Death and the Civil War

Narrator: On the evening of May 10th, 1864 -- as the Civil War ground on into its fourth straight year -- 26-year-old James Robert Montgomery, a private in the Confederate Signal Corps in Virginia, wrote a letter to his father back home in Camden, Mississippi, dripping blood on the paper as he wrote, from the horrific arm wound he had sustained a few hours earlier.

旁白：1864 年 5 月 10 日晚，内战已进入连续第四个年头，26 岁的詹姆斯·罗伯特·蒙哥马利（James Robert Montgomery）是弗吉尼亚州邦联通讯兵团的一名列兵，他给家乡密西西比州卡姆登的父亲写了一封信，写信时信纸上滴着鲜血，这是几小时前他手臂上受的可怕伤口造成的。

Civil War soldier (Actor, audio): Dear Father.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：亲爱的父亲。

This is my last letter to you.

这是我给你的最后一封信。

I have been struck by a piece of shell and my right shoulder is horribly mangled and I know death is inevitable.

我被一枚炮弹击中，右肩严重受伤，我知道死亡是不可避免的。

I am very weak but I write to you because I know you would be delighted to read a word from your dying son.

我很虚弱，但我写信给你，因为我知道你会很高兴读到你垂死的儿子的一句话。

I know death is near, that I will die far from home and friends of my early youth but I have friends here too who are kind to me.

我知道死亡已经临近，我将远离家乡和我年轻时的朋友，但我在这里也有对我友善的朋友。

My friend Fairfax will write you at my request and give you the particulars of my death.

我的朋友费尔法克斯会应我的要求写信给你，告诉你我死亡的细节。

My grave will be marked so that you may visit it if you desire to do so.

我的坟墓将被标记，以便如果您愿意的话可以参观。

It is optionary with you whether you let my remains rest here or in Mississippi.

你可以选择让我的遗体安葬在这里还是密西西比州。

I would like to rest in the graveyard with my dear mother and brothers but it's a matter of minor importance.

我想和我亲爱的母亲和兄弟一起在墓地里休息，但这只是次要的事情。

Give my love to all my friends.

将我的爱献给我所有的朋友。

My strength fails me.

我的力量让我失败了。

My horse and my equipments will be left for you.

我的马和装备都留给你了。

Again, a long farewell to you.

再次向您告别。

May we meet in heaven.

愿我们在天堂相遇。

Your dying son, J.

你垂死的儿子，J.

R.

R。

Montgomery

蒙哥马利

Narrator: James Montgomery's friend, Fairfax, did write soon thereafter -- forwarding some of his effects -- and assuring his father that he had been conscious to the end, and that he had died at peace with himself and his maker.

旁白：詹姆斯·蒙哥马利的朋友费尔法克斯此后不久确实写了信——转交了他的一些成果——并向他的父亲保证，他一直保持清醒，并且与自己和他的创造者平静地死去。

But it was little consolation.

但这并没有带来多少安慰。

Though the grave had been marked, the family was never able to find it, and was thus never able to realize their fond hope of bringing their dead son home.

虽然坟墓上已经做了标记，但家人始终没能找到它，也因此永远无法实现将死去的儿子带回家的美好愿望。

Walt Whitman (Actor, audio): The dead, the dead, the dead -- our dead -- or South or North, ours all -- our young men once so handsome and so joyous, taken from us -- the son from the mother, the husband from the wife, the dear friend from the dear friend...And everywhere among these countless graves we see, and ages yet may see, on monuments and gravestones, singly or in masses, to thousands or tens of thousands, the significant word Unknown.

沃尔特·惠特曼（演员，音频）：死者，死者，死者——我们的死者——或者南方或北方，我们所有人——我们的年轻人曾经如此英俊、如此快乐，被从我们身边夺走——儿子从母亲身边，丈夫从妻子身边，亲爱的朋友从亲爱的朋友身边……在这些无数的坟墓中，我们随处可见，在纪念碑和墓碑上，无论是单独的还是成群的，成千上万的，都有一个重要的词“未知”。

Walt Whitman, 1865

沃尔特·惠特曼，1865

Slate: March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, Washington, D.C.

记事日期：1861 年 3 月 4 日，亚伯拉罕·林肯 (Abraham Lincoln) 就职典礼，华盛顿特区

Narrator: Nothing in the experience of the 31 million people living in America on the eve of the Civil War could have prepared Americans for what was about to break over them over the next four years.

旁白：内战前夕生活在美国的 3100 万人的经历无法让美国人为接下来四年即将发生的灾难做好准备。

It was only in part the shocking trauma of secession itself -- as the long festering debate over freedom and slavery -- union and states rights -- burst into the open following Abraham Lincoln's election in November 1860, and tore the country in two.

这只是分裂国家本身造成的令人震惊的创伤的一部分——1860年11月亚伯拉罕·林肯当选后，关于自由和奴隶制、工会和州权利的长期激烈辩论突然公开，并将国家撕成两半。

Something else would challenge Americans over the next four years -- something even more fundamental -- something different from the task of saving or dividing a nation, ending or maintaining slavery, or winning a military conflict.

在接下来的四年里，还有其他一些事情会挑战美国人——一些更根本的事情——一些不同于拯救或分裂国家、结束或维持奴隶制或赢得军事冲突的任务。

With the coming of the Civil War -- the first modern war, the first mass war of the modern age -- death would enter the experience of the American people, and the body politic of the American nation, as it never had before, on a scale and in a manner no one had ever imagined possible, and under circumstances for which the nation would prove completely unprepared.

随着内战——第一次现代战争，现代第一场大规模战争——的到来，死亡将以前所未有的规模和方式进入美国人民的经历和美国国家的政治体系，其规模和方式是任何人都无法想象的，而且在国家将完全措手不及的情况下。

David W.

大卫·W.

Blight, Historian: History is full of brutal surprises that we really don't see coming.

布莱特，历史学家：历史充满了我们实际上看不到的残酷惊喜。

Nobody predicted Antietam.

没有人预测到安提坦。

Nobody predicted Gettysburg.

没有人预测葛底斯堡。

What the Civil War brought was this terrible modern confrontation of a set of old 18th and 19th Century values with modern warfare -- and the result of course is mass slaughter that is harder and harder for anyone to explain even to themselves.

内战带来的是一系列 18 世纪和 19 世纪的旧价值观与现代战争的可怕现代对抗——其结果当然是大规模屠杀，这对任何人来说都越来越难以解释，甚至对自己来说也是如此。

Narrator: The unimaginable scale of the slaughter, the sheer numbers of the dead, would be all but impossible to comprehend.

旁白：屠杀的规模难以想象，死者的数量之多，简直令人难以理解。

Nearly two and a half percent of the population would die in the conflict -- an estimated 750,000 people in all -- more than in all other American wars combined.

近百分之二半的人口将在这场冲突中丧生——估计总共有 75 万人——比美国所有其他战争的总和还多。

Never before, and never since, have so many Americans died in any war, by any measure or reckoning.

无论以何种衡量标准或计算方式，以前和之后从未有如此多的美国人在任何战争中丧生。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : Transpose the percentage of dead that mid-19th-century America faced into our own time -- seven million dead, if we had the same percentage.

德鲁·浮士德 (Drew Faust)，《苦难共和国》作者：将 19 世纪中叶美国面临的死亡百分比换算到我们这个时代——如果我们有相同的百分比，则有 700 万人死亡。

What would we, as a nation today, be like if we faced the loss of seven million individuals?

如果我们今天面临 700 万人的死亡，我们作为一个国家会是什么样子？

And so it invaded just about everyone's life, in one way or another.

因此它以这样或那样的方式侵入了几乎每个人的生活。

Narrator: The enormous tide of death unleashed by the war posed challenges for which there were no ready answers when the war began; challenges so large, they frequently overwhelmed the abilities of individuals and institutions to respond to them; challenges that called forth -- slowly at first, by fits and starts -- immense and eventually heroic efforts by individuals, groups and the government, as Americans worked to improvise new solutions, new institutions, new ways of coping with death on an unimaginable scale.

旁白：战争造成的巨大死亡浪潮带来了挑战，而战争开始时还没有现成的答案；挑战如此之大，常常超出了个人和机构应对这些挑战的能力；当美国人努力想出新的解决方案、新的机构和新的方式来应对难以想象的规模的死亡时，这些挑战——一开始是缓慢的、时断时续的——需要个人、团体和政府付出巨大的努力，最终做出英勇的努力。

Before the Civil War, there were no national cemeteries in America.

内战之前，美国没有国家公墓。

No provisions for identifying the dead, or for notifying next of kin, or for providing aid to the suffering families of dead veterans.

没有规定确认死者身份，或通知近亲，或为死去退伍军人的痛苦家属提供援助。

No federal relief organizations, no effective ambulance corps, no adequate federal hospitals, no federal provisions for burying the dead.

没有联邦救援组织，没有有效的救护队，没有足够的联邦医院，没有埋葬死者的联邦规定。

No Arlington Cemetery.

没有阿灵顿公墓。

No Memorial Day.

没有阵亡将士纪念日。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : The United States embarked on a new relationship with death during the Civil War in a whole series of ways.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：在内战期间，美国以一系列方式与死亡建立了新的关系。

As a nation, it embarked on a new relationship with death because its survival would be assured and defined by the deaths of so many hundreds thousands of people.

作为一个国家，它与死亡建立了一种新的关系，因为它的生存将由数十万人的死亡来保证和定义。

So it would become inseparable from death in that sense.

所以从这个意义上说，它与死亡密不可分。

In a second way, the United States would develop a new relationship with death in a national sense, because of the pension system, the reburial system, the bureaucracy of death -- that would transform the nature of the federal government.

第二种方式，美国将在国家意义上与死亡建立一种新的关系，因为养老金制度、重新埋葬制度、死亡官僚机构——这将改变联邦政府的性质。

So it would become a different nation -- a stronger, more centralized nation with more responsibilities -- partly because of taking on these obligations that would grow out of Civil War death.

因此，它将成为一个不同的国家——一个更强大、更集权的国家，承担更多的责任——部分原因是承担了因内战死亡而产生的这些义务。

But then there are all the changes for individuals, who were living in a world of mourning and loss in the North, and in the South, where ultimately 20 percent of the white men of military age were going to die, and where everyone had lost a loved one.

但随之而来的是个人的所有变化，他们生活在北方和南方的哀悼和失落的世界中，最终20%的适龄白人将死去，每个人都失去了亲人。

And so lives were shattered, in undefined ways, often because so many of the dead were unknown.

因此，生活以不确定的方式被粉碎，通常是因为许多死者身份不明。

And ideas about what death was would be changed by the intensity and widespread nature of this experience.

这种体验的强度和广泛性将会改变关于死亡是什么的想法。

Mark S.

马克·S。

Schantz, Historian: Certainly, as we think about the obligation of citizens to the state, and what the state owes its citizens -- particularly with regard to the thing that we, in some sense, is the only thing we really own, which is our own body and our own mortality.

历史学家尚茨：当然，当我们思考公民对国家的义务以及国家对其公民的义务时——特别是在某种意义上，我们真正拥有的东西，那就是我们自己的身体和我们自己的死亡。

The Civil War made us rethink that definition as a country, and as a people.

内战让我们重新思考作为一个国家和一个民族的定义。

What do governments owe to their bodies -- to the bodies that make them up?

政府对自己的机构——对组成政府的机构——负有什么责任？

And that becomes a central question in the war.

这成为战争中的一个中心问题。

In the Civil War, I think we come as a nation to the insistence that citizenship is predicated on the willingness of people to lay down their lives for the state.

在内战期间，我认为我们作为一个国家坚持认为公民身份取决于人们是否愿意为国家献出生命。

That's the absolute bottom line.

这是绝对的底线。

So I think the war casts not just a long shadow but a long sense of reality over who we are -- and how we deal with, really, those fundamental questions.

因此，我认为这场战争不仅给我们带来了长长的阴影，而且给我们带来了长长的现实感——以及我们如何处理这些基本问题。

You know everybody dies -- our mortality is assured.

你知道每个人都会死——我们的死亡是确定的。

But the way we grapple with that reality changes over time.

但我们应对现实的方式会随着时间而改变。

And the Civil War shows us that they did change, and how they changed.

内战向我们展示了他们确实发生了变化，以及他们是如何变化的。

And to be alive to that change is something that the Civil War, I think, asks us to do.

我认为，对这种变化保持活力是内战要求我们做的事情。

Thomas Lynch, Poet and Undertaker: I think when it comes to the sort of essentials for a good death -- a good funeral -- the essentials are a corpse, mourners -- somebody to broker the changed relationship between the living and the dead -- the peace between them -- something to say a version of, "Behold, I show you a mystery" -- and then transport -- some movement, do you know?

托马斯·林奇，诗人兼殡葬者：我认为，当谈到美好的死亡的要素时——一场美好的葬礼——要素是一具尸体、哀悼者——有人来调解生者与死者之间改变的关系——他们之间的和平——可以说一些“看哪，我向你展示一个谜”——然后是运输——一些动作，你知道吗？

-- from here to there.

——从这里到那里。

We get them home again.

我们又把他们送回家了。

We get them to the further shore.

我们把他们带到更远的岸边。

We get them into their grave, their tomb, their fire, up into the tree.

我们把他们带进他们的坟墓，他们的坟墓，他们的火，到树上。

We get them -- if we, you know, live elsewhere -- into the side of the mountain, where the birds come and pick the bones clean, and then we describe the birds as holy.

我们把它们——如果我们，你知道，住在其他地方——带到山边，鸟儿飞来，把骨头啄干净，然后我们把鸟儿描述为神圣的。

It's what we do.

这就是我们所做的。

And humans, I mean, we've been doing it for 40 or 50,000 years.

我的意思是，人类已经这样做了 40 或 50,000 年。

And the routine -- the fashion's, changed a little bit -- but the fundamental business is the same: corpse -- mourners -- sacred text -- transport.

惯例——时尚的惯例，发生了一点变化——但基本的事情是一样的：尸体——哀悼者——神圣的文本——运输。

We move them.

我们移动它们。

What changed about that with the Civil War was not only the scope of mortality, but the geographics changed.

内战带来的变化不仅是死亡率的范围，而且地理分布也发生了变化。

Narrator: America on the eve of the Civil War was a profoundly religious place -- a place of deeply rooted and almost universally held assumptions and beliefs -- about the meaning of death and dying, about the nature of God and the afterlife -- and about what constituted a good death, and the right way to die.

旁白：内战前夕的美国是一个宗教色彩浓厚的地方——一个有着根深蒂固且几乎普遍持有的假设和信仰的地方——关于死亡和垂死的意义，关于上帝的本质和来世，关于什么是善终，以及正确的死亡方式。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : One of the most striking differences between us in the 21st century and the inhabitants of the 19th century is our attitudes about death.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：21世纪的我们和19世纪的居民之间最显着的差异之一是我们对死亡的态度。

And death was then very much a part of life, and seen as something that needed to be thought about constantly in order to live well, and, ultimately, to die well.

那时，死亡在很大程度上是生命的一部分，被视为需要不断思考的事情，才能活得好，最终死得好。

This was very much a Christian approach to dying, and the United States was overwhelmingly Christian at this time.

这在很大程度上是一种基督教的死亡方式，而当时的美国绝大多数是基督教徒。

Approximately four times as many people attended church every week as voted in the election of 1860.

