part of it.

其中可能有一些弗洛伊德式的对我父亲的反抗。

So I was intensely aware that there were these destructive things going on to the land around me but I guess as I was growing up it wasn’t something that I thought of as, as a question.

所以我强烈地意识到我周围的土地正在发生这些破坏性的事情，但我想随着我的成长，这并不是我认为的问题。

I mean, this was just progress.

我的意思是，这只是进步。

There is something much more insidious with things that are not so visible and nevertheless have dramatic impacts.

那些不那么明显但却具有巨大影响的事物却有更阴险的一面。

Like nuclear fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests.

就像大气层核试验的核辐射一样。

When I was born, Strontium-90 didn’t exist.

我出生时，Strontium-90 还不存在。

By the time I was a teenager every living creature on the planet had Strontium-90 in its bones or its shells.

当我十几岁的时候，地球上所有生物的骨骼或外壳中都含有锶 90。

That is a fairly profound change and we’d done it.

这是一个相当深远的改变，我们已经做到了。

Stephanie Mills, The Radical: It felt to me like the preciousness of life was in imperiled.

斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯（Stephanie Mills），《激进派》：我感觉生命的珍贵受到了威胁。

Subconsciously, I may have understood that my way of life you know, the sort of middle class American way of life was imperiled.

潜意识里，我可能已经明白，我的生活方式，即美国中产阶级的生活方式已经受到了威胁。

I couldn’t have articulated it then ‘cause I didn’t understand all the connections.

当时我无法清楚地表达出来，因为我不明白所有的联系。

Bear in mind that as a child I was, you know, trained to hide under my desk in the event of a nuclear explosion.

请记住，当我还是个孩子的时候，你知道，我接受过在发生核爆炸时躲在桌子下面的训练。

Living with the possibility of the bomb is foundational to this idea that human extinction has been put within human grasp.

接受炸弹的可能性是人类灭绝已被置于人类掌控之中这一理念的基础。

Rusty Schweickart, The Astronaut: The mushroom cloud was the icon of my generation; that image was in every classroom I went to as a child.

Rusty Schweickart，宇航员：蘑菇云是我们这一代人的标志；我小时候去过的每间教室里都有这张照片。

It was the epitome of human creation and creativity to have developed this incredibly destructive thing.

开发出这种极具破坏性的东西是人类创造和创造力的缩影。

And then of course there was the light side of the shadow.

当然，还有阴影的光明面。

You know, there was this idea that was out there that the atom was going to be the salvation of humanity.

你知道，当时有一种想法认为原子将拯救人类。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: This was the first generation that had acquired the power of a geophysical force that could force brand new radioactive substances to be disseminated throughout the entire planet.

丹尼斯·海斯（Denis Hayes），组织者：这是第一代获得了地球物理力的力量，可以迫使全新的放射性物质散布到整个地球。

That could drive, not just a few species as we’d always done, but now literally thousands of species into extinction.

这可能不仅会像我们一直做的那样导致少数物种灭绝，而且现在实际上会导致数千个物种灭绝。

That could change the climate.

这可能会改变气候。

Dennis Meadows, The Forecaster: We’d been on this planet for several hundred thousands of years and during most of that time anybody who looked far into the future didn’t have much survival value.

丹尼斯·梅多斯（Dennis Meadows），预报员：我们在这个星球上已经存在了几十万年，在这段时间的大部分时间里，任何展望未来的人都没有多少生存价值。

I mean, if you are in the midst of a battle with a mammoth or something, you don’t sit there and say, well let’s think about three years from now, you, you run.

我的意思是，如果你正在与猛犸象或其他什么东西战斗，你不会坐在那里说，好吧，让我们想想三年后，你，你跑。

And so for a long period of time, the advantage went to those who focused on the immediate situation.

因此，在很长一段时间内，优势属于那些关注眼前局势的人。

And I think as a consequence of that now that we are faced with issues that will really unfold over centuries, we are genetically and institutionally ill adapted for it.

我认为，由于现在我们面临着将在几个世纪以来真正展开的问题，我们在基因和制度上都无法适应它。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: The concept that the planet is very fragile really came out Rachel Carson’s book.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），环保主义者：地球非常脆弱的概念确实来自雷切尔·卡森（Rachel Carson）的书。

Silent Spring sounded the alarm that we were destroying the life support system of the planet.

《寂静的春天》敲响了我们正在摧毁地球生命维持系统的警报。

The book was a sensation; it was printed in over 30 languages.

这本书引起了轰动；它以 30 多种语言印刷。

Paul Ehrlich, The Biologist: Rachel Carson has to get the main credit for modern environmental movement because she was the first one to point out one of the really serious environmental problems that was the over use of pesticides.

保罗·埃利希（Paul Ehrlich），生物学家：现代环境运动主要归功于雷切尔·卡森（Rachel Carson），因为她是第一个指出真正严重的环境问题之一是过度使用农药的人。

It was the right moment, the right book, and the right personality.

这是正确的时机、正确的书和正确的个性。

Although the pesticide industry tried to demonize her, Rachel Carson didn’t demonize easily.

尽管农药行业试图妖魔化她，但雷切尔·卡森并没有轻易妖魔化。

Rachel Carson (archival): Unless we do bring these chemicals under better control we are certainly headed for disaster.

雷切尔·卡森（档案）：除非我们确实更好地控制这些化学物质，否则我们肯定会走向灾难。

The balance of nature is built of a series of interrelationships between living things, and between living things and their environment.

自然的平衡是由生物之间以及生物与其环境之间的一系列相互关系建立的。

You can’t just step in with some brute force and change one thing without changing many others.

你不能仅仅用一些蛮力介入并改变一件事而不改变其他许多事情。

Now this doesn’t mean of course that we must never interfere, that we must not attempt to tilt that balance of nature in our favor but when we do make this attempt we must know what we are doing.

当然，这并不意味着我们绝不能干涉，我们不能试图使自然平衡向有利于我们的方向倾斜，但当我们确实做出这种尝试时，我们必须知道我们在做什么。

We must know the consequences.

我们必须知道后果。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: There was an ugly backlash after the book came out.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），《自然保护主义者》：这本书出版后，引起了强烈的反对。

The chemically industries were calling her a hysterical woman that didn’t know what she was talking about.

化学工业称她为歇斯底里的女人，不知道自己在说什么。

Dr. White (archival): The major claims in Ms. Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring are gross distortions of the actual facts.

怀特博士（档案）：雷切尔·卡森女士在《寂静的春天》一书中的主要主张是对事实的严重歪曲。

Completely unsupported by scientific experimental evidence, and general practical experience in the field.

完全没有科学实验证据和该领域一般实践经验的支持。

Ms. Carson maintains that the balance of nature is a major force in the survival of man, whereas the modern chemist, the modern biologist, the modern scientist believes that man is steadily controlling nature.

卡森女士认为自然的平衡是人类生存的主要力量，而现代化学家、现代生物学家、现代科学家则认为人类正在稳定地控制自然。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: Something that we all thought of prior to her as better living thru chemistry in a sense.

丹尼斯·海耶斯（Denis Hayes），组织者：在她之前，我们都认为从某种意义上来说，通过化学可以让生活变得更好。

You are pouring this stuff on your crops and you are producing more crops it really wasn’t something where you thought, my goodness people are intentionally poisoning the environment and that those poisons might not be as selective as they are telling us.

你把这些东西倒在你的庄稼上，你就生产了更多的庄稼，这真的不是你想象的那样，我的天哪，人们故意毒害环境，这些毒药可能不像他们告诉我们的那样有选择性。

Stephanie Mills, The Radical: Rachel Carson was incredibly scrupulous in the creation of Silent Spring.

斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯，《激进派》：雷切尔·卡森在创作《寂静的春天》时非常谨慎。

She understood that we are organisms as much as the birds whose songs were being silenced.

她明白，我们和鸟儿一样都是有机体，它们的歌声被压制了。

She wrote not only a tremendously informative book, but an incredibly moving book, and she did it while she was suffering from cancer.

她不仅写了一本内容丰富的书，而且写了一本令人难以置信的感人之作，而且是在她患有癌症的时候写的。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: There was a controversy that raged really until her death it was still going on and that was kind of sad because uh she was a shy person.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），自然资源保护主义者：有一场争议一直持续到她去世为止，而且仍在继续，这有点悲伤，因为呃，她是一个害羞的人。

She was not a crusader.

她不是十字军战士。

She was a scientist.

她是一位科学家。

Reporter (archival): There appears to be growing concern amongst scientists at the possibility of dangerous long-range side effects from the widespread use of DDT and other pesticides.

记者（档案）：科学家们似乎越来越担心广泛使用滴滴涕和其他农药可能产生危险的远距离副作用。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: President Kennedy’s science advisory group reported that Rachel Carson’s method of research was sound and her findings and conclusions were generally correct.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），环保主义者：肯尼迪总统的科学顾问小组报告说，雷切尔·卡森的研究方法是合理的，她的发现和结论总体上是正确的。

President Kennedy backed Rachel Carson.

肯尼迪总统支持雷切尔·卡森。

President John F.

总统约翰·F.

Kennedy (archival): I think, particularly, of course uh, with Ms. Carson’s book…

肯尼迪（档案）：我认为，当然，呃，卡森女士的书……

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: And that put the chemical industry on the defensive.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），环保主义者：这使得化学工业处于守势。

Rachel Carson (voice over, archival): I truly believe that we in this generation must come to terms with nature.

雷切尔·卡森（画外音，档案）：我坚信，我们这一代人必须接受自然。

And I think we are challenged as mankind has never been challenged before to prove our maturity and our mastery not of nature, but of ourselves.

我认为我们面临着挑战，因为人类以前从未受到过挑战来证明我们的成熟和我们对自然的掌握，而是对我们自己的掌握。

Dennis Meadows, The Forecaster: A really profound difficulty that we confront, particularly in the West, is the degree to which people came to equate the accumulation of material goods with success and happiness.

丹尼斯·梅多斯（Dennis Meadows），《预测者》：我们面临的一个真正深刻的困难，特别是在西方，是人们在多大程度上将物质财富的积累与成功和幸福等同起来。

It hasn’t always been like that.

但情况并非总是如此。

The things we have to do to accumulate more goods tends to deteriorate the quality of the social system.

我们为积累更多商品而必须做的事情往往会恶化社会体系的质量。

So as we get less and less satisfaction from the social side of our lives we actually tend to put more and more emphasis on the accumulation of material goods.

因此，当我们从生活的社交方面获得的满足感越来越少时，我们实际上倾向于越来越重视物质财富的积累。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: When I was 19, I took off and hitchhiked around the world for a few years.

丹尼斯·海耶斯（Denis Hayes），组织者：当我 19 岁时，我搭便车环游世界了几年。

I was just profoundly depressed by the, the many ways that America was falling short of the American dream that I had been taught in my younger years.

我只是对美国在很多方面未能实现我年轻时所学到的美国梦感到非常沮丧。

In January of 1965, I find myself in Namibia in the middle of a dessert.

1965 年 1 月，我发现自己身处纳米比亚，正在吃甜点。

I was hungry, I was tired, I had been alone for a couple of years, and had in essence a sort of vision.

我饿了，我累了，我已经独自一人好几年了，本质上有一种愿景。

The things that came together in my mind at that point were the human problems we were facing and the principals of ecology that guided literally everything on earth.

那时我脑海中浮现出我们所面临的人类问题以及指导地球上一切事物的生态学原理。

Ecology in some large measure is the study of how populations obtain and use energy efficiently.

生态学在很大程度上是对人们如何有效地获取和使用能源的研究。

Energy from the sun, through their food supplies.

能源来自太阳，通过他们的食物供应。

And because humans had divorced themselves in some large measure from the inflow of solar energy by tapping into fossil energy resources we’d been able to seemingly for a period of time, for a century or so, violate some of these basic principals of ecology.

由于人类通过利用化石能源在很大程度上脱离了太阳能的流入，我们似乎能够在一段时间内，一个世纪左右的时间里，违反一些生态学的基本原理。

They by and large led us into some really unfortunate consequences.

总的来说，他们给我们带来了一些非常不幸的后果。

The idea here is: what do you really do to try to bring the carbon cycle back into balance?

这里的想法是：你真正应该做什么来尝试使碳循环恢复平衡？

It occurred to me that we need to begin to apply the principals of ecology to the way that we build our cities, the way that we manage our agricultural system, to the way we make industrial processes.

