Secrets of a Master Builder
September 6, 1833.
1833 年 9 月 6 日。
The steamboat Carrolton presses North up the Mississippi River.
卡罗尔顿号汽船沿密西西比河向北行驶。
Among the ship's passengers is a 13-year-old boy named James Buchanan Eads.
船上的乘客中有一位名叫詹姆斯·布坎南·伊兹 (James Buchanan Eads) 的 13 岁男孩。
He's on his way to the up and coming town of St. Louis.
他正在前往新兴小镇圣路易斯的路上。
James spends most of his time in the engine room, fascinated with every detail of the powerful machine that with the pull of a lever can outpace the Mississippi.
詹姆斯大部分时间都在机舱里度过，着迷于这台强大机器的每一个细节，拉动杠杆就可以超越密西西比河。
Steam travel was something all new, something very, very exciting.
蒸汽旅行是一种全新的事物，非常非常令人兴奋。
On the other hand, steamboats were noisy, they were scary, they were dangerous.
另一方面，汽船很吵，很可怕，很危险。
One minute you're travelling along in relative comfort, the next minute the boat's on the bottom of the river.
前一分钟你还在相对舒适地航行，下一分钟船就沉入河底了。
Not far from St. Louis, James is introduced to the perils of life on the Mississippi.
距离圣路易斯不远，詹姆斯体验到了密西西比河上的危险。
A chimney flue collapses and the boat catches fire.
烟囱倒塌，船着火。
Caught between the flames and the water, James takes his chances with the river.
詹姆斯被困在火焰和水之间，他在河里碰碰运气。
Struggling to swim fully dressed, he swallows mouthfuls of thick, brown Mississippi water.
他穿着衣服费力地游着，吞下了一口浓稠的棕色密西西比河水。
Eight people die that night, but young James makes it safely to shore.
当晚八人死亡，但年轻的詹姆斯安全抵达岸边。
James Eads will spend the rest of his life in a struggle to understand and control the Mississippi.
詹姆斯·伊兹将用他的余生来努力了解和控制密西西比河。
He will come to know it better than anyone.
他会比任何人都更了解这一点。
As an engineer he will build master works for the river that will alter the country's fortunes, and the country's history.
作为一名工程师，他将为河流建造杰作，这将改变国家的命运和国家的历史。
By the end of his life, James Eads would be as famous as any American -- talked about for the Presidency -- and acclaimed as one of the great engineering geniuses of all time.
在他生命的最后时刻，詹姆斯·艾兹将与任何美国人一样出名——在总统任期内被谈论——并被誉为有史以来最伟大的工程天才之一。
But he would have to overcome personal attacks, bankruptcy, mental and physical breakdowns to achieve such success on the river.
但他必须克服人身攻击、破产、精神和身体崩溃才能在河牌圈取得如此成功。
As the Mississippi River winds its way south to the Gulf of Mexico, it collects water from nearly half of the continental United States.
当密西西比河蜿蜒向南流向墨西哥湾时，它收集了美国大陆近一半的水。
For the settlers of the still rugged West, the river and its tributaries were a godsend, providing 12,000 miles of navigable waterways.
对于仍然崎岖不平的西部地区的定居者来说，这条河及其支流是天赐之物，提供了 12,000 英里的通航水道。
The Mississippi is the highway of commerce for the center of the country.
密西西比河是通往该国中心的商业高速公路。
This is a period in which there are no paved roads, no railroads.
这是一个没有柏油路、没有铁路的时期。
Overland travel is extraordinarily dangerous and incredibly arduous.
陆路旅行极其危险且极其艰巨。
The only way that you can get things from one place to another easily, is with the river.
您可以轻松地将东西从一个地方运到另一个地方的唯一方法是通过河流。
St. Louis started out as a trading post strategically located just below the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers.
圣路易斯最初是一个贸易站，战略位置位于密苏里河和密西西比河交汇处下方。
During the early 19th century it was the place where the frontier and civilization met, and would become America's inland center of trade.
19世纪初，这里是边境与文明的交汇处，后来成为美国内陆贸易中心。
When the Eads family arrived in 1833, St. Louis was a river town ripe for development.
当 Eads 家族于 1833 年抵达时，圣路易斯是一个发展成熟的河畔小镇。
It was a good place to pursue new ventures for James' father, a charming but unsuccessful businessman.
对于詹姆斯的父亲来说，这是一个寻求新事业的好地方，他是一位迷人但不成功的商人。
The Eads family had lost all but the clothes on their backs to the river, so James went to work for a dry-goods store.
伊兹一家除了背上的衣服以外的所有东西都被扔进了河里，所以詹姆斯去了一家干货店工作。
And the person who gave him a first job remembered him at 16 years old as a man of, "towering ambition".
给他第一份工作的人记得他 16 岁时是一个“雄心勃勃”的人。
He had a way, even as a boy, of seeing inside something and asking himself and figuring out how things worked.
即使在还是个孩子的时候，他就有办法洞察事物的内部并问自己并弄清楚事物是如何运作的。
He looked deep.
他看上去很深沉。
In his time off James built a miniature steam engine and dreamed of one day working on a steamboat.
詹姆斯在休息期间建造了一台微型蒸汽机，并梦想有一天能在一艘汽船上工作。
He learned to play chess and could play the game in his head without a board.
他学会了下棋，并且可以在没有棋盘的情况下在头脑中下棋。
His employer was so impressed by the young boy's talent that he allowed James to use his personal library.
他的雇主对这个小男孩的才华印象深刻，允许詹姆斯使用他的个人图书馆。
Here, after long hours in the store, Eads began his education as an engineer.
在商店里呆了很长时间后，艾兹在这里开始了工程师的学习。
This was a profession that was accorded tremendous respect.
这是一个受到极大尊重的职业。
There was so much to do, so much mapping, so much surveying, so much building.
有太多的事情要做，那么多的测绘，那么多的测量，那么多的建设。
Engineers have a real impact on the American landscape.
工程师对美国景观有着真正的影响。
Mothers would have loved for their children to grow up and be engineers.
母亲们会希望自己的孩子长大后成为工程师。
When James was seventeen his parents resettled up river.
詹姆斯十七岁时，他的父母搬到了河上游。
He chose to stay in St. Louis and signed on as a clerk of the steamboat Knickerbocker .
他选择留在圣路易斯，并签约成为“Knickerbocker”轮船的一名职员。
The work was exciting but dangerous.
这项工作令人兴奋，但也很危险。
Rivers would rise and fall with the seasons, so the largest western river boats were seeking to run with a draft of no more than seven or ten feet, which meant that they were very lightly built, and that light construction meant that they had a very short life.
河流会随着季节的变化而涨落，因此西方最大的河船都力求在吃水不超过七英尺或十英尺的情况下行驶，这意味着它们的建造非常轻，而轻型结构意味着它们的寿命很短。
They fell victim to fires, occasional explosions, but the common problem was snags in the river.
