Dinosaur Wars
Narrator: For more than a century, Americans have had a love affair with dinosaurs.
旁白：一个多世纪以来，美国人一直对恐龙情有独钟。
Extinct for millions of years, they were barely known until giant, fossil bones were discovered in the mid-nineteenth century.
它们已经灭绝了数百万年，直到十九世纪中叶发现了巨大的化石骨头为止，人们对它们知之甚少。
Two American scientists, Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, led the way to many of these discoveries, at the forefront of the young field of paleontology.
两位美国科学家爱德华·德林克·科普 (Edward Drinker Cope) 和奥塞尼尔·查尔斯·马什 (Othniel Charles Marsh) 引领了其中许多发现，处于古生物学这一新兴领域的前沿。
Jacques Gauthier, Paleontologist: Every iconic dinosaur every kid grows up with, apatosaurus, triceratops, stegosaurus, allosaurus , these guys went out into the American West and they found that stuff.
古生物学家雅克·高蒂尔（Jacques Gauthier）：每个孩子长大的标志性恐龙，雷龙、三角龙、剑龙、异特龙，这些家伙走进美国西部，他们发现了这些东西。
Narrator: Cope and Marsh shed light on the deep past in a way no one had ever been able to do before.
旁白：科普和马什以一种前所未有的方式揭示了遥远的过去。
They unearthed more than 130 dinosaur species and some of the first fossil evidence supporting Darwin’s new theory of evolution.
他们出土了 130 多种恐龙，以及一些支持达尔文新进化论的首批化石证据。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: Unfortunately there was a more sordid element, too, which was their insatiable hatred for each other, which often just baffled and exasperated everyone around them.
马克·贾菲（Mark Jaffe），作家：不幸的是，还有一个更肮脏的因素，那就是他们对彼此无法满足的仇恨，这常常让他们周围的每个人都感到困惑和恼怒。
Peter Dodson, Paleontologist: They began life as friends.
古生物学家彼得·多德森：他们一开始是朋友。
Then things unraveled…
然后事情就解开了……
and unraveled in quite a spectacular way.
并以相当壮观的方式解开。
Narrator: Cope and Marsh locked horns for decades, in one of the most bitter scientific rivalries in American history.
旁白：科普和马什几十年来一直争执不休，这是美国历史上最激烈的科学竞争之一。
Constantly vying for leadership in their young field, they competed ruthlessly to secure gigantic bones in the American West.
他们不断争夺年轻领域的领导地位，进行残酷的竞争，以确保在美国西部占有一席之地。
They put American science on the world stage and nearly destroyed one another in the process.
他们将美国科学推上了世界舞台，并在此过程中几乎摧毁了彼此。
In the summer of 1868, a small group of scientists boarded a Union Pacific train for a sightseeing excursion through the heart of the newly-opened American West.
1868 年夏天，一小群科学家登上联合太平洋列车，前往新开放的美国西部中心地带进行观光游览。
Among them was O.C.
其中包括 O.C.
Marsh of Yale, America’s first university professor of paleontology.
耶鲁大学的马什，美国第一位古生物学大学教授。
Looking out the window, Marsh was transfixed.
马什看着窗外，惊呆了。
While his fellow passengers saw magnificent landscapes, Marsh saw much more.
当其他乘客看到了壮丽的风景时，马什看到了更多。
Schooled in geology, he knew that great troves of prehistoric fossils could be buried in the ancient rocks.
他接受过地质学教育，知道古代岩石中可能埋藏着大量史前化石。
"I felt that entombed in the sandy clays," he recalled, "…
“我感觉到它被埋在沙土里，”他回忆道，“……
there must be hidden the remains of many strange animals new to science, long waiting to be brought to life." Here was a chance to establish his reputation while working on the greatest scientific problem of the age.
那里一定隐藏着许多科学界未曾见过的奇怪动物的遗骸，等待着复活。”这是一个在致力于解决当代最伟大的科学问题的同时建立声誉的机会。
Charles Darwin’s revolutionary work, On the Origin of Species, had been published in England only a few years earlier.
查尔斯·达尔文的革命性著作《物种起源》几年前才在英国出版。
But Darwin despaired that little physical evidence of evolution could be found in Europe, where the heavily forested land concealed the geology underneath.
但达尔文感到绝望的是，在欧洲几乎找不到进化的物理证据，那里森林茂密的土地掩盖了下面的地质。
The arid, open American West, Marsh was convinced, would yield the kind of fossil evidence needed to prove Darwin’s theory.
马什坚信，干旱、开放的美国西部将会产生证明达尔文理论所需的化石证据。
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: The American West is blessed by a couple of things.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：美国西部有几件事得到了祝福。
Number one, a long history of mountains going up.
第一，山脉上升的悠久历史。
When mountains go up the, next to the foothills of the mountains are a depression, a basin.
当山脉上升时，山麓旁边是一个洼地，一个盆地。
And as soon as mountains go up they start getting eroded by streams.
山脉一旦上升，就会开始被溪流侵蚀。
The streams bring down sand and mud that fills up that basin at the bottom of the foothills.
溪流带来的沙子和泥土填满了山麓底部的盆地。
That’s a wonderful place to die and leave a good-looking corpse.
那是一个死去并留下漂亮尸体的好地方。
But wait!
但是等等！
There’s another element.
还有另一个因素。
It’s dry!
很干！
It’s really dry.
真的很干。
It’s drier than the Alps or the Urals.
它比阿尔卑斯山或乌拉尔山更干燥。
It’s drier than the Caucuses.
它比高加索地区更干燥。
So when you could take the railroad to Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico, you walk around, you’ll see the rocks, naked rocks.
因此，当你可以乘坐铁路前往怀俄明州、科罗拉多州和新墨西哥州时，你四处走动，你会看到岩石，裸露的岩石。
And the rocks are full of fossils, including bones.
岩石上充满了化石，包括骨头。
Narrator: Marsh collected little on this first trip, but like a prospector who’d just caught a glimpse of the mother lode, he vowed to return.
旁白：马什在第一次旅行中收获甚少，但就像一个刚刚瞥见母矿脉的探矿者一样，他发誓要回来。
Next time he’d bring a work party, prepared to hunt for bones in the richest fossil fields on earth.
下次他会带上一个工作小组，准备在地球上最丰富的化石矿区寻找骨头。
O.C.
O.C.
Marsh was not the only one thinking about the deep past in 1868.
马什并不是唯一一个思考 1868 年遥远过去的人。
In Philadelphia, at the Academy of Natural Sciences, the world’s first mounted dinosaur skeleton went on display.
在费城的自然科学院，世界上第一具恐龙骨架展出。
It was called hadrosaurus - a creature said to have gone extinct millions of years ago, and so unlike anything in the modern world, it challenged the biblical story of creation.
它被称为鸭嘴龙——一种据说在数百万年前就已经灭绝的生物，因此与现代世界的任何生物都不同，它挑战了圣经的创世故事。
Now, barely three years after the end of the Civil War, it seemed that everything in America, even the story of the prehistoric past, was up for grabs.
现在，内战结束仅仅三年后，似乎美国的一切，甚至史前过去的故事，都可供争夺。
Steven Conn, Historian: Americans in the middle of the 19th century experienced two revolutions simultaneously.
史蒂文·康恩，历史学家：19世纪中叶的美国人同时经历了两次革命。
One, of course, is the Civil War, and that changes everything about the country politically, economically, socially.
其中之一当然是内战，它改变了这个国家政治、经济和社会的一切。
And the other is scientific.
另一个是科学的。
The idea that the world hasn't always been like it is…
世界并不总是这样的想法是……
today, in fact, where we might be standing right now was completely different ten million, 100 million, 400 million years ago, is a really powerful, fascinating, thrilling idea for people.
事实上，我们现在所处的位置与一千万、一亿、四亿年前完全不同，这对人们来说是一个非常强大、迷人、令人兴奋的想法。
Narrator: The hadrosaur had been unearthed in a quarry in Haddonfield, New Jersey, and assembled by a group of scientists that included a 28-year-old Philadelphia Quaker.
旁白：这只鸭嘴龙是在新泽西州哈登菲尔德的一个采石场出土的，由一群科学家组装而成，其中包括一位 28 岁的费城贵格会教徒。
Edward Drinker Cope had already made a name for himself with the discovery of the second known American dinosaur skeleton, a creature he named Laelaps .
爱德华·德林克·科普 (Edward Drinker Cope) 因发现第二具已知的美洲恐龙骨架而声名鹊起，他将这种生物命名为“莱拉普斯”(Laelaps)。
A self-taught prodigy, he’d been captivated by science since childhood.