我突然想到，我们需要开始将生态学原理应用于我们建设城市的方式、我们管理农业系统的方式以及我们制造工业流程的方式。

I was literally awake all night excited with this thing, and got up the next morning knowing what I was going to do.

我确实对这件事兴奋了一整夜，第二天早上起床就知道我要做什么。

I was going to come back to the United States and I was going to become engaged in political activity and I was going to be trying to see if I could somehow insert this insight into the body politic.

我要回到美国，我要参与政治活动，我要尝试看看我是否能以某种方式将这种洞察力融入到政治体系中。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: There were no environmental laws when I became the Secretary of the Interior.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），环保主义者：当我担任内政部长时，还没有环境法。

The rivers of this country essentially were sewers!

这个国家的河流本质上就是下水道！

There was a smog episode in New York City that killed a large number of people.

纽约市发生烟雾事件，造成大量人员死亡。

Air pollution that killed people.

空气污染导致人员死亡。

We made, during the 1960s, the first list of endangered species and what was at the top of the list?

我们在 20 世纪 60 年代制定了第一份濒危物种清单，清单顶部的是什么？

The American Bald Eagle, our national symbol.

美国秃鹰，我们的国家象征。

Stephanie Mills, The Radical: Like lots of others in my generation, I thought that all of the beauty was going to be destroyed.

斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯（Stephanie Mills），《激进派》：像我这一代的许多人一样，我认为所有的美丽都会被摧毁。

I thought that cheesy suburbs would overrun the fields and the hills.

我以为俗气的郊区会淹没田野和山丘。

It was a sense that we were finalizing our alienation from nature and poisoning the planet.

有一种感觉，我们正在结束与自然的疏远并毒害地球。

And I didn’t want to live in a world like that.

我不想生活在这样的世界里。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: When I was growing up progress was defined by growth and gross national product.

Denis Hayes，组织者：在我成长的过程中，进步是由增长和国民生产总值来定义的。

That you could see the gross national product grow ever higher at the same time that there was this growing recognition that life was, in some very important ways, getting worse as we progressed.

你可以看到国民生产总值增长得越来越高，同时人们也越来越认识到，随着我们的进步，生活在某些非常重要的方面正在变得越来越糟。

Our air and water were polluted.

我们的空气和水都被污染了。

Our most beautiful natural places were being destroyed.

我们最美丽的自然场所正在遭到破坏。

Cities were becoming increasing unlivable; food was becoming increasingly processed to the point where it was neither nutritious nor enjoyable.

城市变得越来越不适宜居住。食物的加工程度越来越高，以至于既不营养也不令人愉快。

And on and on.

不断地。

All of which contributed to this sense of progress, but at the same time people had a mounting discontent.

所有这些都促成了这种进步感，但与此同时，人们的不满情绪也越来越高。

That in some sense was the great underlying engines of launching the environmental movement.

从某种意义上说，这是发起环保运动的巨大潜在引擎。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: The environmental movement that grew out of Rachel Carson’s book was built on the foundation of the conservation movement.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），环保主义者：源自雷切尔·卡森（Rachel Carson）的书的环保运动是建立在保护运动的基础上的。

There were big issues like preserving the Everglades and not putting an airport there, the National Wildlife Federation was right in the forefront of this.

有一些重大问题，比如保护大沼泽地和不在那里建机场，国家野生动物联合会就在这方面走在最前线。

There was a big proposal for dams in the Grand Canyon—can you imagine damming the Grand Canyon?

有一个在大峡谷修建水坝的重大提议——你能想象在大峡谷筑坝吗？

This was raised into a big national issue, particularly by the Sierra Club.

这被提出为一个重大的全国性问题，特别是塞拉俱乐部。

And I was persuaded as Secretary of Interior that the project should be abandoned.

作为内政部长，我被说服应该放弃该项目。

The environmental movement enlarged the conservation movement.

环境运动扩大了保护运动。

It enlarged it beyond concern for the management of United States’ resources to the future of the planet itself.

它将其范围从对美国资源管理的关注扩展到地球本身的未来。

Stephanie Mills, The Radical: What really alarmed me about the state of the planet’s ecology was a book by Paul Ehrlich on overpopulation.

斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯（Stephanie Mills），《激进派》：真正让我对地球生态状况感到震惊的是保罗·埃利希（Paul Ehrlich）写的一本关于人口过剩的书。

It just made perfect sense to me that, that human overpopulation was driving the degradation of the quality of life.

对我来说，人口过剩正在导致生活质量下降，这是完全有道理的。

Paul Ehrlich, The Biologist: When I was born there were 2 billion people on the planet.

Paul Ehrlich，生物学家：当我出生时，地球上有 20 亿人口。

When I wrote The Population Bomb in 1968 there were 3.5 billion people on the planet.

1968 年，当我写下《人口炸弹》时，地球上有 35 亿人。

That number has now almost doubled we’re over 6.5 billion people.

现在这个数字几乎翻了一番，我们的人口已超过 65 亿。

And people say, “well, population growth is slowing down, we are only going to add if we are lucky another 2.5 billion people.” Well, 2.5 billion people is more than there were on the entire planet when I was born.

人们说，“好吧，人口增长正在放缓，如果幸运的话，我们只会增加 25 亿人口。”嗯，25 亿人比我出生时整个地球上的人口还要多。

Paul Ehrlich (archival): The population situation is bad beyond what any demographer even dreamed of 25 years ago.

Paul Ehrlich（档案）：人口状况比 25 年前任何人口统计学家所想象的还要糟糕。

What about the resource situation in the world?

世界资源状况如何？

The most important resource to all of us, of course, is food.

对于我们所有人来说，最重要的资源当然是食物。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: Paul Ehrlich’s book The Population Bomb came out in the late 60s, he was instantly famous, he was instantly controversial.

未来主义者斯图尔特·布兰德：保罗·埃利希的《人口炸弹》一书于 60 年代末出版，他立即成名，立即引起争议。

Paul Ehrlich (archival): Some time in the next 15 years the end will come and by the end I mean an utter breakdown of the capacity of the planet to support humanity.

Paul Ehrlich（档案）：在未来 15 年的某个时候，末日将会到来，我所说的末日是指地球支持人类的能力彻底崩溃。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: I’d been a student of, of Paul Ehrlich’s at Stanford.

未来学家斯图尔特·布兰德：我是斯坦福大学保罗·埃利希的学生。

I trusted him and liked him.

我信任他并且喜欢他。

I bought it completely.

我完全买了。

It was a global perspective which was interesting because many of the things that environmentalists were doing was not so global.

这是一个有趣的全球视角，因为环保主义者所做的许多事情并不是那么全球化。

Paul Ehrlich (archival): You can be absolutely sure that we have had it.

Paul Ehrlich（档案）：你可以绝对确定我们已经经历过。

Everybody who has looked at the overall population resources environment picture comes up with the same kind of estimate of what would be required if we’re to have a 50/50 chance of getting through the next couple of decades with civilization intact.

每个看过总体人口资源环境图景的人都会得出同样的估计，即如果我们要有 50/50 的机会在未来几十年内保持文明完好无损，就需要做些什么。

Stephanie Mills, The Radical: He grabbed the thorniest thistle of all: which is us, you know.

斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯（Stephanie Mills），《激进派》：他抓住了最有刺的蓟：你知道，这就是我们。

Human reproduction.

人类的繁衍。

I was totally galvanized and I went to my dorm room and just sort of blasted out a draft of this speech to deliver at commencement titled “The Future is a Cruel Hoax”.

我完全被激怒了，我回到宿舍，草拟了一份演讲稿，在毕业典礼上发表，题为“未来是一个残酷的骗局”。

It was pretty drastic rhetoric, I said you know, mankind’s moved across the face of the earth like a great unthinking, unfeeling cancer and that the most humane thing for me to do would be to have no children at all.

这是相当激烈的言辞，我说你知道，人类就像一个没有思想、无情的巨大癌症一样在地球表面移动，对我来说最人道的事情就是根本没有孩子。

I was a media figure overnight.

我一夜之间成了媒体人物。

It was personal I said, “I am not going to have a child.” This is very serious.

我说的是私人的，“我不会生孩子。”这是非常严重的。

And I was a woman saying it.

我是一个女人说这句话的。

Stephanie Mills (archival): All right!

斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯（档案）：好吧！

(Applause) Peace and the 2-child family…

（鼓掌）和平和二孩家庭……

Stephanie Mills, The Radical: I went around gave 80 speeches in a year.

斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯 (Stephanie Mills)，The Radical：我一年内发表了 80 场演讲。

Stephanie Mills (archival): If every student says, “I’m not going to have more than two children then within five years the population growth curve will begin to drop.

斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯（档案）：如果每个学生都说，“我不会有两个以上的孩子，那么五年内人口增长曲线将开始下降。

So the future is in our hands in a very, very real sense…

所以，从非常非常真实的意义上来说，未来掌握在我们手中......

Stephanie Mills, The Radical: The pill had just recently become available, so this is something that I can do as an act of conscience.

斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯（Stephanie Mills），The Radical：这种药最近才上市，所以这是我出于良心所做的事情。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: We had a lot of allusions about earth.

未来学家斯图尔特·布兰德：我们有很多关于地球的典故。

One of them was that it was basically flat and infinite with no finitude to our resources.

其中之一是它基本上是平坦的和无限的，我们的资源是无限的。

And we had very stereotyped ideas of what the earth looked like from space.

我们对从太空看地球是什么样子有非常刻板的想法。

If you look at all of the images, that people made before we had the photographs, almost none of them have clouds.

如果你看一下人们在我们拍摄照片之前拍摄的所有图像，你会发现几乎没有一张有云。

And weather and climate.

还有天气和气候。

There is such a thing as icons.

有一种东西叫做图标。

And icons help frame peoples thinking.

图标有助于构建人们的思维。

My sense was that a photograph of earth from space would be different in every possible way from a painting of the earth from space.

我的感觉是，从太空拍摄的地球照片与从太空拍摄的地球画作在各个方面都会有所不同。

In 1966, I took some LSD on a rooftop in San Francisco.

1966 年，我在旧金山的屋顶上服用了一些迷幻药。

I noticed that the buildings of downtown were not parallel to one another.

我注意到市中心的建筑物并不相互平行。

It was as if you were looking with a fish-eye lens; they had a slightly divergent quality to them.

就好像你在用鱼眼镜头看一样；他们的品质略有不同。

And so I am basically mentally elevating myself higher and higher and higher until the horizon closes around me like a circle.

所以我基本上在精神上把自己提升得越来越高，直到地平线像一个圆圈一样在我周围闭合。

What I am looking at is the surface of a sphere.

我看到的是球体的表面。

I was just trying to call forth that reality.

我只是想唤起这个现实。

And what I though was, when taking my 100 mikes of LSD on a rooftop, “I know, I’ll just make a button.” And I come up with a phrasing that I like, “Why haven’t we seen a photograph of the whole earth yet?” I’ll distribute the button through the world and everybody will understand that we need to see a photograph of the whole earth and when we do everything will be different.

当我在屋顶上服用 100 麦克迷幻药时，我的想法是，“我知道，我只需按一个按钮即可。”我想出了一个我喜欢的措辞：“为什么我们还没有看到整个地球的照片？”我将把这个按钮分发到全世界，每个人都会明白，我们需要看到一张整个地球的照片，当我们这样做时，一切都会有所不同。

So I printed up a bunch of these buttons and I went round to various universities and sold the buttons for 25 cents a piece.

所以我打印了一堆这样的纽扣，然后我去了各个大学，以每颗 25 美分的价格出售了这些纽扣。

I sent them to Buckminster Fuller and Marsha McLuhan and all those senators and their secretaries that I could find.

我把它们寄给了巴克明斯特·富勒和玛莎·麦克卢汉以及我能找到的所有参议员和他们的秘书。

I sent them to various professionals at NASA, and Polit Bureau members in Russia.

我将它们发送给美国宇航局的各种专业人士以及俄罗斯的政治局成员。

I just, you know, floated this stuff out there to see what would happen.

我只是，你知道，把这些东西放在那里看看会发生什么。

Stephanie Mills, The Radical: At that time, you know, in the late ‘60s the Whole Earth Catalogue became kind of the Sears catalogue of the back-to-the-land generation with this intelligence behind it of Stewart’s.

斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯（Stephanie Mills），《激进派》：当时，你知道，在 20 世纪 60 年代末，《全球概览》有点像回到陆地一代的西尔斯目录，背后有斯图尔特的智慧。

Stewart’s motto was “we are as gods and we might as well get good at it.”

斯图尔特的座右铭是“我们就像神一样，我们最好擅长于此。”

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: The Whole Earth Catalogue had basically appropriate technology as our contribution.

斯图尔特·布兰德（Stewart Brand），《未来主义者：整个地球目录》基本上有适当的技术作为我们的贡献。

Photo-volt-take, things that you could put on your roof that you would get 12-volt power out of that was deemed appropriate technology.

光伏发电，你可以把它放在屋顶上，从中获得 12 伏的电力，这被认为是合适的技术。

Putting something in a creek that would pump water was appropriate technology.

在小溪里放一些可以抽水的东西是合适的技术。

Geodesic domes and solar equipment.

测地圆顶和太阳能设备。

Organic gardening in that sense was appropriate technology.

从这个意义上说，有机园艺是适当的技术。

People were going back to the land, back to basics, reinvent civilization, get it right this time and the sense was it was almost going to blend with nature.

人们回到土地，回到基础，重塑文明，这次做得对，感觉它几乎要与自然融为一体。

Stephanie Mills, The Radical: The idea of going back to the land is to become more capable of providing your own subsistence and to reduce your impact and your complicity in long chains of supply.

斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯（Stephanie Mills），《激进派》：回到土地的想法是为了变得更有能力提供自己的生计，并减少你在长供应链中的影响和共谋。

It was saying, “Our way of life has to change.” And I loved all that because it was radical.

它说：“我们的生活方式必须改变。”我喜欢这一切，因为它很激进。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: By and large the people who were starting rural communes, people who were going quote “back to the land” in the 1960s and on into the 1970s were pretty much liberal educated college students.

未来主义者斯图尔特·布兰德：总的来说，那些在 20 世纪 60 年代和 1970 年代创办农村公社的人，以及那些想要“回归土地”的人，几乎都是受过自由教育的大学生。

The naïveté that was carted from college campuses out to these places in the bush was breathtaking.

从大学校园到丛林中这些地方的天真令人惊叹。

People tried to garden imagining that they could just put seeds in the ground.

人们试图园艺，想象着他们可以把种子撒在地里。

Where we have a nobody’s-in-charge, put-all-of-your-money-into-the pot kind of social economic environment, and that would crash and burn.

如果我们有一个无人负责、把所有的钱都投入其中的社会经济环境，那将会崩溃和燃烧。

The women would leave and the men would leave soon after, all of us who went out and tried to live together in a totally egalitarian-mode got over it.

女人会离开，男人很快也会离开，我们所有出去尝试以完全平等的模式生活在一起的人都克服了它。

Because we had our noses rubbed in our fondest fantasies.

因为我们的鼻子被我们最喜爱的幻想所困扰。

And it only took us a couple of years and we did no great harm in the process.

我们只花了几年的时间，并且在此过程中我们没有造成太大的伤害。

Hunter Lovins, The Motivator: It was tempting to try to throw out everything and start over.

Hunter Lovins，激励者：尝试扔掉一切并重新开始是很诱人的。

I thought about that and tried various efforts at it; lived on a commune and thought about simply retreating back to the hills and spent some time in the mountains of Virginia way out on a mountaintop.

我思考了这个问题并尝试了各种努力；住在一个公社里，想过简单地退回山上，在弗吉尼亚州的山顶上呆了一段时间。

None of that seemed to be an answer.

这些似乎都不是答案。

The world around us is pretty much the world we are going to have.

我们周围的世界几乎就是我们将要拥有的世界。

We are either going to work with that or we are going to lose.

我们要么继续努力，要么就会失败。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: One peculiarity of the counter culture in the ‘60s is that it was inherently really anti-technology.

斯图尔特·布兰德（Stewart Brand），《未来主义者》：六十年代反主流文化的一个特点是它本质上是反技术的。

I think it thought technology came from government, it came from corporations and we are going back to basics we don’t need technology.

我认为它认为技术来自政府，它来自公司，我们正在回归基础，我们不需要技术。

Except our Hi Fi’s, of course, and our drugs.

当然，除了我们的高保真音响和我们的毒品。

Those could be the more technically refined those were the better, but by and large technology was supposed to be bad.

这些可能在技术上越完善越好，但总的来说技术应该很糟糕。

So much of the counter counter-culture disapproved of the space program.

很多反反文化人士都不赞成太空计划。

These military guys with crew cuts, it was the government wasting money, let take care of things here on earth before we leave it.

这些留着平头的军人，是政府在浪费钱，在我们离开之前，让我们先处理好地球上的事情。

All of this kind of rhetoric was out there except for one guy: Jacques Cousteau, the oceans guy.

所有这些言论都在那里，除了一个人：雅克·库斯托（Jacques Cousteau），海洋专家。

He had a better sense of the sphere-icity of the earth probably better than any surface-bound person at that time.

他对地球的球形性有更好的认识，可能比当时任何被束缚在地表的人都要清楚。

What he knew was that the oceans, 2/3, 3/4 of the planet you could not monitor and yet terrible things were happening to it.

他所知道的是，海洋，地球的 2/3、3/4，你无法监控，但可怕的事情正在发生。

So his sense was that you had to have satellite imagery and people looking down on the earth from outside in order to protect the oceans.

所以他的感觉是，为了保护海洋，必须有卫星图像，人们必须从外面俯视地球。

He just said we’ve got to get out there.

他只是说我们必须离开那里。

We totally identified with it, the whole world identified with it, and the whole world was proud of it.

我们完全认同它，全世界都认同它，全世界都为它感到自豪。

Once you’ve got pride, I learned this in the army, a whole bunch of things that seemed impossible start to seem not only possible, but let’s get on with it.

一旦你有了自豪感，我在军队里就学到了这一点，一大堆看似不可能的事情开始变得不仅可能，而且让我们继续吧。

There was a sense of engineering accomplishment of being able to set a damn near impossible goal and then just haul off and, and do it.

有一种工程成就感，能够设定一个几乎不可能的目标，然后就开始行动，然后去做。

Rusty Schweickart, The Astronaut: As an astronaut I was really emotionally invested in what was happening with the planet.

Rusty Schweickart，宇航员：作为一名宇航员，我对地球上正在发生的事情投入了很大的感情。

Being who I was and not just blasting my little pink body up into space but being able to look back with my human eyes and brain and my heart and see this planet below me, to me, you know technology has clearly both good sides and bad sides its how one uses it.

做我自己，不仅仅是把我粉红色的小身体炸到太空，而是能够用我的肉眼、大脑和我的心回头看，看到我脚下的这个星球，对我来说，你知道技术显然有好的一面也有坏的一面，这取决于人们如何使用它。

Apollo 9 was the first flight that flew the lunar module, and I was the first lunar module pilot.

阿波罗 9 号是第一次乘坐登月舱的航班，我是第一位登月舱飞行员。

And I also went outside the lunar module and it would be the first time that a human being went outside the spacecraft without an umbilical.

我还走出了登月舱，这将是人类第一次在没有脐带的情况下走出飞船。

Dave’s in the command module, hanging out of the hatch with a movie camera when all of a sudden, he says “uh hey, hold on my camera just jammed.’ So, Jim says, “Well I’ll give you five minutes.

戴夫在指挥舱里，拿着电影摄影机挂在舱门外，突然他说：“呃嘿，抓紧我的相机，我的相机卡住了。”所以，吉姆说，“好吧，我给你五分钟时间。

Rusty just stay right there.” I’m just floating there almost as if I’m naked in space.

拉斯蒂就待在那里。”我只是漂浮在那里，几乎就像我赤身裸体地漂浮在太空中一样。

And all, all of this stuff starts coming into my mind: I’m here because life has evolved on this planet, we’ve developed brains which enable us to invent machines.

所有这些东西开始出现在我的脑海中：我在这里是因为这个星球上的生命已经进化，我们已经开发出了使我们能够发明机器的大脑。

In combination with those machines we are able to extend our environment and here I am on the frontier of this evolutionary process.

与这些机器相结合，我们能够扩展我们的环境，而我正处于这一进化过程的前沿。

What am I?

我是什么？

I’m a representative of life moving out into the universe.

我是生命进入宇宙的代表。

So the idea of mother earth, that phrase has real meaning, from the outside you can look back—the child now sees its mother.

所以地球母亲这个概念，这句话有真正的意义，从外面你可以回头看——孩子现在看到了他的母亲。

We human beings, we this life form on this incredible planet, it’s coated with life, where are we going?

我们人类，我们这个令人难以置信的星球上的生命形式，它覆盖着生命，我们要去哪里？

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: The photographs of the earth from space were a different kind of mirror than we had ever looked in before.

未来学家斯图尔特·布兰德：从太空拍摄的地球照片是一面不同于我们以前见过的镜子。

It flips you from the world that we are in, to a planet that we are on.

它将你从我们所处的世界翻转到我们所在的星球。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: The image I think was maybe the most reproduced image in American history.

丹尼斯·海斯（Denis Hayes），组织者：我认为这张图片可能是美国历史上被复制最多的图片。

We suddenly realized that the earth was a very small thing.

我们突然意识到地球是一个非常小的东西。

Much as if you live on an island you are much more acutely aware of the limitations of your resources and on your ability to pollute.

就像您生活在一座岛上一样，您会更加敏锐地意识到资源的局限性以及污染的能力。

That photograph of the Earth in this vast sea of space that did pretty much the same thing for the whole planet.

这张地球在浩瀚太空中的照片对整个地球来说几乎是同样的事情。

Senator Gaylord Nelson (archival): If the people really understood that in the lifetime of their children they’re going to have destroyed the quality of the air and the water all over the world and uh perhaps made the globe unlivable in a half century they’d do something about it.

参议员盖洛德·尼尔森（档案）：如果人们真的明白，在他们孩子的一生中，他们将破坏全世界的空气和水的质量，呃，也许会让地球在半个世纪内变得不适宜居住，他们就会采取一些措施。

But this is not well understood.

但这还不是很好理解。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: Senator Gaylord Nelson was one of my very best friends.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），保守主义者：参议员盖洛德·纳尔逊是我最好的朋友之一。

He was a great Governor of Wisconsin and he was a great conservationist.

他是一位伟大的威斯康星州州长，也是一位伟大的自然资源保护主义者。

He was the one who said, “Well, why not have teach-ins about the environment all over the country?” and this is what became the first Earth Day in 1970.

他说：“好吧，为什么不在全国各地举办有关环境的宣讲会呢？”这就是 1970 年第一个地球日。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: Gaylord cared passionately about conservation issues throughout his entire career.

丹尼斯·海耶斯（Denis Hayes），组织者：盖洛德在他的整个职业生涯中都热情地关心保护问题。

Senator Gaylord Nelson (archival): ...

参议员盖洛德·纳尔逊（档案）：...

Efficient, clean, cheap, mass transportation which is what this country must come to…

高效、清洁、廉价、大众化的交通是这个国家必须实现的……

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: He had decided to set up a steering committee to make this begin to happen.

Denis Hayes，组织者：他决定成立一个指导委员会来实现这一目标。

He’d enlisted already Pete McCloskey a Republican congressman from California who was an ardent environmentalist to co-chair it with him.

他已经邀请来自加利福尼亚州的共和党国会议员皮特·麦克洛斯基（Pete McCloskey）与他共同主持会议，后者是一位热心的环保主义者。

Pete McCloskey (archival): The preservation of the environment is going to have to be a very top item for that reason I am just delighted to support it.

皮特·麦克洛斯基（档案）：保护环境必须成为一个非常重要的项目，因此我很高兴支持它。

Pete McCloskey, The Politician: The Republican party in my lifetime had been an environmental party, but man by 1970 it was hard to find Republicans that put the environment anywhere in their top five list of priorities.

皮特·麦克洛斯基（Pete McCloskey），《政治家》：在我一生中，共和党一直是一个环保政党，但到了 1970 年，很难找到共和党人将环境问题列为其前五项优先事项之一。

But Gaylord wanted it to be bi-partisan.

但盖洛德希望它是两党合作的。

So he said, “Pete will you be co-chairman?” Well, will I be co-chairman?

所以他说：“皮特，你愿意担任联合主席吗？”那么，我会担任联合主席吗？

It meant everything that I wanted to do in the world.

