Surviving the Dust Bowl
Narrator: : In 1931, there was no better place to be a farmer than the Southern Plains.
旁白：：1931年，没有比南方平原更好的农民生活了。
The rest of the nation was in the grip of the Great Depression, but in wheat country they were reaping a record-breaking crop.
该国其他地区正遭受大萧条的影响，但在小麦种植区，他们的收成却创下了纪录。
Plains farmers had turned untamed prairie into one of the most prosperous regions in the country.
平原农民将未开垦的大草原变成了这个国家最繁荣的地区之一。
Lawrence Svobida (Matthew Modine, voice over): : I came to Meade County, Kansas fired with ambition to become a wheat farmer.
劳伦斯·斯沃比达（马修·莫迪恩配音）：我来到堪萨斯州米德县，立志成为一名小麦种植者。
Narrator: : Lawrence Svobida had come from Nebraska’s Corn Belt to start his own farm.
旁白：劳伦斯·斯沃比达（Lawrence Svobida）来自内布拉斯加州的玉米带，创办了自己的农场。
He was one of those who believed he had found paradise.
他是那些相信自己找到了天堂的人之一。
Lawrence Svobida (Matthew Modine, voice over): : Harvesting wheat was a thrill to me.
劳伦斯·斯沃比达（马修·莫迪恩，画外音）： 收割小麦让我兴奋不已。
The roar of the laboring motors and the whine of the combine was music to my ears.
运转中的发动机的轰鸣声和联合收割机的呜呜声对我来说就像音乐。
It was breath-taking — hundreds of acres of wheat that were mine.
这真是令人叹为观止——数百英亩的小麦都是我的。
To me it was the most beautiful scene in all the world.
对我来说，这是世界上最美丽的景色。
Narrator: : At the turn of the century, when settlers gazed upon the Southern Plains, they had looked out over a vast expanse of shrubs and grasses.
旁白：世纪之交，当定居者眺望南方平原时，他们看到的是大片的灌木和草地。
The land was green and lush, and the soil so rich, an observer noted, that it “looked like chocolate where the plow turned the sod.”
一位观察家指出，这片土地绿意盎然、郁郁葱葱，土壤肥沃，“犁翻草皮时看起来就像巧克力”。
The newcomers did not realize that they were witnessing only a brief moment in an endless cycle of rain and drought.
新来者并没有意识到，他们所目睹的只是雨旱无休止循环中的短暂时刻。
Yet boosters and promoters lured in farmers with the promise of heaven on earth.
然而，支持者和推动者却以人间天堂的承诺来吸引农民。
Pamela Riney-Kehrberg, historian: : You had railroad companies and states putting out advertisements encouraging people to think of this land as a bountiful land.
历史学家帕梅拉·里尼-凯尔伯格 (Pamela Riney-Kehrberg)：铁路公司和各州发布广告，鼓励人们将这片土地视为富饶的土地。
The State of Kansas put out posters showing watermelons the size of small automobiles, grapes the size of bowling balls, corn that you had to pick by going up a ladder, and people were encouraged to believe that this was the Garden of Eden if they would only have the courage to go out and challenge the land.
堪萨斯州张贴海报，展示小汽车大小的西瓜、保龄球大小的葡萄、爬梯子采摘的玉米，鼓励人们相信，只要有勇气走出去，挑战这片土地，这里就是伊甸园。
Narrator: : Thousands of eager settlers took up the challenge, bringing farming techniques that had worked well in the Northeast.
旁白：：成千上万热切的定居者接受了这一挑战，带来了在东北地区行之有效的农业技术。
Confident of rain, unmindful of wind, they plowed mile after mile of virgin sod.
他们确信会下雨，不关心风，他们犁了一英里又一英里的原始草皮。
With the outbreak of WWI, Washington wanted wheat — wheat would win the war!
第一次世界大战爆发后，华盛顿想要小麦——小麦将赢得战争！
With record high prices, the promise of the land was coming true.
随着创纪录的高价，这片土地的承诺正在成为现实。
Millions of acres of grassland would feel the plow for the first time.
数百万英亩的草原将第一次感受到犁耕的感觉。
The race was on to turn every inch of the Southern Plains into profit.
这场将南方平原的每一寸土地都变成利润的竞赛已经开始。
Appearing like giant armored bugs creeping along the horizon, tractors came to the fields in the 1920’s.
20 世纪 20 年代，拖拉机来到了田野，就像巨大的装甲虫子沿着地平线爬行。
With a team of horses, a farmer could barely turn three acres of prairie sod in a day.
一个农民一天只能靠一队马翻耕三英亩的草皮。
With a tractor, he could plow 50.
有了拖拉机，他可以耕地 50 块。
The Great Plow-Up was under way.
大爆炸正在进行中。
J.R.
J.R.
Davison, Texhoma, Oklahoma: : So everybody got him a John Deere tractor or an old International and really went to plowin’ this country and my dad was no different than the rest of 'em.
戴维森，特克斯霍马州，俄克拉荷马州：：所以每个人都给他买了一辆约翰迪尔拖拉机或一辆旧国际拖拉机，然后真正去耕耘这个国家，而我的父亲与其他人没有什么不同。
You know, he’d run that thing all day and when the sun went down, why, he’d come in and do the chores and I’d go runnin’ that tractor 'til morning.
你知道，他整天都在开那东西，当太阳落山时，他会进来做家务，而我会开拖拉机直到早上。
Dad would work it in the daytime.
爸爸白天会干活。
He’d have everything serviced, plow greased, everything ready to go.
他会把一切都保养好，犁上油，一切准备就绪。
When I got my turn all I had to do was just get on there and drive that thing.
当轮到我时，我所要做的就是上车并驾驶那辆车。
Narrator: : With so much bounty flowing from the Southern Plains, outsiders saw an opportunity to make a killing and began speculating on wheat.
旁白： 南方平原的财源滚滚而来，外地人看到了大赚一笔的机会，纷纷开始炒作小麦。
“Suitcase Farmers,” they were called — eastern bankers, businessmen, lawyers — who put in their seed and went home till harvest season.
他们被称为“手提箱农民”——东部银行家、商人、律师——他们把种子放进去，然后回家直到收获季节。
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : It produced good.
Melt White，德克萨斯州达尔哈特：：效果很好。
It looked like the greatest thing would never end.
看起来最伟大的事情永远不会结束。
So they abused the land.
所以他们滥用土地。
They abused it somethin’ terrible.
他们滥用了它，真是太可怕了。
They raped it.
他们强奸了它。
They got everything out they could.
他们竭尽所能。
And we don’t think.
我们不认为。
We don’t think.
我们不认为。
Except for ourselves and it comes down to greed.
除了我们自己，这都归结于贪婪。
We’re selfish and we want what we want and we don’t even think of what the end results might be.
我们很自私，我们想要我们想要的东西，我们甚至不考虑最终结果可能是什么。
J.R.
J.R.
Davison, Texhoma, Oklahoma: : I think that most of those people thought this is just what we might say 'hog heaven’.
戴维森（俄克拉荷马州特克斯霍马州）：我认为大多数人都认为这就是我们所说的“猪天堂”。
It’ll always be this way.
永远都是这样。
So they kept breaking this country out and they plowed up a lot of country that should never have been plowed up.
所以他们不断地破坏这个国家，他们铲平了很多不应该被铲平的国家。
They got the whole country plowed up nearly and, ah, that’s about the time it turned off terribly dry.
他们把整个国家几乎夷为平地，啊，就在那时，土地变得非常干燥。
Narrator: : Whirlwinds had always danced across the fields on hot, dry, days.
旁白：：在炎热、干燥的日子里，旋风总是在田野上舞动。
No one took much notice that these swirls of dust were growing thicker, taller, and faster than usual.
没有人注意到这些尘埃漩涡变得比平常更厚、更高、更快。
Then in the summer of 1931, the rains stopped.
1931年夏天，雨停了。
Wheat withered in the fields — leaving the land naked and vulnerable to the menacing winds.
田野里的小麦枯萎了，土地变得光秃秃的，很容易受到狂风的侵袭。
But, no one was prepared for what was to come.
但是，没有人为即将发生的事情做好准备。
Lawrence Svobida (Matthew Modine, voice over): : The winds unleashed their fury with a force beyond my wildest imagination.
劳伦斯·斯沃比达（马修·莫迪恩，画外音）：风释放出的愤怒，其力量超出了我最疯狂的想象。
It blew continuously for a hundred hours and it seemed as if the whole surface of the earth would be blown away.
连续吹了一百个小时，仿佛整个地球表面都要被吹走。
As far as my eyes could see, my fields were completely bare.