作为一个自学成才的神童，他从小就对科学着迷。
Peter Dodson, Paleontologist : Cope took a great interest in natural history.
古生物学家彼得·多德森：科普对自然历史非常感兴趣。
And at a very young age, he gained admission to the Academy of Natural Sciences, which was not open to the public in those days.
他很小的时候就考入了当时不对外开放的自然科学院。
And he would make drawings of Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurs from the time that he was nine years old.
他从九岁起就开始画鱼龙和蛇颈龙。
He was a brilliant fellow.
他是一个才华横溢的人。
Narrator: Cope haunted the Academy through his teens, learning anatomy, organizing collections of fish and snakes, developing a passion for fossils.
旁白：科普十几岁的时候就经常出没于学院，学习解剖学，组织鱼和蛇的收藏，培养了对化石的热情。
Like his mentor Joseph Leidy, the discoverer of hadrosaurus and America’s first paleontologist, Cope was a gentleman naturalist -- following in the footsteps of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, men deeply devoted to understanding the natural world.
和他的导师、鸭嘴龙的发现者、美国第一位古生物学家约瑟夫·雷迪 (Joseph Leidy) 一样，科普也是一位绅士的博物学家，追随本杰明·富兰克林和托马斯·杰斐逊的脚步，致力于了解自然世界。
Steven Conn, Historian: None of them have what we would regard as a credential or advanced training.
史蒂文·康恩（Steven Conn），历史学家：他们都没有我们所认为的证书或高级培训。
They have no PhDs because American colleges are not granting PhDs.
他们没有博士学位，因为美国大学不授予博士学位。
Cope is part of that older gentlemen's world.
科普是老绅士世界的一部分。
Narrator: That fall, Cope received a letter from Professor Marsh at Yale, whom he’d befriended a few years earlier when they were both in Europe.
旁白：那年秋天，科普收到了耶鲁大学马什教授的一封信，几年前他们都在欧洲时，他就与这位教授成为了朋友。
Now the professor wanted to see the quarry where the hadrosaur had been found, and Cope was happy to oblige.
现在教授想参观发现鸭嘴龙的采石场，科普很乐意效劳。
Peter Dodson, Paleontologist: Cope took Marsh on a field trip to visit the various quarry operations in southern New Jersey.
古生物学家彼得·多德森：科普带着马什进行了一次实地考察，参观了新泽西州南部的各个采石场。
And, they parted on good terms, and Marsh went back to New Haven.
他们友好地分手了，马什回到了纽黑文。
But after that trip, Cope's fossil supply dried up.
但在那次旅行之后，科普的化石供应枯竭了。
Narrator: It soon became clear why.
旁白：很快就明白了原因。
Marsh had made a deal with the quarry owners to send any new discoveries to his lab at Yale College.
马什与采石场老板达成协议，将任何新发现发送到他在耶鲁大学的实验室。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: Cope was quite put out.
马克·贾菲（Mark Jaffe），作家：科普非常沮丧。
He had taken Marsh out.
他已经把马什带出去了。
He’d introduced him to people and the next thing he knows he feels, behind his back, Marsh is stealing bones from New Jersey.
他把他介绍给了人们，接下来他就感觉到，马什正在背着他从新泽西偷骨头。
Steven Conn, Historian: Marsh is not part of that older 19th century gentleman's world of natural science.
史蒂文·康恩（Steven Conn），历史学家：马什并不属于 19 世纪老绅士的自然科学世界。
He doesn’t feel bound by those unwritten rules.
他不觉得受到那些不成文规则的约束。
He operates in an almost businesslike way, much more aggressively.
他的运作方式近乎务实，而且更加积极进取。
He sees an opportunity in Haddonfield; he grabs it.
他在哈登菲尔德看到了机会；他抓住了它。
Narrator: The episode at Haddonfield cracked the veneer of Marsh and Cope’s early friendship…
旁白：哈登菲尔德的那一幕揭开了马什和科普早期友谊的表象……
a fracture that would deepen a few months later in Philadelphia.
几个月后，费城的裂痕进一步加深。
Cope had been reconstructing the skeleton of a prehistoric marine reptile from a jumble of disconnected bones.
科普一直在用一堆不连贯的骨头重建史前海洋爬行动物的骨骼。
He named the creature Elasmosaurus , and soon published an illustrated account of this unusual new species with its long tail and very short neck.
他将这种生物命名为板龙，并很快发表了一篇插图，描述了这种不寻常的新物种，它有长尾巴和很短的脖子。
It was, Cope believed, work that would propel him to the top of his field.
科普相信，正是工作将把他推向自己领域的顶峰。
But when Professor Marsh came to see the results, it was clear to him that Cope had misread the anatomy and put the skull on the wrong end of the skeleton.
但当马什教授来看结果时，他很清楚科普误读了解剖结构，将头骨放在了骨骼的错误一端。
Jacques Gaulthier, Paleontologist: Cope puts the head on the tail.
古生物学家雅克·高蒂耶（Jacques Gaulthier）：科普把头放在尾巴上。
You know, Marsh was not gonna let that get by.
你知道，马什不会让这件事过去的。
Narrator: Cope’s mentor Joseph Leidy confirmed that the reconstruction was flawed.
旁白：科普的导师约瑟夫·莱迪证实重建是有缺陷的。
Cope tried desperately to retract the publication and cover up his mistake, but it was too late.
科普拼命试图撤回该出版物并掩盖他的错误，但为时已晚。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: Cope was mortified.
马克·贾菲（Mark Jaffe），作家：科普感到羞愧。
And Marsh made sure that everyone knew that Cope had muffed the great Elasmosaurus.
马什确保每个人都知道科普已经压制了伟大的依拉斯莫龙。
Narrator: "His wounded vanity received a shock from which it has never recovered," Marsh later wrote, "and he has since been my bitter enemy."
旁白：“他受伤的虚荣心受到了打击，至今从未恢复，”马什后来写道，“从那以后，他就成了我的死敌。”
In the summer of 1870, Professor Marsh headed west again, leading the first scientific fossil-hunting expedition on the western frontier.
1870年夏天，马什教授再次西行，率领第一次西部边境科学化石搜寻探险队。
The railroad now stretched all the way to California, but this was still the Wild West.
铁路现在一直延伸到加利福尼亚州，但这仍然是狂野的西部。
Marsh and his party stayed close to military forts for provisions and protection from hostile Indians.
马什和他的队伍留在军事堡垒附近，以获取补给并保护他们免受敌对印第安人的侵害。
His entourage included a crew of students from Yale College, whose families covered most of the $15,000 cost of the expedition.
他的随行人员包括耶鲁大学的一群学生，他们的家人承担了这次探险 15,000 美元的大部分费用。
Jacques Gauthier, Paleontologist: When you look at the picture of them getting ready to go and they’re all totally cowboyed out.
雅克·高蒂尔（Jacques Gauthier），古生物学家：当你看到它们准备出发的照片时，你会发现它们完全是牛仔式的。
They’re the scions of these great industrialist families, you know, who never had a cowboy hat on in their life, dressing up with chaps and spurs and John B.
你知道，他们是这些伟大实业家的子孙，一生中从未戴过牛仔帽，穿着小伙子、马刺和约翰·B·肯尼迪 (John B.
Stetson and you know, the whole thing.
斯泰森，你知道，整件事。
Their first guide on their first trip out there was Buffalo Bill.
他们第一次旅行的第一位向导是布法罗比尔。
Narrator: Marsh was a skilled self-promoter, who made sure the adventures of the Yale fossil hunters filled the pages of Harper’s Monthly.
旁白：马什是一位熟练的自我推销者，他确保耶鲁大学化石猎人的冒险经历充斥着《哈泼斯月刊》。
They braved prairie fires, storms, and encounters with Indians.
他们冒着草原大火、暴风雨和与印第安人的遭遇。
And they unearthed tons of prehistoric bones from the ancient hills.
他们从古老的山丘中挖掘出大量的史前骨头。
It would take months to sort through the hundreds of specimens they collected, but Marsh had already accomplished his primary goal.
整理他们收集的数百个标本需要几个月的时间，但马什已经完成了他的主要目标。
He had staked his claim to the fossil fields of the West.
他宣称自己对西部的化石矿区拥有主权。
And he had no intention of sharing them with anyone.
而且他无意与任何人分享。
Steven Conn, Historian: This is the age where the model of business is to establish a trust.
史蒂文·康恩（Steven Conn），历史学家：这是一个商业模式是建立信托的时代。
And Marsh wants to create the fossil trust, using Yale as its headquarters.