每周去教堂的人数大约是 1860 年选举中投票人数的四倍。

And you could tell by watching how someone died what that life before had meant, and what the eternal life beyond was likely to be like.

你可以通过观察一个人如何死去来判断他之前的生命意味着什么，以及死后的永生可能是什么样子。

And an individual who was dying would die at home -- this was very much a part of Victorian culture, and defined a good death -- would be surrounded by loved ones, would indicate a readiness to die...

一个垂死的人会在家中去世——这在很大程度上是维多利亚时代文化的一部分，并定义了美好的死亡——会被亲人包围，表明他已经做好了死亡的准备……

a welcoming an embrace of salvation and Christian principles; and then often last words for the loved ones surrounding the dying person.

欢迎接受救恩和基督教原则；然后经常为临终者周围的亲人留下遗言。

Mark Shantz, Historian: From the 1820s on up until the Civil War begins there was this great evangelical awakening, North and South, going across the country.

历史学家马克·尚茨（Mark Shantz）：从 1820 年代开始，直到南北战争开始，福音派的伟大觉醒席卷了整个国家。

And with that comes a kind of totally redefined, more corporeal vision of heaven -- that all of our bodies will be reconstituted, and we'll have a big family reunion in heaven -- and we'll recognize each other, and be able to basically pick up where we left off.

随之而来的是一种完全重新定义的、更加有形的天堂愿景——我们所有的身体都将被重组，我们将在天堂里有一个大家庭团聚——我们将认出彼此，并能够基本上从我们离开的地方继续。

What you have is a universe that is telling people, "This is how it's going to be.

你所拥有的是一个告诉人们的宇宙：“事情就是这样。

You will see everyone that you know.

你会看到你认识的每个人。

And, in fact, you'll live in a purified body, and it will be whole.

事实上，你会生活在一个净化的身体里，而且它会是完整的。

It probably will never get dark.

天可能永远不会黑。

There may not be oceans to separate us." I mean, it's the ultimate victory.

也许没有海洋将我们分开。”我的意思是，这是最终的胜利。

Your body will come together again, no matter what's done to it.

无论你做了什么，你的身体都会再次恢复正常。

And you have a generation of people who have been taught, and understand that my husband -- my brother -- my son -- will be whole -- with me.

你们这一代人都受过教育，并且明白我的丈夫、我的兄弟、我的儿子将和我在一起。

And it's only a matter of time.

这只是时间问题。

Slate: April 12 - 14, 1861, Fort Sumter, 15 wounded.

石板记：1861 年 4 月 12 日至 14 日，萨姆特堡，15 人受伤。

0 dead.

0 人死亡。

Narrator: It began as a lark, almost as a relief for many if not most Americans -- as a welcome bursting of the floodgates after decades of rising sectional mistrust, tension and animosity.

旁白：它一开始只是一种玩笑，几乎对许多美国人（如果不是大多数美国人）来说是一种解脱——在几十年来不断加剧的部门不信任、紧张和敌意之后，这是令人欢迎的闸门的爆破。

George F.

乔治·F.

Will, Columnist: The soldiers went off to war expecting this would be quick.

专栏作家威尔：士兵们出发前去打仗，希望事情会很快发生。

The Southerners thought, "We have a cavalier tradition, we have a martial tradition.

南方人认为：“我们有骑士传统，我们有尚武传统。

We'll bloody their nose and they'll think better of this.

我们会让他们的鼻子流血，他们就会想得更好。

And they'll say let the erring sisters go in peace and we'll divide the country." The North thought, "Well, we'll just see about that.

他们会说让犯错的姐妹安然离去，我们就会分裂国家。”北方想：“好吧，我们就看看吧。

We're in the North, we're more industrial, we'll march off and settle this."

我们在北方，我们更加工业化，我们会离开并解决这个问题。”

Mark S.

马克·S。

Schantz, Historian: If you've got Lincoln recruiting soldiers for 90 days, that tells you, in part, what people are thinking of the duration of the war -- that this will be fairly quick.

历史学家尚茨：如果你让林肯在 90 天里招募士兵，这会在一定程度上告诉你人们对战争持续时间的看法——这将是相当快的。

And so I think the expectations for casualties, based on anything Americans had experienced before, would have just been infinitesimal.

因此，我认为，根据美国人以前经历过的一切，对伤亡的预期是微乎其微的。

Narrator: For three months, the fledgling armies parried and feinted, marched and counter-marched, skirmished and regrouped.

旁白：三个月来，新军们招架、佯攻、进军、反攻、交锋、重整。

By mid-June, the combined death toll stood at just 20.

截至 6 月中旬，死亡人数合计仅为 20 人。

And then came summer, and the first intimation of what was to come -- at the battle of Bull Run, or Manassas, as the Confederates called it.

然后夏天到来了，即将发生的事情的第一个预兆就是在布尔朗（布尔朗，或南方军所说的马纳萨斯）战役中。

On July 21st, two enormous armies, nearly 60,000 men in all, blundered into each other on a field of battle, just 30 miles from Washington, D.C., in the lush Virginia farmland outside the tiny town of Manassas Junction.

7 月 21 日，两支总共近 60,000 人的庞大军队在距华盛顿特区仅 30 英里、马纳萨斯章克申小镇外郁郁葱葱的弗吉尼亚农田里的战场上发生了冲突。

The day ended in a shocking and ignominious Union defeat and bloody rout -- one that stunned soldiers, officers, politicians and the public on both sides when the casualty figures came in.

这一天以令人震惊和可耻的联邦失败和血腥溃败而结束——当伤亡数字公布时，双方的士兵、军官、政治家和公众都感到震惊。

Nine hundred men in all had been killed and 2,700 wounded -- nearly half the battlefield deaths of the entire two-year long Mexican War -- in just 12 hours.

短短 12 小时内，共有 900 人阵亡，2,700 人受伤，几乎是整个长达两年的墨西哥战争战场死亡人数的一半。

Three months after Fort Sumter, hopes of a brief and all but bloodless war, had begun to fade away.

萨姆特堡战役结束三个月后，一场短暂且几乎不流血的战争的希望开始破灭。

Slate: August 10, 1861, Wilson's Creek, 2,349 causalities.

石板：1861 年 8 月 10 日，威尔逊溪，2,349 人死亡。

488 dead.

488 人死亡。

March 6 - 8, 1862, Pea Ridge, 3,384 casualties.

1862 年 3 月 6 日至 8 日，豌豆岭，3,384 人伤亡。

550 dead.

550 人死亡。

April 6 - 7, 1862, Shiloh, 23,741 casualties.

1862 年 4 月 6 日至 7 日，示罗，伤亡 23,741 人。

3,477 dead.

3,477 人死亡。

George F.

乔治·F.

Will, Columnist: It wasn't, I suppose, until Shiloh in the spring of '62 that both sides began to realize that massed armies clashing like this were going to be not decisive in any one battle.

专栏作家威尔：我想，直到 62 年春天的示罗，双方才开始意识到，像这样的集结军队的冲突在任何一场战斗中都不会产生决定性的影响。

That it was going to be a war of attrition, a war of railroads of manufacturing, a modern war in other words: a war of societies against one another.

这将是一场消耗战，一场制造业铁路之战，换句话说，一场现代战争：一场社会间相互对抗的战争。

That the North would have a great advantage but it would be an advantage brought to bear slowly and manifested incrementally and lubricated at every step of the way by blood.

北方将拥有巨大的优势，但这将是一种缓慢发挥的优势，逐步显现出来，并在每一步都由鲜血润滑。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : Part of the death toll is the result of a military undertaking that engages such a large percentage of the population.

德鲁·福斯特，《苦难共和国》作者：死亡人数的一部分是由涉及如此大比例人口的军事行动造成的。

Two point one million Northerners were mobilized -- about 880,000 Southerners.

动员了两点一百万的北方人——约88万南方人。

And it's also one in which there are ways to kill people that are newly developed, so the technology enables a level of killing -- weapons with much greater range -- rifled muskets, which have a greatly enhanced range over the smoothbore predecessors.

这也是一种新开发的杀人方法，因此该技术能够实现一定程度的杀戮——射程更大的武器——线膛步枪，其射程比滑膛枪的前身大大增强。

J.

J。

David Hacker, Historian: It is a perfect storm in that regard.

历史学家戴维·哈克（David Hacker）：从这方面来说，这是一场完美的风暴。

The war has the misfortune of being fought at a time when military tactics, military strategy, was a step behind technology -- and of being fought about 10 years before we really have a proper understanding of what causes disease, how to prevent disease from breaking out, and how to treat what diseases we have.

不幸的是，这场战争是在军事战术、军事战略落后于技术的时代进行的，而且是在我们真正正确理解疾病原因、如何预防疾病爆发以及如何治疗我们所患疾病的大约十年前进行的。

And, as a result, you bring all these men in from these isolated communities; they suffer massive outbreaks of camp diseases, and two out of three, roughly, of Civil War deaths are occurring in camps as a result of disease.

结果，你把所有这些人从这些孤立的社区带进来；他们遭受大规模的集中营疾病爆发，大约有三分之二的内战死亡是在集中营因疾病而发生的。

Narrator: What struck most people exposed to the horror of the new battlefield conditions was the almost complete lack of preparation for the bloody tide of death flooding off them.

旁白：大多数接触过新的战场条件的恐怖的人感到震惊的是，他们几乎完全没有准备好应对血腥的死亡浪潮。

No one seemed to be in charge.

似乎没有人负责。

Mark S.

马克·S。

Schantz, Historian: There's no systematic infrastructure for gathering the dead; for helping to identify them; for getting them home.

历史学家尚茨：没有系统的基础设施来收集死者；帮助识别他们；为了让他们回家。

There's no infrastructure for handling tens of thousands of maimed and dead soldiers.

没有基础设施来处理数以万计的伤残和死亡士兵。

And so, you know, after Shiloh, bodies are just laying around on the field, and wild hogs are running out.

所以，你知道，夏伊洛之后，尸体就躺在田野上，野猪也跑光了。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : I think it would have been inconceivable to people that they would have needed the scale of intervention that they should have had.

德鲁·福斯特（Drew Faust），《苦难共和国》作者：我认为人们无法想象他们需要如此大规模的干预。

And as the numbers consistently increased over the first years of the war, each battle surprised people -- because it was more than they ever thought was possible.

在战争的最初几年里，随着人数不断增加，每场战斗都让人们感到惊讶——因为这比他们想象的要多。

And so they were always one assumption behind as they thought about death.

因此，当他们思考死亡时，他们总是有一种假设。

Narrator: From the start, in the North and the South, individuals and volunteer organizations stepped in to try to fill the void.

旁白：从一开始，在北方和南方，个人和志愿者组织就介入，试图填补空白。

In June 1861, a women's group in New York City persuaded Abraham Lincoln to authorize the creation of a private relief agency -- the U.S. Sanitary Commission -- a volunteer group intended to help organize relief for the Union wounded and dead.

1861 年 6 月，纽约市的一个妇女团体说服亚伯拉罕·林肯授权成立一个私人救援机构——美国卫生委员会——一个旨在帮助组织救援联邦伤者和死者的志愿组织。

Raising funds through private and community donations, and staffed in large part by volunteers, many of them women, it would soon prove invaluable, as would other voluntary organizations, like the U.S. Christian Commission.

通过私人和社区捐款筹集资金，并且大部分工作人员都是志愿者，其中许多是女性，它很快就会被证明是无价的，就像美国基督教委员会等其他志愿组织一样。

As the number of dead and wounded soldiers coming into Washington swelled across the first year of the war, a 39-year-old clerk in the U.S. Patent Office named Clara Barton, saw first hand how ill-prepared the Army Medical Department was -- and lobbied the War Department to let her bring her own medical supplies to the battlefields.

战争第一年，随着进入华盛顿的死伤士兵数量不断增加，美国专利局一位名叫克拉拉·巴顿 (Clara Barton) 的 39 岁职员亲眼目睹了陆军医疗部的准备有多么不充分，并游说陆军部允许她自己携带医疗用品前往战场。

Outfitting her own wagon with bandages, and all the supplies she could gather, Barton headed out to the grimmest battlefields of the war as it relentlessly escalated over the next year and a half.

巴顿给自己的马车装上绷带，并收集了所有她能收集到的物资，前往战争中最残酷的战场，在接下来的一年半里，战争不断升级。

In the spring of 1862, Frederick Law Olmsted -- the designer of Central Park and now the director of the U.S. Sanitary Commission -- came south, to oversee relief efforts, following Shiloh and the bloody battles on the Virginia Peninsula.

1862 年春天，中央公园的设计师、现任美国卫生委员会主任弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德 (Frederick Law Olmsted) 来到南方，监督夏伊洛事件和弗吉尼亚半岛血腥战斗后的救援工作。

He was shocked by the inadequacy of the provisions made by the U.S. government, and watched silently as shiploads and trainloads of dead and wounded men were unloaded at the wharf.

他对美国政府规定的不足感到震惊，默默地看着满载死伤者的船和火车被卸到码头。

Frederick Law Olmsted (Actor, audio): They arrived, dead and alive together, in the same close boxcar, many with awful wounds festering.

弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德（演员，音频）：他们到达时，死活都在一起，在同一辆封闭的棚车里，许多人的伤口都在溃烂。

In this republic of suffering, individuals do not often become very strongly marked in one's mind.

在这个充满苦难的共和国里，个人的思想往往不会受到强烈的影响。

Narrator: The systems in place in the Confederacy were even more rudimentary.

旁白：联邦的制度更加简陋。

Volunteer, church, and state-based charitable organizations, rose up in the South, too.

志愿者、教会和州立慈善组织也在南方兴起。

But hampered from the start by fewer resources, Southerners would soon be even more overwhelmed than their Northern counterparts by the logistical challenges of grappling with so many dead soldiers.

但从一开始就受到资源匮乏的阻碍，南方人很快就会比北方人更不知所措，因为处理如此多死去的士兵所面临的后勤挑战。

Slate: May 31, 1862, Seven Pines, 11,165 casualties.

板岩：1862 年 5 月 31 日，七松树，11,165 人伤亡。

1,770 dead.

1,770 人死亡。

June 27, 1862, Gaines Mill, 14,830 casualties.

1862 年 6 月 27 日，盖恩斯米尔，14,830 人伤亡。

2,377 dead.

2,377 人死亡。

July 1, 1862, Malvern Hill, 8,657 casualties.

1862 年 7 月 1 日，莫尔文山，伤亡 8,657 人。

1,183 dead.

1,183 人死亡。

August 28, 1862, Second Manassas, 25,251 casualties.

1862 年 8 月 28 日，第二次马纳萨斯战役，伤亡 25,251 人。

3,205 dead.

3,205 人死亡。

Narrator: Blown apart by canister or shell, shot through the head or lungs or guts, bleeding to death in the no man's land between the lines, or succumbing to typhoid fever or dysentery in a filthy army hospital or enemy prison camp a thousand miles away from home -- the brutal circumstances and great distances of the war shook to the core deeply held beliefs about the nature of the good death, and the right way to die.

旁白：被罐子或炮弹炸得四分五裂，头部、肺部或内脏中弹，在战线之间的无人区失血过多而死，或者在离家千里之外的肮脏的陆军医院或敌方战俘营里死于伤寒或痢疾——战争的残酷环境和遥远的距离动摇了人们对善死本质和正确死亡方式的根深蒂固的信念。

Where sermons and religious tracts provided lessons about life's appropriate end, the battlefields and hastily improvised hospitals of the war provided material for a different sort of lesson -- one on how not to die: suddenly, violently, with little or no time to prepare for the end -- far from home, often alone, with no last words to impart, or a familiar face to look on -- unsurrounded by family or friends -- uncomforted by mothers, sisters and wives.