这意味着我在这个世界上想做的一切。

So I think it was in December-January of 1970 that we hired Denis Hayes to be the director.

所以我认为是在 1970 年 12 月至 1 月，我们聘请丹尼斯·海斯 (Denis Hayes) 担任导演。

And Denis comes to Washington with about 20 or 30 kids that are about 18 to 22 at the oldest and they sent out newsletters all over the country to every student body president, 10,000 high schools, a couple of thousand colleges, would you like to have an Earth Day on April 22?

丹尼斯带着大约 20 到 30 个孩子来到华盛顿，最大的大约 18 到 22 岁，他们向全国各地的每一位学生会主席、10,000 所高中、几千所大学发送了时事通讯，你想在 4 月 22 日过地球日吗？

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: What we were trying to do was to create a brand new public consciousness that would cause the rules of the game to change.

Denis Hayes，组织者：我们试图做的是创造一种全新的公众意识，从而改变游戏规则。

It was somewhat ironic for something named Earth Day to be entirely focused on the United States but remember we had virtually no money.

一个名为“地球日”的活动完全聚焦于美国，这有点讽刺，但请记住我们实际上没有钱。

We had incredible aspirations but there was no world wide web, there was no Internet, there were no blogs, there was no email, no instant messaging, there was none of the kind of web activism that is possible today.

我们有令人难以置信的愿望，但没有万维网，没有互联网，没有博客，没有电子邮件，没有即时消息，没有今天可能的那种网络活动。

The newsletters that were sent to people across the country were all printed by the United Autoworkers.

发给全国人民的时事通讯都是由美国汽车工人联合会印刷的。

The United Autoworkers were the largest single contributors financially, and otherwise to Earth Day.

美国汽车工人联合会是地球日最大的经济捐助者和其他捐助者。

Earth Day Public Service Announcement (archival): Ever notice that even on a clear day in New York there is a dark cloud hanging over your head?

地球日公益公告（档案）：您是否注意到，即使在纽约晴朗的日子里，您的头顶上也笼罩着乌云？

Soot and carbon.

烟灰和碳。

Ever take a good look at the Hudson River?

仔细看过哈德逊河吗？

How’d you like to drink it?

你想怎么喝？

Half of the sun in New York is cut out from the carbon from cars.

纽约一半的阳光都被汽车的碳遮挡了。

Pollution comes right through your air conditioner and you inhale more than a pack a day, even if you don’t smoke.

污染直接通过你的空调进入，即使你不吸烟，你每天也会吸入一包以上的空气。

And there are already more rats in New York than people.

纽约的老鼠已经比人还多了。

By 1980, you will need a gasmask and a flashlight to get to the office.

到 1980 年，您将需要防毒面具和手电筒才能到达办公室。

There won’t be any birds or bees or trees unless we stop what we are doing, we are going to kill ourselves.

除非我们停止正在做的事情，否则就不会有任何鸟类、蜜蜂或树木，否则我们就会自杀。

April 22nd is Earth Day.

4月22日是地球日。

It can be the beginning of the end of pollution or the beginning of the end.

它可能是污染结束的开始，也可能是结束的开始。

James Ridgeway, Hard Times (archival): Mr. McCloskey isn’t this just really a mask, to cover up the major problems of Vietnam and Civil Rights in this country?

詹姆斯·里奇韦（James Ridgeway），《艰难时世》（档案）：麦克洛斯基先生这难道不是一个面具，用来掩盖越南和这个国家民权的主要问题？

David Culhane, CBS News (archival): Well, won’t this in fact deflect people from Vietnam as a cause?

大卫·卡尔哈恩 (David Culhane)，哥伦比亚广播公司新闻（档案）：嗯，这实际上不会成为使人们远离越南的一个原因吗？

James Ridgeway, Hard Times (archival): Now what’s the point in putting more money down the drain with this kind of stuff?

詹姆斯·里奇韦（James Ridgeway），《艰难时世》（档案）：现在用这种东西浪费更多的钱还有什么意义呢？

David Culhane, CBS News (archival): That might involve cutting back on things like air conditioning?

David Culhane，哥伦比亚广播公司新闻（档案）：这可能涉及减少空调等设备的使用？

Reporter (archival): Are you going to get liberal support for this?

记者（档案）：你会为此得到自由派的支持吗？

James Ridgeway, Hard Times (archival): How will you deal, in effect, with the women’s liberation movements?

詹姆斯·里奇韦（James Ridgeway），《艰难时世》（档案）：实际上，您将如何应对妇女解放运动？

David Culhane, CBS News (archival): Is there any concern in your mind that this may just be a fad?

David Culhane，哥伦比亚广播公司新闻（档案）：您是否担心这可能只是一种时尚？

There are practically no black people involved.

几乎没有黑人参与其中。

Reporter (archival): Okay, we are out of time.

记者（档案）：好的，我们已经没时间了。

Thank you very much gentleman for being here with us today on Face the Nation.

非常感谢您今天与我们一起参加“面对国家”节目。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: By and large, we created a juggernaut that everybody was willing to embrace at least stylistically and superficially.

Denis Hayes，组织者：总的来说，我们创造了一个每个人都愿意接受的主宰者，至少在风格上和表面上是这样。

Though a great many of them did not begin to understand the depth of the changes that we were seeking.

尽管他们中的很多人并没有开始理解我们所寻求的变革的深度。

So we were not particularly shocked by the fact that in his 1970 State of the Union speech, Nixon brought up environmental issues.

因此，我们对于尼克松在 1970 年的国情咨文演讲中提出环境问题并不感到特别震惊。

President Richard M.

总统理查德·M.

Nixon (archival): Restoring nature to its natural state is a cause beyond party and beyond factions.

尼克松（档案）：将自然恢复到自然状态是超越政党和派系的事业。

It has become a common cause of all the people of this country.

它已成为全国人民的共同事业。

It is a cause of particular concern to young Americans because they, more than we, will reap the grim consequences of our failure to act on programs, which are needed now if we are going to prevent disaster later.

这是美国年轻人特别担心的一个原因，因为他们比我们更会因我们未能按照计划采取行动而承受严重后果，而如果我们要在以后预防灾难，现在就需要采取这些行动。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: I know from some of his aides I talked to there was a big argument and they said, “Look this is a powerful movement and it is going to get more powerful.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），环保主义者：我从与他交谈过的一些助手那里得知，他们之间存在很大的争论，他们说：“看，这是一场强大的运动，而且将会变得更加强大。

There is an Earth Day coming up in a few weeks.

几周后就是世界地球日。

Proclaim that you want the 1970s to be the environmental decade.” Nixon did it!

宣称你希望 20 世纪 70 年代成为环境十年。”尼克松做到了！

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: The Earth Day offices were wiretapped by the FBI.

组织者丹尼斯·海耶斯：地球日办公室被联邦调查局窃听。

And interestingly also by military intelligence.

有趣的是，还有军事情报。

Lord knows what they thought we were doing!

天知道他们以为我们在做什么！

News Anchors (archival): Do you consider yourselves revolutionaries?

新闻主播（档案）：您认为自己是革命者吗？

Is this a revolutionary movement?

这是一场革命运动吗？

What are you talking about?

你在说什么？

A new a new form of government?

新的政府形式？

A new religion?

一个新的宗教？

What are you talking about?

你在说什么？

What are your priorities?

你的优先事项是什么？

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: It was wild and exciting and out of control.

Denis Hayes，组织者：这是狂野、令人兴奋且失控的。

And the sort of thing that lets you know that you’ve really got something big happening.

这种事情让你知道你真的有大事发生。

Dan Rather, Reporter, CBS News (archival): The White House invited the national organizers of Earth Day to drop by for a chat.

丹·拉瑟，哥伦比亚广播公司新闻记者（档案）：白宫邀请地球日的全国组织者前来交谈。

They refused.

他们拒绝了。

Christopher DeMuth, the President’s 23-year-old assistant for environmental affairs, blames Denis Hayes, the National Coordinator of Earth Day saying that Hayes was more interested in an anti-Nixon publicity stance than in ensuring that the observance was truly non-partisan.

23 岁的总统环境事务助理克里斯托弗·德穆斯 (Christopher DeMuth) 指责地球日国家协调员丹尼斯·海耶斯 (Denis Hayes)，称海耶斯更感兴趣的是反尼克松的宣传立场，而不是确保纪念活动真正无党派性。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: At the time that it all happened, I think Nixon who by all accounts didn’t have an environmental nerve ending anywhere in his body, viewed this as a political chess move.

组织者丹尼斯·海耶斯：在这一切发生时，我认为尼克松认为这是一盘政治棋，他的身体中任何地方都没有环境神经末梢。

President Richard M.

总统理查德·M.

Nixon (archival): We’ll try to play all cameras; I’ll play a little bit moving around here as we go along, in case you want to use it.

尼克松（档案）：我们会尝试播放所有摄像机；当我们进行时，我会在这里稍微移动一下，以防你想使用它。

Okay.

好的。

I have sent to the Congress today a sweeping set of proposals to clean up our nation’s air and water.

今天，我已向国会提交了一系列旨在净化我国空气和水源的全面提案。

This is the most far reaching and comprehensive message on conservation and restoration of our natural resources ever submitted to the Congress by a President of the United States.

这是美国总统向国会提交的关于保护和恢复自然资源的影响最深远、最全面的信息。

We are taking these actions, not in some distant future, but now, because we know that it is now or never.

我们正在采取这些行动，不是在遥远的未来，而是现在，因为我们知道，机不可失，时不再来。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: I began Earth Day with a sunrise ceremony in Washington, D.C. Then I flew up to New York.

组织者丹尼斯·海耶斯：我在华盛顿特区举行了日出仪式，开始了地球日活动，然后飞往纽约。

Mayor Lindsay had shut down 5th Avenue and we basically filled it all up.

林赛市长已经关闭了第五大道，我们基本上把它全部填满了。

The fact that we managed to have our largest event in what was then the center of all media coverage was advantageous.

我们成功地在当时所有媒体报道的中心举办了最大的活动，这一事实是有利的。

Anchor, NBC News (archival): Earth Day demonstrations began in practically every city and town in the United States this morning.

NBC 新闻主播（档案）：今天早上，美国几乎每个城镇都开始了地球日示威活动。

The first massive nationwide protest again the pollution of the environment.

第一次大规模的全国性抗议活动再次出现在环境污染问题上。

In Washington there was an awesome Earth Day warning from a government scientist, Dr. Jay Murray Mitchell said, “Pollution and over-pollution unless checked could so warm the earth in 200 years as to create a greenhouse effect melting the arctic ice cap and flooding vast areas of the world.”

在华盛顿，一位政府科学家杰伊·默里·米切尔博士发出了令人敬畏的地球日警告，他说：“如果不加以控制，污染和过度污染可能会在 200 年内使地球变暖，从而产生温室效应，导致北极冰盖融化并淹没世界广大地区。”

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: Nationally, Earth Day was the largest demonstration ever in American history.

组织者丹尼斯·海耶斯：在全国范围内，地球日是美国历史上规模最大的示威活动。

Some events had half a million people in them and we had an estimated 20 million across the country.

有些活动有 50 万人参加，而我们估计全国有 2000 万人参加。

Walter Cronkite, CBS News (archival): Some quarters saw more than coincidence in the fact that Earth Day occurred on the 100th anniversary of the birth of Lenin, the father of Soviet communism.

沃尔特·克朗凯特，哥伦比亚广播公司新闻（档案）：有些人认为地球日恰逢苏联共产主义之父列宁诞辰 100 周年，这绝非巧合。

The Comptroller General of Georgia James Bentley sent out some $1,600 worth of telegrams warning that Earth Day might be a communist plot.

佐治亚州总审计长詹姆斯·本特利发出了价值约 1,600 美元的电报，警告地球日可能是共产主义阴谋。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: There were certainly people who had their pet causes.

丹尼斯·海耶斯（Denis Hayes），组织者：当然有人有自己喜欢的事业。

Some pounded vehicles apart with sledgehammers as a protest against the internal combustion engine.

一些人用大锤砸开车辆，以抗议内燃机。

Others wore gas masks to protest air pollution, but also there was an almost celebratory thing where it was as though we were being awakening to a new set of opportunities.