放眼望去，我的田野完全光秃秃的。
Narrator: : As dust enveloped the atmosphere, it got into the eyes, the nose, the mouth — breathing became difficult.
旁白：：当灰尘笼罩大气时，它进入眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴——呼吸变得困难。
The Red Cross issued an urgent call for dust masks, especially for children.
红十字会紧急呼吁提供防尘口罩，特别是儿童口罩。
Floyd Coen, Elkhart, Kansas: : So we’d wear face masks in school, and — and, ah, during our work and so forth, it’d be a gauze mask that — and you could never seem to get a real good breath from that.
弗洛伊德·科恩（Floyd Coen），埃尔克哈特，堪萨斯州：：所以我们在学校会戴口罩，而且，啊，在工作期间等等，它会是纱布口罩，但你似乎永远无法从中获得真正的好呼吸。
And you often wondered, will I get enough oxygen to my system?
您经常想知道，我的系统能获得足够的氧气吗？
Will this be damaging?
这会造成损害吗？
Narrator: : Residents grabbed any bits of cloth to cover their faces.
旁白：：居民们抓起任何一块布来遮住脸。
The Plains began to resemble a WWI battlefield, with dust rather than mustard gas fouling the air.
平原开始像第一次世界大战的战场，空气中弥漫着灰尘而不是芥子气。
Where grain once grew high as a man’s shoulder, dazed farmers walked out over their beaten, blown-out fields.
曾经，谷物长得有一个人的肩膀那么高，现在，茫然的农民走出了被风吹得遍体鳞伤的田地。
It had taken a thousand years to build an inch of topsoil on the Southern Plains.
南方平原一英寸的表土花了一千年的时间才形成。
It took only minutes for one good blow to sweep it all away.
只用了几分钟，一击就把一切都扫除了。
Imogene Glover, Guymon, Oklahoma: : Well, after a dirt storm the ground would just be bare where it had blown all the topsoil away and then it would be mounds over where the fence rows had been.
伊莫金·格洛弗（Imogene Glover），盖蒙，俄克拉荷马州：好吧，在一场沙尘暴过后，所有表土都被吹走了的地面将是光秃秃的，然后栅栏所在的地方就会变成土堆。
So we didn’t have much except just bare old hard ground.
所以我们除了光秃秃的旧硬地之外什么也没有。
It was a bad time.
那是一段糟糕的时光。
Narrator: : One hundred million acres of the Southern Plains were turning into a wasteland.
旁白：：一亿英亩的南方平原正在变成荒地。
A circle encompassing large sections of five states in the nation’s heartland: the Panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma, western Kansas, and the eastern portions of Colorado and New Mexico.
一个圆圈，涵盖了美国中心地带五个州的大部分地区：德克萨斯州和俄克拉荷马州的狭长地带、堪萨斯州西部以及科罗拉多州和新墨西哥州的东部。
A journalist traveling through the region called it the Dust Bowl.
一位穿越该地区的记者称其为“沙尘暴”。
Judge Wilson Cowen, Dalhart, Texas: : The farmhouses looked terrible—the dust was deposited clear up to the window sills in these farmhouses, clear up to the window sills.
得克萨斯州达尔哈特的威尔逊·考恩法官：这些农舍看起来很糟糕——灰尘一直沉积到这些农舍的窗台上，一直到窗台。
And even about half of the front door was blocked by this sand.
甚至前门的一半左右都被这些沙子堵住了。
And if people inside wanted to get out, they had to climb out through the window to get out with a shovel to shovel out the front door.
而里面的人如果想出去，就得从窗户爬出去，拿着铲子把前门铲掉。
And, ah, there was no longer any yard at all there, not a green sprig, not a living thing of any kind, not even a field mouse.
而且，啊，那里不再有任何院子，没有一根绿色的小树枝，没有任何生物，甚至没有一只田鼠。
Nothing.
没有什么。
Narrator: : Convinced that the storms were a freak accident, that the rains would soon return, residents could not imagine that they had entered a battle that would last a decade.
旁白：：居民们深信风暴只是一场反常事故，降雨很快就会卷土重来，但他们无法想象他们已经卷入了一场持续十年的战斗。
Margie Daniels, Hooker, Oklahoma: : The next morning you’d still have that dust settling in the air, but there would be the sunshine and all again but then everything would just be covered in dirt.
玛吉·丹尼尔斯（Margie Daniels），胡克，俄克拉荷马州：：第二天早上，空气中仍然有尘埃沉降，但阳光会再次出现，但随后一切都会被泥土覆盖。
Everything was full of dust.
一切都布满了灰尘。
If you were cooking a meal, you’d end up with dust in your food and you would feel it in your teeth.
如果你正在做饭，你的食物中就会沾上灰尘，你会在牙齿上感觉到它。
You’d start to eat and when you would drink water or something, you would grit down and you always felt like you had grit between your teeth.
你开始吃饭，当你喝水或其他东西时，你会咬紧牙关，你总是感觉牙齿之间有沙粒。
You know it felt terrible.
你知道那感觉很糟糕。
Clella Schmidt, Spearman, Texas: : The next day when Mother and my grandmother started cleaning out the house, they were taking the dirt out in buckets full.
克莱拉·施密特 (Clella Schmidt)，斯皮尔曼，德克萨斯州：第二天，当母亲和祖母开始打扫房子时，他们用装满桶的桶把泥土倒出来。
They were scooping it up onto, ah, ah, wheat scoops, which are pretty good-sized scoops, and carrying it out into the yard.
他们把它舀到，啊，啊，麦勺上，这是一个相当大的勺，然后把它搬到院子里。
Imogene Glover, Guymon, Oklahoma: : The dust was just like face powder.
伊莫金·格洛弗 (Imogene Glover)，盖蒙，俄克拉荷马州：：灰尘就像扑粉一样。
It was so heavy and thick.
它又重又厚。
It wasn’t like sand.
它不像沙子。
It was just real heavy, like face powder.
它真的很重，就像扑粉一样。
Only it was real dark, almost black.
只是天真的很黑，几乎是黑色的。
Narrator: : To the astonishment of residents, the dust kept coming.
旁白：：令居民惊讶的是，灰尘不断袭来。
In 1932, the weather bureau reported 14 dust storms.
1932年，气象局报告了14次沙尘暴。
The next year, the number climbed to 38.
第二年，这个数字攀升至38个。
People tried to protect themselves by hanging wet sheets in front of doorways and windows to filter the dirt.
人们试图通过在门窗前挂湿床单来过滤污垢来保护自己。
They stuffed window frames with gummed tape and rags.
他们用胶带和抹布塞满窗框。
But keeping the fine particles out was impossible.
但将细小颗粒排除在外是不可能的。
The dust permeated the tiniest cracks and crevices.
灰尘渗透到最微小的裂缝和缝隙中。
Imogene Glover, Guymon, Oklahoma: : We just had a lot of dirt.
伊莫金·格洛弗 (Imogene Glover)，盖蒙，俄克拉荷马州：：我们只是有很多污垢。
(Laughs) I just grew up with it.
（笑）我就是伴随着它长大的。
I thought that was what life was all about.
我以为这就是生活的全部意义。
Narrator: : The drought persisted, made worse by some of the hottest summers on record.
旁白：：干旱持续存在，并且由于一些有记录以来最热的夏季而变得更加严重。
Windmills provided drinking water from deep wells, but the fields were bone dry.
风车从深井提供饮用水，但田地却十分干燥。
Still confident that the rains would return, farmers continued to plow.
农民们仍然相信降雨会回来，继续耕作。
“Out of this blast of dust,” one observer wrote, “the men of Western Kansas whistle and go right on sowing wheat.”
一位观察家写道：“在这股尘土飞扬中，堪萨斯州西部的人们吹着口哨，继续播种小麦。”
Lorene White, Manter, Kansas: : If dad was in the field we were always afraid, you know.
Lorene White，曼特，堪萨斯州：如果爸爸在外地，我们总是会害怕，你知道。
We didn’t know whether dad could get in or not because the dust was so bad.
我们不知道爸爸是否能进去，因为灰尘太严重了。
Dad always had a tendency, like most men did, I guess, they would stay in the field until it — the storm got there.
我猜，爸爸总是有一种倾向，就像大多数男人一样，他们会留在田野里，直到暴风雨来临。
So Mom and we kids, we were at home watching, waiting for Dad to come in, thinking he would surely come before the dirt hit, and usually he didn’t.
所以妈妈和我们这些孩子，我们在家里看着，等待爸爸进来，认为他肯定会在泥土袭击之前来，但通常他不会。
And, ah, then we’d have to worry about him getting in.
而且，啊，那我们就得担心他进来了。
And I, worry was part of my make up, so I — I worried about him.