他们遭受了火灾和爆炸的袭击，但最常见的问题是河里的障碍物。
James had been on the Knickerbocker less than a year when a snag ripped the boat open, sending it, and its cargo of lead, to the bottom of the river.
詹姆斯在“尼克博克”号上船还不到一年，船就被一个障碍物撕裂，导致船和船上的铅沉入河底。
In the time since James had moved to St. Louis, hundreds of boats were lost to the river.
自从詹姆斯搬到圣路易斯以来，数百艘船只在河中失踪。
Their cargoes were considered irretrievable, but James was convinced there might be a way to reclaim them.
他们的货物被认为是无法收回的，但詹姆斯相信可能有办法收回它们。
Dressed in a new suit he walked in unannounced to the St. Louis offices of Case and Nelson, boat builders.
他穿着一套新西装，未经事先通知就走进造船厂凯斯和纳尔逊位于圣路易斯的办公室。
There he presented a plan for a double-hulled riverboat, open in the middle, and equipped with hoisting gear strong enough to retrieve the many riches swallowed up by the Mississippi.
在那里，他提出了建造一艘双体河船的计划，该船中间敞开，并配备足够坚固的起重装置，可以收回被密西西比河吞没的许多财富。
He says: I'll create the design for this if you build it.
他说：如果你建造它，我会为此进行设计。
We'll go in as partners, and we'll make a fabulous amount of money.
我们将作为合作伙伴加入，我们将赚到大量的钱。
Now, you have to remember, he's still a very young man.
现在，你必须记住，他仍然是一个非常年轻的人。
He's really still a kid.
他真的还是个孩子啊。
But he's got so much enthusiasm, he's so excited, he has so much energy, he's obviously so knowledgeable about the river, the owners of this shipbuilding firm say: Okay, let's do it.
但他有如此多的热情，他如此兴奋，他有如此多的精力，他显然对这条河非常了解，这家造船公司的老板说：好吧，让我们开始吧。
To find the lost cargo, a diver would need to descend to the bottom of the river, as deep as eighty feet.
为了找到丢失的货物，潜水员需要潜到八十英尺深的河底。
Eads designed a diving bell consisting of an open-ended barrel, attached to a pump and hose for air.
Eads 设计了一种潜水钟，由一个开口桶组成，连接到泵和空气软管。
Finding no one brave enough to dive for him, he got in the barrel himself.
发现没有人有勇气为他潜水，他就自己跳进了桶里。
He could not see the river so much as feel it.
他看不到河流，但感觉不到它。
"I found the bed of the river a moving mass and so unstable that my feet penetrated through it until I could feel the sand rushing past my hands, driven by a current as rapid as that above."
“我发现河床是一个移动的物体，非常不稳定，我的脚穿透了它，直到我能感觉到沙子从我的手边冲过，被上面一样急速的水流驱动。”
He walked on the bottom from tributaries in the Missouri and the Ohio all the way to the sand bars at the gulf of the Mississippi and because he was a thinker, he would ask himself and try to figure out how the current worked, how it affected the bottom, so he did know the entire river.
他从密苏里河和俄亥俄河的支流一直走到密西西比河湾的沙洲，因为他是一个思想家，他会问自己，试图弄清楚水流是如何运作的，如何影响河底，所以他确实了解了整条河流。
Wrecking turned out to be as profitable as it was dangerous.
事实证明，破坏既有利可图，又危险。
James was soon known as "Captain" Eads, in command of his own crew and salvage boat.
詹姆斯很快被称为“船长”伊兹，负责指挥自己的船员和打捞船。
He was 22, and ready to take his place in the world.
他22岁了，准备好在世界上占有一席之地。
Two years later at a social gathering James Eads was captivated by Martha Dillon, the spirited daughter of a prominent St. Louis businessman.
两年后，在一次社交聚会上，詹姆斯·艾兹被玛莎·狄龙迷住了，玛莎·狄龙是圣路易斯一位著名商人的活泼女儿。
"How little less than an angel can I view her whom I would make my wife," he wrote, "how warmly and ardently I love you." In October of 1845, James and Martha were married.
他写道：“在我眼中，我想娶她为妻的她，简直就是一个天使，我多么热烈而热烈地爱着你。” 1845 年 10 月，詹姆斯和玛莎结婚了。
A year later their first child was born, a girl.
一年后，他们的第一个孩子出生了，是一个女孩。
Promising to stay close to home James put everything he had into a new glass-making business.
詹姆斯承诺留在离家较近的地方，将他所拥有的一切投入到新的玻璃制造业务中。
But it failed.
但它失败了。
Eads, facing a mountain of debts, went back on the river.
面临巨额债务的伊兹回到了河上。
In the spring of 1849 disaster struck St. Louis.
1849 年春天，灾难袭击了圣路易斯。
The steamer White Cloud caught fire at the city wharf.
“白云号”轮船在城市码头起火。
Flames soon engulfed the downtown.
大火很快就吞没了市中心。
"There is no telling how many lives are lost," an eyewitness reported, "some burnt, some drowned, and some blown to pieces with powder."
一名目击者称，“不知道有多少人丧生，有的被烧死，有的被淹死，还有的被粉末炸成碎片。”
Fifteen blocks were destroyed and twenty-three steamboats.
十五个街区和二十三艘汽船被摧毁。
What was a devastating loss for St. Louis proved to be a windfall for James Eads.
对圣路易斯来说是毁灭性的损失，但对詹姆斯·艾兹来说却是一笔意外之财。
He hired additional crew and sped up plans for a new salvage boat to help bring up the sunken cargo.
他雇佣了更多船员，并加快了建造新打捞船的计划，以帮助打捞沉没的货物。
Martha grew weary of her husband's long absences.
玛莎对丈夫长期缺席感到厌倦。
Now, with a second daughter, she wanted him home.
现在，有了第二个女儿，她希望他回家。
"Oh James," she wrote, "you surely will not condemn me to a long separation from you this winter." Eads, regretful, could only reply, "with a man in debt it cannot be said that his time is his own."
“噢，詹姆斯，”她写道，“你肯定不会让我在这个冬天与你长期分离。”伊兹遗憾地只能回答说：“一个人负债累累，就不能说他的时间是他自己的。”
Then, just as the couple's finances were improving, Martha fell ill.
然后，正当这对夫妇的财务状况有所改善时，玛莎病倒了。
Exposed to cholera on a steamboat trip, she died within days.
她在一次汽船旅行中感染霍乱，几天后就去世了。
Eads arranged for his two daughters to stay with relatives, and went back on the river.
伊兹安排他的两个女儿寄宿在亲戚家，然后又回到了河上。
Whether it was out of grief or - or guilt after she died, he started going into more dangerous situations while diving than he ever had before, into situations where none of the people who worked for him would agree to go.
无论是出于悲伤，还是——或者是她死后的内疚，他在潜水时开始陷入比以前更危险的境地，进入为他工作的人都不会同意去的境地。
And yet he would go there.