其他人戴着防毒面具来抗议空气污染，但也有一件几乎值得庆祝的事情，就好像我们正在觉醒，发现了一系列新的机会。

Denis Hayes (archival): They are talking about emissions control on automobiles, while we are talking about bans on automobiles.

丹尼斯·海耶斯（档案）：他们正在谈论汽车排放控制，而我们正在谈论汽车禁令。

We are challenging the ethics of a society that with only 6% of the world’s population accounts for more than half of its utilization of resources.

我们正在挑战一个仅占世界人口6%的社会的道德准则，而这个社会的资源利用量却占了一半以上。

Our country is stealing from the poorer countries of the world and from generations as yet unborn.

我们的国家正在从世界上较贫穷的国家和尚未出生的几代人那里偷窃。

Hunter Lovins, The Motivator: To me, Earth Day was life changing.

Hunter Lovins，激励者：对我来说，地球日改变了我的生活。

There were around the country millions of people engaging in some act of caring for the earth.

全国各地有数百万人参与了一些关爱地球的活动。

I realized that there was a massive group of people who cared very deeply about the earth and if organized could be a viable political movement.

我意识到有一大群人非常关心地球，如果组织起来，可能会成为一场可行的政治运动。

At that point, I ceased to be an anti-war activist and became an environmentalist.

那时，我不再是一名反战活动家，而是一名环保主义者。

Senator Edmund Muskie (archival): I’ve been at three of these gatherings today and let me say this to you, that you can’t stand in front of a group like this without feeling the power which can flow from it.

参议员埃德蒙·马斯基（档案）：今天我参加了三场这样的聚会，让我对你说，你不能站在这样的一群人面前，而不感受到从中流淌出的力量。

And so what we must do is make every day Earth Day.

因此，我们必须做的就是每天庆祝地球日。

Daniel Schorr, Reporter, CBS News (archival): It was from Washington that a 25-year-old Denis Hayes started to organize this nationwide thing and it is here that he has returned tonight to say that thing is now a movement, and like Vietnam, an anti-establishment movement.

丹尼尔·肖尔（Daniel Schorr），哥伦比亚广播公司新闻记者（档案）：25岁的丹尼斯·海斯（Denis Hayes）从华盛顿开始组织这场全国性的活动，今晚他回到这里说，这件事现在是一场运动，就像越南一样，是一场反建制运动。

Denis Hayes (archival): We are systematically destroying our land, our streams, and our seas.

丹尼斯·海耶斯（档案）：我们正在系统性地破坏我们的土地、我们的溪流和我们的海洋。

We foul our air…

我们污染了我们的空气……

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: It was a huge high adrenaline effort that in the end genuinely changed things.

丹尼斯·海耶斯（Denis Hayes），组织者：这是一次巨大的肾上腺素飙升的努力，最终真正改变了一切。

Before there were people that opposed freeways, there were people that opposed clear-cutting, or people worried about pesticides.

在有人反对高速公路之前，有人反对砍伐，或者有人担心农药。

They didn’t think of themselves as having anything in common.

他们不认为自己有任何共同点。

After Earth Day they were all part of an environmental movement.

地球日之后，他们都成为了环保运动的一部分。

Public Service Announcement, Keep America Beautiful (archival): Some people have a deep abiding respect for the natural beauty that was once this country, and some people don’t.

公共服务公告，保持美国美丽（档案）：有些人对这个国家曾经的自然美景怀有深深持久的尊重，而有些人则不然。

People start pollution, people can stop it.

人们开始污染，人们也可以阻止它。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: Immediately after Earth Day, we chose to get involved in something that we hadn’t really paid any attention to before Earth Day—organized formal politics—elections.

丹尼斯·海斯（Denis Hayes），组织者：地球日之后，我们立即选择参与一些在地球日之前我们没有真正关注过的事情——组织正式的政治选举。

We came up with a campaign called the dirty dozen that targeted 12 members of congress with terrible environmental records.

我们发起了一项名为“肮脏一打”的运动，针对 12 名有着糟糕环境记录的国会议员。

Denis Hayes (archival): The dirty dozen are: E.

Denis Hayes（档案）：肮脏的一打是：E.

Ross Adair of Indiana, William Ayers of Ohio, William Cowger of Kentucky, David Dennis of Indiana, George Fallon of Maryland, John Kyl of Iowa, Earl Landgrebe of Indiana, Odin Langden of Minnesota, Byron Rogers of Colorado, Henry Shadeberg from Wisconsin, Lawrence Winn of Kansas, and Roger Zion of Indiana.

印第安纳州的罗斯·阿代尔、俄亥俄州的威廉·艾尔斯、肯塔基州的威廉·考格、印第安纳州的大卫·丹尼斯、马里兰州的乔治·法伦、爱荷华州的约翰·凯尔、印第安纳州的厄尔·兰德格里布、明尼苏达州的奥丁·兰登、科罗拉多州的拜伦·罗杰斯、威斯康星州的亨利·沙德伯格、堪萨斯州的劳伦斯·温恩和印第安纳州的罗杰·锡安。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: We beat seven of the 12 members of the Dirty Dozen, including the Chairman of the Public Works Committee, a guy named George Fallon out of Baltimore who was funding all kinds of environmental monsters.

丹尼斯·海耶斯（Denis Hayes），组织者：我们击败了“肮脏十二人”的 12 名成员中的 7 名，其中包括公共工程委员会主席，一个来自巴尔的摩的名叫乔治·法伦的人，他资助各种环境怪物。

People were saying, “You took out George Fallon?!” I mean he was clearly one of the three or four most powerful members of congress.

人们说：“你干掉了乔治·法伦？！”我的意思是，他显然是国会三、四名最有权势的成员之一。

Pete McCloskey, The Politician: And when Congress reconvened in January everybody said, “I’m now an environmentalist!” I mean there was a force out there that had taken out seven incumbents.

皮特·麦克洛斯基（Pete McCloskey），《政治家》：当国会在一月份重新召开会议时，每个人都说：“我现在是一名环保主义者！”我的意思是，有一股力量消灭了七名现任者。

Various Congressmen (archival): We propose the establishment of a joint House-Senate committee on the environment to expand the congressional capacity to deal with environment—The frightening hazards and environmental offenses over which we have had little, up ‘til this time, in the way of control.

各位国会议员（档案）：我们提议成立众议院-参议院环境问题联合委员会，以扩大国会处理环境问题的能力——迄今为止，我们对这些可怕的危害和环境犯罪几乎没有控制能力。

Daniel Schorr, Reporter, CBS News (archival): President Nixon sent this report to Congress today an assessment of the nation’s environmental problems and ideas on how to solve them.

丹尼尔·肖尔，哥伦比亚广播公司新闻记者（档案）：尼克松总统今天向国会提交了这份报告，评估了国家的环境问题以及如何解决这些问题的想法。

He sounded the familiar warning of ecological disaster, but counseled against panic or hysteria.

他发出了人们熟悉的生态灾难警告，但建议不要恐慌或歇斯底里。

Pete McCloskey, The Politician: In the next four years, ‘71-‘74 we passed Clean Water, Clean Air, Endangered Species, Estuarine Protection, Coastal Zone Protection, Marine Mammal Protection and a lot of that went through my little subcommittee.

皮特·麦克洛斯基（Pete McCloskey），政治家：在接下来的四年里，‘71-’74，我们通过了清洁水、清洁空气、濒危物种、河口保护、沿海地区保护、海洋哺乳动物保护，其中很多都通过了我的小小组委员会。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: I think President Nixon was looking forward to the next election.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），保守主义者：我认为尼克松总统期待着下一次选举。

Was he going to veto the Clean Air Clean Water bill?

他会否决清洁空气清洁水法案吗？

No!

不！

He signed it with a flourish!

他用夸张的方式签了字！

And then proposed the creation of what is now, still, the Environmental Protection Agency to enforce these pollution laws.

然后提议成立现在仍然是环境保护局来执行这些污染法。

We got environmental impact statements; you had to look at the downside as well as the upside of any technological project.

我们得到了环境影响报告书；你必须同时考虑任何技术项目的缺点和优点。

That was revolutionary because it gave people the power to challenge unlimited technological growth.

这是革命性的，因为它赋予人们挑战无限技术增长的能力。

Nixon deserves credit for what he did and I’m not sure he fully understood it but he got behind it.

尼克松的所作所为值得赞扬，我不确定他是否完全理解这一点，但他支持了这一点。

Dennis Meadows, The Forecaster: In the 70s, in the United States we did clean up quite a few lakes and we did reduce the air pollution in quite a few cities, but there was essentially no progress on the global problems.

预报员丹尼斯·梅多斯：70年代，美国确实清理了好几个湖泊，减少了好几个城市的空气污染，但在解决全球性问题上基本上没有任何进展。

Things like climate change, depletion of the marine fisheries, ocean fisheries, population growth and so forth.

比如气候变化、海洋渔业枯竭、海洋渔业、人口增长等等。

There has always been the notion that we will be able to sustain our current trajectory in living standards and material consumption.

人们一直认为，我们将能够维持目前的生活水平和物质消费轨迹。

And moreover, that all of the poor people in the world are going to be able to catch up with us.

此外，世界上所有的穷人都将能够赶上我们的步伐。

The entire discipline of economics, macroeconomics, is based on the assumption that output is going to continue to grow, living standards are going to continue to grow, and so forth.

整个经济学学科，即宏观经济学，都基于这样的假设：产出将继续增长，生活水平将继续提高，等等。

Paul Ehrlich, The Biologist: The economy can’t keep growing forever.

生物学家保罗·埃利希：经济不可能永远保持增长。

The idea that somehow the gross domestic product of the United States should double in the next 50 or 100 years or something is just nutty.

认为美国的国内生产总值在未来 50 年或 100 年之类的时间内翻一番的想法简直是疯狂的。

Economists have clearly shown that once you have your basic needs fulfilled uh that further economic growth and consumption doesn’t supply any more satisfaction.

经济学家已经清楚地表明，一旦你的基本需求得到满足，呃，进一步的经济增长和消费就不会再提供任何满足感。

Americans aren’t any happier today or more satisfied than they were in 1950 despite the growth we’ve had in our economy.

尽管我们的经济取得了增长，但今天的美国人并不比 1950 年更快乐或更满意。

Dennis Meadows, The Forecaster: Most of us don’t have an experience of growth the way it’s impacting the planet because you get up every morning and look around and it seems to be pretty much as it was yesterday.

预测员丹尼斯·梅多斯：我们大多数人都没有经历过增长对地球的影响，因为你每天早上起床环顾四周，发现一切似乎与昨天没什么不同。

Our species just naturally tends to assume that change happens more or less linearly: one, two, three, four, five, six.

我们人类自然地倾向于假设变化或多或少是线性发生的：一、二、三、四、五、六。

Like that.

就这样。

But in fact, the problems that are causing environmental deterioration arise out of exponential growth, which is where instead of going up by a constant amount over some time period; it goes up by a percentage over some time period.

但事实上，造成环境恶化的问题是由指数增长引起的，并不是在一段时间内以恒定的数量增长；而是以指数增长的方式出现。在一段时间内它会增加一个百分比。

I’ve tried to illustrate what this means with a very simple example, I bring out a tablecloth, is show it to everybody.

我试图用一个非常简单的例子来说明这意味着什么，我拿出一块桌布，向大家展示它。

I fold it four times.

我把它折了四次。

So I am doubling the thickness of the tablecloth four times.

所以我将桌布的厚度加倍四倍。

And I let everybody see it, and I say suppose that is half an inch thick, not much.

我让每个人都看到它，我说假设它有半英寸厚，不多。

If I were to fold it another 15, 16 times, how thick would it be?

如果我再对折15、16次，它会有多厚？

Now I can’t actually, but suppose I could do that.

现在我实际上不能，但假设我可以做到。

When you keep doubling the tablecloth, of course it is growing exponentially, and after 21 folds it’ll be about a mile thick.

当你不断地将桌布折叠一倍时，它当然会呈指数级增长，折叠 21 次后，它的厚度将达到约一英里。

If I double it another five or six times, it extends out past the edge of space.

如果我再将其翻倍五六次，它就会延伸到空间边缘之外。

Continuing that process, rather quickly it gets you amazingly big numbers.

继续这个过程，很快你就会得到惊人的大数字。

With just 39 folds, it is already shooting past the moon.

仅折叠 39 次，就已经飞越月球了。

That is how quickly you get to very large numbers when a process grows exponentially.