而我，担心是我性格的一部分，所以我——我担心他。
Narrator: : 1934.
旁白：：1934年。
The storms were coming with alarming frequency.
风暴以惊人的频率袭来。
Residents believed they could pinpoint a storm’s origins by the color of the dust — black from Kansas, red from Oklahoma, gray from Colorado or New Mexico.
居民相信他们可以通过尘埃的颜色来确定风暴的起源——黑色来自堪萨斯州，红色来自俄克拉荷马州，灰色来自科罗拉多州或新墨西哥州。
As the storms rampaged across the land, they unleashed another destructive force.
当风暴席卷大地时，它们释放出另一种破坏性的力量。
J.R.Davison, Texhoma, Oklahoma: : I can remember when Dad had a good wheat crop growing and it blew terribly hard for two days.
J.R.戴维森（J.R.Davison），俄克拉荷马州特克斯霍马： 我记得爸爸的小麦收成很好，但连续两天刮了很大的风。
At the end of that two days, static electricity, the electricity in the air, had completely killed the wheat crop.
两天结束时，静电，空气中的电流，彻底杀死了小麦作物。
All of that green wheat had just turned brown and was dead.
所有绿色的小麦都变成棕色并且死了。
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : I had a little garden and I had me some watermelons and I’d carry water by the bucket out and water it.
Melt White，德克萨斯州达尔哈特：：我有一个小花园，我养了一些西瓜，我会用桶提水浇水。
And I remember I went out that evenin’ to water 'em and I had some little watermelons about as long as your little finger, just as pretty and shiny, a little fuzz on 'em, you know?
我记得那天晚上我出去给它们浇水，我有一些小西瓜，大约和你的小指一样长，同样漂亮、闪亮，上面有一点绒毛，你知道吗？
And went out the next mornin’ after one of them sand storms and there are the watermelons’ vines whipped around and them little melons just black as tar.
第二天早上，一场沙尘暴过后，我们出去了，西瓜的藤蔓被卷起，小瓜像焦油一样黑。
It was completely just because of static electricity and that continuous wind.
完全就是因为静电和那持续不断的风。
Narrator: : For farmers it was going on three years of planting with little to show for it.
旁白：对于农民来说，三年的种植却收效甚微。
The hard times were beginning to take their toll.
困难时期开始造成损失。
Margie Daniels, Hooker, Oklahoma: : I can remember looking at Dad and he’d be laid back in his big chair, his old lounge chair, you know, with his feet up and usually one of the kids on his lap.
玛吉丹尼尔斯，胡克，俄克拉荷马州：我记得看着爸爸，他躺在他的大椅子上，他的旧躺椅，你知道，双脚抬起，通常有一个孩子坐在他的腿上。
But he would just be, you know, kinda lookin’ off into space or something.
但你知道，他只是在看太空之类的东西。
You could tell.
你可以看出来。
You could tell by his attitude if he was depressed.
从他的态度就能看出他是否抑郁。
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : My mother, she’d be walkin’ the floor and when she got nearly cryin’, her chin would draw up, you know, and she’d wring her hands and say, “Oh, the wind, the wind, the wind.” And she’d just cry, because she realized the conditions things was in.
Melt White，德克萨斯州达尔哈特：：我的母亲，她会在地板上走着，当她快要哭的时候，她的下巴会抬起来，你知道，她会扭着双手说，“哦，风，风，风。”她只是哭了，因为她意识到事情的处境。
I didn’t.
我没有。
I just thought, “Well, it’s dry and the wind’s blowin’ and the sand’s blowin’.” But she realized how Dad was havin’ to work, what little he was makin’, and we’as about to starve to death.
我只是想，“好吧，天气干燥，风在吹，沙在吹。”但她意识到爸爸不得不工作，他挣的钱很少，而我们却快要饿死了。
Imogene Glover, Guymon, Oklahoma: : We had meager food at that time.
伊莫金·格洛弗（Imogene Glover），盖蒙，俄克拉荷马州：：当时我们的食物很少。
Everyone did.
每个人都这么做了。
And we lived literally on cornbread and beans.
我们确实靠玉米面包和豆子生活。
And that was our main meal and at night we’d just have cornbread and milk, but so did everybody else.
这是我们的主餐，晚上我们只吃玉米面包和牛奶，但其他人也一样。
In fact, I felt like we had good food compared to a lot of people.
事实上，我觉得与很多人相比，我们的食物很好。
Narrator: : Outside the Southern Plains, few grasped the full measure of the disaster.
旁白： ： 在南部平原之外，很少有人了解这场灾难的全部规模。
In Washington, the Dust Bowl was seen as just another trouble spot in the nationwide crisis of the Depression.
在华盛顿，沙尘暴被视为全国大萧条危机中的另一个麻烦点。
The government began offering relief through Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal.
政府开始通过富兰克林·罗斯福的新政提供救济。
Lorene White, Manter, Kansas: : My Dad was really proud.
Lorene White，曼特，堪萨斯州：：我爸爸真的很自豪。
He thought it was charity to take help from the government, and for a long time, he wouldn’t.
他认为接受政府的帮助就是施舍，但很长一段时间他都不愿意。
Even when government programs came in, you know, in relation to his farming, where he could have been paid for certain farming practices, there was quite a while that Dad wouldn’t do it.
即使当政府项目介入时，你知道，与他的农业有关，他可以因某些农业实践而获得报酬，但有相当长一段时间爸爸不会这样做。
Narrator: : The sturdy people who settled this country were not “leaners,” residents insisted.
旁白：：居民坚称，定居在这个国家的强健人民并不是“倾斜者”。
Yet most had no choice but to suffer the humiliation of relief checks and food hand-outs.
然而，大多数人别无选择，只能忍受救济支票和食品发放的羞辱。
Lorene White, Manter, Kansas: : There was a time when there was canned food that was available to people who were in the situation that we were.
洛琳·怀特 (Lorene White)，曼特，堪萨斯州： 曾经有一段时间，像我们一样处境的人也能买到罐头食品。
We were poor I guess.
我猜我们很穷。
We didn’t call ourselves poor but I guess we were.
我们并不称自己为穷人，但我想我们确实是穷人。
But Dad wouldn’t, he wouldn’t let Mom get it.
但爸爸不会，他不会让妈妈得到它。
I think Dad would have let us eat pretty poorly before he would have accepted any help.
我想爸爸会让我们吃得很差才接受任何帮助。
He was, he thought he was, that it was his job.
他是，他认为他是，这是他的工作。
He was the breadwinner of the family, and it was a disgrace for him to let someone else come in and take care of his family, and he felt like that’s what was happening.
他是家里的经济支柱，让别人进来照顾他的家人对他来说是一种耻辱，他觉得这就是正在发生的事情。
Narrator: : Piece by piece, farmers were losing everything they cherished.
旁白：：农民一点一点地失去他们所珍视的一切。
In the fall of 1934, with livestock feed depleted, the government began to buy and destroy thousands of starving cattle.
1934 年秋天，随着牲畜饲料耗尽，政府开始购买并销毁数千头饥饿的牛。
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : Each and everyday got worse and you couldn’t see no end, and you couldn’t see anything of any improvement.
Melt White，德克萨斯州达尔哈特：：每一天都变得更糟，你看不到尽头，也看不到任何改善。
And the government come in and took the cattle and killed 'em, paid $16 for a cow and $3 dollars for a calf.
政府介入并把牛宰杀，为一头牛支付 16 美元，为一头小牛支付 3 美元。
When that was gone, you didn’t have anything hardly left.
当它消失后，你几乎什么也没有剩下。
Narrator: : Of all the government programs, cattle slaughter would be the most wrenching.
旁白：：在所有政府计划中，屠宰牛是最痛苦的。
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : Well, that cow, you’d milked her.
Melt White，德克萨斯州达尔哈特：：好吧，那头牛，你给她挤了奶。
See her big ol’ kind eyes and she furnished you milk and food and — and to see 'em just take and lead her off and you knew that’as the end of her, that’as the end of her life, well, when was yours comin’, you know?
看到她那双善良的大眼睛，她为你提供了牛奶和食物，而且——看到他们就把她带走，你就知道那是她的终结，那是她生命的终结，好吧，你的生命什么时候到来，你知道吗？
It was pretty sad.
这是相当悲伤的。
Narrator: : With the Southern Plains becoming more desert-like with each passing month, residents themselves were beginning to wonder whether the only difference between the Dust Bowl and the Sahara Desert was that a lot of “dammed fools” were not trying to farm the sands of North Africa.