马什希望建立化石信托基金，以耶鲁大学为总部。
Narrator: From Philadelphia, Edward Cope had been following Marsh’s adventures with interest…
旁白：来自费城的爱德华·科普一直饶有兴趣地关注着马什的冒险……
and envy.
和羡慕。
He was desperate to get in on the fossil bonanza, but -- unlike Yale -- the Philadelphia Academy did not mount expeditions.
他非常想参与化石富矿，但与耶鲁大学不同的是，费城学院并没有组织探险活动。
It was still an association of gentleman naturalists that depended on amateurs to send in fossils.
它仍然是一个绅士博物学家协会，依靠业余爱好者寄送化石。
Cope wrote to geologist and explorer Ferdinand Hayden, who now led one of the government survey crews mapping the West.
科普写信给地质学家兼探险家费迪南德·海登（Ferdinand Hayden），后者现在领导着一支政府勘察队，正在绘制西部地图。
In 1872, Hayden offered to outfit a fossil hunting trip for Cope if he could get himself to Fort Bridger in Wyoming.
1872 年，海登提出为科普提供化石狩猎之旅的装备，前提是他能前往怀俄明州的布里杰堡。
Marsh had been there the year before and published papers on his discoveries -- a trove of fossils from the early age of mammals.
马什一年前就去过那里，并发表了关于他的发现的论文——这是哺乳动物早期化石的宝库。
Cope was sure he could do better.
科普确信他可以做得更好。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: Even back then scientists measured themselves by publication.
马克·贾菲（Mark Jaffe），作家：即使在那时，科学家们也通过出版物来衡量自己。
And it’s clear to Cope that there was just great fertile material out there.
科普很清楚，那里有丰富的肥沃物质。
Narrator: But when he arrived at Fort Bridger, he found that Hayden’s survey crew had already moved on, taking all the available horses and mules.
旁白：但是当他到达布里杰堡时，他发现海登的勘察队已经出发了，带走了所有可用的马匹和骡子。
Undaunted, Cope cobbled together a crew of local men, wagons and pack animals, and set out into the Bridger Basin Badlands, unaware he was being watched by Marsh’s spies.
科普毫不畏惧，召集了一群当地人、马车和驮畜，出发前往布里杰盆地荒地，却没有意识到自己正被马什的间谍监视着。
When news of Cope’s expedition reached New Haven, the Yale professor was furious.
当科普探险的消息传到纽黑文时，这位耶鲁大学教授勃然大怒。
Cope was poaching on what Marsh considered his territory.
科普在马什认为是他的领地的地方偷猎。
He immediately packed up and headed west.
他立即收拾行装，向西而去。
By chance, Joseph Leidy was bound for Wyoming as well, on a fossil hunting trip of his own.
一次偶然的机会，约瑟夫·莱迪也前往怀俄明州进行他自己的化石狩猎之旅。
The West, it turned out, would not be big enough for the three of them.
事实证明，西部对于他们三个来说不够大。
Cope had the site to himself for a time, and the Badlands lived up to the name.
科普曾一度独占该地，而荒地也名副其实。
He was plagued by blood-sucking gnats, bad water, fever and nightmares.
他饱受吸血蚊虫、坏水、发烧和噩梦的困扰。
Still, he worked every day from sunup until dark, looking for trails of loose bone leading to skeletons still embedded in rock.
尽管如此，他每天从日出一直工作到天黑，寻找松动的骨头痕迹，通向仍然嵌在岩石中的骨骼。
Within a few weeks, Cope realized he was not alone; that Leidy and Marsh were hunting fossils as well.
几周之内，科普意识到他并不孤单。莱迪和马什也在寻找化石。
And soon, they all began finding the bones of a truly bizarre creature.
很快，他们都开始发现一种真正奇异生物的骨头。
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: It was a fantastic beast that looked like it was made up for a…
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：这是一种神奇的野兽，看起来像是……
Hindu mythology!
印度教神话！
It was as big as an elephant.
它有大象那么大。
It had saber teeth, gigantic fangs, but it was a plant eater, but had horns, six of them in two rows.
它有剑齿，巨大的獠牙，但它是食草动物，但有角，六个角，排成两排。
It was unbelievable.
这太令人难以置信了。
Narrator: Eager for the prized right to name a new species, each scientist rushed to be the first to get his findings into print.
旁白：每位科学家都渴望获得命名新物种的宝贵权利，争先恐后地将自己的发现付诸实践。
Cope dashed off a quick paper by telegraph from Wyoming.
科普从怀俄明州通过电报匆匆写下了一份论文。
Marsh did the same.
马什也做了同样的事。
But Joseph Leidy beat them both, giving him priority to name the beast: Uintatherium robustum .
但约瑟夫·雷迪（Joseph Leidy）击败了他们，让他优先为这头野兽命名：UintatheriumRobustum。
But that didn’t stop Cope and Marsh.
但这并没有阻止科普和马什的脚步。
Fueled by a toxic mix of rivalry and professional greed, they continued to name new species of the same creature with very little evidence that the discoveries were unique.
在竞争和职业贪婪的有毒混合推动下，他们继续命名同一生物的新物种，但几乎没有证据表明这些发现是独一无二的。
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: They were finding these same saber tooth Hindu monsters, and they just took a hold of their brains.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：他们发现了这些同样的剑齿印度教怪物，他们只是抓住了它们的大脑。
They were rushing short papers into print; not well thought-out papers.
他们急忙将短文付诸印刷；没有经过深思熟虑的论文。
Neither of them read each other’s papers.
他们俩都没有读过对方的论文。
Cope would name another species and Marsh would name five species.
科普将命名另一个物种，马什将命名五个物种。
And pretty soon Cope and Marsh were ignoring Leidy’s work.
很快科普和马什就忽视了莱迪的工作。
He was the first one in.
他是第一个进去的。
This is what I call taxonomic carpet-bombing.
这就是我所说的分类地毯式轰炸。
There were two dozen names thrown at one species.
有两打名字被扔给一个物种。
Narrator: It would take decades to untangle the mess they made at Bridger Basin.
旁白：需要几十年的时间才能解决他们在布里杰盆地造成的混乱。
But it took no time at all for Marsh to declare war on Cope.
但马什很快就向科普宣战。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: What followed that winter and into the next spring was a relentless effort by Marsh to discredit all of Cope’s names and findings.
作家马克·贾菲：从那个冬天到第二年春天，马什不断地努力抹黑科普的所有名字和发现。
Narrator: The quarrel began with legitimate questions about whether species named by Cope had already been named by Marsh.
旁白：这场争吵始于关于科普命名的物种是否已经由马什命名的合理问题。
But it quickly escalated to personal attacks in scientific journals -- accusations of fraud, false dates on papers, even theft of fossils -- a war of words like nothing ever seen before in the staid world of American science.
但它很快升级为科学期刊上的人身攻击——指控欺诈、论文上的虚假日期，甚至盗窃化石——这是一场在古板的美国科学界前所未见的口水战。
Jacques Gauthier, Paleontologist: Let’s face it – famous scientists are not successful because of their capacity to…
古生物学家雅克·高蒂尔（Jacques Gauthier）：让我们面对现实吧——著名科学家之所以成功，并不是因为他们有能力……
to get along all together.
和睦相处。
Because, I mean, really, to be good and find new things, it’s "I’m right, and you’re wrong."
因为，我的意思是，真的，要变得优秀并发现新事物，那就是“我是对的，你是错的”。
Narrator: Colleagues were appalled.
旁白：同事们都很震惊。
Joseph Leidy most of all.
最重要的是约瑟夫·雷迪。
He could see that paleontology was moving beyond the reach of gentleman naturalists.
他可以看到古生物学正在超越绅士博物学家的能力范围。
Staying in the game would require deep pockets, institutional support, and a willingness to compete with the likes of Cope and Marsh.
要想留在这个行业，需要雄厚的财力、机构支持，以及与科普和马什等公司竞争的意愿。
Steven Conn, Historian: Leidy is quintessentially that figure of the old natural history.
史蒂文·康恩（Steven Conn），历史学家：莱迪是古代自然历史中典型的人物。
He's bound by a different set of scientific ethics.
他受到一套不同的科学道德的约束。
He realizes that these two guys are playing a very different sort of game, operating in very different kinds of ways.
他意识到这两个人正在玩一种非常不同的游戏，以非常不同的方式运作。
I just don't think he has the stomach for it.
我只是觉得他没有这个胃口。
Narrator: Leidy left Cope and Marsh to fight it out in the scientific journals of the East and the fossil fields of the West.