这就是当进程呈指数增长时达到非常大的数字的速度。

Our book Limits to Growth was the first concrete effort using a computer to look at trends that unfold over decades, even a century.

我们的书《增长的极限》是第一次使用计算机来研究数十年甚至一个世纪的趋势的具体努力。

We were trying to understand long-term physical demands on the planet and in the 70s we were thinking that in the period of 2010 to 2030 was when the planet would start to encounter limits.

我们试图了解地球的长期物理需求，在 70 年代，我们认为 2010 年至 2030 年期间地球将开始遇到极限。

And that when you hit the limits the tendency is to over shoot them and collapse not to even out in a nice orderly fashion.

当你达到极限时，往往会超出极限并崩溃，而不是以一种良好有序的方式平衡。

The book was officially released in March 1972 and the inaugural event was a press conference in Washington, D.C.

该书于 1972 年 3 月正式发行，首届活动是在华盛顿特区举行的新闻发布会。

Dennis Meadows, The Forecaster: The book was rather quickly translated into 35 languages and sold millions.

丹尼斯·梅多斯 (Dennis Meadows)，《预报员》：这本书很快就被翻译成 35 种语言，销量达数百万美元。

It was a phenomenon.

这是一种现象。

CBS Reporter (voice over, archival): Here is what Dr. Meadows’ computer shows: since the year 1900 the Earth’s resources, there at the top of the chart, have been steadily used up as population, food consumption, and production of goods have soared.

哥伦比亚广播公司记者（画外音，档案）：梅多斯博士的计算机显示的是这样的：自 1900 年以来，随着人口、食品消费和商品生产的猛增，位于图表顶部的地球资源已逐渐耗尽。

Ahead of us, sometime after the year 2000, this computer study foresees calamity.

2000 年之后的某个时候，这项计算机研究预示着灾难即将来临。

Resources drop more steeply, and food and production follow suit.

资源下降幅度更大，粮食和生产也随之下降。

Population continues to expand for perhaps one more generation then collapses calamitously and depravation takes hold.

人口可能会继续增长一代人，然后灾难性地崩溃，堕落开始蔓延。

Dennis Meadows, The Forecaster: I remember the first time I saw that NASA picture of earth taken over the moon.

丹尼斯·梅多斯（Dennis Meadows），预报员：我记得第一次看到美国宇航局在月球上拍摄的地球照片时的情景。

That picture somehow had the capacity to just wrench your mind around so you thought of things in a different way.

那张照片不知何故有能力扭转你的思维，让你以不同的方式思考事情。

Our curves did that for a lot of people.

我们的曲线为很多人做到了这一点。

For the first time they could start to see the future consequences of what they were doing now and for many people that was really shocking.

他们第一次开始看到他们现在所做的事情对未来的后果，这对许多人来说确实令人震惊。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: I went to the first presentation.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），环保人士：我参加了第一个演讲。

I thought it was potent and powerful.

我认为它是有力的和强大的。

The thesis that growth had to be limited to preserve the quality of the environment, the quality of life, it’s a thesis, a theme that I still agree with today.

必须限制增长以保护环境质量和生活质量的论点，这是一个论点，一个我今天仍然同意的主题。

There are limits to growth and we are bumping against them right now.

增长是有限度的，而我们现在正面临着这些限制。

Paul Ehrlich, The Biologist: Civilizations have crashed repeatedly in the past.

保罗·埃利希（Paul Ehrlich），生物学家：文明在过去曾多次崩溃。

Egypt, Mesopotamia, the classic Mayan, Greek civilization and so on.

埃及、美索不达米亚、经典玛雅、希腊文明等等。

The thing that is so scary today is that we have for the first time a global civilization that is doing what many of those did: Building a huge population and abusing its environment without any thought to the consequences.

今天最可怕的事情是，我们第一次拥有一个全球文明，它正在做许多人所做的事情：建立庞大的人口并滥用其环境，而不考虑后果。

Co-Host One, Controversy (archival): There can be no doubt what one subject has aroused most controversy amongst scientists during the past 12 months.

共同主持人之一，争议（档案）：毫无疑问，在过去 12 个月里，一个主题在科学家中引起了最大的争议。

I mean of course the prospect of doom for mankind because of pollution, over population, over use of resources.

当然，我指的是人类因污染、人口过多和资源过度使用而走向灭亡的前景。

What is being called the eco-crisis.

这就是所谓的生态危机。

Co-Host Two, Controversy (archival): Well, I think that the conclusions of this study are completely wrong.

主持人二、争议（档案）：嗯，我认为这个研究的结论是完全错误的。

If you check…

如果你检查...

Hunter Lovins, The Motivator: There were various efforts to discredit Limits to Growth and to discredit Paul Ehrlich’s work and indeed much of what they said would come to pass has not come to pass.

亨特·洛文斯（Hunter Lovins），《激励者》：有各种各样的努力来抹黑《增长的极限》和保罗·埃利希的工作，事实上，他们所说的很多事情都没有实现。

Well does that mean they’re wrong?

那么这是否意味着他们错了？

No, what it means is all we’ve done is push off these challenge that they very rightly identified.

不，这意味着我们所做的只是推迟他们非常正确地确定的这些挑战。

Johnny Carson, Host, The Tonight Show (archival): Would you welcome Dr. Paul Ehrlich?

约翰尼·卡森，《今夜秀》主持人（档案）：您欢迎保罗·埃利希博士吗？

Nice to see you again.

很高兴再次见到你。

Johnny Carson, Host, The Tonight Show (archival): You know you have been on this show half a dozen times or so, and I remember the first time you were on the show we talked about The Population Bomb and we talked about the geometric progression of the number of people that are accruing to this planet every day and I remember at that time that you said and many other population biologists and sociologists said, that the time is going to come when people are going to have a rude awakening around the world especially in the United States where they have been used to so much affluence, or we are going to run out, or there is going to be, it is going to come to a head sooner or later because the resources of the world are not finite.

约翰尼·卡森，《今夜秀》主持人（档案）：你知道你已经上这个节目六次左右了，我记得你第一次上节目的时候，我们谈论了人口炸弹，我们谈论了每天来到这个星球上的人口数量的几何级数，我记得当时你和许多其他人口生物学家和社会学家说过，世界各地的人们将猛然觉醒的时刻即将到来，尤其是在在美国，他们已经习惯了如此富裕，或者我们将耗尽，或者将会有，它迟早会达到顶峰，因为世界的资源不是有限的。

And all of a sudden now, people are for, I think, one for the first times in history in this country, really realize it’s happening.

我认为，现在突然之间，人们在这个国家历史上第一次真正意识到这正在发生。

Gas Station Attendant (archival): All right there it is: no more gas!

加油站服务员（档案）：好吧，就是这样：不再加油了！

Lets go!

我们走吧！

Let’s go, I’m sorry.

我们走吧，对不起。

3,000 gallons lasts about two hours.

3,000 加仑可持续大约两个小时。

President Richard M.

总统理查德·M.

Nixon (archival): As America has grown and prospered in recent years our energy demands have begun to exceed available supplies.

尼克松（档案）：随着美国近年来的发展和繁荣，我们的能源需求已开始超过可用供应。

Unfortunately, our expectations for this winter have now been sharply altered by the recent conflict in the Middle East.

不幸的是，我们对今年冬天的期望因最近中东的冲突而急剧改变。

Because of that war, most of the Middle Eastern oil producers have reduced their overall production and cut off their shipments of oil to the United States.

由于那场战争，大多数中东石油生产国减少了总体产量，并切断了对美国的石油运输。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: King Faisal of Saudi Arabia announced an embargo of oil to the United States, which was quickly then embraced by the other Arab members of OPEC and so it became quote-un-quote “Arab Oil Embargo”.

组织者丹尼斯·海耶斯：沙特阿拉伯国王费萨尔宣布对美国实施石油禁运，该禁令很快得到欧佩克其他阿拉伯成员国的拥护，成为名副其实的“阿拉伯石油禁运”。

Oil at that point cost $4 a barrel it is hard to remember that America was really built on oil that cost between $2-$4 a barrel.

当时石油价格为每桶 4 美元，很难记住美国实际上是建立在每桶 2 至 4 美元之间的石油之上的。

The price rapidly shot up, getting up to over $16 a barrel a 400% increase.

价格迅速上涨，升至每桶 16 美元以上，涨幅达 400%。

The price of gasoline quadrupled within just two months.

汽油价格在短短两个月内翻了两番。

There was a degree of desperation because of shortages of supplies.

由于物资短缺，人们陷入了一定程度的绝望。

People couldn’t get gasoline.

人们买不到汽油。

Gas lines would stretch on for half a mile sometimes.

天然气管道有时会延伸半英里。

We were driving these big cars, absolutely reliant on them and you couldn’t find gasoline.

我们开着这些大型汽车，完全依赖它们，而且你找不到汽油。

So they started rationing.

于是他们开始配给。

Man on the Street (archival): I can’t see the United States running out of anything but maybe I’m just prejudiced that way.

街上的人（档案）：我不认为美国会耗尽任何东西，但也许我只是有这样的偏见。

I think the United States should be able to have plenty of anything.

我认为美国应该能够拥有足够的一切。

Hunter Lovins, The Motivator: The United States recognized for the first time that our standard of living could be held hostage by people half ways around the world.

亨特·洛文斯（Hunter Lovins），《激励者》：美国第一次认识到我们的生活水平可能受到来自世界各地的人们的影响。

With good policy this could have been the initiation of a transition to a, to a renewable society.

如果有良好的政策，这可能会成为向可再生社会过渡的开始。

That in itself was not a new concept, in the early 1950s a government commission called the Paley Commission urged a transition as rapidly as possible to renewable energy, to solar energy, to energy efficiency as a matter of national security.

这本身并不是一个新概念，在 20 世纪 50 年代初，一个名为佩利委员会 (Paley Commission) 的政府委员会敦促尽快向可再生能源、太阳能和能源效率转型，以确保国家安全。

Of course we ignored them.

当然我们忽略了他们。

President Richard M.

总统理查德·M.

Nixon (archival): The United States of America, as the greatest industrial power in the world, with 7% of the world’s people, and using 30% of the world’s energy shouldn’t have to depend on any other country for energy that provides our jobs, and our transportations, and our light, and our heat.

尼克松（档案）：美利坚合众国作为世界上最大的工业强国，拥有世界7%的人口，消耗世界30%的能源，不应该依赖任何其他国家的能源来提供我们的就业机会、交通、光和热。

We can become self-sufficient.

我们可以自给自足。

This is a great project and I am going to push it.

这是一个伟大的项目，我将推动它。

Thank you very much gentleman.

非常感谢您，先生。

I guess that’s it.

我想就是这样。

Dennis Meadows, The Forecaster: I remember when Nixon stood up and announced Project Independence.

预测员丹尼斯·梅多斯：我记得尼克松站起来宣布独立计划时。

Every President after him announced some sort of energy independent program, and of course they all had more or less the same result.

在他之后的每一位总统都宣布了某种能源独立计划，当然他们都或多或少地得到了相同的结果。

But these were, these were peripheral responses, they didn’t get to the heart of it.

但这些都是外围反应，他们没有触及核心。

And never did.

但从来没有这样做过。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: The energy market at that time was a market that was a combination of guaranteed monopolies, cartels, and insurance and price subsidies favoring the largest, the most powerful, the most wealthy, and I will say the most ruthless corporations in America.

组织者丹尼斯·海耶斯：当时的能源市场是一个由有保证的垄断、卡特尔、保险和价格补贴相结合的市场，有利于美国最大、最强大、最富有、我会说最无情的公司。

And they had just a strangle hold on Congress.

他们刚刚扼杀了国会。

Electric utilities were the largest monopolists in the country.

电力公司是该国最大的垄断者。

There was only one way to buy power.

购买电力只有一种方法。

So historically you have one set of hugely powerful interests defending their preeminence and on the other hand, a bunch of solar entrepreneurs operating out of their garages with virtually nothing.

因此，从历史上看，有一组非常强大的利益集团捍卫自己的领先地位，而另一方面，一群太阳能企业家在车库里几乎一无所有。

It’s like me going into the boxing ring with Muhammad Ali, it’s just not a contest.

这就像我和穆罕默德·阿里一起进入拳击场，这不是一场比赛。

Pete McCloskey, The Politician: Development and economic progress has been at the heart of congressmen and there is generally a lot more money from the energy companies than from the developers.