旁白：随着南部平原每个月变得越来越像沙漠，居民们自己也开始怀疑沙尘暴和撒哈拉沙漠之间的唯一区别是否是许多“该死的傻瓜”并没有尝试在北非耕种沙子。
Lawrence Svobida (Matthew Modine, voice over): : I believe any man must see the beauty in mile upon mile of level land where the wheat is waist high, sways to the slightest breeze and is turning a golden yellow under a flaming sun.
劳伦斯·斯沃比达（马修·莫迪恩，画外音）：我相信任何人都一定能看到一望无际的平坦土地上的美丽，那里的小麦齐腰高，在微风中摇曳，在烈日下变成金黄色。
It was evening when a huge bank of dark rain clouds formed in the northwest.
傍晚时分，西北方向形成了巨大的黑色雨云。
As the storm approached…
随着暴风雨临近……
I could feel its coolness, smell it — almost taste it
我能感觉到它的凉爽，闻到它的味道——几乎尝到它的味道
I waited in suspense, looking, hoping—praying for rain.
我悬疑地等待着，寻找着，希望着——祈求下雨。
But the rain did not come.
但雨并没有来。
Narrator: : 1935.
旁白：：1935年。
After years of drought and dust, the land was now being destroyed by another kind of plague.
经过多年的干旱和尘土飞扬，这片土地现在正被另一种瘟疫摧毁。
Hundreds of thousands of starving jack rabbits came down from the hills, devouring everything in their path.
数十万只饥饿的长耳野兔从山上下来，吞噬路上的一切。
Dust Bowlers were forced to begin an extermination campaign.
尘暴者被迫开始一场灭绝运动。
Almost every Sunday people gathered to take part in rabbit drives.
几乎每个周日，人们都会聚集在一起参加赶兔子活动。
J.R.Davison, Texhoma, Oklahoma: : When we first came over the — the hill there on this one drive, there were big line of us.
J.R.Davison，俄克拉荷马州特克斯霍马：：当我们第一次翻过这条车道上的小山时，我们排起了长队。
Just looked like the country below us just all began to move.
看起来我们脚下的国家都开始移动了。
Looked like a herd of sheep, but it was jackrabbits.
看上去像一群羊，其实是长耳大野兔。
The first rabbit drive that I ever witnessed was with shotguns, but that was kind of dangerous, so then they decided later that they’d have some more of these rabbit drives, and we’d just use clubs.
我亲眼目睹的第一次驱赶兔子是用霰弹枪，但这有点危险，所以后来他们决定再进行一些驱赶兔子的活动，而我们只使用棍棒。
So they would form lines of people, and these lines of people would march down through that country and come together, and funnel these rabbits into those pens, and any that tried to get back by you, which would be a lot of `em, why you were supposed to knock them in the head with the club as they came by.
所以他们会排成一排人，这些人会穿过那个国家并聚集在一起，把这些兔子集中到那些围栏里，以及任何试图从你身边回来的人，这将是很多人，为什么你应该在他们经过时用棍棒敲他们的头。
And then after they got them all in these pens, why, the young fellows would get in those pens with these clubs, which was like an old axe handle or something like this, and — and just club them to death.
然后，当他们把它们全部放进这些围栏后，年轻人就会用这些棍棒进入那些围栏，就像一个旧的斧柄或类似的东西，然后——然后用棍棒把它们打死。
I can imagine, you know, what the Humane Society would say about that now.
我可以想象，你知道，人道协会现在对此会怎么说。
Whew.
呼。
Margie Daniels, Hooker, Oklahoma: : You could hear the rabbits screaming you know.
玛吉·丹尼尔斯（Margie Daniels），胡克，俄克拉荷马州：：你可以听到兔子的尖叫声。
That’s what was scary to me.
这就是让我害怕的地方。
I think that sound affected everyone.
我认为这个声音影响了每个人。
I know it sounded terrible to me as a little girl.
我知道这对我这个小女孩来说听起来很可怕。
And you know I’d think sounds like a baby cryin’ or squealin’, or, you know, being hurt.
你知道，我觉得听起来像是婴儿的哭泣或尖叫，或者，你知道，受伤的声音。
It was really sad.
真的很难过。
And then this dirt storm was coming in at that time.
然后这场沙尘暴就在那时来临了。
And it was starting to get dark.
天开始黑了。
And you know, some people felt that was the wrath of God coming upon them when they’d kill these rabbits like this.
你知道，有些人觉得当他们这样杀死这些兔子时，上帝的愤怒就降临到了他们身上。
Narrator: : April 14, 1935 was the worst day of them all.
旁白：：1935 年 4 月 14 日是其中最糟糕的一天。
The day no Dust Bowler would forget.
没有哪个沙尘暴玩家会忘记这一天。
The day they would call “Black Sunday.”
他们将这一天称为“黑色星期日”。
Margie Daniels, Hooker, Oklahoma: : Everybody tried to get out of there.
玛吉丹尼尔斯，胡克，俄克拉荷马州：每个人都试图离开那里。
Everybody was scrambling to get out to their vehicles and find their families.
每个人都争先恐后地下车寻找家人。
It looked real black as it came in just big old rolls just coming in.
它看起来很黑，因为它只是刚进来的大旧卷。
As the dark clouds approached, there was an ominous silence.
当乌云逼近时，周围一片不祥的寂静。
Minutes later, the stillness was shattered by thousands of birds fleeing before the avalanche of dirt.
几分钟后，数千只鸟儿在雪崩般的泥土面前逃离，打破了宁静。
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : And back in the north it’as just a little bank, oh, like about eight or ten feet high.
Melt White，德克萨斯州达尔哈特：：回到北方，它只是一个小银行，哦，大约八或十英尺高。
It had one of those headers out on each end, you know.
你知道，它的每一端都有一个这样的接头。
And I did a few things there around the chickens and everything and went back in the house and I said, “Dad, we ain’t goin’ to be able to go to church tonight.” And he, “Why?” And (Phew) that’s how fast it’s travelin’.
我在那里做了一些关于鸡和其他事情的事情，然后回到屋子里，我说：“爸爸，我们今晚不能去教堂了。”而他，“为什么？” （唷）这就是它的行驶速度。
J.R.
J.R.
Davison, Texhoma, Oklahoma: : My dad went into the kitchen when that dirt was blowing the hardest.
俄克拉荷马州特克斯霍马州戴维森：当泥土风吹得最猛烈时，我父亲走进厨房。
The wind was really whippin’.
风确实刮得很厉害。
And I can remember my dad goin’ in there and takin’ hold of those two-by-fours and his hands would move up and down five or six inches, this wind was whipping so hard.
我记得我爸爸走进去，抓住那些二乘四的东西，他的手会上下移动五六英寸，风刮得很厉害。
And I thought to myself, “This thing may blow away.”
我心里想：“这东西可能会被吹走。”
Margie Daniels, Hooker, Oklahoma: : When the storm hit, my father just grabbed us.
玛吉·丹尼尔斯（Margie Daniels），胡克，俄克拉荷马州：：当暴风雨袭来时，我父亲抓住了我们。
I remember Daddy takin’ me and he set us right by the car and he said, “Stay there!
我记得爸爸带着我，把我们安排在车旁，他说：“呆在那里！
Don’t move.” Well, I wasn’t about to move.
别动。”好吧，我本来就不打算搬家。
And so then the neighbor man was cryin’ and his family was all crying.
然后邻居就哭了，他的家人也都哭了。
And so Daddy went over and tried to help 'em and he was stickin’ his hankie in the radiator, you know, and puttin’ it on his face.
于是爸爸走过去，试图帮助他们，但他把手帕粘在散热器上，你知道，然后把它放在脸上。
And he’d say, “Oh, God, we’re gonna die.” He said, “We’re all gonna die.” And Daddy finally just said, “Hush.
他会说：“哦，上帝，我们会死的。”他说：“我们都会死。”爸爸最后只是说：“嘘。”
You help me take care of these kids.” That’s when he told him he said, “You get your family in your car and I will bumper you home.”
你帮我照顾这些孩子。”就在那时，他告诉他，他说：“你让你的家人坐上你的车，我会送你回家。”
Narrator: : Terrified residents tried to drive through blinding dust.
旁白：：惊恐的居民试图开车穿过令人眼花缭乱的灰尘。
One Kansas farmer, disoriented, drove his car off the road.
堪萨斯州的一名农民迷失了方向，将车开出了公路。
Searchers found him the next day, suffocated.
第二天，搜寻者发现了他，他已窒息而死。
Clella Schmidt, Spearman, Texas: : My dad thought that we should stop and pick up this neighbor and her baby and it hit just about the time we were getting out of the car to go into the house.
Clella Schmidt，斯皮尔曼，得克萨斯州：：我爸爸认为我们应该停下来接这个邻居和她的孩子，就在我们下车准备进屋的时候，事情发生了。
And this woman was hysterical.