但他还是会去那里。
By the 1850's, Eads had developed his technological array sufficiently so that he could raise entire sunken steamboats, earning upwards of $4,000 on individual salvage jobs.
到了 1850 年代，Eads 已经充分发展了他的技术系列，以至于他能够打捞整艘沉没的汽船，通过个人打捞工作赚取超过 4,000 美元。
And this at a time when the average annual salary of a skilled tradesman was $500.
当时熟练技工的平均年薪为 500 美元。
So that was real money.
所以那是真钱。
Eads bought himself a handsome mansion in the southern part of town.
伊兹在城镇南部为自己买了一座漂亮的豪宅。
He decided to remarry, and in 1854 wed his widowed cousin, Eunice, who had three girls of her own.
他决定再婚，并于 1854 年与丧偶的表弟尤尼斯结婚，尤尼斯也育有三个女儿。
Concerned about his health, he quit the river, and settled into the life of a prosperous town father, involved with the city's leading financial institutions.
由于担心自己的健康问题，他离开了河流，开始了富裕的镇上父亲的生活，并与该市领先的金融机构打交道。
He believed that cheap transportation would be the nation's engine of growth and progress and invested in new and promising railroad technology.
他相信廉价的交通将成为国家增长和进步的引擎，并投资于新的、有前途的铁路技术。
Though he could often be difficult and demanding, with his friends Eads was genial, witty and generous.
尽管伊兹常常很难相处、要求很高，但他与朋友们相处时却很和蔼、机智、慷慨。
He liked nothing better than telling river stories or reciting lines from his favorite poet, Alfred Lord Tennyson, whose words captured the spirit of the era.
他最喜欢讲述河流故事或背诵他最喜欢的诗人阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生勋爵的诗句，他的诗句抓住了那个时代的精神。
"When I dippped into the future far as human eye could see; Saw the Vision of the world and all the wonder that would be."
“当我深入到人眼所能看到的未来时；看到了世界的愿景以及随之而来的所有奇迹。”
The firing on Fort Sumter in April 1861 marked the beginning of Civil War and propelled James Eads back into action.
1861 年 4 月萨姆特堡的枪击事件标志着内战的开始，并促使詹姆斯·伊兹重新投入战斗。
Missouri was a border state -- Eads was strong for the Union.
密苏里州是一个边境州——伊兹对联邦来说很强大。
He realized early on that if Federal forces lost control of the Mississippi, the Confederacy might prevail.
他很早就意识到，如果联邦军队失去对密西西比河的控制，南部邦联可能会获胜。
He lobbied furiously for a river navy to defend it.
他大力游说，要求组建一支河海军来保卫它。
When the government invited bids for the construction of river gunboats fortified with iron plate, Eads put forth an extraordinary proposal.
当政府招标建造铁板加固的内河炮艇时，伊兹提出了一项非同寻常的建议。
He would build seven, five-hundred-ton "ironclads" and have them ready within sixty-five days.
他将建造七艘五百吨级“铁甲舰”，并在六十五天内准备就绪。
He won the contract.
他赢得了合同。
Now the course of the war would depend on his ability to deliver.
现在战争的进程将取决于他的交付能力。
HOWARD MILLER: This is a major undertaking that requires boat people and iron and steel people and ordnance people and finance people and management people, all pulling this team together.
霍华德·米勒：这是一项重大事业，需要船工、钢铁工、军械工、财务工和管理工，所有人齐心协力，共同推动这个团队的发展。
The first gunboats were launched in October 1861.
第一艘炮艇于 1861 年 10 月下水。
They were unlike anything ever seem before on the river.
它们与河上以前的任何东西都不一样。
Union troops called them 'Turtles' and made them home.
联邦军队称他们为“海龟”并让他们回家。
Eads had been forced to finance the construction himself.
伊兹被迫自己出资修建。
The government, overwhelmed by the war, had failed to make payments it had promised.
政府因战争而不堪重负，未能兑现其承诺的付款。
In February of 1862 the fleet steamed south to attack the Confederate strongholds of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.
1862 年 2 月，舰队南下攻击南方联盟的据点亨利堡和多纳尔森堡。
A Confederate soldier reported that the assault "exceeded in terror anything that the imagination had pictured."
一名南部邦联士兵报告说，这次袭击“恐怖程度超出了想象”。
These were the first important Union victories of the war and made a hero of the commander in charge, Brigadier General Ulysses S.
这是联邦在这场战争中取得的第一个重要胜利，也使负责指挥的尤利西斯·S·准将成为英雄。
Grant.
格兰特.
Eads still actually owned the gunboats.
伊兹实际上仍然拥有这些炮艇。
But Eads loaned them to Grant.
但伊兹把它们借给了格兰特。
And helped establish not only Grant's reputation but a relationship between Eads and Grant that would prove very important later.
不仅帮助建立了格兰特的声誉，还帮助伊兹和格兰特之间建立了后来证明非常重要的关系。
Eads knew his gunboats could be better.
伊兹知道他的炮艇可以更好。
He labored obsessively to improve them, inventing a steam powered gun turret, a major breakthrough.
他孜孜不倦地致力于改进它们，发明了蒸汽动力炮塔，这是一项重大突破。
Then in November, 1863, at the age of 43, James Eads collapsed.
1863 年 11 月，43 岁的詹姆斯·艾兹 (James Eads) 病倒了。
Attorney General Edward Bates urged him to take care; "The country can't spare you," he said.
司法部长爱德华·贝茨敦促他要小心。 “国家不能放过你，”他说。
A friend warned, "That everlasting brain will wear out three bodies."
一位朋友警告说：“永恒的大脑会耗尽三个身体。”
"I began to think ironclads and such matters are with me a kind of monomania." Eads wrote.
“我开始认为铁定如此，而这些事情对我来说是一种偏执狂。”伊兹写道。
"I think too that like some poets who produce their most brilliant strains just before they go crazy I am most successful as the disease increases in its intensity."
“我也认为，就像一些诗人在发疯之前创作出最精彩的诗句一样，随着疾病强度的增加，我是最成功的。”
His best work happens when he's right on the edge.
当他处于边缘时，他最好的作品就会出现。
And he seems to know where the edge is -- with a little bit of fear that if I go over the edge too far, I'll be crazy.
他似乎知道边缘在哪里——有一点担心，如果我超出边缘太远，我就会发疯。
While Eads was recuperating in Europe he received word that his gunboats had helped secure a key Union victory at Mobile Bay.
当伊兹在欧洲养伤时，他收到消息称，他的炮艇帮助联邦军在莫比尔湾取得了关键的胜利。
Once again the river was open, the war nearly won, all the sooner because of his ironclads.
河流再次开放，战争差点就胜利了，而且由于他的铁甲舰，这场胜利更快了。
James Eads returned to a jubilant St. Louis.
詹姆斯·艾兹回到了兴高采烈的圣路易斯。
When his daughter Eliza married the son of a St. Louis mayor, eight-hundred of the city's elite attended.