皮特·麦克洛斯基（Pete McCloskey），《政治家》：发展和经济进步一直是国会议员的核心议题，能源公司提供的资金通常比开发商提供的资金多得多。

So the environmental movement may be viewed by most of the public as important, but to the politician who’s elected, who gives them the money?

因此，大多数公众可能认为环保运动很重要，但对于当选的政客来说，谁给他们钱呢？

There’s no benefit to them in looking at the solution of long-range problems, like global warming or the conservation of energy.

寻求解决全球变暖或能源节约等长期问题对他们来说没有任何好处。

It’s a short-term problem that he’s got to address to get re-elected.

这是一个他必须解决才能再次当选的短期问题。

Follow the money.

跟着钱走。

Russell Train, EPA Administrator (archival): It is not a fad, the concern for the environment is a very…

拉塞尔·特雷恩 (Russell Train)，美国环保局局长（档案）：这不是一种时尚，对环境的关注是一种非常……

Hunter Lovins, The Motivator: Many of us believed that if you just elected the right people and they passed the right laws, if you could bring a case to court and get a ruling then everyone would have to be good.

亨特·洛文斯（Hunter Lovins），《激励者》：我们中的许多人相信，如果你选出了正确的人，他们通过了正确的法律，如果你可以将案件提交法庭并获得裁决，那么每个人都必须是好人。

Well, no. People said, “You can’t make me do anything.” And that in part, set up a, a conflict that to some extent endures to this day.

嗯，不。人们说：“你不能让我做任何事。”这在一定程度上引发了一场冲突，这种冲突在某种程度上一直持续到今天。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: A case in point, in the 60s and 70s, was people went to logging areas—city people went and shook their fingers at the loggers and said, “Stop clear-cutting.” And the loggers looked at these folks—I was a logger so I’m on their side on this one—they just said, “Your not from here, you don’t know what you’re talking about and your entire effort seems to be in making sure that my livelihood goes away.

未来主义者斯图尔特·布兰德：一个典型的例子是，在 60 年代和 70 年代，人们去伐木区——城市里的人们去向伐木者摇晃手指，说：“停止砍伐。”伐木工们看着这些人——我是一名伐木工，所以在这件事上我站在他们一边——他们只是说，“你们不是这里人，你们不知道自己在说什么，你们的全部努力似乎都是为了确保我的生计消失。

Why don’t you just go away?”

你为什么不走开呢？

Man on the Street (archival): Just look around.

街上的人（档案）：环顾四周。

All the land is going into parks and if it all goes into parks and we just won’t have no timber, and jobs will go and housing will go sky high.

所有的土地都将变成公园，如果所有的土地都变成公园，我们就没有木材了，工作机会就会减少，住房价格也会飞涨。

This area will become practically a ghost town.

该地区实际上将成为一座鬼城。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: And so as a result, what you got instead of some engagement that might have lead to better forest practices right away, you got a stand off that lasted decades.

未来学家斯图尔特·布兰德：因此，你得到的不是一些可能立即带来更好森林实践的参与，而是持续了数十年的对峙。

Then you have to ask yourself, “Is the thing that we want to make a big fuss and feel righteous, or is the thing that we want better forest practices?” Which is a completely arguable thing for people who would not only like to keep their jobs as loggers, but also keep these rural communities keep going ‘cause logging is what they do.

然后你要问自己，“我们想要大做文章、感到正义，还是我们想要更好的森林实践？”对于那些不仅想保住伐木工的工作，而且想让这些农村社区继续运转的人来说，这是一件完全有争议的事情，因为伐木就是他们所做的。

Sustainable logging looks to them like a good thing: put in those terms, but put in the terms of “stop what you are doing, you bad person you,” that doesn’t fly.

在他们看来，可持续伐木是一件好事：用这些术语来说，但用“停止你正在做的事情，你这个坏人”这样的术语来说，这是行不通的。

Stephanie Mills, The Radical: The environmental movement was becoming more professionalized and Washington-centric and to a certain extent the environmental movement developed some clout through the big national organizations, but it also became susceptible to being overpowered by bigger organizations with deeper pockets.

斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯（Stephanie Mills），《激进派》：环保运动变得更加专业化和以华盛顿为中心，在某种程度上，环保运动通过大型国家组织发展了一些影响力，但它也很容易被财力雄厚的大型组织压倒。

Hunter Lovins, The Motivator: I began to recognize that much of what the early environmental movement was trying to do: to litigate to, to legislate, to lobby, in a top down fashion could buy time, it could hold off the worst, but it could never implement true sustainability.

亨特·洛文斯（Hunter Lovins），《激励者》：我开始认识到早期环保运动试图做的大部分事情：以自上而下的方式提起诉讼、立法、游说可以赢得时间，可以推迟最坏的情况，但永远无法实现真正​​的可持续发展。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: A whole cadre of people that I hung out with wanted to solve problems right now directly with minimum resources and maximum ingenuity.

未来学家斯图尔特·布兰德：和我一起出去玩的一大群人都想用最少的资源和最大的创造力直接解决现在的问题。

We imagined that we were outlaw designers.

我们想象自己是不法设计师。

We had a sense that there were design solutions that could be brought to bear on everything from say solar technology to energy conservation and efficiency.

我们有一种感觉，有一些设计解决方案可以应用于从太阳能技术到节能和效率的各个方面。

We wanted to take the engineering approach and say, “Let’s just fix that!” There’s not a political fix for that but there is a technological fix for it, just do it.

我们想采用工程方法并说：“让我们解决这个问题吧！”政治上没有办法解决这个问题，但有技术上的解决办法，那就去做吧。

Don’t try to change human nature, it’s not going to change; don’t try to change politics, it’s too clueless; you can change technology and that will fix things.

不要试图改变人性，它不会改变；不要试图改变政治，那太无能了；你可以改变技术，这就能解决问题。

Human nature can stay right where it is, the politics can catch on 20 years later, but meanwhile you have fixed the problem.

人性可以保持原样，政治可以在20年后流行，但同时你已经解决了问题。

Hunter Lovins, The Motivator: Many large American companies had within them individuals and small groups desperate to innovate in the same way.

亨特·洛文斯（Hunter Lovins），《激励者》：许多美国大公司内部都有渴望以同样方式进行创新的个人和小团体。

For example, since the 60s, there were people within General Motors—I know, I’ve talked to them—who were designing super efficient cars with technologies like electricity, and hybrid electric or even hydrogen.

例如，自 20 世纪 60 年代以来，通用汽车内部就有一些人——我知道，我和他们交谈过——正在利用电力、混合动力甚至氢能等技术设计超高效汽车。

And yet senior management, I think, had a lack of imagination and a resistance to change.

然而，我认为高级管理层缺乏想象力并且抵制变革。

There was a sense that if you just keep doing what you have always done, you’re safe.

有一种感觉，如果你继续做你一直在做的事情，你就是安全的。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: Probably the biggest shift in perspective I’ve ever had was going from a somewhat Libertarian, grassroots, fringe-y outsider to working in the center of power in California, which is the Governor’s office for a guy who was exactly my age who was an elected Governor of the State who was appointing my friends to various positions of power.

未来主义者斯图尔特·布兰德：我经历过的最大的观点转变可能是从一个有点自由主义、草根、边缘的局外人到在加利福尼亚州的权力中心工作，那是州长办公室，他的办公室里有一个与我年龄相仿的人，他是当选的州州长，任命我的朋友担任各种权力职位。

Jerry Brown, Governor of California, 1975-83 (archival): Well, you know, I’m an activist.

杰里·布朗，加利福尼亚州州长，1975-83 年（档案）：嗯，你知道，我是一名活动家。

I think when we have problem like air pollution or kids who can’t read we do something about it.

我认为当我们遇到空气污染或孩子不识字等问题时，我们会采取一些措施来解决。

Instead of sitting around just talking, I think we ought to do whatever the governmental process can accomplish within the limits of the budget.

我认为我们不应该只是坐着谈论，而应该在预算范围内做政府程序可以完成的任何事情。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: Governor Brown had an office of Appropriate Technology, which I wound up being part of.

未来学家斯图尔特·布兰德：布朗州长有一个适当技术办公室，我最终成为了其中的一员。

We brought in people like the astronaut Rusty Schweickart, who was in a totally counter-cultural frame of reference even though he was an astronaut.

我们引进了像宇航员拉斯蒂·施韦卡特这样的人，尽管他是一名宇航员，但他却处于完全反文化的参照系中。

Rusty Schweickart, The Astronaut: At that time I was growing a moustache and growing my hair long, you know, and so you know, I was the astronaut hippie.

Rusty Schweickart，宇航员：当时我正在留胡子，留长头发，你知道，所以你知道，我是宇航员嬉皮士。

Well, you know, Jerry Brown, here he is a student of Rachel Carson and people like Paul Ehrlich and you know, everybody who is a part of this revolution.

嗯，你知道，杰里·布朗，他是雷切尔·卡森和保罗·埃利希这样的人的学生，你知道，每个人都是这场革命的一部分。

Rusty Schweickart (archival): My principals are simple: protect the earth, serve the people, and explore the universe.

Rusty Schweickart（档案）：我的原则很简单：保护地球、服务人民、探索宇宙。

Rusty Schweickart, The Astronaut: So, I’m among friends.

Rusty Schweickart，宇航员：所以，我是朋友之一。

I ultimately became the Chairman of the California Energy Commission.

我最终成为加州能源委员会主席。

It fits right—I mean the biggest impact on the environment is the way in which we use energy.

它很合适——我的意思是对环境影响最大的是我们使用能源的方式。

The California Energy Commission led the way in to that revolution in improving the efficiency with which we control, use and generate energy.

加州能源委员会引领了这场提高我们控制、使用和生产能源效率的革命。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: The Department of Energy in California has been the most intelligent energy conserving, I think, governmental body probably in the world.

未来主义者斯图尔特·布兰德：我认为，加州能源部可能是世界上最明智的节能政府机构。

They set in motion the ability for people who had solar collectors or wind generators to run their meter backwards and put their locally made electricity back into the grid and get paid for it.

他们让拥有太阳能集热器或风力发电机的人们能够倒转电表，将当地生产的电力重新并入电网并获得报酬。

Very early on, this is mid-1970s.

很早的时候，这是 20 世纪 70 年代中期。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: Jimmy Carter had a terrific Energy Policy, it had the goal of getting at least 20% of the nation’s energy from renewable energy resources by the year 2000.

组织者丹尼斯·海耶斯：吉米·卡特制定了一项出色的能源政策，其目标是到 2000 年，全国至少 20% 的能源来自可再生能源。

And a series of proposed policies that had they been implemented would have gotten us there.

一系列拟议的政策如果得到实施，我们就能实现这一目标。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: He had solar water heaters installed on the White House roof.

组织者丹尼斯·海耶斯：他在白宫屋顶安装了太阳能热水器。

President Jimmy Carter (archival): A generation from now, this solar water heater can either be a curiosity, a museum piece, an example of a road not taken, or it can be a small part of one of the greatest ventures ever undertaken by the American people.

吉米·卡特总统（档案）：从现在起的一代人之后，这款太阳能热水器既可以是一件珍品、一件博物馆藏品、一个未曾走过的路的典范，也可以是美国人民有史以来最伟大的事业之一的一小部分。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: He gave me the best job of my life running the Federal Solar Energy Research Institute and a budget that increased and doubled every year that I was there and the opportunity to really do some important things.

丹尼斯·海耶斯（Denis Hayes），组织者：他给了我一生中最好的工作，负责管理联邦太阳能研究所，并为我提供了每年增加一倍的预算，以及真正做一些重要事情的机会。

President Jimmy Carter (archival): The energy crisis has not yet overwhelmed us, but it will if we do not act quickly.

吉米·卡特总统（档案）：能源危机尚未让我们不堪重负，但如果我们不迅速采取行动，我们就会不堪重负。

It is a problem that we will not be able to solve in the next few years; it is likely to get progressively worse through the rest of this century.

这是我们未来几年无法解决的问题；在本世纪余下的时间里，情况可能会逐渐恶化。

We must not be selfish or timid, if we hope to have a decent world for our children and our grandchildren.

如果我们希望为我们的子孙后代创造一个体面的世界，我们就不能自私或胆怯。

We simply must balance our demand for energy with our rapidly shrinking resources.