这个女人歇斯底里。
She was she thought she should maybe just go ahead and kill the baby and herself because it was the end of the world and she didn’t want to face it alone.
她认为她也许应该继续杀死孩子和她自己，因为这是世界末日，她不想独自面对它。
And so my dad quoted Bible scriptures to her to prove that it was not yet time for the end of the world, that he had no idea what this was, but it was certainly not the end of the world!
于是我爸爸就向她引用圣经经文来证明现在还没有到世界末日，他不知道这是什么，但这肯定不是世界末日！
Narrator: : After Black Sunday, others turning to the Bible found support for their worst fears.
旁白：：黑色星期日之后，其他人转向圣经，为他们最担心的事情找到了支持。
“The Lord shall make the rain of thy land powder and dust”, they read, “from heaven it shall come down upon thee, until thou be destroyed.”
他们读到：“主将使你土地上的雨水变成粉末和灰尘，它将从天上降临到你身上，直到你被毁灭。”
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : In the spring of 1935, the wind blew 27 days and nights without quittin’, and I remember that’s why my mother just — I thought she was going to go crazy because it was just — it was — you got desperate, because if the wind blew durin’ the day or durin’ the night and let up, you got some relief.
得克萨斯州达尔哈特的 Melt White：1935 年春天，风刮了 27 个昼夜，没有停止过，我记得这就是为什么我的母亲——我以为她会发疯，因为那是——那是——你会感到绝望，因为如果风在白天或晚上吹着，然后停下来，你就会得到一些解脱。
But just day and night, 24 hours, one 24-hour after the other, it just — but it’s 27 days and nights in the spring of 1935 it didn’t let up.
但只是白天和黑夜，24 小时，一个 24 小时接一个，就这样——但 1935 年春天的 27 个日日夜夜，它并没有停止。
Narrator: : Living on the Plains was becoming an act of sheer will.
旁白：：住在平原上已经成为一种纯粹的意志行为。
The dust was beginning to make living things sick.
灰尘开始让生物生病。
Animals were found dead in the fields.
人们发现动物死在田野里。
Their stomachs coated with two inches of dirt.
他们的肚子上覆盖着两英寸厚的泥土。
People spat up clods of dirt, sometimes three to four inches long and as big around as a pencil.
人们吐出土块，有时有三到四英寸长，有铅笔那么大。
An epidemic raged throughout the Plains.
一场瘟疫肆虐整个平原。
They called it dust pneumonia.
他们称之为粉尘肺炎。
Many residents tried their own home remedies.
许多居民尝试了自己的家庭疗法。
Floyd Coen, Elkhart, Kansas: : Skunk grease.
弗洛伊德·科恩 (Floyd Coen)，埃尔克哈特，堪萨斯州：：臭鼬油脂。
We had a — a neighbor that trapped skunks and he would save the fat and render it out and — and supposedly that skunk grease was skunk oil was, penetrate your chest better, but we never, we never liked to use it.
我们有一个邻居，他捕捉臭鼬，他会保存脂肪并将其提炼出来，而且据说臭鼬油脂是臭鼬油，可以更好地渗透你的胸部，但我们从来不喜欢使用它。
Imogene Glover, Guymon, Oklahoma: : Mother would give us sugar with a drop of coal oil on it or a drop of turpentine.
伊莫金·格洛弗 (Imogene Glover)，盖蒙，俄克拉荷马州：：母亲会给我们糖，上面滴一滴煤油或一滴松节油。
And this would clear the phlegm out of our throats.
这可以清除我们喉咙里的痰。
Lorene White, Manter, Kansas: : Mom would mix, ah, kerosene and lard, and, ah, nowadays we have Crisco, but then we had lard, you know, and she would mix those together.
Lorene White，曼特，堪萨斯州：妈妈会把煤油和猪油混合起来，啊，现在我们有 Crisco，但后来我们有猪油，你知道，她会把这些混合在一起。
I supposed it would have blistered if they hadn’t used lard in it, but she’d rub our throats, oh, we’d be covered with it, and I hated it because it would stink so.
我想如果他们没有在里面加猪油的话，它会起泡，但她会擦我们的喉咙，哦，我们会被它覆盖，我讨厌它，因为它会很臭。
Narrator: : In 1935, one-third of the deaths in Ford County, Kansas, resulted from pneumonia.
旁白： 1935 年，堪萨斯州福特县三分之一的死亡病例是死于肺炎。
Children were especially vulnerable.
儿童尤其容易受到伤害。
J.R.
J.R.
Davison, Texhoma, Oklahoma: : I guess I was sicker than I ever realized, because I got, ah delirious.
戴维森，特克斯霍马，俄克拉荷马州：：我想我的病情比我想象的还要严重，因为我神志不清。
I was out of my head.
我疯了。
I can see, to this day, those merry go round horses coming out of the ceiling, you know?
直到今天，我都能看到那些旋转木马从天花板上出来，你知道吗？
They’d just, like this, just like a merry go horse — round horse goes.
他们就像这样，就像一匹旋转木马——圆滚滚的。
And I’d say, mom?
我会说，妈妈？
She was always there by my bed, seemed like.
她似乎总是在我的床边。
I’d say, mom?
我会说，妈妈？
Those horses are gonna hit you, said, you better move your head.
那些马会撞到你，说，你最好把头移开。
And she’d move her head over.
她会把头移过来。
Say, boy, that one like to got you.
说吧，孩子，那个人喜欢抓住你。
And so I don’t really know how sick I was, but I was pretty sick.
所以我真的不知道自己病得有多严重，但我病得很厉害。
I think she thought a time or two I wasn’t gonna make it.
我想她有一两次认为我不会成功。
Margie Daniels, Hooker, Oklahoma: : I had a little brother that had pneumonia three times.
玛吉·丹尼尔斯（Margie Daniels），胡克，俄克拉荷马州：：我有一个弟弟得过三次肺炎。
And I’ve always felt it was caused from too much dirt.
而且我一直觉得是灰尘太多造成的。
I remember Mother, ah, took — gave him his medicine in the spoon.
我记得母亲啊，用勺子给了他药。
I stayed in the room with her to — because we had to sit up with him all night.
我和她一起呆在房间里——因为我们必须和他一起整夜坐着。
And she put this medicine in a spoon and put it in his mouth and he …
她把这种药放在勺子里，放进他嘴里，他……
he swallowed it and laid back in her arms and died.
他吞下了它，躺在她怀里死了。
(Crying) Excuse me.
（哭）对不起。
But I’ll never forget how that affected my mother.
但我永远不会忘记这对我母亲的影响。
She started screaming and she just held him so tight.
她开始尖叫，紧紧地抱住他。
And even though she had several children, you know, you have people say, “Well, you have several children.
尽管她有几个孩子，但你知道，有人会说：“好吧，你有几个孩子。
If you lose one, it won’t matter.” That’s not true because this affected Mother in a way that, ah, she was never the same again.
如果你失去了一个，那也没关系。”这不是真的，因为这对母亲的影响是，啊，她再也不像以前了。
I cried myself to sleep, I think, every night for a year, ah, because of losing him.
我是哭着入睡的，我想，这一年的每个晚上，啊，因为失去了他。
But I think the worst thing about that was that I was the one that brought the measles home to him.
但我认为最糟糕的是我把麻疹带回家给了他。
You know, I was in school and I took the measles and I came home with 'em and if he hadn’t got the measles, he would have, he might have come out of it.
你知道，我在学校的时候得了麻疹，然后我带着麻疹回家，如果他没有得麻疹，他也会得的，他可能已经痊愈了。
But they said pneumonia and measles, they never did.
但他们说是肺炎和麻疹，但他们从来没有说过。
Narrator: : By the end of 1935, with no substantial rainfall in four years, some residents were giving up.
旁白： ： 1935年底，四年没有大雨，一些居民放弃了。
Dust Bowlers watched as their neighbors and friends picked up and headed west in search of farm jobs in California.
沙尘滚滚的人们看着他们的邻居和朋友收拾行李前往西部，去加州寻找农场工作。
Having packed their meager belongings, they did not even bother to shut the door behind them — they just drove away, their eyes fixed on the uncertain road before them.
收拾好微薄的行李后，他们甚至懒得关门——他们只是开车离开，眼睛盯着前方不确定的道路。
Judge Wilson Cowen, Dalhart, Texas: : Many of them came by the courthouse.
德克萨斯州达尔哈特的威尔逊·考恩法官：：他们中的许多人都经过法院。
And they’d come by and see me and say, “Judge, you know, we’ve reached the end of our rope.
他们会过来见我并说：“法官，你知道，我们已经到了穷途末路的地步。
We don’t have anything left.