布道和宗教小册子提供了关于生命适当结局的教训，而战争中的战场和临时搭建的医院则提供了另一种教训的材料——如何不死：突然地、暴力地、几乎没有时间为结束做准备——远离家乡，常常孤身一人，没有遗言可说，或者看到一张熟悉的面孔——没有家人或朋友围绕——没有母亲、姐妹和妻子的安慰。

Anguished at the prospect of dying far from home, and determined not to die alone, soldiers worked to provide themselves with surrogates for the good death -- making pacts with tent mates and fellow soldiers to convey to their families what had happened to them in their final hours writing letters, crafting last words and sending them home through friends and comrades.

士兵们对远离家乡的死亡前景感到痛苦，并决心不再孤独地死去，他们努力为自己提供善终的代理人——与帐篷伙伴和战友签订协议，向家人传达他们在最后几个小时所发生的事情，写信，写下遗言，并通过朋友和战友送他们回家。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : What I find so striking is the kinds of improvisation that soldiers and the civilians around them in the battlefront -- nurses, doctors, others -- brought, to try bring the realities of the good death even in these almost-impossible situations.

德鲁·福斯特，《苦难共和国》作者：我发现如此惊人的是前线的士兵和他们周围的平民——护士、医生和其他人——所带来的即兴创作，即使在这些几乎不可能的情况下，也试图实现善终的现实。

One of the most striking of these improvisations is the reports of soldiers on battlefields who surrounded themselves with pictures of their loved ones.

其中最引人注目的即兴创作之一是战场上士兵的报道，他们的周围都是亲人的照片。

Photography had just become a force in American life, and so soldiers could have these little photographs, often in cases, that they would take with them of their family members.

摄影刚刚成为美国人生活中的一股力量，因此士兵们可以拥有这些小照片，通常是放在箱子里，随身携带家人的照片。

And so the idea of a soldier creating his domestic deathbed on a battlefield by putting all these pictures around himself is just heart-wrenching.

因此，一名士兵在战场上通过将所有这些照片放在自己周围来创造他的家庭临终床的想法真是令人心碎。

Narrator: It was often complete strangers who would take upon themselves the mundane but essential and intensely personal work of death.

旁白：常常是完全陌生的人承担起死亡的平凡但重要和强烈的个人工作。

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): Mrs. Fitzpatrick.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：菲茨帕特里克夫人。

Dear Madam, As you in all probability have not heard of the death of your husband and as I was a witness to his death, I consider it my duty to write to you although I am a stranger to you.

亲爱的女士， 由于您很可能没有听说您丈夫去世的消息，而我是他去世的目击者，因此，尽管我对您来说是个陌生人，但我认为有责任给您写信。

He died happy and I certainly think that he is now better off.

他死得很开心，我当然认为他现在过得更好了。

A few minutes before he breathed his last he sang, "Jesus can make a dying bed as soft as downy pillows are," and said he would of liked to have seen you before he died.

在他咽下最后一口气之前几分钟，他唱道：“耶稣可以让垂死的床变得像柔软的枕头一样柔软”，并说他很想在死前见到你。

He said that the Lord's will be done and for you to meet him in heaven.

他说主的旨意一定会实现，让你在天堂与他相见。

He died as I wish to die and as I believe all persons wish to.

他死了，正如我所希望的那样，我相信所有人都希望如此。

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): Mr. William K.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：William K.

Rash.

皮疹。

Your son R.

你的儿子 R。

A.

A.

Rash is no more.

皮疹不再是了。

The Grim monster death has ravaged him -- but one consolation he died in the full discharge of his duty in the defense of his home and country.

可怕的怪物之死对他造成了极大的打击，但他在充分履行保卫家园和国家职责的过程中死去是一种安慰。

Thomas Lynch, Poet and Undertaker: What the Civil War showed us is the obligation of the living to care for the dead -- to do their best to get them home -- or at least to embody them in some way -- so they do not fall off the earth -- the implements, and the possessions, and the family Bibles, and the made-up stories about pre-death salvations.

诗人兼殡仪员托马斯·林奇：内战向我们展示的是生者有义务照顾死者——尽最大努力让他们回家——或者至少以某种方式体现他们——这样他们就不会从地球上掉下来——工具、财产、家庭圣经，以及关于死前拯救的编造故事。

And the letters written home -- by surgeons who amputated limbs before the death occurred -- these types of kindnesses -- this is like Humanity 101 -- we do this for one another.

那些在死亡发生前截肢的外科医生写回家的信——这些类型的善意——就像人性 101 一样——我们这样做是为了彼此。

Because somehow we see in ourselves the possibility -- this could happen to one of ours -- and we want this kindness done to us.

因为不知何故，我们在自己身上看到了这种可能性——这可能发生在我们自己身上——我们希望这种善意降临到我们身上。

And the kindness is not that we resurrect the dead -- the kindness is that we bear the bad news home.

仁慈并不是让死者复活——仁慈是我们把坏消息带回家。

Narrator: On battlefields where death could come with terrifying suddenness, many soldiers wrote home in the hours before the fighting began -- to share what might prove to be their last words with family members in advance.

旁白：在死亡突然降临的战场上，许多士兵在战斗开始前几个小时写信回家，提前与家人分享可能是他们的遗言。

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): I wish you to have my last words and thoughts.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：我希望你能听到我的遗言和想法。

Remember me as one who always showed his worst side and who was perhaps better than he seemed.

请记住，我总是展现出自己最糟糕的一面，但也许比他看上去的要好。

I shall hope to survive and meet you again.

我希望能够活下来并再次见到你。

But it may not be so, and so I have expressed myself in the possible view of a fatal result.

但事实可能并非如此，因此我表达了自己对可能造成致命结果的看法。

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): Molly, I have often thought if I have to die on the battlefield, if some kind friend would just lay my Bible under my head and your likeness on my breast with the golden curls of hair in it, that it would be enough.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：莫莉，我经常想，如果我必须死在战场上，如果有一个好心的朋友能把我的《圣经》放在我的头下，把你的肖像放在我的胸前，里面有金色的卷发，那就足够了。

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): This is the last you may ever hear from me.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：这是你最后一次听到我的消息。

I have time to tell you I died like a man.

我有时间告诉你我死得像个男人。

Narrator: On rare occasions, soldiers found themselves in a position to communicate with far away loved ones at the very moment of death itself.

旁白：在极少数情况下，士兵们发现自己能够在死亡的那一刻与远方的亲人进行交流。

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): September 17th, 1862.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：1862 年 9 月 17 日。

Near Sharpsburg.

夏普斯堡附近。

On the field.

在球场上。

Dear Mother, It is a misty moisty morning.

亲爱的妈妈，这是一个雾蒙蒙、潮湿的早晨。

We are engaging the enemy and are drawn up in support of Hooker who is now banging away most briskly.

我们正在与敌人交战，并列队支援胡克，胡克现在正在猛烈地攻击。

I write in the saddle to send you my love and to say that I am very well so far.

我在马鞍上写下这封信是为了向你表达我的爱，并告诉你我到目前为止一切都很好。

Dearest mother, I am wounded so as to be helpless.

最亲爱的妈妈，我受伤得无助。

Goodbye if so it must be I think I die in victory....

再见，如果是这样的话，那一定是我想我死于胜利......

Dearest love to father and all my dear brothers.

向父亲和所有亲爱的兄弟致以最深切的爱。

Our troops have left the part of the field where I lay -- Mother, Mrs. Wilder.

我们的部队已经离开了我躺着的地方——母亲，怀尔德夫人。

All is well with those that have faith.

有信仰的人一切都好。

Narrator: It was not only men on the field of battle who faced death in great numbers, under horrific conditions, far from home.

旁白：不仅仅是战场上的士兵在远离家乡的可怕条件下面临大量死亡。

From the moment hostilities began, fugitives slaves began fleeing plantations and farms in the south by the thousands -- streaming north across the Union lines in great numbers -- braving death at the hands of armed Home Guards, who scoured the woods and swamps hunting down fugitives with shotguns.

从敌对行动开始的那一刻起，成千上万的逃亡奴隶就开始逃离南方的种植园和农场，大量越过联邦边境向北涌入，冒着死在武装家庭卫队手中的危险，他们在树林和沼泽中搜寻，用猎枪追捕逃亡者。

Hoping to find freedom, the tens of thousands of men, women and children who crowded into the teeming Union "contraband" camps instead faced nightmarish conditions, inadequate food and shelter, and life-threatening illnesses and epidemics.

为了寻求自由，成千上万的男人、女人和儿童挤进了拥挤的联邦“走私”营地，但他们却面临着噩梦般的条件、不足的食物和住所以及危及生命的疾病和流行病。

David W.

大卫·W.

Blight, Historian: They were essentially America's first version of large refugee camps.

布莱特，历史学家：它们本质上是美国第一个大型难民营。

And some of them became disease-ridden death traps.

其中一些成为疾病缠身的死亡陷阱。

We have plenty of accounts now of people dying -- like 10 a day, 20 a day in some of these contraband camps -- the young and the old -- people who had trekked hundreds of miles sometimes to get to these contraband camps.

我们现在有很多关于死亡的报道——比如在一些走私营里每天有 10 人、20 人死亡——无论是年轻人还是老人——他们有时要长途跋涉数百英里才能到达这些走私营。

Freedom sometimes meant dying of disease in a refugee station somewhere in the Mississippi Valley or somewhere on the rim of Tennessee or outside Washington, D.C.

自由有时意味着在密西西比河谷某处、田纳西州边缘或华盛顿特区郊外某处的难民站中死于疾病。

Narrator: Slavery itself had placed African Americans on a level of intimacy with death few white Americans could comprehend.

旁白：奴隶制本身就使非裔美国人与死亡处于一种很少有美国白人能够理解的亲密关系。

T.

T。

Strother (Actor, audio): To suppose that slavery, the accursed thing, could be abolished peacefully and laid aside innocently -- after having plundered cradles, separated husbands and wives, parents and children; and after having starved to death, worked to death, whipped to death, run to death, burned to death, lied to death, kicked and cuffed to death, and grieved to death, a whole nation of people -- would be the greatest ignorance under the sun.

斯特罗瑟（演员，音频）：在掠夺摇篮、拆散丈夫和妻子、父母和孩子之后，假设奴隶制这个可恶的东西可以被和平废除并无辜地搁置一旁；饿死、劳作死、鞭打死、跑死、烧死、骗死、拳打死、悲痛死后，整个民族——将是天底下最大的无知。

Vincent Brown, Historian: It's a crushing and terrible burden to bear to actually have to live your life through the will and desires of another.

文森特·布朗，历史学家：实际上必须按照他人的意志和欲望来生活，这是一种沉重而可怕的负担。

You can be killed at the whim of a master.

你可以被主人一时兴起杀死。

You can be beaten summarily and there's nothing to stop a master from doing that.

你可能会被立即击败，没有什么可以阻止大师这样做。

For African Americans, they're used to, every day, kind of understanding that they have, you know, no rights of citizenship, certainly, but almost don't have the full rights of personhood in the slave societies of the South.

对于非裔美国人来说，他们每天都习惯于理解，他们当然没有公民权，但在南方奴隶社会几乎没有完整的人格权。

And so there's a kind of civil death there that they're suffering all along.

因此，他们一直在遭受一种民事死亡。

If it's not death, it's less than full life.

如果不是死亡，那就不算完整的生命。

And there were slaves who would think death would be preferable to life under those conditions.

有些奴隶认为在这种情况下死比生更好。

Narrator: As the death tolls mounted, and the number of fugitive slaves crowding the contraband camps grew larger, abolitionist leaders like Henry Highland Garnet and Frederick Douglass urged the Lincoln administration to take the boldest possible actions -- to free the slaves and to end the long-standing federal prohibition barring black men from fighting and dying in the U.S. Army -- offering a distinctively African American understanding of the difference between a bad death and a good one.

旁白：随着死亡人数的增加，以及涌入走私营的逃亡奴隶数量的增加，亨利·高地·加内特和弗雷德里克·道格拉斯等废奴主义领导人敦促林肯政府采取最大胆的行动——释放奴隶，并终止长期以来禁止黑人在美国军队中战斗和死亡的联邦禁令——提供一种独特的非裔美国人对坏死与好死之间区别的理解。

A bad death was death experienced under the crushing weight of slavery.

惨死是指在奴隶制的重压下经历的死亡。

A good death was death experienced by free men, battling to end evil, in the world.

美好的死亡是自由人在世界上为结束邪恶而奋斗时所经历的死亡。

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): September 5th, 1862.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：1862 年 9 月 5 日。

Day before yesterday we marched over the battleground.

前天我们走过战场。

All of our men had been buried, but the Yankees lay just as they were killed.

我们所有的人都被埋葬了，但北方佬就躺在地上，就像他们被杀一样。

I never saw such a scene before.

我以前从未见过这样的场景。

It must have been nearly a thousand.

应该有近千了吧。

Our wagon actually ran over the dead bodies in the road.

我们的马车竟然碾过路上的尸体。

I don't suppose the dead Yankees of that fight will ever be buried.

我不认为在那场战斗中死去的洋基队将永远不会被埋葬。

It will be an awful job to those who do it, if it is ever done.

如果这件事真的完成的话，对于那些从事这件事的人来说，这将是一项糟糕的工作。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : One of the most stunning realizations I've ever had as a historian is how much change there was in the sense of responsibility towards the dead in the course of the very short period of the Civil War.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：作为一名历史学家，我最令人震惊的认识之一是，在内战的短暂时期内，人们对死者的责任感发生了多大的变化。

At the beginning of the war there was no sense that the federal government had a responsibility towards the bodies of soldiers lost in service to the state, and the Confederate government did not have that sense of responsibility either.

战争开始时，联邦政府没有意识到对为国家服务而牺牲的士兵的尸体负有责任，而南部邦联政府也没有这种责任感。

There was no returning of bodies; or sense that bodies needed to be identified; or that there needed to be communication with families about what had happened to their loved ones.

尸体没有归还；或感觉需要识别尸体身份；或者需要与家人沟通他们亲人的遭遇。

Narrator: When the war began, commanding officers in both armies had been issued cursory general orders -- making them responsible -- in so far as circumstances permitted -- for the "decent interment" of the fallen.

旁白：战争开始时，双方军队的指挥官都接到了粗略的一般命令，要求他们在情况允许的情况下负责“体面地安葬”阵亡将士。

But as the war escalated, the existing resources were quickly overwhelmed -- and as late as September 1862, the Union army still had no regular burial details -- no grave registration units -- any adequate ambulance corps -- to remove the dead and dying from the field of battle.

但随着战争的升级，现有的资源很快就被淹没了——直到 1862 年 9 月，联邦军队仍然没有定期的埋葬细节——没有坟墓登记单位——没有足够的救护队——来将死者和垂死者从战场上转移出去。

Soldiers on both sides worried deeply, and with reason, about what would happen to their remains.

双方士兵都非常担心他们的遗体会怎样，这也是有道理的。

"I have a horror," one soldier from South Carolina wrote, "of being thrown out in a neglected place or being trampled on as I have seen a number of graves here."