当他的女儿伊丽莎与圣路易斯市长的儿子结婚时，该市八百名精英参加了婚礼。
Eads was now one of the most successful entrepreneurs in the Mississippi Valley, with a growing circle of influential friends in Washington.
伊兹现在是密西西比河谷最成功的企业家之一，在华盛顿拥有越来越多有影响力的朋友圈。
In the years following the war, St. Louis faced a new and serious threat to its future.
战后几年，圣路易斯的未来面临着新的严重威胁。
The Civil War presented a real problem for St. Louis, a city which had derived its wealth off of a north-south river trade on the Mississippi, but which during the war had all of its trade with the South cut off.
内战给圣路易斯带来了真正的问题，这座城市从密西西比河的南北河流贸易中获得了财富，但在战争期间，它与南方的所有贸易都被切断了。
Equally during the war, Chicago, the other rising city of the mid-West boomed dramatically, thanks largely to its railway ties to the east.
同样在战争期间，中西部另一个崛起的城市芝加哥也急剧繁荣，这在很大程度上要归功于其与东部的铁路联系。
Because St. Louis was on the wrong side of the river for the railways, the western side of the river, it didn't have the advantage of strong ties to eastern railways.
由于圣路易斯位于河对岸的铁路西侧，因此它不具有与东部铁路紧密联系的优势。
St. Louis was tied to the weaker western railway lines.
圣路易斯与较弱的西部铁路线相连。
Chicago capitalists had already bridged the Mississippi upriver.
芝加哥资本家已经在密西西比河上游架起了桥梁。
Now they were driving deep into markets that St. Louis had always assumed was its by right.
现在，他们正在深入圣路易斯一直认为是其理所应当的市场。
James Eads turned all his attention to the construction of a railroad bridge at St. Louis and by the spring of 1867 had developed a revolutionary design.
James Eads 将全部注意力转向圣路易斯铁路桥的建设，并于 1867 年春天开发出了革命性的设计。
Five-hundred foot arched spans - the longest ever conceived - were to be made of the new metal compound, steel.
五百英尺的拱形跨度——有史以来最长的跨度——将由新型金属化合物钢制成。
This would be the first attempt in the world to build a large structure out of steel.
这将是世界上首次尝试用钢建造大型结构。
Support would come from four massive piers grounded on bedrock, as deep as a hundred feet below the sandy river floor.
支撑将来自四个位于基岩上的巨大桥墩，深达沙质河床一百英尺。
No one had dared work at such depth before.
以前没有人敢在这么深的地方工作。
Eads knew from groping around the bottom of the river was not really the bottom of the river until you got to the bedrock, so that if you wanted to foot something like a bridge in the middle of heavy current, it wasn't enough to stick pilings into the mud and then build a bridge on top of it.
通过在河底摸索，伊兹知道，在到达基岩之前，河底并不是真正的河底，因此，如果你想在湍急的水流中踩到一座桥之类的东西，仅仅将桩子插入淤泥中，然后在上面建造一座桥是不够的。
If you really wanted to be sure, you had to go all the way down, wherever "all the way down" turned out to be.
如果你真的想确定，你就必须一路向下，无论“一路向下”到底在哪里。
In recent years an appalling number of bridges had collapsed under the weight of railroad trains.
近年来，数量惊人的桥梁在火车的重压下倒塌。
Eads, who had never built a bridge, thought it prudent to ask Jacob Linville, a leading bridge engineer, to endorse his design.
从未建造过桥梁的伊兹认为，请首席桥梁工程师雅各布·林维尔（Jacob Linville）支持他的设计是明智之举。
"I deem it entirely unsafe and impracticable," was Linville's terse reply.
“我认为这完全不安全且不切实际，”林维尔简洁地回答道。
Eads was undaunted.
艾兹毫不畏惧。
Eads was absolutely sure of his mathematics.
伊兹对他的数学绝对有信心。
He was absolutely sure of principles of engineering.
他对工程原理有绝对的把握。
And therefore it followed that if you had worked it out and you had the numbers right, then failure was impossible, surprises were impossible, and things would simply fall into place
因此，如果你已经解决了这个问题并且你的数字是正确的，那么失败是不可能的，惊喜是不可能的，事情就会水到渠成
Powerful steamboat interests attacked his plan as well.
强大的轮船利益集团也攻击了他的计划。
They protested that their boats would have difficulty clearing the bridge.
他们抗议说他们的船很难通过桥梁。
They were also concerned that railroads would put them out of business.
他们还担心铁路会让他们破产。
But Eads was sure he was on the right side of history.
但伊兹确信他站在历史正确的一边。
Eads knows that transportation technology was the key to progress and prosperity and that was constantly changing because the technology was constantly changing.
Eads 知道交通技术是进步和繁荣的关键，而且交通技术也在不断变化，因为技术在不断变化。
So at the time when the river was the key transportation he was a river man.
所以在当时河流是交通要道的时候，他就是一个河人。
At the time when the railroads became pre-eminent he becomes a railroad investor and a railroad bridge maker.
当铁路变得卓越时，他成为铁路投资者和铁路桥梁制造商。
When construction began there was still a great deal of money to be raised.
施工开始时，仍然需要筹集大量资金。
Eads worked non-stop to attract investors all the while continuing to manage his other banking and railroad affairs.
伊兹一直在不停地工作以吸引投资者，同时继续管理其他银行和铁路事务。
Then, in June of 1868, he collapsed once again, and left once again to recuperate in Europe.
1868年6月，他再次崩溃，并再次前往欧洲休养。
Work on the bridge ground to a halt.
桥梁地面上的工作停止了。
There is a pattern.
有一个模式。
When he is on, he is just dazzling.
当他出场时，他简直令人眼花缭乱。
And then he will ricochet into a period of almost total physical and emotional collapse, and he will disappear from the scene and recuperate.
然后他会进入身体和情感几乎完全崩溃的时期，然后从现场消失并康复。
A modern psychologist would be inclined to say that perhaps we are dealing with a person with a bipolar disorder.
现代心理学家可能会说，也许我们正在面对一个患有双相情感障碍的人。
While in Europe, Eads studied closely the most advanced bridge building techniques.
在欧洲期间，艾兹仔细研究了最先进的桥梁建造技术。
When he returned to St. Louis he brought a daring new plan.
当他回到圣路易斯时，他带来了一个大胆的新计划。
The east pier would be sunk to its extraordinary depth using a pneumatic caisson, a structure similar in principle to Eads diving bell.
东码头将使用气动沉箱沉入其非凡的深度，该结构的原理类似于伊兹潜水钟。
Imagine something akin to a shoebox, only the dimensions of a house.
想象一下类似于鞋盒的东西，只有房子的大小。
But a shoebox turned upside down.
但鞋盒却颠倒了。
The caisson was floated into place in the river, and was held there with pilings driven down into the sand.