我们什么都没有剩下了。
We’ve got to get out of here.” And then say to me, “You know, we need a second hand tire pretty bad.” Of course, I always signed orders authorizing the local filling stations to get them a cheap second hand tire.
我们必须离开这里。”然后对我说：“你知道，我们非常需要二手轮胎。”当然，我总是签署订单，授权当地加油站为他们提供廉价的二手轮胎。
Cost about three dollars and a half.
花费大约三美元半。
And a tank full of gasoline.
还有一个装满汽油的油箱。
And they were very pleased about it.
他们对此感到非常高兴。
But I’ll tell you, they were gaunt, tired-looking people.
但我告诉你，他们都是憔悴、疲惫的人。
I felt very sorry for 'em.
我为他们感到非常遗憾。
The whole family, the wife, the kids and the husband, they were tired-lookin’ people, people that you could see felt rather hopeless.
整个家庭，妻子、孩子和丈夫，他们都是看上去很疲惫的人，你可以看到他们感到相当绝望。
Narrator: : Throughout the country, word spread of a mass exodus from the Plains.
旁白：：全国各地都传出大批人离开平原的消息。
In all, a quarter of the population would flee the region.
总之，四分之一的人口将逃离该地区。
Imogene Glover, Guymon, Oklahoma: : We hated to see anyone leave.
伊莫金·格洛弗 (Imogene Glover)，盖蒙，俄克拉荷马州：我们不愿意看到有人离开。
There were so few close neighbors or close friends or relatives.
亲密的邻居、亲密的朋友或亲戚很少。
And we hated for 'em to leave, but we all told 'em to be sure and write us from California.
我们讨厌他们离开，但我们都告诉他们一定要从加利福尼亚给我们写信。
We were all afraid we would never see 'em again, you know when everyone was leaving the Panhandle.
当每个人都离开狭长地带时，我们都担心再也见不到他们了。
Lorene White, Manter, Kansas: : Lots of people left.
Lorene White，曼特，堪萨斯州：很多人离开了。
The family west of us left, and they had kids that we played with.
我们西边的一家人离开了，他们有孩子和我们一起玩。
Ah, there was a family, two families, east of us, that left.
啊，我们东边有一个家庭，两个家庭，离开了。
Ah, one of the ones, one of the families was the one where the man died, young man died, with the dust pneumonia.
啊,其中一个,其中一个家庭就是那个男人死的,一个年轻人死的,死于尘埃性肺炎。
And they moved away.
他们搬走了。
Narrator: : As people abandoned the Southern Plains, tight-knit rural communities began to unravel.
旁白：随着人们放弃南部平原，紧密的农村社区开始瓦解。
Banks and businesses failed.
银行和企业都失败了。
Schools shut their doors.
学校关门了。
Churches were boarded up.
教堂被封锁了。
Yet, even with the world crumbling around them, most Dust Bowlers chose to stay.
然而，即使周围的世界崩溃了，大多数沙尘暴玩家还是选择留下来。
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : Dad always lived with hope, see, “Next year.
Melt White，德克萨斯州达尔哈特：：爸爸总是充满希望，看，“明年。
Next year.
明年。
I failed this time, but next year’ll be better.” And I never did see him have the look of givin’ up or quitting.
这次我失败了，但明年会更好。”我从未见过他有放弃或放弃的表情。
He always stayed in there and seemed that he was gonna make it some way or another.
他总是呆在那里，似乎他会以某种方式成功。
If anybody made it, he’d be one of 'em, he thought.
他想，如果有人成功了，他也会成为其中之一。
Narrator: : No one understood the tenacity of Plains farmers better than John McCarty, the editor of the Dalhart Texan newspaper.
旁白：没有人比德克萨斯州达尔哈特报纸的编辑约翰·麦卡蒂更了解平原农民的顽强精神。
Judge Wilson Cowen, Dalhart, Texas: : John McCarty was a great booster.
德克萨斯州达尔哈特的威尔逊·考恩法官：约翰·麦卡蒂是一位伟大的支持者。
He was always saying that “One of these days the rains will come again and this land will bloom like a rose.” And he was good at getting that message across.
他总是说：“有一天，雨水会再次降临，这片土地会像玫瑰一样绽放。”他很擅长传达这一信息。
Narrator: : A week after the infamous “Black Sunday,” McCarty created the Last Man’s Club.
旁白：：臭名昭著的“黑色星期日”一周后，麦卡蒂创建了“最后一人俱乐部”。
Urging Dust Bowlers to “grab a root and growl,” the young editor issued a call to arms.
这位年轻的编辑敦促沙尘暴玩家“抓住根并咆哮”，并发出了武装号召。
Judge Wilson Cowen, Dalhart, Texas: : The Last Man’s Club was one of John McCarty’s efforts to build up courage in the minds of the people.
德克萨斯州达尔哈特的威尔逊·考恩法官：“最后一个人的俱乐部”是约翰·麦卡蒂为在人们心中树立勇气所做的努力之一。
All of us who joined, I think my number was 31 — ah, we all had to sign a pledge.
我们所有加入的人，我想我的人数是31——啊，我们都必须签署一份承诺书。
And the pledge went something like this.
誓言是这样的。
Ah, “In the absence of an act of God, serious family injury or some or other emergency, I pledge to stay here as the last man and to do everything I can to help other last men remain in this country.
啊，“如果没有天灾、家庭严重受伤或其他紧急情况，我保证作为最后一个人留在这里，并尽我所能帮助其他最后的人留在这个国家。
John McCarty (archival): : In states north of here people are moving out by the thousands.
约翰·麦卡蒂（档案）： ：在此北部的各州，成千上万的人正在搬出。
Well we’re not quitting.
好吧，我们不会放弃。
Non-resident land is vicious land.
非居民土地是恶性土地。
Are we gonna stay here till hell freezes over?
我们要留在这里直到地狱结冰吗？
(Cheer.)
（欢呼。）
Floyd Coen, Elkhart, Kansas: : My father would often say, “Why would I go somewhere else?
弗洛伊德·科恩（Floyd Coen），埃尔克哈特，堪萨斯州：：我父亲经常说：“我为什么要去别的地方？
Everything I have is here.
我拥有的一切都在这里。
And it’s gonna—it’s gonna be better.” I’ve heard him say so many times, “It’s gonna be better.”
而且它会——会变得更好。”我听他说过很多次：“会更好。”
Narrator: : On the outskirts of Amarillo, Texas, townspeople discovered a crow’s nest made entirely of barbed wire — the only material the birds could scavenge from the lifeless terrain.
旁白：在德克萨斯州阿马里洛的郊区，镇民们发现了一个完全由铁丝网制成的鸦巢——这是鸟儿可以从死气沉沉的土地上觅食的唯一材料。
Anything that could was stubbornly holding on.
凡是能做到的，都顽强地坚持着。
Narrator: : On the parched Texas landscape, explosives expert Tex Thornton, proposed a novel solution to the region’s woes.
旁白：在干旱的德克萨斯州，炸药专家特克斯·桑顿提出了一种解决该地区困境的新颖解决方案。
Explosions, he claimed, would excite the atmosphere and induce rain.
他声称，爆炸会刺激大气并引发降雨。
Desperate to end the drought, a group of farmers and businessmen hired Thornton, giving him $300 to buy nitro-glycerine and TNT.
为了结束干旱，一群农民和商人聘请了桑顿，并给了他 300 美元来购买硝化甘油和 TNT。
Judge Wilson Cowen, Dalhart, Texas: : He advertised himself as a rainmaker and a few of the people in town believed it might help.
德克萨斯州达尔哈特的威尔逊·考恩法官：他将自己宣传为造雨者，镇上的一些人相信这可能会有所帮助。
I didn’t think that you could make rain that way.
我没想到你可以这样下雨。
But of course, I had to admit I didn’t know.
但当然，我不得不承认我不知道。
And like other people I hoped maybe something good would happen that we’d get some rain.
和其他人一样，我希望也许会发生一些好事，我们会下点雨。
Well, he tried two or three times and one of the queer results about it, the—just a little bit following his last try, they had quite a bit of snow.
好吧，他尝试了两三次，其中一个奇怪的结果是——就在他最后一次尝试之后不久，他们下了很多雪。
Not very much, but it was in May so it was quite unusual.
不是很多，但那是在五月份，所以很不寻常。
There might have been, oh, maybe two or three inches at the most.
哦，最多可能有两到三英寸。
And he got a lot of credit for that.
他因此得到了很多赞誉。
Some of the people who had espoused his work thought that “Really we’re ending the drought here,” but, of course, that was illusory.
一些支持他的工作的人认为“我们真的正在结束这里的干旱”，但当然，这是幻想。
It didn’t happen.