南卡罗来纳州的一名士兵写道：“我很害怕被扔到一个被忽视的地方，或者被践踏，因为我在这里看到了很多坟墓。”

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): It is dreadful to contemplate being killed on the field of battle without a kind hand to hide one's remains from the eye of the world or the gnawing of animals and buzzards.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：如果没有仁慈之手将自己的遗体隐藏起来，不让世人看到，也不让动物和秃鹰啃咬，那么在战场上被杀是可怕的。

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): They dig holes and pile them in like dead cattle and have teams to draw them together, like picking up pumpkins.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：他们挖洞，像死牛一样把它们堆起来，然后让团队把它们拉在一起，就像捡南瓜一样。

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): It is dreadful...

内战士兵（演员，音频）：太可怕了……

to see the poor soldier just thrown in a ditch...and covered over without any box...

看到可怜的士兵被扔进沟里......并且没有任何盒子覆盖......

Slate: September 17, 1862, Antietam, 23,607 casualties.

石板记：1862 年 9 月 17 日，安提坦，23,607 人伤亡。

6,500 dead.

6,500 人死亡。

Narrator: Even in a very brutal conflict, Antietam stood out, one historian later said.

旁白：一位历史学家后来说，即使在一场非常残酷的冲突中，安提坦也脱颖而出。

Soldiers on both sides fought with a kind of madness -- a super-adrenalized fury -- heedless of the normal instincts of self-preservation.

双方士兵都以一种疯狂——一种极度肾上腺化的愤怒——进行战斗，全然不顾正常的自我保护本能。

Clara Barton arrived around noon -- as the bloodshed raged on the northern edge of a massive cornfield -- one of the worst killing places.

克拉拉·巴顿 (Clara Barton) 于中午左右抵达，当时血腥冲突在一大片玉米地的北边肆虐，这是杀戮最严重的地方之一。

She watched silently as surgeons hastily dressed mortal wounds with corn husks -- handed over the wagon load of medical supplies she had spent much of the past year gathering -- then did what she could to help scores of hideously wounded and dying men -- supplying lanterns for the surgeons from her wagon when the sun went down and the battle ended.

她默默地看着外科医生匆忙地用玉米皮包扎致命的伤口——交出了她在过去一年的大部分时间里收集的一车医疗物资——然后尽她所能帮助数十名惨重的伤员和垂死者——当太阳落山、战斗结束时，她从她的马车上为外科医生提供灯笼。

The casualties had been staggering.

伤亡惨重。

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): The dead were almost wholly unburied, and the stench arising from it was such as to breed a pestilence.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：死者几乎完全没有被埋葬，散发出的恶臭足以滋生瘟疫。

Stretched along, in one straight line, ready for interment -- at least a thousand blackened bloated corpses -- with blood and gas protruding from every orifice, and maggots holding high carnival over their heads.

沿着一条直线伸展，准备埋葬——至少有一千具发黑肿胀的尸体——每个孔口都喷出鲜血和气体，蛆虫在他们的头顶上高高地狂欢。

Narrator: Five days after the battle of Antietam hundreds of Confederate corpses still lay rotting on the field.

旁白：安提特姆战役五天后，数百具南方邦联尸体仍然躺在战场上腐烂。

Origen Bingham, of the 137th Pennsylvania, was assigned with his regiment to bury the neglected dead.

宾夕法尼亚第 137 团的奥利根·宾厄姆 (Origen Bingham) 受命与他的团埋葬被忽视的死者。

It was, he said, "the most disagreeable duty that could have been assigned to us.

他说，“这是本来可以分配给我们的最不愉快的任务。

Tongue cannot describe the horrible sight."

舌头无法形容那可怕的景象。”

To steel his troops to the hideous work, Bingham secured permission from the provost marshall's office to buy liquor for his men.

为了让他的部队坚强地从事这项可怕的工作，宾汉姆获得了教务长马歇尔办公室的许可，为他的部下购买酒。

One federal burial party found another way to make the work go faster, and simply threw 58 dead Confederate soldiers down a local farmer's well.

一个联邦葬礼团体找到了另一种加快工作进度的方法，只是将 58 名死去的南部邦联士兵扔进了当地农民的井里。

Mark S.

马克·S。

Schantz, Historian: Five days after Antietam, Lincoln is out with a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, and the war publicly begins to shift in its purpose.

历史学家尚茨：安提特姆战役发生五天后，林肯发表了一份初步的《解放奴隶宣言》，战争的目的开始公开转变。

And then we get The Dead of Antietam, the Brady exhibit, which begins to give a kind of palpable physical shape to those bodies -- who have sacrificed to free other bodies.

然后我们看到了布雷迪展览《安提坦之死》，它开始为那些为解放其他身体而牺牲的尸体赋予一种明显的物理形状。

So both of those things begin to get definition by the end of 1862 -- emancipation and how we're going to deal with death in the war.

因此，到 1862 年底，这两件事开始有了明确的定义——解放以及我们将如何应对战争中的死亡。

Narrator: Antietam had been far from a clear-cut Union victory.

旁白：安提特姆远未取得联邦的明确胜利。

But the Union forces had not given ground.

但联邦军队并没有屈服。

They had ended Lee's invasion of the North, at least for the time being -- and despite the enormous carnage, the bloody battle had given Abraham Lincoln the victory he needed -- and the additional military incentive -- to make public his intention to emancipate the slaves in states under rebellion, effective three months later.

他们至少暂时结束了李对北方的入侵——尽管发生了巨大的屠杀，血腥的战斗给亚伯拉罕·林肯带来了他所需要的胜利——以及额外的军事激励——以公开他解放叛乱各州奴隶的意图，三个月后生效。

On January 1st, 1863, the Proclamation went into effect.

1863年1月1日，该公告生效。

Almost immediately, tens of thousands of free blacks from the North and fugitive slaves from across the South rushed to join the Union army.

几乎立刻，数以万计的北方自由黑人和南方各地的逃亡奴隶纷纷涌入联邦军队。

Eager to fight, and if need be die in the cause of freedom and of saving a union now openly committed to emancipation, at least in part, the new black recruits would be paid less than their white counterparts -- routinely assigned the most menial and least desirable tasks -- including work on the horrific burial details -- and when finally allowed to fight, often given the most dangerous assignments.

渴望战斗，如果需要的话，为了自由和拯救现在公开致力于解放的工会而牺牲，至少部分地，新招募的黑人士兵的工资将低于他们的白人同行——通常被分配最卑微和最不理想的任务——包括处理可怕的埋葬细节——而当最终被允许战斗时，往往被赋予最危险的任务。

Of the 180,000 black Americans who would eventually serve in the Union army, one in five would perish.

最终在联邦军队服役的 18 万美国黑人中，有五分之一会死亡。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : African-American soldiers can't expect any quarter from Confederates.

德鲁·福斯特（Drew Faust），《苦难的共和国》作者：非洲裔美国士兵不能指望从南方联盟得到任何四分之一。

They've known this from their lives as slaves.

他们从作为奴隶的生活中就知道这一点。

They've known that if they rise up, that the reaction will be so extreme as to force them not to contemplate it again.

他们知道，如果他们站起来，反应将会非常极端，迫使他们不再考虑这一点。

Narrator: Unlike their white northern counterparts, black soldiers were routinely killed rather than being taken prisoners, and atrocities were common -- most notoriously at the battle of Fort Pillow in 1864 -- when nearly two-thirds of the approximately 300 black soldiers present were killed after having surrendered -- and their bodies thrown into the Mississippi River.

旁白：与北方白人士兵不同，黑人士兵经常被杀而不是被俘虏，而且暴行也很常见——最臭名昭著的是 1864 年的枕头堡战役——当时在场的约 300 名黑人士兵中有近三分之二在投降后被杀——他们的尸体被扔进密西西比河。

David W.

大卫·W.

Blight, Historian: Back at the front, men -- soldiers on the line, officers, civilians who followed the army, and eventually families who went looking for their dead loved ones -- see the carnage of war...the dismembering of bodies and the loss of bodies, the loss of identities altogether.

布莱特，历史学家：回到前线，人们——前线的士兵、军官、追随军队的平民，以及最终寻找死去亲人的家庭——看到了战争的大屠杀……尸体被肢解，尸体消失，身份完全丧失。

Could you even find Johnny if you went off to the front to find him?

如果你到前线去寻找约翰尼，你还能找到他吗？

Very often the answer was "no." And even if you did find him he might be in a mass grave -- could you get him reinterred?

答案常常是“不”。即使你找到了他，他也可能在万人坑里——你能让他重新被埋葬吗？

People were confronted now with not only the death of youth, the death of loved ones, but death in faraway places -- death without a story wrapped around it.

人们现在面临的不仅是青春的死亡、亲人的死亡，还有远方的死亡——没有故事的死亡。

Death without knowing how did this happen.

死亡也不知道这是怎么发生的。

Civil War Soldier's Father (Actor, audio): If I could have got to our child, and spoken loving and encouraging words to him, and held his dear hand in mine, and received his last breath, but it was not so to be...

内战士兵的父亲（演员，音频）：如果我能走到我们的孩子身边，对他说些充满爱意和鼓励的话，握住他亲爱的手，接受他的最后一口气，但事实并非如此……

J.

J。

David Hacker, Historian: Well, neither the Confederate States of America or the federal government really had a system of personnel records when the war began...

历史学家大卫·哈克：嗯，战争开始时，美利坚联盟国或联邦政府都没有真正的人事记录系统......

Statistics were collected, but the emphasis wasn't on the individual soldier.

收集了统计数据，但重点不是单个士兵。

And there was no systematic attempt to collect who died -- to notify survivors.

并且没有系统地尝试收集死亡人数并通知幸存者。

So people went missing; people went buried unidentified.

于是人们就失踪了；人们被埋葬身份不明。

The missing in action disappear, and never followed completely.

行动中的失踪消失了，并且从未完全跟随。

Narrator: Every great battle sent civilian populations on a mad quest for information.

旁白：每一次伟大的战斗都会让平民疯狂地寻求信息。

With no official responsibility on either side for notifying next of kin, newspapers north and south published long lists of the casualties after every major engagement, gleaned from official military reports.

由于双方都没有通知近亲的官方责任，南北报纸在每次重大交战后都会公布从官方军事报告中收集到的一长串伤亡人员名单。

Families and friends anxiously poured over them -- hoping against hope not to see a familiar name.

家人和朋友焦急地涌向他们——希望不要看到一个熟悉的名字。

Woman (Actor, audio): I do feel too anxious to see the papers and get the list of casualties from Co. K.

女（演员、音频）：我实在是太着急了，想看报纸，想得到K公司的伤亡名单。

And yet I dread to see it.

但我却害怕看到它。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : Then there was the problem of: Are you sure your loved one's dead?

德鲁·浮士德（Drew Faust），《苦难共和国》作者：然后出现了这样的问题：你确定你所爱的人死了吗？

Has he been correctly identified?

他的身份被正确识别了吗？

Because there were not formal processes, there were not dog tags, there were not adequate processes of notification -- those were informal, as well.

因为没有正式的流程，没有狗牌，没有足够的通知流程——这些也是非正式的。

Narrator: The casualty lists were frustratingly inaccurate and incomplete.

旁白：令人沮丧的是，伤亡名单不准确且不完整。

Sons or brothers listed as "slightly wounded" often turned out to be dead, husbands reported as "killed in action" later appeared unharmed.

被列为“轻伤”的儿子或兄弟往往已死亡，据报道“阵亡”的丈夫后来似乎安然无恙。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : People were so eager for signs about the deaths of their absent loved ones -- what they were denied by not having them at home.

德鲁·浮士德（Drew Faust），《苦难共和国》作者：人们如此渴望得到有关不在身边的亲人去世的迹象——但由于亲人不在家里，他们却无法得到这些信息。

When you were in New York State, and you were told that your son or husband had died in Virginia -- how could you be sure?

当您在纽约州时，您被告知您的儿子或丈夫在弗吉尼亚州去世 - 您如何确定？

You wanted that body home -- because you wanted to bury it -- because you wanted to see yourself and know yourself.

你想要那具尸体回家——因为你想埋葬它——因为你想看到你自己并了解你自己。

That meant that bodies had to be shipped.

这意味着必须运送尸体。

How do you ship bodies in the 19th century?

在 19 世纪如何运送尸体？

And how do you deal with the fact that bodies putrefy?

您如何处理尸体腐烂的事实？

So embalming becomes a very important force that it hadn't been in the years before the Civil War.

因此，防腐成为一种非常重要的力量，这是内战前几年所没有的。

And there are also other kinds of technologies, such as refrigerated transportation cases for bodies, that are devised and become much more common during this period.

还有其他类型的技术，例如尸体冷藏运输箱，在这一时期被设计出来并变得更加普遍。

Narrator: In the fall of 1862, the U.S. Sanitary Commission created a Hospital Directory to meet the growing demand for information about the wounded and the dead.

旁白：1862 年秋天，美国卫生委员会创建了医院名录，以满足对伤者和死者信息日益增长的需求。

They were soon inundated by inquiries from anxious families across the North, desperately seeking news.

很快，他们就被北方各地焦急的家庭的询问所淹没，急切地寻求消息。

Civil War Soldier's Mother (Actor, audio): Will you please to inform me at your earliest convenience, whether my son, Joseph H.

内战士兵的母亲（演员，音频）：请您尽早通知我，我的儿子 Joseph H.

Hampton, is alive or dead.

汉普顿，是生是死。

If alive and wounded please be so kind as to state what his wounds are and where he lies and if cared for.

如果还活着并且受伤，请说明他的伤口是什么、他躺在哪里以及是否得到照顾。

And if dead -- oh pray, let me know it and relieve my anxiety...

如果死了——哦，祈祷，让我知道这一点，减轻我的焦虑……

Civil War Soldier's Daughter (Actor, audio): It is now four weeks since we received a letter from my dear father, and heard that he was very sick, and we have not heard a word since...My mother is almost crazy...because she cannot hear from my dear father.

内战士兵的女儿（演员，音频）：自从我们收到我亲爱的父亲的来信，听说他病得很重，到现在已经四个星期了，从那以后我们就再也没有听到过任何消息……我的母亲几乎疯了……因为她听不到我亲爱的父亲的消息。

I wonder if any one there would please be so kind as to write a few lines back again -- whether my father is dead or alive.

我不知道是否有人能好心地再写几行——无论我的父亲是死是活。

If we cannot pay you, the Lord will.

如果我们不能付钱给你，主会的。

Narrator: Civilian volunteers like Katherine Wormeley, who worked for the U.S. Sanitary Commission, did everything they could to close the gap between dead and dying soldiers and their next of kin.

旁白：像凯瑟琳·沃姆利这样为美国卫生委员会工作的平民志愿者，竭尽全力缩小死亡和垂死士兵与其近亲之间的差距。

Katharine Wormeley (Actor, audio): So many nameless men come down to us, speechless and dying, that now we write the names and regiments of the bad cases and fasten them to their clothing, so that if they are speechless when they reach other hands, they may not die like dogs, and be buried in nameless graves, and remain forever missing to their friends.

凯瑟琳·沃姆利（演员，音频）：如此多的无名之人来到我们身边，无言以对，垂死挣扎，所以现在我们把坏人的名字和军团写下来，并把它们绑在他们的衣服上，这样，如果他们在到达别人手中时无言以对，他们就不会像狗一样死掉，被埋在无名的坟墓里，永远与他们的朋友失踪。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : About half of the 750,000 estimated dead...were never identified.