沉箱被漂浮在河中就位，并用打入沙子中的桩子固定在那里。
Then Eads' plan was to build the masonry courses of the piers right on top of that floating iron and wood box.
然后，伊兹的计划是在那个漂浮的铁木盒子的顶部建造桥墩的砖石层。
This would allow the masons to work up at the level of the river, out in open air.
这将使泥瓦匠能够在河面的露天工作。
And as each new course of masonry was laid, that would force the caisson down.
每铺设新的砖石层，都会迫使沉箱下沉。
Pretty soon the caisson would hit the sand bottom of the river, and at that point men would go down into the caisson and then excavate the sand.
很快，沉箱就会碰到河底的沙子，这时人们就会下到沉箱里，然后挖沙子。
And as they did so, the caisson would go further down towards bedrock.
当他们这样做时，沉箱会进一步深入基岩。
Eads led special visitors on a tour of the partially completed pier.
伊兹带领特别访客参观了部分完工的码头。
He took them down the winding stairs and into an air lock.
他带着他们走下蜿蜒的楼梯，进入气闸室。
When the air pressure was increased to that inside the caisson, a door swung back, and they stepped down on the sand floor.
当气压增加到沉箱内的气压时，一扇门向后打开，他们踩到了沙地上。
The hiss of escaping air and the sensation of the river surging just outside was ominous.
空气逸出的嘶嘶声和外面河水汹涌的感觉都是不祥的预兆。
Visitors felt dizzy from the heavy atmosphere .
气氛沉重，参观者感到头晕目眩。
.
。
their ears ached dully .
他们的耳朵隐隐作痛。
.
。
.
。
their voices turned into unfamiliar squeaks.
他们的声音变成了陌生的吱吱声。
One man passed a flask of brandy to friends inside the chamber.
一名男子将一瓶白兰地递给房间内的朋友。
When he returned to the surface the flask exploded in his pocket.
当他返回水面时，口袋里的烧瓶爆炸了。
As the east pier sank deeper, and the air pressure increased, and workers began to suffer from labored breathing, stomach pains and paralysis.
随着东码头下沉更深，气压升高，工人们开始出现呼吸困难、胃痛和瘫痪的症状。
Then they began to die.
然后他们开始死亡。
Eads knows about the phenomenon from his diving days, but he doesn't have a modern medical explanation and Eads' own physician suggests that perhaps they shouldn't work quite as long - which is the right idea - that they maybe should come up a little slower - which is the right idea - so they minimize the problem.
伊兹在潜水时就知道这种现象，但他没有现代医学的解释，伊兹自己的医生建议，也许它们不应该工作那么长时间——这是正确的想法——它们也许应该慢一点——这是正确的想法——所以他们将问题最小化。
Fourteen men died from what came to be called caisson disease or the "bends." It would take years to find the cause and treatment for the disease, but that work began at St. Louis.
十四名男子死于后来被称为沉箱病或“弯曲”的疾病。找到这种疾病的原因和治疗方法需要数年时间，但这项工作是从圣路易斯开始的。
By February of 1870 four masonry foundations rose from the stone streambed, but it had yet to be shown that arches made of steel could stride them.
到 1870 年 2 月，四个砖石地基从石头河床上拔地而起，但尚未证明钢制拱门可以跨过它们。
A contract for the metal work was let to the Keystone Bridge Company of Pittsburgh.
金属加工合同签订给了匹兹堡的基斯通桥梁公司。
One of the company's directors was Andrew Carnegie, who was making a fortune in railroads.
该公司的董事之一是安德鲁·卡内基，他靠铁路发了大财。
This would be Carnegie's introduction to steel.
这就是卡内基对钢铁的介绍。
Eads presented Keystone with minutely detailed plans and specifications that called for a quality of steel never before produced.
Eads 向 Keystone 提供了极其详细的计划和规格，要求生产出前所未有的钢材质量。
At the time, steel making was really an art, and Eads demanded the precision of a science.
当时，炼钢确实是一门艺术，而伊兹要求科学的精确性。
He essentially required steel makers to become scientific and to impose rational methods that would produce a standard reliable product.
他本质上要求钢铁制造商变得科学，并采用合理的方法来生产标准的可靠产品。
More than six-thousand steel staves were required for the tubular structure.
管状结构需要六千多根钢板。
It took six months for Keystone to produce a single stave worth testing.
Keystone 花了六个月的时间才生产出了值得测试的一根木板。
It failed.
它失败了。
Eventually, Eads got the steel he wanted.
最终，伊兹得到了他想要的钢材。
Carnegie a number of times said: Essentially perfectly sane, composed people who get into a room alone with him will come out committed to -- to one of his lunatic schemes.
卡内基曾多次说过：那些本质上完全理智、镇定的人，只要和他单独进入一个房间，出来后就会致力于他的一项疯狂计划。
And you have to be very careful of him, because he's absolutely infectious.
你必须非常小心他，因为他绝对具有传染性。
He stares into you with his blue eyes, and you want to say yes.
他用蓝眼睛凝视着你，你想说“是”。
Day by day, his grand arches inched towards one another.
日复一日，他的宏伟拱门逐渐靠近。
Then, just as the spans were ready to close, steamboat owners protested once again that the arches of the bridge were too low.
然后，就在桥即将合拢时，汽船船主再次抗议桥拱太低。
They demanded that construction be stopped and the bridge torn down.
他们要求停止施工并拆除桥梁。
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers held jurisdiction over river improvements.
美国陆军工程兵团对河流改善拥有管辖权。
If anyone thought he knew more about the Mississippi than Eads, it was the Chief of the Corps, Andrew Atkinson Humphreys.
如果有人认为他比伊兹更了解密西西比河，那就是军团长安德鲁·阿特金森·汉弗莱斯。
Trained as an engineer at Westpoint and member of a prominent Philadelphia family, Humphreys had gained his post after authoring a highly regarded survey of the Mississippi River.
汉弗莱斯是西点军校的一名工程师，出身于费城一个显赫家族，他在撰写了一份备受推崇的密西西比河调查报告后获得了这一职位。
Humphreys had obtained a worldwide reputation.
汉弗莱斯赢得了全世界的声誉。
He was the person who had promoted and -uh-- wrote most of the Mississippi River Delta survey.
他是密西西比河三角洲调查的推动者和撰写者。
So this was not a person who was a lightweight.
所以这不是一个轻量级的人。
Humphreys informed Eads that if his bridge remained, he must build a canal around it so that tall boats could pass unobstructed.
汉弗莱斯告诉伊兹，如果他的桥仍然存在，他必须在桥周围修建一条运河，以便大船可以畅通无阻地通过。
Eads was outraged.
艾兹非常愤怒。
Such a muddled plan was unacceptable.
如此混乱的计划是不可接受的。
To resolve the dispute, he decided to call on a man who owed him a favor.
为了解决争端，他决定去拜访一个欠他人情的人。
President Ulysses S.
总统尤利西斯·S.
Grant served coffee, and the two men reminisced about the war.