它没有发生。
Lawrence Svobida (Matthew Modine, voice over): : The summer of ’36 was one of the hottest ever.
劳伦斯·斯沃比达（马修·莫丁配音）：36 年的夏天是有史以来最热的夏天之一。
Hundreds of square miles of bare fields absorbed the suns rays like fire brick in a kiln.
数百平方英里的光秃秃的田野像窑炉里的耐火砖一样吸收着阳光。
The wind was like a blast from a huge, red-hot furnace—causing my face to blister and peel off.
风就像从一个巨大的、炽热的熔炉中吹来的风——让我的脸起泡、剥落。
Perhaps I was learning stoicism, but I found myself hardening to disaster.
也许我正在学习坚忍，但我发现自己对灾难变得冷酷无情。
Narrator: : As the drought wore on, there were some who claimed that Plains farmers themselves held the key to their own survival.
旁白：随着干旱的持续，有人声称平原农民自己掌握着生存的关键。
Hugh Bennett (archival): : We Americans have been the greatest destroyers of land of any race or people, barbaric or civilized.
休·贝内特（档案）：我们美国人是任何种族或民族（无论是野蛮的还是文明的）土地上最大的破坏者。
Narrator: : Known as the father of soil conservation, Hugh Bennett was the leader of a new breed of agricultural experts.
旁白： ：休·贝内特被誉为水土保持之父，是新一代农业专家的领导者。
He argued that conservation techniques could restore farming to the Southern Plains.
他认为保护技术可以恢复南部平原的农业。
Bennett took his case to lawmakers on Capitol Hill.
贝内特向国会山的立法者提出了他的案子。
As he was about to testify, he learned that a great dust storm was heading towards the east coast.
当他准备作证时，得知一场巨大的沙尘暴正在向东海岸袭来。
The storm had already deposited 12 million pounds of dust on Chicago — four pounds for each person in the city — and was poised to descend on the nation’s capital.
这场风暴已经给芝加哥带来了 1200 万磅的沙尘——这座城市每人四磅——并且即将袭击美国首都。
Bennett used every stalling tactic he could, managing to keep the committee in session until the dark gloom settled on Washington.
贝内特使用了一切他能采取的拖延策略，设法让委员会继续开会，直到华盛顿笼罩在阴霾之下。
“This, gentleman,” he announced, “is what I have been talking about.” For the first time Easterners smelled, breathed, and tasted the dust blowing off the Southern Plains.
“这，先生，”他宣布，“这就是我一直在谈论的。”东方人第一次闻到、呼吸到、尝到从南部平原吹来的灰尘。
For years — before the dust storms — the Federal government had regarded the soil as a limitless, indestructible resource.
多年来，在沙尘暴发生之前，联邦政府一直将土壤视为取之不尽、用之不竭、坚不可摧的资源。
In a major shift, Washington now put its full weight and authority behind soil conservation.
华盛顿现在发生了重大转变，全力支持土壤保护。
To promote the new message, the administration produced a provocative film about the causes of the Dust Bowl.
为了宣传这一新信息，政府制作了一部有关沙尘暴成因的挑衅性电影。
Filmed near Dalhart, Texas, the filmmakers searched for a local farmer to play the part of an original settler.
影片在德克萨斯州达尔哈特附近拍摄，电影制片人寻找当地农民来扮演原始定居者的角色。
They found Bam White, Melt White’s father.
他们找到了巴姆·怀特，梅尔特·怀特的父亲。
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : They was wantin’ someone with a team and a plow to more or less demonstrate how they started breakin’ the plains up.
Melt White，德克萨斯州达尔哈特：：他们想要一个有团队和犁的人来或多或少地展示他们是如何开始开垦平原的。
So him, with a team, just two horses, a single team, and a one-bottom breakin’ plow, that way they could take and show that and have him let the plow go in the ground and start turnin’ over sod, grassland that had never been broken up.
所以他带着一个团队，只有两匹马，一个团队，还有一台单底犁，这样他们就可以采取并展示这一点，让他把犁插入地里，开始翻动从未被破坏过的草皮和草地。
So they come to him.
所以他们来找他。
And I know he put on his best hat and he left about 8 or 8:30 that morning.
我知道他戴上最好的帽子，那天早上八点或八点三十分左右就离开了。
And got back a little after eleven.
十一点多一点就回来了。
And you never saw such a happy man in your life.
你一生中从未见过如此幸福的男人。
He said, “They paid me $25 for two hours’ work.” He said, “That’s nearly a month’s wages and I don’t see how they can afford to pay wages like that.” He had no idea what it was all about, who they were, or what they was gonna make of it.
他说：“他们付给我 25 美元，让我工作两个小时。”他说：“这差不多是一个月的工资了，我不明白他们怎么付得起这样的工资。”他不知道这一切是怎么回事，他们是谁，也不知道他们会用它做什么。
Film Narrator (archival): : “High winds and sun.
电影旁白（档案）：：“狂风烈日。
High winds and sun.
大风和阳光。
A country without rivers and with little rain.
一个没有河流、少雨的国家。
Settler, plow at your peril.”
定居者，耕耘，后果自负。”
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : So they had him bein’ the guilty one to start it, (laughs) of bein’ the one that started breakin’ the plains out back in the early day.
Melt White，德克萨斯州达尔哈特：：所以他们让他成为有罪的人来开始这件事，（笑）他是早些时候开始破坏平原的人。
Film Narrator (archival): : “100 million acres, 200 million acres, more wheat…”
影片旁白（档案）：：“一亿英亩，两亿英亩，更多小麦……”
Narrator: : In 1936, the completed film was released across the country — and in Dalhart at the Mission Theater.
旁白： 1936 年，完成的电影在全国上映，并在达尔哈特的 Mission Theater 影院上映。
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : Then directly there dad went to goin’ across the screen up there, him and ol’ Tom and Ann’s the name of the horses.
Melt White，德克萨斯州达尔哈特：：然后爸爸就直接穿过屏幕去了那里，他和老汤姆和安是马的名字。
There he was a-plowin’ and here he was sittin’ here by me and I’d lookin’ at him lookin’ there and I couldn’t figure out how they was doin’ that, showin’ him that real.
在那里，他正在犁地，而在这里，他坐在我旁边，我看着他在那里，我不明白他们是如何做到这一点的，向他展示真实的东西。
Him and the horses was bein’ shown and here he sat here by me.
他和马匹被展示出来，他坐在我旁边。
So it was quite a thing and that’s the first movie I ever saw in my life.
所以这是一件很了不起的事情，这是我一生中看过的第一部电影。
Film Narrator (archival): : “Last year in every summer month 30,000 people left the Great Plains and hit the highways for the Pacific coast, the last border.”
电影旁白（档案）：：“去年每个夏季，都有 30,000 人离开大平原，沿着高速公路前往最后的边境——太平洋海岸。”
Narrator: : Panicked by the flood of penniless refugees heading to the west coast, a government report warned that “for its own sake, the nation cannot allow farmers to fail.”
旁白：：政府报告对涌入西海岸的大量身无分文的难民感到恐慌，警告说“为了国家本身的利益，国家不能允许农民失败。”
In 1937, Washington began an aggressive campaign to encourage Dust Bowlers to adopt planting and plowing methods that conserve the soil.
1937 年，华盛顿开始了一场积极的运动，鼓励沙尘暴爱好者采用保护土壤的种植和耕作方法。
But getting the farmers of the Southern Plains to change their ways would not be easy.
但要让南部平原的农民改变他们的生活方式并不容易。
J.R.
J.R.
Davison, Texhoma, Oklahoma: : They came out with a lot of these methods, but most of these old-timers wouldn’t do it.
戴维森，特克斯霍马，俄克拉荷马州：他们提出了很多这样的方法，但大多数老前辈都不会这样做。
You know, finally they got where they’ad pay 'em.
你知道，他们终于得到了应得的报酬。
You know, you could make a dollar an acre if you practiced one of these methods.
您知道，如果您采用其中一种方法，每英亩可以赚一美元。
And that got a lot of 'em workin’ on it because they needed that dollar an acre.
这让很多人都在努力，因为他们每英亩都需要那美元。
Narrator: : Once again farmers ran their tractors from dawn to dark.
旁白：：农民们再次从黎明到天黑开着拖拉机。
This time to prevent barren fields from blowing.
这次是为了防止荒田刮风。
Lawrence Svobida (Matthew Modine, voice over): : I felt I was becoming a slave to the land.
劳伦斯·斯沃比达（马修·莫迪恩，配音）：：我觉得自己正在成为土地的奴隶。
But I held on to the thought that this land had to be stopped from blowing.
但我坚持认为必须阻止这片土地被风吹走。
Often I was so full of dust that I drove blind, unable to see even the radiator cap on my tractor or hear the roar of the engines.