德鲁·浮士德 (Drew Faust)，《苦难共和国》作者：估计死亡人数为 750,000 人，其中大约有一半的身份从未被确认。

So that meant that...there were hundreds of thousands of Americans, North and South, who never had the certainty of seeing a body; of knowing the story of how their loved one died; of whether that person suffered; whether that person was conscious at the time of death; whether that person had a lingering spell in a hospital; whether that person has a grave.

所以这意味着……有数十万美国人，无论南北，他们从未确定见过尸体；了解亲人去世的故事；该人是否遭受痛苦；该人死亡时是否有意识；该人是否曾在医院逗留一段时间；该人是否有坟墓。

And so for some of them, at least, there was a sense that the loved one might walk in the door.

因此，至少对他们中的一些人来说，有一种感觉，所爱的人可能会走进门。

And they would write about it, knowing that was a kind of magical thinking -- that the person had, certainly, to be dead, if he hadn't been heard from for five years, a decade.

他们会写下这件事，因为他们知道这是一种神奇的想法——如果五年、十年没有他的消息，这个人肯定已经死了。

And, yet, there was an inability to really emotionally resolve that loss.

然而，我们无法在情感上真正解决这种损失。

Thomas Lynch, Poet and Undertaker: The notion that the dead are not only gone but disappeared: Gone we can take -- we have a religious context for that.

托马斯·林奇，诗人和殡仪员：死者不仅消失了，而且消失了：我们可以带走死者——我们有一个宗教背景。

But what we ask for is a sufficient remnant to say, "We consign; we choose the oblivion; we take them to the further shore and turn them back over to whomever's in charge here." And so, to me, the connection between the dead at Gettysburg...and the dead in tsunamis, and the dead at the World Trade Center -- is that we couldn't get their bodies back, to let them go at our own pace.

但我们所要求的是足够的残余来说：“我们委托；我们选择遗忘；我们把他们带到更远的海岸，然后把他们交还给这里的负责人。”因此，对我来说，葛底斯堡的死者……海啸中的死者以及世贸中心的死者之间的联系是，我们无法取回他们的尸体，让他们按照我们自己的节奏离开。

Into oblivions that we define and choose.

进入我们定义和选择的遗忘之中。

It's the only way we seem to be able to exact some comfort for us, do you know.

这似乎是我们能够为自己争取一些安慰的唯一方法，你知道吗？

Narrator: Even under the best of circumstances -- when the body was found and identified and brought home -- the death of a loved one was the beginning of a long and agonizing journey -- that for many Americans lasted a lifetime.

旁白：即使在最好的情况下——当尸体被发现、辨认并带回家时——亲人的去世也是一段漫长而痛苦的旅程的开始——对许多美国人来说，这将持续一生。

In March 1863, Dr. Henry Bowditch of Boston, Massachusetts received a terse telegram from a cousin serving in the Union army with his eldest son, Nathaniel.

1863 年 3 月，马萨诸塞州波士顿的亨利·鲍迪奇 (Henry Bowditch) 博士收到一封简短的电报，发自一位与长子纳撒尼尔 (Nathaniel) 一起在联邦军队服役的表弟。

The news struck him "like a dagger in my heart," he said.

他说，这个消息“就像一把匕首刺进了我的心”。

Cousin of Henry Bowditch (Actor, audio): Potomac Creek, March 18, 1863.

亨利·鲍迪奇的表弟（演员，音频）：波托马克溪，1863 年 3 月 18 日。

Nat shot in jaw.

纳特下巴中弹。

Wound in abdomen.

腹部受伤。

Dangerous.

危险的。

Come at once.

赶紧来吧。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : So Henry Bowditch got on a train to go to Washington telling himself that Nathaniel had been wounded.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：亨利·鲍迪奇登上前往华盛顿的火车，告诉自己纳撒尼尔受伤了。

And picking up, along the way, newspapers and other distractions that he thought an injured man might find amusing while he recovered.

一路上他还捡起报纸和其他分散注意力的东西，他认为受伤的人康复后可能会觉得有趣。

When Bowditch got off the train in Washington, he was met and told that Nathaniel had died.

当鲍迪奇在华盛顿下火车时，有人迎接他并告诉他纳撒尼尔已经去世。

And Henry said he was stunned.

亨利说他很震惊。

He had not dared to let himself think that would be what he would learn.

他不敢让自己认为这就是他要学到的东西。

Narrator: On receiving the news of his son's death, Bowditch said, he "fairly broke down." He was escorted by train and wagon to the camp of the First Massachusetts Cavalry, and taken to the tent where his son's body lay.

旁白：鲍迪奇说，收到儿子去世的消息后，他“崩溃了”。他被火车和马车护送到马萨诸塞州第一骑兵营，并被带到安放他儿子尸体的帐篷里。

Henry Bowditch (Actor, audio): I scarcely know what to think or do.

亨利·鲍迪奇（演员，音频）：我几乎不知道该想什么或做什么。

I seem almost stunned by the news.

我似乎被这个消息惊呆了。

My whole nature yearns to see and hear him once again.

我整个人都渴望再次见到他、听到他的声音。

God has been very kind to me all my life long, and I have an abiding faith that this blow is only a disguised blessing.

上帝对我一生都很仁慈，我坚信，这次打击只是一种变相的祝福。

Nevertheless, at times, I feel crushed.

尽管如此，有时我还是感到沮丧。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : He talks about not wanting to show emotion in front of others.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：他谈到不想在别人面前表现出情感。

And, yet, soon it's clear that he is out of control.

然而，很快我们就发现他已经失控了。

He cannot control this grief, and the depth of it just overwhelms him.

他无法控制这种悲伤，这种悲伤的深度让他不知所措。

He finds himself bursting into tears; he thinks he's been made like a woman or a child, in some ways, as he confronts this welter of emotion.

他发现自己泪流满面；当他面对这种混乱的情感时，他认为在某些方面他已经像一个女人或一个孩子了。

Narrator: Desperate to find some way to keep his dead son's memory alive -- and some tangible means of perpetuating his presence -- he had Nathaniel's body embalmed and brought home to Massachusetts, and buried him beneath an exact stone likeness of his saber in Mount Auburn Cemetery.

旁白：他迫切地想找到一些方法来保存他死去儿子的记忆，以及一些有形的方法来延续他的存在，他对纳撒尼尔的尸体进行了防腐处理，并将其带回马萨诸塞州的家中，并将他埋在奥本山公墓的一尊与他的军刀一模一样的石头下。

But he felt the need to do more.

但他觉得需要做更多的事情。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : Nathaniel died on the battlefield in a way that Henry Bowditch believed was not necessary if an adequate ambulance service had existed.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：亨利·鲍迪奇认为，如果存在足够的救护车服务，纳撒尼尔就没有必要以这种方式死在战场上。

And so Henry Bowditch begins to become an avid writer and advocate for an ambulance service in the Union Army.

于是亨利·鲍迪奇开始成为一名狂热的作家，并倡导联邦军队提供救护车服务。

Narrator: Hoping his status as a grieving parent would lend weight to his arguments, Bowditch published, "A Brief Plea for an Ambulance System for the Army of the United States." In it, he argued that the government had a wider obligation to the soldiers it asked to fight and die in its name.

旁白：鲍迪奇希望他作为悲伤的父母的身份能够增强他的论点，因此发表了《美国陆军救护车系统的简短请求》。在其中，他认为政府对其要求以政府名义战斗和牺牲的士兵负有更广泛的义务。

Henry Bowditch (Actor, audio): If any government under Heaven ought to be paternal, the United States authority, deriving, as it does, all its powers from the people, should surely be such, and should dispense that power, in full streams of benignant mercy, upon its soldiers.

亨利·鲍迪奇（演员，音频）：如果天下任何一个政府都应该是慈父般的政府，那么美国当局就应该如此，因为它的所有权力都来自于人民，而且应该将这种权力以充满仁慈的怜悯的方式分配给它的士兵。

Slate: July 1 - 3, 1863, Gettysburg, 51,000 casualties.

详细记录：1863 年 7 月 1 日至 3 日，葛底斯堡，伤亡 51,000 人。

7,786 dead.

7,786 人死亡。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : Well, Gettysburg -- it's in the North, so it brings the North into the war in a way that it hadn't been.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：嗯，葛底斯堡——它位于北方，所以它以一种前所未有的方式将北方带入战争。

Many people in the North could escape the direct effects of the war in a way not much of the South was able to do...So, in a sense, Gettysburg makes it a national war, in its impact on civilian societies...It's the scale of that battle also.

许多北方人可以逃避战争的直接影响，而南方人却无法做到这一点……所以，从某种意义上说，葛底斯堡使它成为一场全国性的战争，因为它对平民社会的影响……这也是这场战斗的规模。

Seven thousand dead.

七千人死亡。

Twenty-two thousand wounded -- being cared for in a town that had about what?

两万二千名伤员在一个小镇里接受治疗，那里有什么？

Twenty-two hundred inhabitants.

两千二百名居民。

How could they take care of these dead and wounded?

他们如何照顾这些死伤者？

Narrator: As Robert E.

旁白：正如罗伯特·E.

Lee and the badly battered Army of Northern Virginia retreated southward from Pennsylvania, ending the second and final Confederate invasion of the North, 7,000 slain men and 3,000 dead horses lay strewn across the field in the summer heat.

李和遭受重创的北弗吉尼亚军团从宾夕法尼亚州向南撤退，结束了南方邦联对北方的第二次也是最后一次入侵，7,000 名阵亡人员和 3,000 匹死马在夏日的炎热中散落在战场上。

In three days, Union and Confederate forces had suffered almost as many casualties as in all previous American wars combined.

三天之内，联邦和南方军队遭受的伤亡几乎相当于美国历次战争的伤亡总​​和。

Once again, the work of burying thousands upon thousands of dead fell to the Union forces who held the devastated battleground -- and to the stunned citizens of Gettysburg itself, who were implored to help the beleaguered Union soldiers overwhelmed by the magnitude of the task before them.

埋葬成千上万死者的工作再一次落到了守卫被毁的战场的联邦军队的肩上，以及震惊的葛底斯堡公民的肩上，他们恳求他们帮助陷入困境的联邦士兵，这些士兵被面前的任务的艰巨性压垮了。

The mass burials proceeded in the summer heat.

集体埋葬活动是在炎热的夏季进行的。

Confederates were buried in trenches containing 150 or more men; the decomposing bodies often hurled rather than laid to rest.

同盟军被埋在容纳 150 名或更多人员的战壕中；腐烂的尸体常常被扔掉而不是安息。

Sometimes the rotting bodies ruptured, compelling burial parties to work elsewhere until the stench had dissipated.

有时，腐烂的尸体会破裂，迫使埋葬人员到其他地方工作，直到恶臭消散。

Two soldiers from Maine received permission to return to the torn and shattered field, and search for any sign of a close friend they had last seen on the third day of battle.

来自缅因州的两名士兵获准返回破碎的战场，寻找他们在战斗第三天最后一次见到的亲密朋友的踪迹。

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): We found him face down, and with many others; the flesh eaten (in that hot climate) by maggots; but not so bad but that we could recognize him.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：我们发现他面朝下，还有许多其他人； （在炎热的气候下）被蛆虫吃掉的肉；但还不错，我们还能认出他。

When we went to bury him, all we could find to dig a grave was an old hoe in a small building.

当我们去埋葬他的时候，我们只能在一栋小楼里找到一把旧锄头来挖坟。

The bottom of the grave was covered with empty knapsacks; we laid in our beloved brother and covered him with another knapsack, and over all put as much earth as we could find.

坟墓的底部铺满了空背包；我们把我们心爱的兄弟放在里面，并用另一个背包盖住他，并在上面铺上我们能找到的尽可能多的泥土。

We found a piece of hard wood box cover and cut his name on it with a jackknife and nailed it to the tree at the head of his grave.

我们找到了一块硬木盒盖，用折刀在上面刻下了他的名字，然后把它钉在了他坟头的树上。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : And you read that the battle in July -- and people were still putting peppermint oil on their faces when frost comes in the fall -- because the stench of the dead bodies is still in the air.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：你读过七月的战斗——当秋天霜降时，人们仍在脸上涂薄荷油——因为空气中仍然弥漫着尸体的恶臭。

So months after the battle that miasma of death, and loss and decay is hanging over that town.

战争结束几个月后，死亡、损失和腐烂的瘴气笼罩着这座城镇。

How could people live through that and not be transformed?

人们怎么能经历这样的事情而不被改变呢？

Narrator: Something new in the American experience would now begin to arise from the fields of Gettysburg -- as in the days, weeks and months following the battle the tiny Pennsylvania town now became the setting for one of the greatest collective efforts to honor the dead in the history of the republic.

旁白：美国经历中的一些新东西现在将开始从葛底斯堡的战场上出现——在战斗结束后的几天、几周和几个月里，这个宾夕法尼亚小镇现在成为了共和国历史上为纪念死者而进行的最伟大的集体努力之一的场所。

Though no formal policy or appropriation for burying the dead would emerge during the war itself, the year before, Congress had passed measures giving the president and the War Department the power to purchase land near battlefields -- as circumstance and public health concerns dictated -- often adjacent to the overflowing military hospitals.

尽管在战争期间没有制定埋葬死者的正式政策或拨款，但前一年，国会通过了措施，赋予总统和陆军部权力在战场附近购买土地（视情况和公共卫生问题而定），这些土地通常毗邻人满为患的军事医院。

But the burial ground that now began to take shape south of Gettysburg -- one of five federal military cemeteries created during the war for the dead of a particular battle would go far beyond the practical needs of disposing of dead bodies.

但现在葛底斯堡以南开始形成的墓地——战争期间为某场特定战役的阵亡者建立的五个联邦军事公墓之一——将远远超出处理尸体的实际需要。

Not long after the battle -- with financial help from every state in the Union that had lost men in the engagement -- a local lawyer named David Wills oversaw the purchase of 17 acres in the town -- which were soon taken over by the federal government.

战斗结束后不久，在联邦各州在战斗中阵亡的财政援助下，一位名叫戴维·威尔斯 (David Wills) 的当地律师负责监督购买镇上 17 英亩的土地，这些土地很快就被联邦政府接管。

In October, contracts were let for the reburial of Union soldiers on the new ground, at the rate of $1.59 for each body.

10 月，签订了在新场地重新埋葬联邦士兵的合同，每具尸体的价格为 1.59 美元。

One month later, in November 1863, a host of dignitaries from Boston, Philadelphia and Washington, including President Lincoln himself, journeyed to Gettysburg -- to dedicate the new Soldiers' National Cemetery there.

一个月后，即 1863 年 11 月，来自波士顿、费城和华盛顿的一批政要，包括林肯总统本人，前往葛底斯堡，在那里为新的士兵国家公墓举行落成仪式。

Lincoln's brief but soaring remarks -- like the new burial ground itself -- with its rows of identical graves radiating symmetrically, and democratically, around the cemetery's central focus -- marked a seismic shift in governmental attitude and policy towards the dead -- one that said that the dead were no longer simply the responsibility of their families -- that they, and their loss, and their meaning, belonged to the nation.

林肯简短而尖锐的言论——就像新墓地本身一样——一排排相同的坟墓围绕墓地的中心焦点对称、民主地辐射——标志着政府对死者的态度和政策发生了巨大的转变——这表明死者不再仅仅是他们家人的责任——他们以及他们的损失和意义都属于国家。

David W.

大卫·W.

Blight, Historian: The Gettysburg Address is a statement about finding the redemption in the dead.