旁白：莱迪离开科普和马什，在东方的科学期刊和西方的化石领域展开斗争。
Steven Conn, Historian: What Cope and Marsh see here is now a wide-open field, something that has never been done before, on a scale that has never been done before.
史蒂文·康恩（Steven Conn），历史学家：科普和马什现在看到的是一个广阔的领域，这是以前从未做过的事情，其规模也是前所未有的。
But, the question is not, "How do we divide this up?" The question is, "How do I shut out my competitor?"
但是，问题不是“我们如何划分？”问题是，“我如何排除我的竞争对手？”
Narrator: Back in New Haven, Professor O.C.
旁白：回到纽黑文，O.C. 教授
Marsh presided over a well-funded scientific empire, centered at the Yale College Museum, which had been founded by his millionaire uncle and benefactor, George Peabody.
马什掌管着一个资金雄厚的科学帝国，以耶鲁大学博物馆为中心，该博物馆是由他的百万富翁叔叔兼捐助者乔治·皮博迪创立的。
Steven Conn, Historian: Marsh has this really quite extraordinary career at Yale.
史蒂文·康恩（Steven Conn），历史学家：马什在耶鲁大学有着非常非凡的职业生涯。
It gives him an institutional home.
这给了他一个机构之家。
It doesn't pay him a salary.
这不给他工资。
Which means he doesn't really have to answer to people if he doesn't want to.
这意味着如果他不愿意的话，他实际上不必对别人负责。
He’s got his own money.
他有自己的钱。
Narrator: Marsh didn’t always have money.
旁白：马什并不总是有钱。
As a boy, he lived on a farm in rural New York, with little hope or ambition.
小时候，他住在纽约乡村的一个农场里，没有什么希望或抱负。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: His father, Caleb Marsh, saw his son Othniel, as basically the major farm hand.
马克·贾菲（Mark Jaffe），作家：他的父亲迦勒·马什（Caleb Marsh）认为他的儿子奥塞尼尔（Othniel）基本上是主要的农场帮工。
And then suddenly he’s plucked from obscurity by his uncle, George Peabody, and staked to an education at Andover, Yale and German universities.
然后突然间，他被叔叔乔治·皮博迪从默默无闻中拉出来，并在安多佛、耶鲁大学和德国大学接受教育。
It was like a Horatio Alger story.
这就像霍雷肖·阿尔杰的故事。
At Yale, he grew into an imposing figure with influence and connections, but few friends and no family of his own.
在耶鲁，他成长为一位具有影响力和人脉的伟人，但朋友很少，也没有自己的家人。
He spent a fortune building a lavish home in New Haven, where he entertained important guests, but lived alone his entire life.
他花费巨资在纽黑文建造了一座豪华住宅，在那里招待了重要的客人，但他一生都独自生活。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: It’s a stunted life, I think in many ways, emotionally.
马克·贾菲（Mark Jaffe），作家：我认为在很多方面，从情感上来说，这是一种发育不良的生活。
And that one sees time and time again for the rest of his life.
而那个人在他的余生中会一次又一次地看到。
Narrator: Inside the museum, Marsh earned respect but little affection.
旁白：在博物馆里，马什赢得了尊重，但没有受到多少喜爱。
Lab assistants grumbled about slow paychecks and lack of credit for their work.
实验室助理们抱怨工资低且工作缺乏信誉。
The credit, they learned, always went to the Professor.
他们了解到，功劳总是归于教授。
Marsh ran a secretive operation, keeping the greatest fossil collection in the world off limits to nearly everyone, even fellow scientists.
马什进行了一项秘密行动，几乎所有人都无法接触到世界上最大的化石收藏，甚至连科学家同行也不例外。
He would soon make a significant exception.
他很快就会做出一个重大例外。
In August 1876, a distinguished visitor from England arrived by steamship in New York City.
1876 年 8 月，一位来自英国的尊贵客人乘轮船抵达纽约市。
Thomas Henry Huxley was one of the world’s most renowned scientists -- a brilliant biologist, and a passionate defender of Darwin’s theory of evolution.
托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎是世界上最著名的科学家之一——一位杰出的生物学家，也是达尔文进化论的热情捍卫者。
Huxley traveled straight to the Yale College Museum, where Professor Marsh claimed to have fossil evidence that would prove Darwin right.
赫胥黎直接前往耶鲁大学博物馆，马什教授声称那里有化石证据可以证明达尔文的正确性。
Since his first trip west, Marsh had been piecing together the 50 million year evolution of the horse, from a fox-sized creature with four toes to the modern animal with its single hoof.
自从第一次西行以来，马什一直在拼凑马 5000 万年的进化历程，从狐狸大小的四趾动物到现代的单蹄动物。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: He had meticulously and compulsively collected horses so that by the time Huxley comes to visit Yale, Marsh has 33 different species of horse in three different families.
马克·贾菲（Mark Jaffe），作家：他一丝不苟地、强迫性地收集马匹，因此当赫胥黎来访问耶鲁时，马什已经拥有了三个不同科的 33 种不同的马。
And there it was, the chain, almost unbroken.
链条就在那里，几乎没有断裂。
And Huxley was in awe.
赫胥黎感到敬畏。
Narrator: Then Marsh brought out another fossil -- a prehistoric bird…
旁白：然后马什拿出了另一块化石——一只史前鸟类……
with teeth -- something no modern bird has -- suggesting that birds arose from reptilian ancestors.
有牙齿——现代鸟类没有这种东西——这表明鸟类起源于爬行动物祖先。
Here was more support for Darwin.
这是对达尔文的更多支持。
And more acclaim for O.C.
O.C. 也获得更多赞誉。
Marsh.
沼泽。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: And Huxley said, "you are a conjurer, for whatever I ask you produce." That moment was big for both Marsh, and for Huxley, and for the theory of evolution.
马克·贾菲，作家：赫胥黎说，“你是一个魔术师，无论我要求什么，你都会做出来。”那一刻对于马什、赫胥黎以及进化论来说都是重要的。
Narrator: Darwin himself wrote Marsh an appreciative note, calling Marsh’s work "the best support to the theory of evolution which has appeared within the last 20 years." Marsh’s fossils were putting American science on the map.
旁白：达尔文本人给马什写了一封感谢信，称马什的工作是“对过去20年来出现的进化论的最好支持”。马什的化石让美国科学闻名于世。
Steven Conn, Historian: Americans have always felt inferior to Europeans; culturally, politically, economically.
史蒂文·康恩，历史学家：美国人一直觉得自己不如欧洲人；文化上、政治上、经济上。
Finally, paleontology seems to be the place where we can be better than the Europeans.
最后，古生物学似乎是我们可以比欧洲人做得更好的地方。
Narrator: While Marsh basked in the glow of professional acclaim, Cope was thriving too.
旁白：当马什沐浴在职业赞誉的光芒中时，科普也蒸蒸日上。
The death of his father left him with a sizeable inheritance.
父亲的去世给他留下了一笔可观的遗产。
Now, he could finance his own fossil hunting expeditions, and compete with Marsh head to head.
现在，他可以资助自己的化石狩猎探险，并与马什正面竞争。
In the summer of 1876, leaving his wife and young daughter behind in Philadelphia, Cope set out for the desolate bone fields of Montana -- just weeks after Custer’s defeat at Little Big Horn.
1876 年夏天，科普将妻子和年幼的女儿留在费城，出发前往蒙大拿州荒凉的骨场——就在卡斯特在小大角战役中失败几周后。
Peter Dodson, Paleontologist: And he was absolutely warned.
古生物学家彼得·多德森（Peter Dodson）：他绝对受到了警告。
"Don't do this.
“别这样做。
Bad idea."
坏主意。”
Narrator: In the town of Fort Benton, Cope tried to hire a crew to help him in the field, but found no takers.
旁白：在本顿堡镇，科普试图雇用一名船员在现场帮助他，但没有找到愿意接受的人。
The local men strongly advised him to carry a gun.
当地男子强烈建议他带枪。
Peter Dodson, Paleontologist: But Cope was a Quaker, he was a pacifist, he didn't believe in violence.
古生物学家彼得·多德森：但是科普是贵格会教徒，他是和平主义者，他不相信暴力。
And so he wouldn't hear of it.
所以他不会听到这件事。
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: Cope loved being in the field and he took risks.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：科普喜欢在野外工作，并且敢于冒险。
He would go out to the Judith River country in Montana and go hiking up these ravines where the horses nearly fell to their death.
他会去蒙大拿州的朱迪思河乡村，徒步爬上这些峡谷，那里的马差点摔死。
He would be warned of Lakota war parties, of Sioux warriors.