我常常满身灰尘，以致于我盲目驾驶，甚至看不到拖拉机上的散热器盖，也听不到发动机的轰鸣声。
But I kept driving on and on, by guess and instinct.
但我凭着猜测和本能，继续前行。
I was making my last stand in the dust bowl.
我正在沙尘暴中做最后的抵抗。
Narrator: : 1938.
旁白：：1938年。
The massive conservation crusade had reduced the amount of blowing soil by 65 percent.
大规模的保护行动已将风土数量减少了 65%。
But the drought dragged on.
但干旱仍在持续。
The parched land refused to yield a decent living.
干旱的土地无法让人们过上体面的生活。
The proud settlers of the Plains were becoming dependent on government work projects for survival.
平原上骄傲的定居者越来越依赖政府的工程项目来生存。
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : Dad he’d get up in the mornin’ and feed the horses and harness the team, hitch 'em, and go to work.
Melt White，德克萨斯州达尔哈特：：爸爸，他早上起床喂马，给团队套上马具，套上马，然后去上班。
And, ah, work for the WPA.
而且，啊，为 WPA 工作。
Drove the team.
带动了球队。
He got a dollar-and-thirty-five-cents a day, him, team, and wagon.
他、他、他的团队、还有马车，每天的收入是一美元三十五美分。
And, ah, that was — that was it.
而且，啊，那就是——就是这样。
On the weekend, say, on a Sunday we’d try to get him to play the fiddle.
在周末，比如说，在周日，我们会尝试让他拉小提琴。
Well, when he was workin’ on the WPA haulin’ cleechy, his hands would be cracked from that cleechy.
好吧，当他在 WPA 牵引轮胎时，他的手会因为轮胎而裂开。
That alkali would just crack his hands and he’d get that old fiddle out and it makes tears in my eyes now to think he’d sit and play it with blood runnin’ out his fingers just for our entertainment.
那种碱只会让他的手裂开，然后他就会拿出那把旧小提琴，现在一想到他会坐下来弹奏它，手指上流着血，只是为了我们的娱乐，我的眼里就会流泪。
Lawrence Svobida (Matthew Modine, voice over): : Preachers teach the blessings of adversity, but I now believe too much adversity breaks a person down.
劳伦斯·斯沃比达（马修·莫迪恩，画外音）：传教士教导逆境带来的祝福，但我现在相信太多的逆境会让一个人崩溃。
Season after season I had worked incessantly to keep my land from blowing, and no effort of mine had proved fruitful.
一季又一季，我不断地努力防止我的土地被风吹走，但我的努力却没有取得任何成果。
Words are useless to describe the experience when the thin thread of faith snaps.
当信仰的细线断裂时，言语无法描述这种经历。
My youth and ambition were ground into the very dust itself.
我的青春和野心都化为尘埃了。
I was finally ready to admit defeat.
我终于准备好承认失败了。
Narrator: : In the spring of 1939, after the failure of seven wheat crops in eight years, Lawrence Svobida abandoned his farm and fled — convinced that the Dust Bowl was creating an American Sahara.
旁白：1939 年春天，八年内七次小麦歉收后，劳伦斯·斯沃比达 (Lawrence Svobida) 放弃了他的农场并逃离了他，他确信沙尘暴正在造成美国撒哈拉沙漠。
Six months later, the skies finally opened.
六个月后，天空终于打开了。
Nearly a decade of dirt and dust was coming to an end.
近十年的污垢和灰尘即将结束。
Floyd Coen, Elkhart, Kansas: : When the rain came, it meant life itself.
堪萨斯州埃尔克哈特的弗洛伊德·科恩：当雨来时，就意味着生命本身。
It meant a future.
这意味着未来。
It meant that there would be something better ahead of you.
这意味着会有更好的事情在等着你。
And we as young people, and sometimes parents, you’d go out in that rain and just feel that rain hit your face.
我们作为年轻人，有时甚至是父母，你会在雨中出去，只是感觉雨打在你的脸上。
It was a very emotional time when you’d get rain because it meant so much to you.
当你下雨的时候，那是一个非常情绪化的时刻，因为这对你来说意义重大。
You didn’t have false hope any more, you knew then that you was going to have some crops.
你不再抱有虚假的希望，那时你就知道你将会有一些庄稼。
Melt White, Dalhart, Texas: : There’d be lightning back in the Northwest, you’d see flickering lightning and Dad would say, “That’ll be in here about 2 o’clock in the morning.” But the rain was so welcome and they smelt so good I’d lay and listen to them pitter patter on the side of the old house at night and we’d really sleep.
德克萨斯州达尔哈特的 Melt White：：西北地区会有闪电，你会看到闪烁的闪电，爸爸会说：“凌晨 2 点左右就会出现在这里。”但雨是那么受欢迎，而且它们闻起来很香，晚上我会躺在老房子的一侧，听它们啪嗒啪嗒地响，然后我们就真的睡着了。
Cause it was a wonderful feeling.
因为那是一种美妙的感觉。
Narrator: : With the return of the rain, dry fields soon overflowed with golden wheat.
旁白：：随着雨水的再次到来，旱田很快就长满了金黄的麦子。
The harsh years of the Dust Bowl had forced farmers to accept the limits of the land.
沙尘暴的严酷岁月迫使农民接受土地的限制。
But with fortunes to be made once more on the Southern Plains, that wisdom would soon be tested.
但随着南方平原再次发财，这种智慧很快就会受到考验。
In western Kansas, a group of farmers gathered on the steps of the local courthouse.
在堪萨斯州西部，一群农民聚集在当地法院的台阶上。
One was hopeful about the future.
人们对未来充满希望。
“People are thinking differently about taking care of the land,” he said.
“人们对保护土地的看法不同，”他说。
“Don’t fool yourself,” another replied.
“别欺骗自己了，”另一个人回答道。
“You can’t convince me we’ve learned our lesson.
“你无法让我相信我们已经吸取了教训。
It’s just not in our blood to play a safe game.”
我们的骨子里就没有玩安全游戏的本性。”
When press reports of the dire situation in the Dust Bowl appeared throughout the country, John L.
当全国各地媒体报道沙尘暴的严峻形势时，约翰·L·
McCarty, the outspoken young editor of the "Dalhart Texan" newspaper, rushed to the region's defense.
《德克萨斯州达尔哈特》报纸的直言不讳的年轻编辑麦卡蒂急忙为该地区辩护。
A Kansas wheat farmer witnessed the searing drought and relentless winds that crippled the southern Great Plains during the 1930s.
堪萨斯州的一位小麦种植者亲眼目睹了 20 世纪 30 年代南部大平原遭受的灼热干旱和无情狂风。
Watch Chapter 1 of Surviving the Dust Bowl.
观看《尘暴求生》第一章。
The remarkable story of the determined people who clung to their homes and way of life, enduring drought, dust, disease — even death — for nearly a decade.
这是一个非凡的故事，讲述了近十年来意志坚定的人们坚守自己的家园和生活方式，忍受干旱、灰尘、疾病甚至死亡的痛苦。
For nearly a decade, drought gripped the Great Plains.
近十年来，干旱席卷了大平原。
Explore a timeline of events.
探索事件的时间表。
The Dust Bowl prompted the largest migration in American history; by 1940, 2.5 million had moved out of the Plains states.
沙尘暴引发了美国历史上最大规模的迁徙；到 1940 年，已有 250 万人搬出平原各州。
April 14, 1935, dawned clear across the plains.
1935 年 4 月 14 日，黎明破晓，平原上空一片晴朗。
Then a huge black cloud appeared on the horizon, approaching fast.
随后，天边出现了一片巨大的黑云，正在快速逼近。
For an average salary of $41.57 a month, Works Progress Administration employees built bridges, roads, public buildings, public parks and airports.
工程进展管理局的员工建造桥梁、道路、公共建筑、公园和机场，平均工资为每月 41.57 美元。
Imogene Glover was growing up in the Panhandle of Oklahoma when devastating dust storms swept across the Southern Plains.
伊莫金·格洛弗 (Imogene Glover) 在俄克拉荷马州狭长地带长大，当时毁灭性的沙尘暴席卷了南部平原。
In 1933, Hugh Hammond Bennett was made director of the Soil Erosion Service, which worked to combat erosion caused by dust storms.
1933 年，休·哈蒙德·贝内特 (Hugh Hammond Bennett) 被任命为土壤侵蚀服务处主任，致力于对抗沙尘暴造成的侵蚀。
The Dust Bowl got its name on April 15, 1935, the day after Black Sunday.
沙尘暴得名于 1935 年 4 月 15 日，即黑色星期日的第二天。