布莱特，历史学家：葛底斯堡演说是关于在死者中寻找救赎的声明。

But we need to remember that in that cemetery that day half those coffins weren't even buried yet, the graves were still open...This was a place of death, mass death where Lincoln is trying to craft this statement of -- "So, what does it mean?" It is a kind of elegiac statement that if this war has purpose, if all these dead have died for something meaningful, then it means we are going to redefine this country.

但我们需要记住，那天在那个墓地里，一半的棺材甚至还没有被埋葬，坟墓还开着……这是一个死亡的地方，大规模的死亡，林肯试图在这里发表这样的声明——“那么，这意味着什么？”这是一种挽歌，如果这场战争有目的，如果所有死者都为有意义的事情而死，那么这意味着我们将重新定义这个国家。

In effect the Gettysburg Address is saying, "The first American republic just died here.

事实上，葛底斯堡演说是在说：“第一个美利坚共和国就在这里消亡了。

It's being buried in those graves.

它被埋在那些坟墓里。

We together now have to rebuild it.

我们现在必须共同重建它。

We have to remake it.

我们必须重新制作它。

We have to win this war first and then remake it."

我们必须首先赢得这场战争，然后再重建它。”

President Abraham Lincoln (Actor, audio): Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

亚伯拉罕·林肯总统（演员，音频）：四零七年前，我们的父辈在这片大陆上建立了一个新国家，这个国家孕育于自由之中，并致力于人人生而平等的主张。

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.

现在我们正在进行一场伟大的内战，考验着这个国家，或者任何一个如此孕育和奉献的国家是否能够长久存在。

We are met on a great battlefield of that war.

我们在那场战争的伟大战场上相遇。

We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.

我们来到这里是为了奉献那片土地的一部分，作为那些为这个国家的生存而献出生命的人们的最后安息之地。

It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

我们这样做是完全恰当和正确的。

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate -- we cannot consecrate -- we cannot hallow -- this ground.

但是，从更广泛的意义上来说，我们不能奉献——我们不能圣化——我们不能圣化——这片土地。

The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.

曾经在这里奋斗过的勇敢的人们，无论是生者还是死者，都将它神圣化了，这远远超出了我们微薄的力量所能增加或减少的范围。

The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.

世界不会注意到，也不会长久记住我们在这里所说的话，但它永远不会忘记他们在这里所做的事情。

It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work, which they who fought here have thus far so nobly, advanced.

相反，我们活着的人应该在这里献身于尚未完成的工作，迄今为止，在这里战斗的人们已经高尚地推进了这项工作。

It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

相反，我们应该在这里致力于摆在我们面前的伟大任务——从这些光荣的死者身上，我们更加热爱他们为之奉献最后全部奉献的事业——我们在这里下定决心，不让死者白白牺牲——这个国家在上帝的领导下将获得自由的新生——民有、民治、民享的政府将不会从地球上消失。

Vincent Brown, Historian: If you imagine that there's a continuing relationship between the living and the dead -- that even though we're doing the acting, the dead continue to be in our thoughts -- and there's almost a kind of dialogue between the living and the dead that continues.

文森特·布朗，历史学家：如果你想象生者和死者之间存在着一种持续的关系——即使我们在表演，死者仍然在我们的脑海中——而且生者和死者之间几乎存在一种持续的对话。

In some sense, that dialogue requires that we make them speak.

从某种意义上说，这种对话需要我们让他们说话。

We make them mean something; we make them carry forward; we make them enter conversations that they had no part of; we make them do political work that they didn't do, or couldn't do, themselves.

我们让它们变得有意义；我们让他们发扬光大；我们让他们进入他们没有参与过的对话；我们让他们做他们自己没有做或不能做的政治工作。

And I think that's one of the things that's going on in the Gettysburg Address, is the dead are being harnessed, right?

我认为这就是葛底斯堡演说中发生的事情之一，死者正在被利用，对吧？

They're being conscripted to a national political project that's going to carry forward in some other way.

他们被征召参与一项国家政治项目，该项目将以其他方式推进。

Mark S.

马克·S。

Schantz, Historian: What the war does is take notions of immortality that had been previously located in heaven -- in some afterworld -- you know, you'll be reconstituted -- and shift that sort of eternal frame to the state.

尚茨，历史学家：战争所做的是采取以前位于天堂的不朽概念 - 在某个来世 - 你知道，你将被重组 - 并将这种永恒的框架转移到国家。

And that your eternity, your lasting contribution, will be to the body politic -- and to the nation now that this new birth of freedom in America is based on the sacrifice -- and, literally, the martyrdom -- of Union troops; of American troops.

你们的永恒，你们持久的贡献，将是对国家和国家的，因为美国自由的新生是建立在联邦军队的牺牲和殉难的基础上的；美国军队。

That those deaths are redemptive.

这些死亡是救赎性的。

And they serve a theological purpose, but now they serve a political and civic end, too.

它们服务于神学目的，但现在它们也服务于政治和公民目的。

They are literally rebuilding -- remaking -- reconstituting -- the American civic order.

他们实际上是在重建——重建——重组——美国的公民秩序。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : The words of the Gettysburg Address defined the nation as the product of these deaths.

德鲁·福斯特，《苦难共和国》作者：葛底斯堡演说中的文字将国家定义为这些死亡的产物。

When we think about what the Civil War means to us, it's in no small part because of that linking, explicitly by Lincoln, of our national identity with those who gave their lives.

当我们思考内战对我们意味着什么时，这在很大程度上是因为林肯明确地将我们的国家认同与那些献出生命的人们联系在一起。

From these honored dead.

来自这些光荣的死者。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : The arithmetic of war is set up by what happens at Gettysburg.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：战争的算术是根据葛底斯堡发生的事情建立的。

Once the Confederate army had been weakened the way it was after Gettysburg, that sets the stage for the very bloody battles of the spring of 1864 -- for the Wilderness and beyond, and the kinds of losses that Grant knew he could afford to take because the Confederate army had been so wounded.

一旦南部邦联军队像葛底斯堡战役后那样被削弱，这就为 1864 年春天在荒野及其他地区进行的血腥战斗埋下了伏笔，格兰特知道他可以承受这种损失，因为南部邦联军队已经受了重伤。

And so the work of death was the work of the nation in the spring of 1864.

因此，死亡是 1864 年春天全国的工作。

Sixty-five thousand men over a period of six weeks or so.

在大约六周的时间里，有六万五千人。

Narrator: In the spring of 1864 -- thanks in large part to Henry Bowditch's tireless efforts -- the United States government finally established an ambulance system to coordinate the orderly evacuation and treatment of the casualties from the battlefield -- just in time to receive the massive tide of dead and wounded men that now began to flood off the battlefields of Virginia -- as what would prove to be the bloodiest year of the war got under way.

旁白：1864年春天——在很大程度上要归功于亨利·鲍迪奇的不懈努力——美国政府终于建立了一个救护车系统来协调战场上伤员的有序疏散和治疗——正好及时接收了现在开始从弗吉尼亚战场涌出的大量死伤者——事实证明，战争最血腥的一年已经开始。

David W.

大卫·W.

Blight, Historian: Nearly half the casualties of the Civil War were still yet to come after 1863 -- easy to forget that.

布莱特，历史学家： 1863 年之后，内战造成的伤亡有近一半尚未到来——这一点很容易被忘记。

What 1864 brought was a period of many, many months when the sheer scale of the carnage was bringing casualties on a scale now that all across the North caused a kind of war weariness -- a kind of questioning of purpose -- that risked everything.

1864 年带来的是一个持续了好几个月的时期，大规模的屠杀造成了如此大规模的伤亡，现在整个北方都引发了一种厌战情绪——一种对目的的质疑——冒着一切风险。

So it's still possible that this scale of death and suffering could itself have been the tipping point -- of victory or defeat in this war.

因此，这种规模的死亡和痛苦本身仍然有可能是这场战争胜利或失败的转折点。

Because the South, the Confederacy, doesn't have to conquer the North -- they just have to fight long enough to survive and make the North quit.

因为南方邦联不需要征服北方——他们只需要战斗足够长的时间就能生存下来并让北方退出。

The scale of death and destruction in 1864 nearly overwhelmed that sense of purpose we heard from Lincoln at Gettysburg.

1864 年的死亡和破坏规模几乎压倒了我们在葛底斯堡从林肯那里听到的使命感。

And of course everything was at stake -- including emancipation at that point.

当然，一切都岌岌可危——包括当时的解放。

But once it became clear that Confederate defeat was now likely -- and that becomes clear by September because of the fall of Atlanta and because of Sheridan's success in the Shenandoah Valley -- into September of '64, there's an awareness across the North that -- despite the scale of all this horror and loss -- that there's now some kind of end in sight.

但是，一旦人们清楚南部邦联现在可能会失败——到了9月，由于亚特兰大的陷落和谢里登在谢南多厄河谷的成功，这一点变得很明显——进入64年9月，整个北方都意识到——尽管所有这些恐怖和损失的规模很大——现在某种结局已经在望。

Slate: April 9, 1865, Robert E.

石板：1865 年 4 月 9 日，Robert E.

Lee surrenders to Ulysses S.

李向尤利西斯·S投降。

Grant.

格兰特.

April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln assassinated.

1865 年 4 月 14 日，亚伯拉罕·林肯遇刺身亡。

April 26, 1865, Final Confederate forces surrender.

1865 年 4 月 26 日，南部邦联军队最终投降。

Woman (Actor, audio): Our country was dark with sorrowing women.

女人（演员，音频）：我们的国家充满了悲伤的妇女。

The regiments came home, but the mourners went about the streets -- where the drawn faces of bereaved wife, mother, sister, and widowed girl showed piteously everywhere.

部队回家了，哀悼者却走上街头——到处都是失去亲人的妻子、母亲、妹妹和寡妇的憔悴面孔，表情可怜兮兮。

The helpless, outnumbering, unconsulted women; they whom war trampled down, without a choice or protest; the patient, limited, domestic women, who thought little, but loved much, and loving, had lost all.

那些无助、人数众多、未经咨询的妇女；他们被战争践踏，没有选择，也没有抗议；那些有耐心、有限的家庭妇女，她们想得很少，但爱得很多，而且充满爱心，却失去了一切。

David W.

大卫·W.

Blight, Historian: The South we have to acknowledge is a society of ruin.

布莱特，历史学家：我们必须承认南方是一个毁灭的社会。

The destruction of the Southern economy in 1865 and 1866 is unlike anything any Americans ever experienced at any other time, at least on our home soil.

1865 年和 1866 年南方经济遭受的破坏不同于任何美国人在其他时期经历过的任何事情，至少在我们的祖国是这样。

The writers from Northern newspapers and magazines who went South after the war end up observing open coffins laying all over the place at cemeteries.

战后前往南方的北方报纸和杂志的作家们最终看到墓地里到处都是打开的棺材。

They end up seeing old men and former slaves going around collecting bones because they could get a dollar for so many pounds of bones off battlefields.

他们最终看到老人和前奴隶四处收集骨头，因为他们可以从战场上购买这么多磅的骨头来获得一美元。

Those are the bones of men who died -- without a name, a place, they were never sent back to their families.

这些是死者的骸骨——没有名字，没有地点，他们从未被送回家人身边。

This is what people would see if they went to those battlefields in 1865 and 1866 -- and for that matter for -- for many years afterward.

如果人们前往 1865 年和 1866 年的战场，并且在之后的许多年里，他们会看到这样的景象。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : It's not really until the war is over that the dead are attended to.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：直到战争结束，死者才真正得到照顾。

Only when the military exigencies are finished can people really turn their attention to the dead.

只有当军情告急结束后，人们才能真正把目光转向死者。

Narrator: At the end of the war -- despite federal efforts at Gettysburg and elsewhere -- no official policy north or south existed for locating, identifying, re-burying and honoring the hundreds of thousands of men who had died in the four year conflict, or for comforting the even vaster army of widows and orphans left in its wake.

旁白：战争结束时，尽管联邦在葛底斯堡和其他地方做出了努力，但南北双方都没有官方政策来定位、辨认、重新埋葬和纪念在四年的冲突中死去的数十万士兵，或者安慰在战争中留下的更庞大的寡妇和孤儿大军。

Tens of thousands of soldiers lay unburied, their bones littering battlefields across the South.

数以万计的士兵未被埋葬，他们的尸骨散落在南方各地的战场上。

Still more had been hastily interred where they fell, far from family and home.

还有更多的人被匆忙埋葬在他们倒下的地方，远离家人和家园。

Hundreds of thousands remained unidentified, their losses unaccounted for.

数十万人的身份仍然不明，他们的损失下落不明。

Something had to be done.

必须做点什么。

In the spring of 1865, Clara Barton -- who had done everything she could to help wounded and dying soldiers and their families during the war -- established the Missing Soldiers Office in Washington, D.C. -- to serve as a clearing house for tens of thousands of families desperate to track down information of any kind about their missing family member.

1865 年春天，克拉拉·巴顿 (Clara Barton) 在战争期间竭尽全力帮助受伤和垂死的士兵及其家人，她在华盛顿特区建立了失踪士兵办公室，为数以万计急于追查失踪家庭成员信息的家庭提供信息交换所。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : She started gathering and publishing lists of the names of the missing -- urging individuals to respond if they had any information about the fate of those people.

德鲁·福斯特（Drew Faust），《苦难共和国》的作者：她开始收集和发布失踪人员名单，敦促人们如果有关于这些人命运的任何信息，请做出回应。

And in the course of the next few years she provided information about some 22,000 soldiers who, otherwise, would have remained completely unknown.

在接下来的几年里，她提供了大约 22,000 名士兵的信息，否则这些士兵将完全不为人所知。

Narrator: Clara Barton herself helped lead an expedition to Georgia in July 1865 -- responding to information smuggled north by a former prisoner at the notorious Confederate prison at Andersonville.

旁白：克拉拉·巴顿本人于 1865 年 7 月帮助领导了一次前往佐治亚州的探险队，以回应臭名昭著的安德森维尔南部邦联监狱的一名前囚犯向北偷运的信息。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : Dorence Atwater had been imprisoned in Andersonville for much of the war.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：多伦斯·阿特沃特在战争的大部分时间里都被监禁在安德森维尔。

And his assignment in the camp had been to keep a record of those who were buried.

他在营地的任务是保存被埋葬者的记录。

But he had also kept a secret list of his own -- so that not only could a list of the dead be comprised, but also their graves could be identified and their bodies identified, as well.

但他也保留了一份自己的秘密名单——这样不仅可以列出死者名单，还可以识别他们的坟墓和尸体。

And so based on that list some 13,600 graves were established and 12,900 of them were identified.

根据这份名单，大约建立了 13,600 个坟墓，其中 12,900 个坟墓已被识别。

Narrator: The reburial effort at Andersonville was a triumph.

旁白：安德森维尔的重新埋葬工作取得了胜利。

But the challenges it posed dwindled in comparison to those of locating, identifying and assuring proper burial for hundreds of thousands of dead soldiers scattered across a theater of war that stretched for a thousand miles.

但与寻找、识别和确保妥善埋葬分散在绵延一千英里战区的数十万阵亡士兵相比，它所带来的挑战就小了一些。

In October 1865, Clara Barton pleaded the case for formal, coordinated governmental action and accounting of the dead.

1865 年 10 月，克拉拉·巴顿请求政府采取正式、协调的行动并查明死者身份。

Clara Barton (Actor, audio): The true patriot willingly loses his life for his country -- these poor men have lost not only their lives, but the very record of their death.