他会收到有关拉科塔战争团体和苏族战士的警告。
He didn’t care.
他不在乎。
Narrator: The fossil hunting, he wrote his daughter, Julia, was very good indeed.
旁白：他给女儿朱莉娅写道，化石狩猎确实非常好。
"We find in the high rocks there are many bones and teeth of huge fossil reptiles like Laelaps and Hadrosaurus …
“我们在高处的岩石中发现了许多巨大的爬行动物化石的骨头和牙齿，比如拉拉普斯和鸭嘴龙……
They were as large as elephants, but their teeth were very small, no larger than the end of my little finger…"
它们像大象一样大，但牙齿却很小，比我的小指尖还大……”
Cope made one discovery after another, turning out papers at a rate that would make him the most prolific author in American scientific history.
科普做出了一项又一项的发现，论文的发表速度使他成为美国科学史上最多产的作家。
Somehow, Cope could look out at the rocks and see the unfolding story of the deep past.
不知何故，科普可以眺望岩石，看到远古的故事正在展开。
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: He could show how you could start with an animal like Phenacodus, this mammal that looked a little like a sheep with the toes of a raccoon, and very reasonably evolve and tinker with the feet and the teeth and you could get a horse, you could get a rhino, you could get a tapir, you could get an antelope.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：他可以向你展示如何从像费纳科杜斯（Phenacodus）这样的动物开始，这种哺乳动物看起来有点像绵羊，长着浣熊的脚趾，并且非常合理地进化并修补脚和牙齿，你可以得到一匹马，你可以得到一头犀牛，你可以得到一只貘，你可以得到一只羚羊。
He showed how small increments, Darwinian increments, could generate the whole tree of life.
他展示了达尔文式的微小增量如何能够产生整个生命之树。
Steven Conn, Historian: Cope is maybe the first paleontologist who can take all of this dusty material coming up out of the ground and begin to imagine what it really looked like, how it functioned, how it moved, how it related to its natural environment.
史蒂文·康恩（Steven Conn），历史学家：科普可能是第一个古生物学家，他能够将所有这些从地下冒出来的尘土飞扬，并开始想象它的真实面貌、它的功能、它的移动方式以及它与自然环境的关系。
That leap of imagination, Cope was quite brilliant at.
科普非常擅长这种想象力的飞跃。
Narrator: "My camp," he wrote Julia, "is on Dog Creek ten miles from the mouth…
旁白：“我的营地，”他写信给朱莉娅，“位于距离河口十英里的狗溪……
It rained two days ago and we had to stay in the tent and wagon.
两天前下了雨，我们不得不呆在帐篷和马车里。
The creek rose very high and the water got so muddy that we had to boil it before we could drink it.
小溪水位很高，水变得很浑浊，我们必须把它煮沸才能喝。
Then the high, bare badlands bluffs got slippery as soap so that we could hardly hunt for fossils, but slid around and got all muddy.
然后，高高的、光秃秃的荒地悬崖变得像肥皂一样滑，我们几乎无法寻找化石，而是四处滑行，浑身泥泞。
But the creek is down and the bluffs are dry.
但小溪已经退去，悬崖也干了。
Now, farewell.
现在，再见。
Read and learn all thee can, for the more thee knows the more useful thee will be.
尽可能地阅读和学习，因为你知道的越多，你就越有用。
So say thy loving Papa."
你慈爱的爸爸是这么说的。”
Mark Jaffe, Writer: Cope is a complicated character.
马克·贾菲（Mark Jaffe），编剧：科普是一个复杂的角色。
He has great warmth.
他有很大的温暖。
People who were his friends loved him.
他的朋友们都很爱他。
And yet on the other hand he had this irascible, thin-skinned, quick on the trigger personality.
但另一方面，他又有着暴躁、脸皮薄、反应敏捷的性格。
One of his Philadelphia colleagues called him a militant paleontologist.
他的一位费城同事称他为激进的古生物学家。
Four years had passed since the "militant paleontologist" had clashed with the Yale professor over Bridger Basin.
自从这位“激进的古生物学家”与耶鲁大学教授因布里杰盆地发生冲突以来已经过去了四年。
During that time, the two rivals had barely exchanged a word.
在那段时间里，两个对手几乎没有说过一句话。
But hostilities were about to break out again over the bones of the largest creatures that ever lived.
但围绕有史以来最大生物的骨头，敌对行动即将再次爆发。
In the spring of 1877, in the foothills above Morrison, Colorado, an amateur painter and fossil hunter and named Arthur Lakes stumbled on something astonishing.
1877 年春天，在科罗拉多州莫里森上方的山麓上，一位名叫阿瑟·莱克斯 (Arthur Lakes) 的业余画家和化石猎人偶然发现了一些惊人的东西。
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: He comes over the Hog Back, over the sharp ridge, and he sees gigantic bones in hunks of river sandbar sediment.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：他翻过猪背，翻过陡峭的山脊，在河沙洲沉积物的大块中看到了巨大的骨头。
Bingo.
宾果游戏。
Narrator: In a letter to O.C.
旁白：在给 O.C. 的一封信中
Marsh, Lakes wrote of bones "so utterly beyond anything I had ever conceived possible that I could hardly believe my eyes."
马什·莱克斯写道，骨头“完全超出了我想象的范围，我几乎不敢相信自己的眼睛”。
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: These vertebrae, neck bones, were a yard or more across.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：这些椎骨，颈骨，直径有一码或更长。
A single bone!
一根骨头！
And the leg bones were, you know, you couldn’t wrap your arms around them they were so big.
你知道，腿骨太大了，你无法用手臂抱住它们。
Narrator: Lakes was a freelancer, looking for money for his find.
旁白：莱克斯是一名自由职业者，正在为他的发现寻找资金。
He shipped a few dinosaur bones to Marsh in New Haven -- and few to Edward Cope in Philadelphia.
他将一些恐龙骨头运往纽黑文的马什，也运往费城的爱德华·科普。
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: As soon as the first lot arrived it was clear that these were new species, new families of species, a new slice of evolutionary time, the late Jurassic that no one had ever seen before.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：第一批货物一到达，就很明显这些是新物种、新物种科、新的进化时间片段、没人见过的侏罗纪晚期。
Narrator: Marsh tried to stake his claim, putting Lakes on the payroll and sending men to Colorado to keep Cope out of the way.
旁白：马什试图表明自己的主张，将莱克斯列入工资单，并派人到科罗拉多州以阻止科普。
But it was too late; Cope already had collectors of his own harvesting similar giant bones nearby.
但为时已晚。科普已经有自己的收藏家在附近采集类似的巨型骨头。
Then Marsh learned of an even bigger find from a fossil hunter working at Como Bluff, Wyoming.
然后，马什从怀俄明州科莫布拉夫工作的一位化石猎人那里得知了一个更大的发现。
Along the base of the ridge, less than half a mile from the Union Pacific tracks, was a truly extraordinary cache of Jurassic bones.
沿着山脊底部，距离联合太平洋铁路线不到半英里，有一个真正非凡的侏罗纪骨头储藏室。
They extended for seven miles, he was told, and were by the ton.
他被告知，它们绵延七英里，而且数量庞大。
Cope and Marsh had passed Como Bluff on the train more than once.
科普和马什乘火车不止一次经过科莫布拉夫。
But what looked like rocks from a distance were actually chunks of fossil bone marking the greatest dinosaur graveyard the world has ever known.
但从远处看起来像岩石的东西实际上是大块的骨头化石，标志着世界上已知的最大的恐龙墓地。
Again, Marsh tried to lock it up, and again, he was too late.
马什再次试图将其锁上，但他再次为时已晚。
Cope had also heard about Como Bluff and soon opened quarries of his own.
科普也听说过科莫布拉夫，并很快开设了自己的采石场。
Determined to stay ahead of Cope, Marsh kept his men working straight through the winter.
马什决心保持领先于科普，让他的手下在整个冬天都在工作。
Arthur Lakes wrote about "finger-numbing cold…
亚瑟·莱克斯 (Arthur Lakes) 写道“手指发麻的寒冷......
25 to 30 degrees below zero."
零度以下 25 至 30 度。”
Peter Dodson, Paleontologist: Working in the winter just seems utter madness.
古生物学家彼得·多德森（Peter Dodson）：在冬天工作似乎完全是疯狂的。
Paleontologists with rare exception do not subject themselves to this sort of abuse anymore.
古生物学家几乎不再遭受这种虐待。
Narrator: The conditions were grueling, but the results were spectacular.