我们必须在能源需求与迅速萎缩的资源之间取得平衡。

By acting now, we can control our future rather than letting the future control us.

通过现在采取行动，我们可以控制我们的未来，而不是让未来控制我们。

Hunter Lovins, The Motivator: Carter, I think, made a fundamental mistake, which was he saw the transition as one of constraint and of one of privation, and of giving up, and of lowered lifestyle.

亨特·洛文斯（Hunter Lovins），《激励者》：我认为，卡特犯了一个根本性的错误，那就是他将这种转变视为一种约束、一种匮乏、一种放弃和一种降低生活方式的转变。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: In a period from 1973 to 1980 the price of oil went from $4 a barrel to $30 a barrel.

Denis Hayes，组织者：从 1973 年到 1980 年，石油价格从每桶 4 美元涨到每桶 30 美元。

And that clearly was enough to cause the public to support things like fuel efficiency standards for automobiles and other things that would have been inconceivable unless you’d had a crisis.

这显然足以让公众支持诸如汽车燃油效率标准之类的事情，以及其他除非发生危机否则是不可想象的事情。

Jack Lemmon, Actor (archival): I’m Jack Lemmon for the Sierra Club.

杰克·莱蒙，演员（档案）：我是塞拉俱乐部的杰克·莱蒙。

America’s Energy Crisis is much more than just a fuel shortage.

美国的能源危机不仅仅是燃料短缺。

Bob Hope, Entertainer (archival): Believe me, today we all have to do our bit to conserve energy.

鲍勃·霍普，艺人（档案）：相信我，今天我们都必须尽自己的一份力量来节约能源。

It just can’t be wasted.

它不能被浪费。

Henry Winkler, Actor (archival): You know, at the rate the world is using its oil, we’d have to discover a new Alaska or Texas every six months.

亨利·温克勒，演员（档案）：你知道，按照世界石油使用的速度，我们必须每六个月发现一个新的阿拉斯加或德克萨斯州。

John Denver, Musician (archival): The energy problems we face are real and they are serious and they are not going to get any better unless we all help.

约翰·丹佛，音乐家（档案）：我们面临的能源问题是真实存在的，而且很严重，除非我们大家都提供帮助，否则问题不会得到任何改善。

Jack Lemmon, Actor (archival): Energy conservation is not just a band-aid solution.

杰克·莱蒙（Jack Lemmon），演员（档案）：节能不仅仅是一个创可贴解决方案。

It is the only means that we have to keep our economy and environment healthy.

这是我们保持经济和环境健康的唯一手段。

Ronald Reagan, Presidential Candidate (archival): They tell us we must learn to live with less, and teach our children that their lives will be less full and prosperous than ours have been, that the America of the coming years will be a place where because of our past excesses, it will be impossible to dream and make those dreams come true.

总统候选人罗纳德·里根（档案）：他们告诉我们，我们必须学会用更少的钱生活，并教导我们的孩子，他们的生活将不如我们以前那么充实和繁荣，未来几年的美国将因为我们过去的过度行为而无法梦想和实现这些梦想。

I don’t believe that and I don’t believe you do either.

我不相信这一点，我也不相信你这样做。

That’s why I am seeking the Presidency.

这就是我竞选总统的原因。

I cannot and will not stand by and see this great country destroy itself.

我不能也不会袖手旁观，看着这个伟大的国家自我毁灭。

Our leaders attempt to blame their failures on circumstances beyond their control, on false estimates by unknown, unidentifiable experts, who rewrite modern history in an attempt to convince us our high standard of living, a result of thrift and hard work, is somehow selfish extravagance, which we must renounce as we join in sharing scarcity.

我们的领导人试图将他们的失败归咎于他们无法控制的情况，归咎于未知、无法辨认的专家的错误估计，他们改写了现代历史，试图让我们相信，我们的高生活水平是节俭和努力工作的结果，但在某种程度上是自私的奢侈行为，当我们加入分享稀缺的行列时，我们必须放弃这种生活水平。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: I am much more aware now than I was earlier of the role of personalities.

丹尼斯·海耶斯（Denis Hayes），组织者：我现在比以前更加了解名人的作用。

Who you elect as President of the United States and frankly the President of a dozen other countries really matters.

你选举谁担任美国总统，坦率地说，选举其他十几个国家的总统确实很重要。

With the right President and the right policies cued up and ready to be put into place we could have done something significant.

如果有正确的总统和正确的政策，并准备好付诸实施，我们本来可以做一些重大的事情。

It was a major failure of my generation that we didn’t get that done.

我们没有做到这一点，这是我们这一代人的重大失败。

Denis Hayes, The Organizer: For reasons that I just cannot even begin to comprehend, Reagan did his very best to completely shut down the renewable energy effort.

丹尼斯·海耶斯（Denis Hayes），组织者：由于我什至无法理解的原因，里根尽了最大努力完全停止了可再生能源的努力。

In the instance of the institute that I led, he reduced our budget by more the 80%, fired half of the staff and fired all of our contractors, two of whom subsequently went on to win Nobel Prizes.

以我领导的研究所为例，他将我们的预算削减了 80% 以上，解雇了一半的员工，并解雇了所有承包商，其中两人后来获得了诺贝尔奖。

It was just devastating, but for one year we did have within an element a very good energy policy.

这真是毁灭性的，但一年来我们确实在一定程度上制定了非常好的能源政策。

Ronald Reagan, Public Service Announcement (archival): It’s morning again in America.

罗纳德·里根，公共服务公告（档案）：美国又到了早晨。

And under the leadership of President Reagan our country is prouder, and stronger and better.

在里根总统的领导下，我们的国家更加自豪、更加强大、更加美好。

Why would we ever want to return to the way we were?

为什么我们想要回到原来的样子？

Reporter (voice over, archival): The Reagan White House has finally dismantled the last vestiges of the Carter Administration.

记者（画外音，档案）：里根政府终于拆除了卡特政府的最后残余。

Workmen have now taken down the solar water heating system installed on the White House roof in 1979.

现在，工人们已经拆除了 1979 年安装在白宫屋顶的太阳能热水系统。

Hunter Lovins, The Motivator: We lost 30 years.

Hunter Lovins，激励者：我们失去了 30 年。

We lost 30 years because both sides ossified into their ideologies.

我们损失了 30 年，因为双方的意识形态都僵化了。

And if we’ve learned anything it is that we are in this together.

如果说我们学到了什么的话，那就是我们在一起。

We still have a lot of options, if we haven’t passed the tipping point and this is where the science starts getting a little scary.

如果我们还没有超过临界点，我们仍然有很多选择，这就是科学开始变得有点可怕的地方。

Dennis Meadows, The Forecaster: No external force is imposing these environmental problems on us.

丹尼斯·梅多斯，《预报员》：没有外部力量将这些环境问题强加给我们。

They have arisen because every morning 6 billion people get up and have breakfast, and go to work, and do their thing, and come home at night, you know, and environmental problems emerge out of daily life and the solutions for the environmental problems are also rooted in daily life.

它们的出现是因为每天早上有60亿人起床，吃早餐，上班，做自己的事情，晚上回家，你知道，环境问题源于日常生活，环境问题的解决方案也植根于日常生活。

We need 6 billion people to get up and have a different consciousness and do things differently.

我们需要 60 亿人站起来，拥有不同的意识，以不同的方式做事。

Is that realistic?

这现实吗？

Probably not.

可能不会。

But it is at least the hope, or the belief that I have that has been able to sustain 35 years of work on this effort and it’s the one that I will keep for the next 10 or 20 years or as long as I am able to keep working.

但至少是我所拥有的希望或信念，让我能够在这项工作上持续 35 年，并且在未来 10 年或 20 年，或者只要我能够继续工作，我就会一直保持这种希望。

Stewart Udall, The Conservationist: Well, I’ve always been a, called myself a troubled optimist.

斯图尔特·尤德尔（Stewart Udall），自然资源保护主义者：嗯，我一直称自己是一个陷入困境的乐观主义者。

I’m hopeful for the future despite the recent past in the sense that I believe that you owe a responsibility to your children, your grandchildren, and their children.

尽管过去的事情刚刚发生，但我对未来充满希望，因为我相信你对你的孩子、你的孙子和他们的孩子负有责任。

That’s an important concept of the environmental movement that will always be there.

这是环保运动中永远存在的一个重要概念。

Stewart Brand, The Futurist: While we are deeply engrossed with all of our little weekly issues, if we deal with them in this larger perspective, we are engaging a set of activities which go way beyond individual lifespan.

未来学家斯图尔特·布兰德：虽然我们全神贯注于所有每周的小问题，但如果我们从更大的角度来处理它们，我们正在从事一系列远远超出个人寿命的活动。

Way beyond children and grandchildren, way beyond parents, grandparents, great grandparents, to the whole frame of at least human civilizational life.

远远超出子孙，远远超出父母、祖父母、曾祖父母，至少是人类文明生活的整个框架。

Once you get comfortable with that, then you start to go further out still to, 3.5 billion years back of life on earth, and maybe we’ll do another 3.5 billion years that’s pretty interesting to try to hold in your mind, and once you’ve held it in your mind, what do you do on Monday?

一旦你对此感到满意，那么你就开始更进一步，回到地球上生命 35 亿年前，也许我们还会再经历 35 亿年，这对你来说是非常有趣的，一旦你把它牢记在心，周一你会做什么？

Slate: Dennis Hayes works to promote sustainable development and renewable energy in the Pacific Northwest.

Slate：丹尼斯·海耶斯致力于促进太平洋西北地区的可持续发展和可再生能源。

Slate: Hunter Lovins trains leading institutions how to profit from environmentally friendly business practices.

Slate：Hunter Lovins 培训领先机构如何从环保商业实践中获利。

Slate: Dennis Meadows has continued to update his practice model of unrestrained exponential growth and societal collapse.

Slate：丹尼斯·梅多斯不断更新他的无限制指数增长和社会崩溃的实践模型。

Slate: Rusty Schweickart leads a project to defend the planet from 'killer asteroids' that could damage or destroy life on Earth.

Slate：Rusty Schweickart 领导了一个保护地球免受可能损害或毁灭地球生命的“杀手小行星”侵害的项目。

Slate: Paul Ehrlich writes and lectures the world over on the perils of human over-population.

Slate：保罗·埃利希 (Paul Ehrlich) 在世界各地撰写并发表演讲，探讨人口过剩的危险。

Slate: Stewart Brand is building a 10,000 year clock inside a mountain in Nevada.

Slate：斯图尔特·布兰德正在内华达州的一座山里建造一座一万年的时钟。

It is designed to expand our perception of time.

它旨在扩展我们对时间的感知。

Slate: Stephanie Mills lives a sustainable lifestyle in rural Michigan and is a leading advocate of Bio-Regionalism.

Slate：斯蒂芬妮·米尔斯在密歇根农村过着可持续的生活方式，是生物区域主义的主要倡导者。

She never had children.

她从未生过孩子。

Slate: Stewart Udall worked tirelessly for fifty years to preserve America's natural resources and protect its public lands.

Slate：斯图尔特·尤德尔五十年来不知疲倦地努力保护美国的自然资源和公共土地。

He died in March 2010.

他于 2010 年 3 月去世。

Slate: Pete McCloskey continues to battle developers in Northern California.

Slate：皮特·麦克洛斯基（Pete McCloskey）继续与北加州的开发商展开斗争。

In 2007 he left the Republican Party and became a Democrat.

2007年，他离开共和党，成为民主党人。

On April 22, 1970, more than 20 million Americans gathered on college campuses and in city squares to celebrate the first Earth Day.

1970 年 4 月 22 日，超过 2000 万美国人聚集在大学校园和城市广场庆祝第一个地球日。

A meditation on man’s complex relationship with nature and an engaging history of the revolutionary achievements and missed opportunities of eco-activism, Earth Days looks at the dawn and development of the modern environmental movement.

《地球日》对人与自然的复杂关系进行了思考，并回顾了革命成就和生态活动错失的历史，着眼于现代环境运动的黎明和发展。

The first national observation of Earth Day took place on April 22, 1970, when an estimated 20 million people across the country took to the streets in protest against environmental pollution.

1970 年 4 月 22 日是第一次全国性的地球日纪念日，当时全国估计有 2000 万人走上街头抗议环境污染。

Explore a timeline of the environmental movement from 1948 to 1990.

探索 1948 年至 1990 年环保运动的时间表。