克拉拉·巴顿（演员，音频）：真正的爱国者愿意为自己的国家献出生命——这些可怜的人不仅失去了自己的生命，还失去了他们死亡的记录。

Common humanity would plead that an effort be made to restore their identity.

普通人性会请求努力恢复他们的身份。

The wife released her husband -- and the mother sent forth her son -- and they were nobly given to their country for its necessities.

妻子释放了她的丈夫，母亲送出了她的儿子，他们被高贵地奉献给了国家，以满足国家的需要。

But never has wife or mother agreed that for the destruction of her treasures no account should be rendered her.

但妻子或母亲从来没有同意，她的财宝被毁，不应该向她负责。

I hold these men in the light of Government property -- unaccounted for.

我根据政府财产扣留这些人——下落不明。

Narrator: The accounting that would soon begin would transform forever the nature of American government.

旁白：即将开始的会计将永远改变美国政府的性质。

In the fall of 1865, Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs issued a new general order.

1865 年秋，军需将军蒙哥马利·梅格斯发布了一项新的总令。

It called on officers to provide an exhaustive survey of all the graves and battle cemeteries containing Union soldiers -- including a judgment as to whether bodies should be left in place or reinterred -- prompted in part by official fears of rising southern animus against the federal military occupation of the South.

它呼吁官员对所有埋有联邦士兵的坟墓和战斗公墓进行详尽调查，包括判断尸体是否应该留在原地还是重新埋葬，部分原因是官方担心南方对联邦军事占领南方的敌意日益增强。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : Meigs, who had lost a son in the war, began to worry that not only was there a problem that there were a lot of soldiers whose graves had not been found but that there was an urgency to this -- because the increasingly virulent post-Confederate sentiment might lead to the destruction of some of these graves.

德鲁·福斯特，《苦难共和国》的作者：梅格斯在战争中失去了一个儿子，他开始担心不仅存在大量士兵的坟墓尚未找到的问题，而且存在紧迫性，因为后南部邦联情绪日益恶毒可能会导致其中一些坟墓被毁。

Narrator: Dispatching Captain James Moore to survey cemeteries in the East and Chaplain William Earnshaw in the West, Meigs assigned a 53-year-old chief quartermaster named Edmund Burke Whitman "to locate the graves of Union soldiers" scattered across a wide area of Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Mississippi and Alabama.

旁白：梅格斯派遣詹姆斯·摩尔上尉前往东部勘察墓地，牧师威廉·恩肖前往西部勘察墓地，并指派一位名叫埃德蒙·伯克·惠特曼的 53 岁首席军需官“寻找联邦士兵的坟墓”，这些坟墓分布在肯塔基州、田纳西州、佐治亚州、密西西比州和阿拉巴马州的广大地区。

Able, diligent, and compassionate -- a former schoolteacher, and longtime abolitionist -- Whitman threw himself into the assignment with extraordinary conviction and determination.

惠特曼能干、勤奋、富有同情心，曾经是一名教师，也是长期的废奴主义者，他以非凡的信念和决心全身心投入到这项任务中。

Convinced, he wrote, that "a knowledge and a record of every grave" must be "in the possession of some living person" -- he composed and distributed a remarkable circular -- seeking information from witnesses who could help him locate and identify the dead.

他写道，他确信“每个坟墓的知识和记录”一定是“某个活着的人所拥有的”——他撰写并分发了一份引人注目的通告——从目击者那里寻求信息，以帮助他找到和识别死者。

The response was overwhelming.

反响热烈。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : He was inundated with letters: from veterans who'd returned to their homes in in the North -- from families who had received letters from loved ones describing cemeteries -- from Sanitary Commission officers who had spent idle time in the aftermath of a battle perhaps.

德鲁·福斯特，《苦难共和国》的作者：他收到了大量的信件：来自那些回到北方家乡的退伍军人的信；来自那些收到亲人描述墓地的来信的家庭的信；来自可能在战斗结束后度过闲暇时光的卫生委员会官员的信。

There had been thousands of record-keepers, who without knowing why they were keeping the records, or who would ever be the recipient of this information -- had collected information on these bodies during the war, and on these men.

有成千上万的记录保存者，他们在不知道为什么要保存记录的情况下，也不知道谁会成为这些信息的接收者，在战争期间收集了有关这些尸体和这些人的信息。

A lot of it very specific, so that Edmund Whitman could follow quite explicit directions: "Four miles out of Vicksburg, in the apple orchard, under the fourth tree, in the third row lies my brother -- as his comrade told me when he was shot."

其中很多内容都非常具体，因此埃德蒙·惠特曼可以遵循相当明确的指示：“距离维克斯堡四英里，在苹果园里，第三排第四棵树下躺着我的兄弟——正如他的战友在他被枪杀时告诉我的那样。”

Edmund Whitman (Actor, audio): On the left side of the Railroad going towards Atlanta about a mile off along a small creek near the Breast-works of the rebels by a big tree lies Isaac Weightman of the 29th Pennsylvania.

埃德蒙·惠特曼（演员，音频）：宾夕法尼亚州第 29 团的艾萨克·威特曼 (Isaac Weightman) 就位于叛军胸前工地附近的一条小溪旁，在通往亚特兰大的铁路左侧约一英里处，旁边有一棵大树。

The grave is marked by a piece of cracker box marked with a lead pencil.

坟墓上有一块用铅笔标记的饼干盒。

His body was buried in only his trousers.

他的尸体只埋在裤子里。

Any information will be a great solace to his mother who has given three sons and three sons-in-law to the armies of our country.

任何信息都将是对他母亲的极大安慰，她为我国军队提供了三个儿子和三个女婿。

Narrator: Determined to find and identify as many of the bodies that littered the south as humanly possible, Whitman and his small team of clerks and soldiers set out on clear, cold windy day in March 1866.

旁白：1866 年 3 月，天气晴朗、寒风凛冽，惠特曼和他的小队职员和士兵决心尽可能多地寻找和辨认散布在南方的尸体。

His team worked its way south across the scarred and torn battlefields of Tennessee.

他的队伍一路向南，穿过田纳西州伤痕累累、撕裂的战场。

At Shiloh, they found human bones scattered in "large quantities," he said -- and foraging hogs that the locals refused to eat because they had been living off the dead.

他说，在夏洛，他们发现了“大量”散落的人骨，并在寻找当地人拒绝吃的生猪，因为他们一直靠死人为生。

They discovered 1,874 Union bodies -- succeeded in identifying 620 of them -- and moved on.

他们发现了 1,874 具联邦尸体——成功辨认出其中 620 具——然后继续前进。

Farther south, the Union dead seemed to be in even more distressing circumstances.

再往南，联邦阵亡者的处境似乎更加悲惨。

Between Natchez and Vicksburg, they found "immense numbers" of bodies, he wrote -- Whitman estimated as many as 40,000 -- buried in river embankments, in woods, in cane brakes, some never buried at all.

他写道，在纳奇兹和维克斯堡之间，他们发现了“大量”尸体——惠特曼估计有 40,000 具尸体——埋在河堤、树林里、甘蔗丛中，有些根本没有埋葬过。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : They weren't just on a battlefield -- they weren't in a cemetery.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：他们不只是在战场上——他们也不在墓地里。

They were in every byway and lane and along every road where the armies marched, and in backyards of houses where, perhaps, they'd been cared for.

他们出现在军队行进的每条小巷、每条道路上，以及也许他们受到照顾的房屋后院。

When he came to a battlefield he would set his assistants out like a skirmish line, to just walk the entire acreage of where fighting had taken place.

当他来到战场时，他会让助手们像前线一样，在整个战斗区域走遍。

Narrator: Whitman's journey, he said, produced "a daily deepening in my own mind," of the importance of the federal obligation to the dead -- as he witnessed the "total neglect" or "wanton desecration" of Union graves -- by a southern population whose "hatred of the dead," he wrote, seems even to exceed their earlier "abhorrence of the living." Union corpses were routinely discovered thrown naked and face down in pits.

旁白：他说，惠特曼的旅程“在我心中日益加深”，联邦对死者的义务的重要性——因为他亲眼目睹了南方人民对联邦坟墓的“完全忽视”或“肆意亵渎”，他写道，他们“对死者的仇恨”似乎甚至超过了他们早些时候“对生者的憎恶”。人们经常发现联盟尸体赤身裸体、面朝下扔进坑里。

One body was found lying left to rot with a pitchfork still impaled in its back.

人们发现一具尸体躺在地上腐烂，背后还插着一根干草叉。

Frequently rebuffed in his search for information by hostile Southern whites, he turned increasingly to black southerners for help.

他在寻找信息时经常遭到敌对的南方白人的拒绝，因此他越来越多地向南方黑人寻求帮助。

"Most all the information gained," he reported, "was from negroes, who as I was told....

“获得的大部分信息，”他报告说，“都是从黑人那里获得的，据我所知……

pay more attention to such matters than the white people."

比白人更关注这些事情。”

Behind the African Colored Church near Bowling Green, Kentucky, Whitman and his team found 1,134 well-tended graves -- sheltering both black and white Union soldiers.

在肯塔基州鲍灵格林附近的非洲有色人种教堂后面，惠特曼和他的团队发现了 1,134 个精心照料的坟墓，里面埋葬着黑人和白人联邦士兵。

The black carpenter who helped lead them to the site had made coffins and helped to bury many of the Union dead himself.

帮助他们到达现场的黑人木匠制作了棺材，并亲自帮助埋葬了许多联邦阵亡者。

If it was freemen and individual black civilians who proved critical to Whitman's efforts to locate corpses and graves, it was almost invariably units of the U.S. Colored Troops who were assigned the hard and disagreeable work of burial and reburial, and of locating and identifying the graves described in the thousands of letters he had received.

如果说自由民和个别黑人平民对惠特曼寻找尸体和坟墓的努力至关重要，那么几乎无一例外的是美国有色人种部队被指派承担埋葬和重新埋葬的艰苦而令人不快的工作，以及定位和识别他收到的数千封信件中描述的坟墓。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : So, ultimately, he and his team of assistants -- U.S. Colored Troops -- located more than 100,000 bodies over that section of the South.

德鲁·福斯特，《苦难共和国》作者：最终，他和他的助手团队——美国有色人种部队——在南方那个地区找到了超过 100,000 具尸体。

And he emphatically made the case for the need for safe, protected graves for the Union veterans.

他还强调需要为联邦退伍军人建立安全、受保护的坟墓。

And he became an advocate for a national commitment to try to rebury all those bodies in national cemeteries.

他成为国家承诺的倡导者，试图将所有这些尸体重新埋葬在国家公墓中。

Narrator: In the summer of 1866, as the reburial movement gained support in Congress, Edmund Whitman began laying plans for commencing "the general work of disinterment" when cooler weather came in the fall.

旁白：1866 年夏天，随着重新埋葬运动在国会获得支持，埃德蒙·惠特曼开始制定计划，以便在秋季天气转凉时开始“一般发掘工作”。

When his superiors expressed concern about the scope and cost of the effort, Whitman held his ground -- arguing that the federal government stood in loco parentis to the Union dead -- and insisting "the work be well and thoroughly done -- with a true conception of its magnitude and significance."

当他的上级对这项工作的范围和成本表示担忧时，惠特曼坚持自己的立场，认为联邦政府是联邦死者的代行者，并坚持“要彻底彻底地完成这项工作，并对其规模和意义有真正的认识”。

Work on the massive federal undertaking had already begun when in February 1867.

1867 年 2 月，这项庞大的联邦工程已经开始施工。

Congress passed formal legislation to establish and protect a vast system of national cemeteries, and authorized funds to support it.

国会通过了正式立法，建立和保护庞大的国家公墓系统，并授权资金支持它。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : This was a governmental engagement of a level so uncharacteristic of what the federal government had been and done in the years before the war that it represented a transformation in our understanding of what is a nation state.

德鲁·福斯特，《苦难共和国》作者：这是一次政府参与，其程度与联邦政府在战前几年的所作所为截然不同，它代表了我们对民族国家理解的转变。

To bury the dead is to say something to the citizens of the nation about a relationship that had not been acknowledged before -- and that we now take so much for granted, that it seems inconceivable that there could be military activities like the Civil War without a basic expectation that the government was responsible for those lost in battle.

埋葬死者就是向国家公民讲述一种以前从未被承认的关系——而我们现在认为这是理所当然的，如果没有政府对战争中的阵亡者负责的基本预期，就会发生像内战这样的军事活动，这似乎是不可想象的。

Vincent Brown, Historian: The United States spends some hundred millions dollars a year trying to recover people who are missing and presumed dead from World War II, Korea and Vietnam -- to this day.

历史学家文森特·布朗：美国每年花费数亿美元试图找回在第二次世界大战、朝鲜半岛和越南战争中失踪和被推定死亡的人——直到今天。

That's something that didn't happen before the Civil War.

这是南北战争之前从未发生过的事情。

That didn't happen before this great effort to recover the Union dead on the part of the national state.

在民族国家为恢复联邦而做出的巨大努力之前，这种情况并没有发生。

Admiral Mike Mullen, 17th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: There is no more sacred obligation I don't think that the United States of America has than to those who have borne the burden and sacrificed so much -- not just the military members but is also the family members because they too have sacrificed so much.

第十七任参谋长联席会议主席迈克·马伦海军上将：我认为，美利坚合众国对那些承担了如此重担并做出巨大牺牲的人负有最神圣的义务——不仅是军人，而且还有他们的家人，因为他们也做出了如此多的牺牲。

The Civil War is the foundation for this.

内战是这一切的基础。

When I am at a graveside, at a funeral and I engage a family who's lost a son or a daughter or a brother or a sister, I always say that "I promise you, we will never forget." I want them to know that sacrifice was meaningful and will never be forgotten.

当我在墓地、葬礼上与失去儿子、女儿、兄弟或姐妹的家庭接触时，我总是说“我向你保证，我们永远不会忘记。”我想让他们知道，牺牲是有意义的，并且永远不会被忘记。

We should never forget as a country those who served and those who sacrificed and ultimately those who've paid the ultimate sacrifice.

作为一个国家，我们永远不应该忘记那些服务过的人、牺牲过的人以及最终付出了最大牺牲的人。

Narrator: The national reburial initiative was arguably the largest and most elaborate government program undertaken in the nearly 100-year history of the republic.

旁白：全国重新安葬计划可以说是共和国近 100 年历史上规模最大、最详尽的政府计划。

Edmund Whitman himself put it most simply.

埃德蒙·惠特曼本人说得最简单。

"Such a consecration of a nation's power and resources to a sentiment," he wrote, "the world has never witnessed."

他写道：“如此将一个国家的力量和资源奉献给一种情感，这是世界上从未见过的。”

When the re-interment program was completed in 1871, 303,536 Union soldiers had been buried in 74 national cemeteries, and the War Department had expended $4,000,306.26 on the effort to gather the dead -- the equivalent today of nearly $75 million dollars.

当重新安葬计划于 1871 年完成时，303,536 名联邦士兵被埋葬在 74 个国家公墓中，陆军部在收集死者身上花费了 4,000,306.26 美元，相当于今天的近 7500 万美元。

Fifty-four percent of the dead had been identified as a result of careful attention to the bodies -- and their original graves.