格兰特端上咖啡，两人回忆起了战争。
Then Eads explained how his bridge had come under attack.
然后伊兹解释了他的桥梁是如何受到攻击的。
Reminded that the Secretary of War had approved the design at the outset, Grant overruled Humphreys.
格兰特提醒战争部长一开始就批准了该设计，但他否决了汉弗莱斯。
And that was that.
就是这样。
On July 4, 1874 the Illinois and St. Louis bridge opened with a gigantic celebration.
1874 年 7 月 4 日，伊利诺伊州和圣路易斯大桥举行了盛大的庆祝活动。
The temperature was 102 degrees but 300,000 people turned out to watch a parade that stretched for 14 miles.
气温高达 102 度，但仍有 30 万人前来观看长达 14 英里的游行。
The St. Louis Republican wrote that with, "...
圣路易斯共和党人写道：“......
the triple qualities of financier, engineer and inventor, James B.
金融家、工程师和发明家的三重品质 James B.
Eads stands today the foremost man of his time." The Scientific American said he should run for president.
今天，伊兹是他那个时代最杰出的人物。” 《科学美国人》称他应该竞选总统。
Eads addressed the enormous crowd, "The love of praise is, I believe, common to all men," and whether it be a frailty or a virtue, I plead no exception from its fascination."
伊兹对一大群人发表讲话，“我相信，对赞美的热爱是所有人所共有的”，无论它是一种弱点还是一种美德，我都不能否认它的魅力。
"...Yesterday friends expressed to me their pleasure at the thought that my mind was relieved after testing the bridge.
“……昨天，朋友们向我表示，他们很高兴在测试这座桥后我的心情得到了缓解。
But I felt no relief, because I had felt no anxiety on the subject."
但我并没有感到轻松，因为我在这个问题上并没有感到焦虑。”
He was the kind of person who, in a way, suffered from being right too much of the time.
从某种程度上来说，他是那种因为太多时候是正确的而感到痛苦的人。
We've all met people like that.
我们都遇到过这样的人。
Eads' bridge alone could not insure the future of St. Louis, but it spurred an engineering revolution, ushering in the age of structural steel bridges and the skyscrapers that followed.
仅靠伊兹的桥梁无法确保圣路易斯的未来，但它引发了一场工程革命，开创了钢结构桥梁和随后的摩天大楼时代。
Techniques developed by Eads were used on other landmark structures, the Brooklyn Bridge among them.
Eads 开发的技术被用于其他地标性建筑，其中包括布鲁克林大桥。
Louis Sullivan, the pioneering modern architect wrote of Eads' vision, "Here again was Man, the great adventurer, daring to think, daring to have faith, daring to do."
现代建筑师先驱路易斯·沙利文 (Louis Sullivan) 在谈到伊兹的愿景时写道：“人类再次出现，伟大的冒险家，敢于思考，敢于拥有信仰，敢于行动。”
James Eads was now 54 years old and celebrated across the country for his achievements.
詹姆斯·艾兹 (James Eads) 现年 54 岁，因其所取得的成就而举国欢庆。
His daughters were grown and married, living in homes that he had bought them.
他的女儿们已经长大并结婚，住在他给她们买的房子里。
He had no need of work, but he couldn't stop.
他不需要工作，但他无法停下来。
As the Mississippi River approaches the Gulf of Mexico, some 100 miles south of New Orleans, it spreads and gradually slows depositing its huge load of sediment.
当密西西比河接近新奥尔良以南约 100 英里的墨西哥湾时，它的流量不断扩大，并逐渐减缓了其大量沉积物的沉积速度。
In the years following the Civil War, as river boats increased both in number and size, sand bars often blocked the mouth of the river threatening its future as an international waterway.
内战后的几年里，随着河船数量和尺寸的增加，沙洲经常堵塞河口，威胁其作为国际水道的未来。
You could go down to the mouth of the Mississippi River at any given time, and you would find 50 or 60 ships waiting for enough water to get over the sand bar.
你可以在任何特定时间下到密西西比河河口，你会发现 50 或 60 艘船正在等待足够的水来越过沙洲。
And the entire Mississippi River basin relied on the Gulf as an access to the rest of the world.
整个密西西比河流域都依赖海湾作为通往世界其他地区的通道。
At the Port of New Orleans workers stood idle as ships destined for the East Coast or Europe waited for the river to rise.
在新奥尔良港，工人们无所事事，而开往东海岸或欧洲的船只则在等待河水上涨。
There were three channels or "passes" to the sea.
有三个通向大海的通道或“通道”。
For over thirty years the Army Engineers had tried to keep at least one pass navigable by dredging -- but with little success.
三十多年来，陆军工程师一直试图通过疏浚至少保持一条通道的通航，但收效甚微。
Chief engineer Humphreys was under intense pressure to solve the problem.
总工程师汉弗莱斯承受着解决这个问题的巨大压力。
In January of 1874, he recommended to Congress that a canal be built from below New Orleans to an arm of the gulf, bypassing the natural channels.
1874 年 1 月，他向国会建议修建一条运河，绕过天然航道，从新奥尔良下方延伸至海湾海湾。
James Eads thought the plan was wrongheaded, a violation of the natural order of things and sure to fail.
詹姆斯·伊兹认为这个计划是错误的，违反了事物的自然秩序，而且肯定会失败。
He believes, I think, to the base of his soul, that the laws of nature and the laws of God are in harmony, and that both are knowable, and that men have an obligation to know them and then to behave according to them.
我认为，他从内心深处相信，自然法则和上帝法则是和谐一致的，两者都是可知的，人们有义务了解它们，然后按照它们行事。
That gives him a bedrock sense of certitude.
这给了他一种基本的确定感。
Eads approach to the problem worked with the river.
伊兹解决问题的方法与河流有关。
He proposed building jetties -- wall-like structures within the water, extending and narrowing the channel out into the gulf.
他提议建造防波堤——水中的墙状结构，将海峡延伸到海湾中并缩小。
The narrower opening created by the jetties would speed up the water, causing it to dig out the sand bars and carry the sediment forward until it was dispersed out in the gulf.
防波堤形成的较窄开口会加速水流速度，导致其挖出沙洲并携带沉积物前进，直到其分散在海湾中。
You would use the power of the Mississippi River, one of the greatest natural forces in North America, to cut its own way through the sand bar it would have the same effect as narrowing the nozzle on a garden hose.
您可以利用密西西比河（北美最强大的自然力量之一）的力量，在沙洲中开辟自己的道路，这与缩小花园软管上的喷嘴具有相同的效果。
The force of the river would cut its way through the sand bar.
河流的力量会冲破沙洲。
Humphreys, still smarting from his encounter with Eads over the St. Louis bridge, staked his reputation on the failure of Eads' plan.
汉弗莱斯仍然对在圣路易斯大桥上与伊兹的遭遇感到痛苦，他把自己的声誉押在伊兹计划的失败上。
He argued forcefully that the jetties would merely cause sandbars to be formed farther out in the channel.