旁白：条件虽然艰苦，但结果却是惊人的。
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: Within a few months you had four separate digs producing hundreds of bones, dozens of skulls and skeletons of the late Jurassic.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：在几个月内，您进行了四次独立的挖掘，出土了数百块骨头、数十个侏罗纪晚期的头骨和骨骼。
It was Jurassic Park, finally.
终于到了侏罗纪公园。
These Jurassic critters are a world like none before, none after.
这些侏罗纪生物的世界前无古人，后无来者。
The average size of a plant eater was multi-ton, five, six, seven tons.
草食者的平均体型有数吨、五吨、六吨、七吨。
Many of the plant eaters go 100 feet, 120 feet, as big as 10 elephants, 20 elephants.
许多食草动物能走100英尺、120英尺，有10头大象、20头大象那么大。
Narrator: The frenzied efforts of Marsh and Cope revealed a lost world…
旁白：马什和科普的疯狂努力揭示了一个失落的世界……
an unknown era in the history of life, 150 million years ago when the high prairie was a lush forest.
生命史上一个未知的时代，一亿五千万年前，当时的高草原还是茂密的森林。
Between them, Cope and Marsh discovered over a hundred types of dinosaurs, including stegosaurs, allosaurs, apatasaurs, camarasaurs -- some of the largest animals ever to walk the earth.
科普和马什发现了一百多种恐龙，包括剑龙、异特龙、雷龙、圆顶龙等地球上有史以来最大的动物。
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: These weren’t just big lizards.
古生物学家鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker）：这些不仅仅是大蜥蜴。
They weren’t just big cold-blooded critters, they were something else.
它们不仅仅是大型冷血生物，它们还是别的东西。
They were full of bird-like features, mammal-like features.
它们充满了鸟类的特征，哺乳动物的特征。
This was the highest level of the reptile line.
这是爬虫类的最高等级。
Narrator: The fantastic discoveries made Marsh and Cope even more protective of their quarries.
旁白：这些奇妙的发现使马什和科普更加保护他们的采石场。
Convinced his rival was stealing bones, Marsh exchanged coded telegrams with spies who kept an eye on Cope -- code named, "Jones." And most egregious of all, Marsh ordered his collectors to destroy fossils to keep them away from Cope.
马什确信他的对手正在偷骨头，因此与监视科普的间谍交换了密码电报——代号为“琼斯”。最令人震惊的是，马什命令他的收藏者销毁化石，以免科普发现它们。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: If you can’t take the bones, smash them.
作家马克·贾菲：如果你拿不动骨头，就把它们打碎。
Don’t leave them so they could fall into somebody else’s hands.
不要离开他们，以免他们落入别人手中。
Narrator: Their frantic competition for bones had pushed the two scientists to the brink.
旁白：对骨头的疯狂争夺，把两位科学家逼到了崩溃的边缘。
Cope's very existence tormented Marsh.
科普的存在本身就折磨着马什。
He could sometimes be heard shouting, "Goddammit!
有时可以听到他大喊：“该死！
I wish the Lord would take him!"
但愿主能收留他！”
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: There is a little bit of the hunt for gold in hunting for bones.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：寻找骨头就像是在寻找黄金。
And that's called the Fred C.
这就是所谓的 Fred C.
Dobbs syndrome from Humphrey Bogart's character in Treasure of Sierra Madre .
汉弗莱·鲍嘉在《马德雷山宝藏》中饰演的多布斯综合症。
Fred C.
弗雷德·C.
Dobbs (Humphrey Bogart): "…if ya know what’s good for ya, ya won’t monkey around with Fred C.
多布斯（亨弗莱·鲍嘉饰）：“……如果你知道什么对你有好处，你就不会和 Fred C. 胡闹了。
Dobbs.
多布斯。
"
”
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: He wants his gold and he wants his partner’s gold and he’s sure that his partners are going to try to steal his gold.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：他想要他的黄金，他想要他伙伴的黄金，他确信他的伙伴会试图偷他的黄金。
Fred C.
弗雷德·C.
Dobbs (Humphrey Bogart): "You make another move toward me and I’ll pull the trigger."
多布斯（亨弗莱·鲍嘉饰）：“你再向我迈出一步，我就会扣动扳机。”
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: And at the end he becomes murderous.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：最后他变得杀人如麻。
Fred C.
弗雷德·C.
Dobbs (Humphrey Bogart): "Now get your hands up.
多布斯（亨弗莱·鲍嘉饰）：“现在举起手来。
Come on, get ‘em up!
来吧，让他们起来！
"
”
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: And that happened to Cope and Marsh.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：科普和马什也遇到过这种情况。
There were more than enough bones for both of them.
骨头对于他们两个来说已经足够了。
More than enough bones for a dozen more, but they kept on seeing that your win is my loss.
骨头对于十几个人来说绰绰有余，但他们一直认为你的胜利就是我的失败。
Narrator: In November 1878, in New York City, the National Academy of Sciences met under the leadership of its new president, O.C.
旁白：1878 年 11 月，美国国家科学院在新任院长 O.C. 的领导下在纽约召开会议。
Marsh.
沼泽。
The Academy had been asked to advise Congress on the future of the government surveys that had been mapping the West since the end of the Civil War.
该学院被要求就自内战结束以来一直在绘制西部地图的政府调查的未来向国会提供建议。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: There had been multiple surveys of the West run by multiple departments of the government.
作家马克·贾菲：政府多个部门对西方进行了多次调查。
There was some competition and overlap and it was felt that the surveys had to be consolidated.
存在一些竞争和重叠，人们认为必须合并调查。
Narrator: Cope had long been linked to the Hayden survey, best known for the exploration of what recently had been named Yellowstone National Park.
旁白：科普长期以来一直与海登调查联系在一起，海登调查最著名的是对最近被命名为黄石国家公园的探索。
Marsh joined forces with John Wesley Powell, the explorer of the Colorado River, and a leading advocate of government-sponsored scientific planning in the settlement of the West.
马什与科罗拉多河探险家、政府资助的西部定居科学规划的主要倡导者约翰·韦斯利·鲍威尔 (John Wesley Powell) 联手。
Steven Conn, Historian: Powell has a vision for how science can be used to shape the American future, especially the American West.
史蒂文·康恩，历史学家：鲍威尔对如何利用科学塑造美国的未来，特别是美国西部有一个愿景。
But, in order to do that, is gonna mean an enormous expansion of the federal role in the funding of science.
但是，要做到这一点，就意味着联邦在资助科学方面的作用将得到极大的扩展。
In order to make that case, he has to rely on Marsh, who, at this point, may well be the preeminent American scientist operating.
为了证明这一点，他必须依靠马什，在这一点上，马什很可能是杰出的美国科学家。
Narrator: In 1879, Congress consolidated the competing surveys into one nationwide organization.
旁白：1879 年，国会将相互竞争的调查合并为一个全国性组织。
The U.S. Geological Survey would be headed by Powell, who soon appointed Marsh America’s Chief Paleontologist.
美国地质调查局将由鲍威尔领导，他很快任命了达信美国公司的首席古生物学家。
O.C.
O.C.
Marsh was now exactly where he wanted to be.
马什现在正是他想去的地方。
He had nearly unlimited government funding.
他拥有几乎无限的政府资助。
A staff of 50 people from bone collectors to lab assistants, and a generous annual salary.
拥有 50 名员工，从骨头采集者到实验室助理，年薪丰厚。
He was finally in a position to get rid of his nemesis Edward Cope, once and for all.
他终于能够一劳永逸地摆脱他的宿敌爱德华·科普了。
Steven Conn, Historian: The surveys provide not only information, they provide a venue to get your scientific ideas out.
史蒂文·康恩（Steven Conn），历史学家：调查不仅提供信息，还提供了表达科学思想的场所。
If there are lots of different venues, then there can be lots of different voices.
如果有很多不同的场所，那么就会有很多不同的声音。
If there’s only one venue, and it’s controlled by your archenemy, it means that, that venue has just been cut off to you.
如果只有一个场地，并且被你的大敌控制，那么就意味着，那个场地已经被你切断了。
This is actually where the Victorian melodrama begins.
这实际上是维多利亚时代情节剧的开始。
Narrator: Without government sponsorship, and with his inheritance dwindling, Cope needed money.
旁白：没有政府资助，加上他的遗产不断减少，科普需要钱。
In desperation, he invested his savings in a mining venture in New Mexico.
无奈之下，他将自己的积蓄投资于新墨西哥州的一家采矿企业。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: Many of these mining companies, the only thing they’re mining is investors.
马克·贾菲（Mark Jaffe），作家：许多矿业公司，他们唯一开采的就是投资者。
And for Cope it’s disastrous.