他强烈辩称，防波堤只会导致在航道更远的地方形成沙洲。
But Eads would not be deterred.
但伊兹并没有被吓倒。
Persuasive and charming, he was known by his critics as "the arch beguiler."
他富有说服力且富有魅力，被批评者称为“大骗子”。
He was one of the best lobbyists ...
他是最好的说客之一......
probably ever to work the city.
可能曾经在城市工作过。
Whether it was sending flowers to the wives of Congressmen or making a logical presentation or whether it was arranging behind the scenes a little partnership, a little kickback, uh, he knew how to make things happen in Washington.
无论是给国会议员的夫人送花，还是做一个合乎逻辑的陈述，或者是在幕后安排一点合作，一点回扣，呃，他知道如何让华盛顿的事情发生。
The dispute between Eads and Humphreys turned into a bitter feud in the popular press.
伊兹和汉弗莱斯之间的争端在大众媒体上演变成一场激烈的争斗。
The letters that Eads writes are published in various papers, not only in New Orleans and St. Louis, but they're published in papers on the East coast; they're published in papers on the West coast.
伊兹写的信发表在各种报纸上，不仅在新奥尔良和圣路易斯，而且在东海岸的报纸上也发表过；它们发表在西海岸的报纸上。
And Humphreys.
还有汉弗莱斯。
Humphreys' responses are also published.
汉弗莱斯的回应也已公布。
People who did not know a thing about engineering became engrossed in which of these distinguished engineers was right.
对工程学一无所知的人们开始全神贯注于这些杰出工程师中哪一个是正确的。
In the end what finally won the day, of course, was Eads' extraordinary offer, an offer that the government could not refuse.
最终最终获胜的当然是伊兹的非凡提议，这是政府无法拒绝的提议。
And that was: He would build the jetties at his own expense and his own risk, and the government would only pay for them if they worked.
那就是：他将自费建造码头，并承担风险，只有在它们发挥作用的情况下，政府才会支付费用。
"Fortune favors the brave," Eads liked to say.
“命运眷顾勇敢的人，”伊兹喜欢说。
" 'Drive on' is my motto." His plan for the operation was elegantly simple.
“‘继续前进’是我的座右铭。”他的手术计划非常简单。
The trunks of willow trees, harvested locally, were bound into mattress like structures, these placed between guide pilings and sunk with layers of stone.
当地收获的柳树树干被绑成床垫状的结构，这些结构放置在导向桩之间，并用层层石头沉入水中。
When they built back up to the surface they were capped with concrete.
当它们重新回到地面时，它们被混凝土覆盖。
Sediment deposited by the river would finish the job, making the jetties impermeable.
河流沉积的沉积物将完成这项工作，使码头不透水。
Within a year Eads gamble was paying off.
一年之内，伊兹的赌博就得到了回报。
With much of the mattressing in place the channel was already deeper.
随着大部分床垫就位，通道已经更深了。
He needed more money to finish the work but was confident he could attract new investors.
他需要更多的资金来完成这项工作，但他有信心能够吸引新的投资者。
It was time to put on a show.
是时候表演一下了。
He hired a luxurious steamer, the Grand Republic , and invited reporters and potential investors to boat down from New Orleans to see just how well the project was going.
他租了一艘豪华轮船“大共和国号”，并邀请记者和潜在投资者从新奥尔良乘船下来，看看该项目进展如何。
Eads laid things on first class.
伊兹把事情放在头等舱。
Oysters, shrimp, crab, all of Louisiana's finest cuisine on this trip from New Orleans down river.
牡蛎、虾、螃蟹，所有路易斯安那州最好的美食，都是从新奥尔良顺流而下的旅程。
Just as the steamboat arrives at the mouth of the Mississippi, where Eads has planned a series of spectacles to illustrate just how successful the jetties are, another boat shows up.
正当轮船抵达密西西比河河口时，伊兹计划在那里举办一系列奇观活动，以展示码头的成功程度，另一艘船出现了。
And on this one, a representative of the Corps has a sheaf of papers in his hand.
而在这一张上，一名军团代表手里拿着一叠文件。
The Corps representative boards the steamboat with Eads' investors, circulates amongst them bandying about statistics which he says demonstrate that the mouth of the river is no deeper than it was before the construction began.
军团代表与伊兹的投资者一起登上了轮船，在他们中间传播统计数据，他说这些统计数据表明河口并不比施工开始前深。
Humphreys knew that Eads' weak point was financing; that even if his theories of engineering were correct, if he couldn't finance the project, then it was going to collapse.
汉弗莱斯知道艾兹的弱点是融资。即使他的工程理论是正确的，如果他无法为该项目提供资金，那么该项目就会崩溃。
News of the jetty failure shot up the Mississippi valley.
防波堤故障的消息传遍了密西西比河谷。
Stock in Eads' company collapsed, and his situation became desperate.
伊兹公司的股票暴跌，他的处境变得绝望。
Failure of the jetties would not only destroy his reputation, it would bankrupt him.
码头的故障不仅会损害他的声誉，还会使他破产。
Without fresh funds he was doomed.
没有新的资金，他就注定失败。
Eads' soundings showed the channel was at least 15 feet deep where a year before it had been barely eight feet.
Eads 的探测显示，该海峡至少有 15 英尺深，而一年前只有 8 英尺深。
But who would believe him when the Army Engineers claimed otherwise?
但当陆军工程师声称并非如此时，谁会相信他呢？
What he does is actually quite ingenious.
他的做法其实非常巧妙。
He calls in a favor from an old friend, a man named Gager, who captains a deep-water steel-hulled steamship named the Hudson .
他向一位名叫加格的老朋友求助，加格是一艘名为哈德逊号的深水钢壳轮船的船长。
Eads says to Gager, "I need you to bring the Hudson through the channel at South Pass."
伊兹对盖格说：“我需要你把哈德逊河带过南帕斯海峡。”
The Hudson was an ocean going vessel with a draft of fourteen feet seven inches.
哈德逊号是一艘吃水深度为十四英尺七英寸的远洋船只。
If the channel were any shallower the ship's hull would be ripped apart.
如果航道再浅一点，船体就会被撕裂。
With Eads standing beside him, the Captain ordered full speed ahead.
伊兹站在他身边，船长下令全速前进。
All work stopped as the men watched the ship approach the two-mile stretch of jetties.
当人们看着船接近两英里长的码头时，所有的工作都停止了。
One of Eads' men observed that as long as the Hudson carried that "white bone in her teeth," the wave that her bow pushed ahead, there was enough depth for the ship to pass.
伊兹的一名手下观察到，只要哈德逊号携带着“牙齿上的白骨”，即她的船头推动的波浪，就有足够的深度让船通过。
Tension rose as the ship raced between the jetties.
当船在码头之间行驶时，紧张局势加剧。
Everyone knew there was little room for error.
每个人都知道没有犯错的余地。
Then the Hudson nosed past the head of the jetties, and a cheer rose up all around.