对于科普来说，这是灾难性的。
He loses a ton of money, going from being relatively comfortable to becoming downright poor.
他损失了很多钱，从相对舒适的生活变成了彻头彻尾的贫穷。
Narrator: He applied for jobs at Princeton, the Smithsonian, even the Central Park Zoo, with no success -- and was forced to rent out the family home in Philadelphia.
旁白：他在普林斯顿大学、史密森学会、甚至中央公园动物园申请了工作，但都没有成功，并被迫出租了费城的家。
By 1889, Cope was separated from his wife, and living in a cramped apartment with nothing left but his beloved fossils.
1889 年，科普与妻子分居，住在一间狭小的公寓里，除了他心爱的化石之外什么也没有。
And if O.C.
如果 O.C.
Marsh had his way, Cope would soon lose those as well.
马什有他的方式，科普很快也会失去这些。
Years earlier, Marsh had inserted language in the Survey’s charter mandating that all fossils collected with government funds be turned over to the Smithsonian.
几年前，马什在调查章程中插入了条款，要求所有用政府资金收集的化石都必须移交给史密森学会。
He’d made a deal with Powell to keep his own collection at Yale, but he knew that Cope had no such protection.
他与鲍威尔达成协议，将自己的藏品保留在耶鲁大学，但他知道科普没有这样的保护。
Timothy Rowe, Paleontologist: Marsh said, well those things in Cope’s hands have been paid for by federal dollars, so they belong to the Smithsonian.
古生物学家蒂莫西·罗（Timothy Rowe）：马什说，好吧，科普手中的那些东西是用联邦资金支付的，所以它们属于史密森学会。
And so Marsh went to the Secretary of the Smithsonian and he said, "let’s take them."
于是马什去找史密森学会秘书，他说：“让我们带走它们吧。”
Narrator: Cope fought back.
旁白：科普反击了。
He produced detailed records going back twenty years proving that he’d paid for most of his collecting out of his own pocket.
他制作了二十年前的详细记录，证明他的大部分收藏都是自掏腰包的。
Timothy Rowe, Paleontologist: He saved every bloody receipt.
古生物学家蒂莫西·罗（Timothy Rowe）：他保存了每张血淋淋的收据。
Cope is able to say, 'here’s how I’ve spent the government money and here is how I’ve spent my own fortune,' which was at least ten times what the government had invested.
科普可以说，“这就是我花政府钱的方式，这就是我花我自己财富的方式”，这至少是政府投资的十倍。
Narrator: Cope managed to hang on to his fossils, but now he wanted revenge...
旁白：科普设法保住了他的化石，但现在他想要复仇......
Timothy Rowe, Paleontologist: Cope went ballistic.
古生物学家蒂莫西·罗（Timothy Rowe）：科普勃然大怒。
I mean Cope became hysterical.
我的意思是科普变得歇斯底里。
Cope was, just completely went off his rocker.
科普完全疯了。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: Over the years, Cope had been collecting bits and pieces about Marsh and Marsh’s ill-doings -- what he called his Marshiana.
马克·贾菲，作家：多年来，科普一直在收集有关马什和马什的恶行的点点滴滴——他称之为他的马什安娜。
And he finally took his Marshiana and handed them over to a freelance journalist.
最后他把自己的 Marshiana 交给了一位自由记者。
Narrator: On a Sunday morning in 1890, the long-running feud between America’s top paleontologists spilled onto the streets of New York City.
旁白：1890 年的一个周日早上，美国顶级古生物学家之间的长期争执蔓延到了纽约街头。
In the pages of the New York Herald, Edward Cope accused O.C.
在《纽约先驱报》上，爱德华·科普 (Edward Cope) 指责 O.C.
Marsh of plagiarism, incompetence, and fraud spanning more than 20 years.
马什的抄袭、无能和欺诈行为持续了 20 多年。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: Cope’s criticisms are very scattershot, they’re sort of all over the map.
马克·贾菲（Mark Jaffe），作家：科普的批评非常漫无目的，几乎无处不在。
Maybe some that are true, maybe some that are half-truths, maybe some that are not true at all.
也许有些是真实的，也许有些是半真半假的，也许有些根本不是真的。
Narrator: He also accused John Wesley Powell of corruption and misuse of government funds at the U.S. Geological Survey.
旁白：他还指控约翰·韦斯利·鲍威尔在美国地质调查局腐败和滥用政府资金。
Steven Conn, Historian: Newspapers have always loved scandals.
史蒂文·康恩（Steven Conn），历史学家：报纸总是喜欢丑闻。
They've always loved political scandals.
他们一直喜欢政治丑闻。
But, the notion that you could turn dinosaurs into scandal is pretty new.
但是，将恐龙变成丑闻的想法是相当新的。
Narrator: Marsh and Powell fought back, calling Cope a liar and a thief.
旁白：马什和鲍威尔进行反击，称科普是骗子和小偷。
The public war of words dragged on for three weeks until the Herald ran out of material.
这场公开的口水战持续了三个星期，直到《先驱报》耗尽了材料。
But the scandal left O.C.
但丑闻让 O.C.
Marsh in a vulnerable position.
马什处于弱势地位。
In Washington, Cope’s allegations of corruption at the Survey caught the attention of politicians eager to slash federal support for the institution.
在华盛顿，科普对调查中腐败的指控引起了渴望削减联邦政府对该机构支持的政客的注意。
Under John Wesley Powell, the USGS had grown into an exceptionally powerful agency, one that united science and government in unprecedented ways.
在约翰·韦斯利·鲍威尔 (John Wesley Powell) 的领导下，美国地质勘探局 (USGS) 已发展成为一个异常强大的机构，以前所未有的方式将科学与政府联合起来。
It was an alliance that worried many in Congress.
这个联盟令国会中的许多人感到担忧。
Timothy Rowe, Paleontologist: Some of the Congressmen were aghast to think that the federal government, that the United States of America, was paying more for science than any other nation in the world.
蒂莫西·罗（Timothy Rowe），古生物学家：一些国会议员惊讶地发现联邦政府，即美利坚合众国，为科学付出的代价比世界上任何其他国家都多。
Narrator: They took aim at the department of paleontology, headed by Marsh, who had spent government money collecting fossils and publishing expensive books.
旁白：他们瞄准了马什领导的古生物学系，该系花费政府资金收集化石并出版昂贵的书籍。
Timothy Rowe, Paleontologist: One of the pieces of work that came to the attention of Congress was a book entitled Odontornithes , and that means "birds with teeth."
蒂莫西·罗（Timothy Rowe），古生物学家：引起国会注意的作品之一是一本名为《Odontornithes》的书，意思是“有牙齿的鸟”。
Narrator: It was among Marsh’s greatest scientific achievements -- some of the best fossil evidence of evolution.
旁白：这是马什最伟大的科学成就之一——一些最好的进化化石证据。
But to his critics, it was evidence of something else -- a waste of taxpayers’ money.
但对他的批评者来说，这是另一件事的证据——浪费纳税人的钱。
Mark Jaffe, Writer: There’s one Congressman -- Hilary Herbert from Alabama -- who just never saw any good in this science stuff.
马克·贾菲（Mark Jaffe），作家：有一位国会议员——来自阿拉巴马州的希拉里·赫伯特（Hilary Herbert）——她从来没有看到这种科学东西有任何好处。
And Herbert on the floor holds up this book, what are we doing financing books about birds with teeth?
地板上的赫伯特举起这本书，我们在资助有关有牙齿的鸟类的书籍做什么？
Narrator: Using "Birds with Teeth" as a rallying cry, Herbert turned Congress against Powell.
旁白：赫伯特用“有牙的鸟”作为战斗口号，让国会反对鲍威尔。
Lawmakers cut Powell’s budget in half, eliminating the department of paleontology.
立法者将鲍威尔的预算削减了一半，取消了古生物学系。
A terse telegram to Marsh delivered the bad news.
一封简短的电报给马什传达了这个坏消息。
He immediately lost all of his survey funding and staff.
他立即失去了所有的调查资金和人员。
He had to mortgage his house to Yale, and ask for a salary to make ends meet.
他不得不把房子抵押给耶鲁大学，并索要工资来维持生计。
Then he heard from the Smithsonian.
然后他收到了史密森学会的来信。
Washington now wanted any fossils that had been paid for with survey funds.
华盛顿现在想要所有用调查资金支付的化石。
Timothy Rowe, Paleontologist: Marsh is literally buried in crates of dinosaur bones and he did not know which belonged to Yale and which belonged to the federal government.
古生物学家蒂莫西·罗（Timothy Rowe）：马什实际上被埋在恐龙骨头的板条箱中，他不知道哪些属于耶鲁大学，哪些属于联邦政府。
There was no catalog.
没有目录。
Marsh had not done his accounting properly.
马什没有正确地进行会计处理。
He effectively failed the audit.
他实际上没有通过审计。
And so Marsh had set this trap for Cope and inadvertently ensnared himself in it.
所以马什为科普设下了这个陷阱，不经意间也让自己陷入了其中。
Narrator: More than 80 tons of fossils had to be shipped to Washington -- a small part of Marsh’s collection, but a painful loss for a man who had jealously guarded every bone.
旁白：超过 80 吨的化石必须运往华盛顿——这只是马什收藏的一小部分，但对于一个小心翼翼地守护着每一块骨头的人来说，这是一个痛苦的损失。
Timothy Rowe, Paleontologist: His days as being the premiere man of science, the premiere paleontologist, all that stuff was gone.
蒂莫西·罗（Timothy Rowe），古生物学家：他作为首屈一指的科学家、首屈一指的古生物学家的日子，所有这些东西都一去不复返了。
He was basically finished as a man of science.
他基本上已经成为一名科学家了。
Narrator: The Cope-Marsh rivalry, three decades long, had cost both men dearly.
旁白：科普与马什的竞争长达三十年，让两人都付出了惨重的代价。
And neither had much time left.
而且两人都没有多少时间了。
By 1897, Cope’s health had failed; his body now ravaged by severe kidney disease.
1897 年，科普的健康状况每况愈下。他的身体现在受到严重肾脏疾病的破坏。
In his room in Philadelphia, Cope was treating himself with massive amounts of morphine and belladonna, when he received an unexpected call.
在费城的房间里，科普正在服用大量吗啡和颠茄治疗自己，这时他接到了一个意外的电话。
A young artist named Charles Knight implored Cope to help him show the world what dinosaurs had looked like when they walked the Earth.
一位名叫查尔斯·奈特的年轻艺术家恳求科普帮助他向世界展示恐龙在地球上行走时的样子。
Even though he was close to death, the scientist brought out his private notebooks to help the artist put flesh on the bones he had spent a lifetime unearthing and trying understand.
尽管他已濒临死亡，这位科学家还是拿出了他的私人笔记本，帮助这位艺术家为他花了一生发掘并试图理解的骨头增添了血肉。
Steven Conn, Historian: For the better part of two weeks, Cope brings the vanished world to life -- how these creatures stood, how they walked across the landscape, what they fed on…
史蒂文·康恩（Steven Conn），历史学家：在两周的大部分时间里，科普将消失的世界带入了生活——这些生物如何站立，它们如何穿越这片土地，它们以什么为食……
that imaginative leap from anatomy to life.
从解剖学到生活的富有想象力的飞跃。
In some ways it's the last testament of this paleontologist who only has a little time left.
从某种意义上说，这是这位只剩下一点时间的古生物学家的最后遗言。
Narrator: When they were finally done, an exhausted Cope asked Knight to help him hide the notebooks under his bed.
旁白：当他们最终完成后，疲惫不堪的科普请奈特帮他把笔记本藏在床底下。
Even at the end of his life, Cope was sure that if he let down his guard for a minute, Marsh would steal his work.
即使在生命的最后一刻，科普也确信，只要他放松警惕一分钟，马什就会窃取他的作品。
A few days later, he was found dead in his room, at age 56.
几天后，他被发现死在自己的房间里，享年 56 岁。
Marsh didn’t last much longer.
马什并没有坚持多久。
On a February night in 1899, after a dispiriting trip to the Smithsonian to resolve the fate of his collection, he walked home from the train station in a cold rain, and contracted pneumonia.
1899 年 2 月的一个晚上，他在一次令人沮丧的史密森学会解决其收藏品的命运之后，冒着冷雨从火车站步行回家，并感染了肺炎。
He died two weeks later, a mere $186 in his bank account.
两周后他去世了，他的银行账户里只剩下 186 美元。
"I doubt," wrote a colleague, "whether his most intimate friends penetrated the recesses, or really, in any measure understood him." He was 67 years old.
一位同事写道：“我怀疑他最亲密的朋友是否能洞察他的内心深处，或者是否真正理解他。”他今年 67 岁。
Despite their bitter feud -- or perhaps because of it -- Edward Cope and O.C.
尽管爱德华·科普 (Edward Cope) 和 O.C.
Marsh changed the face of American science.
马什改变了美国科学的面貌。
Cope left behind a vast body of scholarship, 13,000 specimens, and a broad view of prehistoric life.
科普留下了大量的学术成果、13,000 个标本以及对史前生活的广阔视野。
Marsh left an even bigger fossil collection, including dozens of iconic dinosaurs, and some of the best evidence of evolution.
马什留下了更多的化石收藏，包括数十种标志性恐龙，以及一些最好的进化证据。
Steven Conn, Historian: Most American paleontological work descends from Cope and Marsh.
史蒂文·康恩（Steven Conn），历史学家：大多数美国古生物学著作都源自科普和马什。
They really do lay an extraordinary foundation for the work that will go on in the 20th century.
它们确实为 20 世纪将要进行的工作奠定了非凡的基础。
Jacques Gauthier, Paleontologist: The fact that these guys got there, took these things out of the ground and put them back where we can maintain them under these museum conditions, it’s a great service to all of us.
雅克·高蒂尔（Jacques Gauthier），古生物学家：事实上，这些人到达那里，将这些东西从地下取出，然后放回我们可以在博物馆条件下保存的地方，这对我们所有人来说都是一项伟大的服务。
Even if, at the time they couldn’t see what was at stake with this stuff, we sure can now.
即使当时他们看不到这些东西的利害关系，我们现在肯定可以。
Bob Bakker, Paleontologist: They both were called by the beauty of the big game hunt.
鲍勃·巴克（Bob Bakker），古生物学家：他们都因大型猎物狩猎的美丽而闻名。
The big game hunt in deep time, and that’s a very special thing.
大型动物在远古时代进行狩猎，这是一件非常特别的事情。
Charles R.
查尔斯·R。
Knight (1874-1953) was one of the first American painters to depict dinosaurs, providing imaginative and largely scientifically based renditions of the extinct beasts in real-world settings.
奈特（1874-1953）是最早描绘恐龙的美国画家之一，他在现实世界中对灭绝的野兽进行了富有想象力且很大程度上基于科学的再现。
Clark spends three weeks at Big Bone Lick in America's first organized vertebra paleontology expedition.
克拉克在美国首次有组织的脊椎古生物学探险活动中在大骨头舔度过了三个星期。
He uncovers a significant cache of bones of creatures presumably drawn to the area by a salt lick.
他发现了大量生物的骨头，这些生物可能是被盐舔吸引到该地区的。
The story of two Americans who laid the foundation for modern paleontology and whose rivalry nearly destroyed them both.
两个美国人的故事，他们为现代古生物学奠定了基础，但他们的竞争几乎摧毁了他们俩。
Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope, former friends turned competing paleontologists, began scouring the American West for prehistoric fossil deposits in the hopes of discovering unknown species from the past.
奥塞尼尔·查尔斯·马什（Othniel Charles Marsh）和爱德华·德林克·科普（Edward Drinker Cope）从前的朋友变成了相互竞争的古生物学家，他们开始在美国西部寻找史前化石沉积物，希望发现过去未知的物种。
Joseph Leidy and Charles Knight were prominent American academics who committed their lives and reputations to the young field of paleontology.
约瑟夫·莱迪和查尔斯·奈特是美国著名学者，他们将自己的生命和声誉奉献给了古生物学这个年轻的领域。
Since the founding of the United States, the West had offered unlimited opportunities for those who dared explore it.
自美国建国以来，西方为那些敢于探索的人提供了无限的机会。
When American paleontologist O.C.
当美国古生物学家 O.C.
Marsh identified the Equus parvulus (now Protohippus), many biologists considered the skeleton to be validation of Darwin's theory.
马什发现了小马（Equus parvulus）（现在的原马马），许多生物学家认为该骨骼验证了达尔文的理论。
In 1870, O.C.
1870 年，O.C.
Marsh led his first fossil hunt in the American West with Buffalo Bill as a guide.
马什在水牛比尔的指导下，在美国西部进行了第一次化石狩猎。
Edward Cope and his mentors explored the marl pits of New Jersey to turn up some of the first dinosaurs found in North America.
爱德华·科普和他的导师探索了新泽西州的泥灰岩坑，发现了北美最早发现的一些恐龙。