然后哈德逊河就冲过码头的顶端，周围响起了欢呼声。
With new investment, Eads' jetty operation could now move ahead.
凭借新的投资，Eads 的码头运营现在可以继续推进。
In 1879, four years after work began, the South Pass channel reached the final goal of 30 feet.
1879 年，即工程开始四年后，南通道航道达到了 30 英尺的最终目标。
Because of Eads' jetties New Orleans would grow from the ninth-largest port in the United States to the second largest, after New York.
由于埃德兹的码头，新奥尔良将从美国第九大港口发展为仅次于纽约的第二大港口。
The New York Daily Tribune wrote what many now felt: "Genius, persistence and practical skill have seldom won so great a triumph over the forces of nature and the prejudices of men."
《纽约每日论坛报》写下了许多人现在的感受：“天才、毅力和实践技能很少能赢得如此巨大的胜利，战胜自然力量和人类偏见。”
Between the bridge and the jetties, Eads was easily the most famous engineer in the world.
在桥梁和码头之间，伊兹无疑是世界上最著名的工程师。
He was invited to consult almost anywhere there were problems with rivers.
他几乎被邀请到任何有河流问题的地方进行咨询。
In 1879, when the U.S. Congress established the Mississippi River Commission, wresting away exclusive control of the river from the Army Engineers, James Eads became its most prominent member.
1879 年，美国国会成立了密西西比河委员会，从陆军工程师手中夺取了对该河的专属控制权，詹姆斯·伊兹 (James Eads) 成为该委员会最著名的成员。
Not long after, Chief Engineer Humphreys resigned his post.
不久之后，总工程师汉弗莱斯辞职了。
Eads attention was already elsewhere.
伊兹的注意力已经转移到别处了。
He was on to a new project - one that would dwarf all that had come before.
他正在进行一个新项目——这个项目将使之前的所有项目相形见绌。
It was a multi-track railroad, to be built across the Mexican isthmus of Tehuantepec, designed to carry ships between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans opening the Mississippi to trade from the west coast and Asia.
这是一条横跨墨西哥特万特佩克地峡的多轨铁路，旨在在大西洋和太平洋之间运送船只，打开密西西比河，从西海岸和亚洲进行贸易。
"Science," Eads confidently claimed, "can do anything, however tremendous, if it has enough money."
伊兹自信地宣称：“科学可以做任何事情，无论多么巨大，只要它有足够的钱。”
For seven years Eads gave speeches, lobbied politicians and entertained investors.
七年来，伊兹发表演讲、游说政客并招待投资者。
Then, in 1887, he collapsed a final time.
然后，1887 年，他最后一次崩溃了。
On March 8, as his ship railway project was debated in Congress, James Eads died.
3 月 8 日，当詹姆斯·伊兹 (James Eads) 的船舶铁路项目在国会辩论时去世。
He was 66.
他 66 岁了。
His last words, "I cannot die.
他的最后一句话是：“我不能死。
I have not finished my work." In an era held captive by geography, Eads helped open the country with innovative technologies for travel and trade.
我还没有完成我的工作。”在一个受地理限制的时代，Eads 通过创新的旅行和贸易技术帮助国家开放。
His work inspired a new generation of engineers and entrepreneurs.
他的工作激励了新一代工程师和企业家。
In the early 20th century, when deans of American schools of engineering were asked to name the greatest engineers of all time, in the top five, along with Leonardo da Vinci and Thomas Edison, was James Buchanan Eads.
20 世纪初，当美国工程学院院长被要求评选有史以来最伟大的工程师时，詹姆斯·布坎南·艾兹 (James Buchanan Eads) 与列奥纳多·达·芬奇和托马斯·爱迪生一起跻身前五名。
How did Eads build his innovative St. Louis Bridge, the first steel span in the world?
Eads 是如何建造他的创新型圣路易斯大桥（世界上第一座钢桥）的？
Find out in a step-by-step demonstration.
通过分步演示来找出答案。
Cinematographer Boyd Estus describes how he created the underwater scenes in the film, including shots of Eads' diving bell descending to the bottom of the Mississippi.
电影摄影师博伊德·埃斯特斯 (Boyd Estus) 描述了他如何在影片中创作水下场景，包括伊兹的潜水钟沉入密西西比河底部的镜头。
A railway to carry ships across Mexico?
一条可以运送船只穿越墨西哥的铁路？
Find out more about the audacious plan Eads promoted to connect Atlantic and Pacific in the days before the Panama Canal was built.
了解更多有关 Eads 在巴拿马运河建成之前推动的连接大西洋和太平洋的大胆计划的信息。
Eads built jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi in 1879.
1879 年，伊兹在密西西比河河口修建了码头。
What is left of them today?
今天他们还剩下什么？
Scroll through a chronology of Eads' life, from his birth in 1820 to his death in 1887 as well as a record of his footprint until 2001.
滚动浏览 Eads 的人生年表，从 1820 年出生到 1887 年去世，以及直到 2001 年为止他的足迹记录。
See the bridge construction drawings preserved in the special collections of the library at Washington University in St. Louis.
参观圣路易斯华盛顿大学图书馆特别馆藏中保存的桥梁施工图纸。
Carnegie spent a large portion of his wealth setting up more than 2,500 public libraries and supporting universities and colleges, his main philanthropic priorities.
卡内基将其大部分财富用于建立 2,500 多个公共图书馆并支持大学和学院，这是他的主要慈善重点。
By the time of his death in 1919, the handloom weaver's son had given away $350 million.
到 1919 年去世时，这位手摇纺织工的儿子已经捐赠了 3.5 亿美元。
James Eads married Eunice Hagerman Eads on May 2, 1854, a year and a half after his first wife Martha Dillon Eads died of Cholera in 1852.
詹姆斯·伊兹 (James Eads) 于 1854 年 5 月 2 日与尤尼斯·哈格曼·伊兹 (Eunice Hagerman Eads) 结婚，此时距离他的第一任妻子玛莎·狄龙·伊兹 (Martha Dillon Eads) 于 1852 年死于霍乱一年半。
Engineer James Eads was born on May 23, 1820, in Lawrenceburg, Indiana.
工程师 James Eads 1820 年 5 月 23 日出生于印第安纳州劳伦斯堡。
Read about the relationship between Ulysses Grant, Civil War general and U.S. president, and James Eads.
了解内战将军兼美国总统尤利西斯·格兰特与詹姆斯·艾兹之间的关系。
Glory on the battlefeild and establishing his reputation as a military leader drove Humphreys throughout his career.
战场上的荣耀和建立军事领袖的声誉推动着汉弗莱斯的整个职业生涯。
Find out more about caisson disease, the 1874 opening of the St. Louis Bridge, the St. Louis Fire of 1849, and steamboat disasters.
了解有关沉箱病、1874 年圣路易斯大桥开通、1849 年圣路易斯火灾和汽船灾难的更多信息。