由于对尸体及其原来的坟墓进行了仔细检查，百分之五十四的死者身份已被确认。

A hundred and forty thousand of the Union soldiers recovered were never identified, and were interred in graves marked simply "unknown." Some 30,000 of the dead were black soldiers -- African American men who had fought and died in what was for them definitively a war against slavery, and who had themselves buried so many of the Union dead.

被救出的十四万名联邦士兵的身份从未被确认，并被埋葬在简单标记为“未知”的坟墓中。大约 30,000 名死者是黑人士兵，他们是在这场对他们来说绝对是反对奴隶制的战争中奋战并牺牲的非裔美国人，他们自己也埋葬了如此多的联邦死者。

Only a third were identified by name.

只有三分之一的人的名字被确认。

Most were buried in areas designated "colored" on the maps for the new national cemeteries -- segregated in death, as in life -- and an indication that the Civil War was but the first battle in a much longer struggle.

大多数人被埋葬在新国家公墓地图上指定的“彩色”区域——死者和生者都被隔离——这表明内战只是一场长期斗争中的第一场战斗。

David W.

大卫·W.

Blight, Historian: The federal government is through the course of the war forced -- and ultimately is willing to give rights to -- the Civil War dead -- Union dead.

布莱特，历史学家：在战争过程中，联邦政府被迫——并且最终愿意赋予——内战阵亡者——联邦阵亡者权利。

But the Confederate dead, even after reunification or the readmission to the Union, were never part of this process.

但是，即使在统一或重新加入联邦之后，南方邦联的阵亡者也从未参与过这一过程。

Narrator: Though some northern politicians had urged magnanimity in the name of decency for the Southern dead, they were far outweighed by those who deemed it unimaginable that soldiers who had tried to destroy the Union should be accorded the same respect as those who had saved it.

旁白：尽管一些北方政客以体面的名义呼吁对南方死者给予宽宏大量，但他们的分量远远超过了那些认为难以想象那些试图摧毁联邦的士兵应该得到与拯救联邦的士兵同样的尊重的人。

But in the impoverished and embittered postwar white South, where virtually every household had lost a husband, father, brother or son, it did not pass unnoticed that $4 million in public funds was being expended exclusively on dead northerners.

但在战后贫困、痛苦的白人南方，几乎每个家庭都失去了丈夫、父亲、兄弟或儿子，人们并没有忽视400万美元的公共资金专门用于死去的北方人。

In 1866, when Congress first proposed establishing a national cemetery system for the Union dead, only it provoked outrage in the south.

1866年，当国会首次提议为联邦阵亡者建立国家墓地制度时，却激起了南方的愤怒。

Northerners were wrong, the editor of Richmond Examiner thundered, to think the Confederate any "less a hero because he failed." If the Confederate soldier, he wrote, "does not fall into the category of the 'Nation's Dead,' he is ours -- and shame be to us if we do not care for his ashes."

《里士满观察家报》的编辑怒斥说，北方人错误地认为南方邦联“因为失败而不是英雄”。他写道，如果南军士兵“不属于‘国家亡灵’的范畴，他就是我们的——如果我们不关心他的骨灰，我们将感到羞耻。”

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : It is a cause taken up by the white women of the South, who say that they are the mourners.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：这是南方白人妇女发起的一项事业，她们自称是哀悼者。

They were the ones who brought Christ down from the cross.

他们是将基督从十字架上带下来的人。

Mourning and the care of the dead, has been their responsibility throughout time.

哀悼和照顾死者一直是他们的责任。

And they will be the leaders in this effort to, as a private matter, find and rebury the dead.

他们将成为这项作为私人事务寻找并重新埋葬死者的努力的领导者。

Narrator: On May 3rd, 1866, a group of Richmond women responded to the Examiner's call and gathered to found the Hollywood Memorial Association of the Ladies of Richmond.

旁白：1866年5月3日，一群里士满妇女响应审查员的号召，聚集起来成立了里士满女士好莱坞纪念协会。

Thousands of men lay in neglected graves in Hollywood Cemetery -- and in its counterpart on the eastern edge of the city, Oakwood.

好莱坞公墓和位于城市东部边缘的奥克伍德公墓中，有数千名男子躺在被忽视的坟墓里。

Tens of thousands more lay scattered on the many battlefields that surrounded the former Confederate capital.

还有数以万计的人分散在围绕前南部邦联首都的许多战场上。

Raising money through private donations, the women of the Hollywood Memorial Association set to work -- organizing the repair, remounding and returfing of 11,000 graves dug at Hollywood during the war -- and, with the help of farmers from battle sites on the outskirts of the city, arranged for the transfer of hundreds of bodies to new graves in Richmond.

通过私人捐款筹集资金，好莱坞纪念协会的妇女们开始工作——组织对战争期间在好莱坞挖掘的 11,000 个坟墓进行修复、重新填土和重新铺土——并在市郊战地农民的帮助下，安排将数百具尸体转移到里士满的新坟墓。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : Organizations, Ladies' Associations, emerge in cities and towns across the southern countryside, to raise funds and to establish movements to do, essentially, what Whitman and others were doing in the North -- which is scour the countryside and try to identify where the dead are located, and then bury them in decent graves.

德鲁·福斯特，《苦难共和国：组织、妇女协会》的作者，在南部乡村的城镇中出现，筹集资金并开展运动，本质上是惠特曼和其他人在北方所做的事情——搜寻乡村并试图确定死者的位置，然后将他们埋葬在体面的坟墓中。

They had a hard time identifying the dead, because they didn't have as widespread a communication function as the Northern government did.

他们很难辨认死者身份，因为他们没有北方政府那样广泛的通讯功能。

But they reburied tens of thousands of dead across the South, in installations large and small.

但他们在南方大大小小的设施中重新埋葬了数以万计的死者。

It's quite extraordinary to think about what they were able to do just as a private effort.

想想他们作为一个私人的努力所能做的事情是非常了不起的。

Narrator: In the 1870's, a coalition of Ladies' Associations across the south set out to bring home the thousands of dead southern soldiers that lay neglected in Northern soil -- especially those left behind at Gettysburg following Lee's retreat.

旁白：1870 年代，南方各地的妇女协会联盟着手将数千名在北方土地上被忽视的死去的南方士兵带回家，特别是那些在李撤退后留在葛底斯堡的士兵。

Far beyond the secure confines of the federal cemetery Abraham Lincoln had dedicated during the war, the rebel corpses had been rudely thrown into shallow mass graves -- many to be later plundered and desecrated by northerners filled with hatred for the south.

叛乱者的尸体远远超出了亚伯拉罕·林肯在战争期间奉献的联邦公墓的安全范围，被粗鲁地扔进浅浅的乱葬坑中——许多后来被充满对南方仇恨的北方人掠夺和亵渎。

Between 1872 and 1873, the Ladies' Hollywood Memorial Association of Richmond arranged to have 2,935 Confederate remains from Gettysburg exhumed and shipped south for proper burial in Richmond.

1872 年至 1873 年间，里士满好莱坞女士纪念协会安排挖掘出葛底斯堡的 2,935 具南方邦联遗骸，并将其运往南方，在里士满妥善埋葬。

Civil War Soldier (Actor, audio): They will no longer sleep alone.

内战士兵（演员，音频）：他们将不再独自睡觉。

Their isolated repose has been interrupted by the gentle hands of their countrywomen who have tenderly removed them from alien graves, and brought them hither for admission to the communion of kindred dead.

他们与世隔绝的安宁被同胞们温柔的双手打断，她们温柔地把他们从陌生的坟墓里搬了出来，带到这里与死者亲人团聚。

They have come home at last; and we, their brethren, their comrades, bone of their bone and flesh of their flesh, are met with one accord to welcome them to their native soil.

他们终于回家了；我们，他们的兄弟，他们的战友，骨中之骨，肉中之肉，一致欢迎他们来到他们的祖国。

Shoulder to shoulder they stood; now let them lie side by side.

他们肩并肩地站着；现在让他们并排躺着。

Confederates in life, confederates let them be in death.

生时为同盟者，死时为同盟者。

David Blight, Historian: This was bitter stuff, trying to return the dead to the South.

大卫·布莱特（David Blight），历史学家：试图将死者送回南方是件痛苦的事。

I'm not sure anyone even knows the exact numbers of Confederate dead re-interred back in Southern soil.

我不确定是否有人知道重新埋葬在南方土地上的同盟国阵亡者的确切数量。

But it no doubt left one layer of the bitterness in Southern memory -- in particular for women.

但它无疑在南方人的记忆中留下了一层痛苦——尤其是对女性来说。

Drew Faust, Author, This Republic of Suffering : The speeches make it explicit that this is about more than just mourning.

德鲁·浮士德，《苦难共和国》作者：这些演讲明确表明，这不仅仅是哀悼。

It's about sustaining the ideals for which the Confederacy fought -- about bringing people together to lament the loss of the war, but not the loss of the cause.

这是为了维护南部邦联为之奋斗的理想——让人们聚集在一起哀悼战争的失败，而不是事业的失败。

And so it is an engine for moving forward a kind of neo-Confederate sentiment, that thrives on the resentment of being excluded from the Northern support for reburial, and on the community that grows up around the Confederate dead.

因此，它是推动一种新南方邦联情绪的引擎，这种情绪因被排除在北方对重新安葬的支持之外的怨恨以及围绕南方邦联死者成长的社区而蓬勃发展。

Vincent Brown, Historian: It's worth going back and remembering the South didn't fight a war over the respectful treatment of the dead.

历史学家文森特·布朗：值得回顾一下，记住南方并没有为了尊重死者而发动战争。

They fought a war to create a Confederate States of America that would be a slave society in perpetuity.

他们发动战争是为了建立一个永远是奴隶社会的美利坚联盟国。

That was their war aim.

这就是他们的战争目标。

Would that have gone away if the defeated South had been treated differently by the Union?

如果联邦对战败的南方给予不同的对待，这种情况会消失吗？

I don't know.

我不知道。

I know that's not why they went into the war, and that's not the cause that was lost.

我知道这不是他们参战的原因，也不是失败的原因。

The cause that was lost was slavery in perpetuity.

失败的原因是永久的奴隶制。

And I go back to Frederick Douglass's 1883 speech, where he says, "A lot of things have been forgotten.

我回顾一下 Frederick Douglass 1883 年的演讲，他说：“很多事情都被遗忘了。

But what I can never forget is the difference between those who fought a war for slavery and those who fought a war for liberty."

但我永远不会忘记那些为奴隶制而战的人和那些为自由而战的人之间的区别。”

Narrator: Because the end had come in the spring, as the first buds began to swell, it was natural from the start that the honoring of the dead involved decorating graves with fresh spring flowers.

旁白：因为末日是在春天到来的，当第一批花蕾开始绽放时，从一开始，纪念死者就很自然地用新鲜的春天的花朵装饰坟墓。

In the years following the war, decoration day rituals sprang up across the South -- on different days in different places -- on May 10th, the anniversary of Stonewall Jackson's death -- on April 26th, the day of the final Confederate surrender -- on June 3rd, Jefferson Davis's birthday.

战争结束后的几年里，装饰日仪式在南方各地兴起——在不同的日子、不同的地方——5月10日，斯通沃尔·杰克逊的忌日——4月26日，南方邦联最后投降的日子——6月3日，杰斐逊·戴维斯的生日。

Northerners chose a spring day, too, for formal commemoration of the dead; an observance made official in the spring of 1868, when General John Logan, the Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, officially set aside the 30th of May "for decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country." Decoration Day -- or Memorial Day as it is now called -- is still observed in many places in the south on a different day than the official national holiday established in 1868.

北方人也选择春天来正式纪念死者。 1868 年春天，共和国大军总司令约翰·洛根 (John Logan) 将军正式将 5 月 30 日定为“装饰为保卫国家而牺牲的战友的坟墓”，这一纪念活动正式生效。南方许多地方仍然庆祝装饰日（或现在称为阵亡将士纪念日），这一天与 1868 年设立的官方国定假日不同。

David W.

大卫·W.

Blight, Historian: Memorial Day was really founded at the end of the Civil War around the problem of what to emotionally and logistically with the masses of dead.

布莱特，历史学家：阵亡将士纪念日实际上是在内战结束时设立的，其目的是解决如何在情感上和后勤上与死者群众相处的问题。

But the first major formal practice of what we've come to call Memorial Day was in Charleston, South Carolina on May 1st, 1865.

但我们称之为阵亡将士纪念日的第一次重大正式活动是 1865 年 5 月 1 日在南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿举行的。

Charleston, of course, seedbed of secession, held out to the bitter end; it wasn't evacuated by Confederate forces until February 1865.

当然，查尔斯顿是分裂国家的温床，一直坚持到最后。直到 1865 年 2 月，南方联盟军才将其撤离。

But when the Confederates evacuated and the Union Army moved in, pretty much the white population of Charleston left and the people who were left were the freed people.

但当南方邦联撤离、联邦军队进驻时，查尔斯顿的白人几乎离开了，留下的人都是获得自由的人。

In the midst of these ruins the black folks of Charleston got themselves organized.

在这些废墟中，查尔斯顿的黑人组织起来。

They planned various little commemorations and events and parades and sort of celebrations.

他们计划了各种小型纪念活动、游行和庆祝活动。

The biggest celebration though that they planned was at the Planters' Race Course, the horse track.

他们计划的最大的庆祝活动是在种植园主赛马场（Planters' Race Course）赛马场举行。

In the last year of the war the Confederates converted this racecourse into a prison for Union soldiers.

在战争的最后一年，南方联盟将这个赛马场改造成联邦士兵的监狱。

And about 260 Union soldiers died of disease and exposure in the infield, in this open-air prison and were buried in a mass grave behind the grandstand of the racetrack.

大约 260 名联邦士兵在内场、这座露天监狱中因疾病和暴露而死亡，并被埋在赛马场看台后面的集体坟墓中。

And the black folks re-interred all the dead in proper graves -- they named nearly none of them because there were no dog tags.

黑人将所有死者重新安葬在适当的坟墓中——他们几乎没有给任何人命名，因为没有狗牌。

And they built around it a huge fence, white-washed it, and they built an archway into the compound and over the archway they painted the inscription "Martyrs of the Racecourse."

他们在它周围建了一个巨大的栅栏，把它粉刷成白色，然后在院子里建了一个拱门，在拱门上画了“赛马场烈士”的铭文。

And then on May 1st when they had this completed they held a parade on the racetrack -- estimated at about 10,000 people by newspaper correspondents who witnessed it and covered it.

5 月 1 日，当他们完成这项工作后，他们在赛马场举行了一场游行——据目击并报道的报纸记者估计，约有 10,000 人参加。

It was led off by about 3,000 black children carrying arm-loads of flowers and, we're told, singing "John Brown's Body." Then followed by black women and black men in this kind of order and then by contingents of Union infantry, black and white, they all paraded around the race track and they gathered as many as would fit into the cemetery compound.

据我们所知，大约 3,000 名黑人儿童手捧鲜花，唱着《约翰·布朗的遗体》。接下来是按照这种顺序的黑人妇女和黑人男子，然后是联邦步兵分队，无论是黑人还是白人，他们都在跑道上游行，他们聚集了尽可能多的人，可以容纳墓地大院。

Five black preachers read from scripture, a children's choir sang "America the Beautiful," "The Star-Spangled Banner," and quote-unquote "several spirituals" -- and they dedicated the cemetery of these Union dead.

五名黑人传教士朗读圣经，一个儿童合唱团演唱了《美丽的美国》、《星条旗永不落》，并引用了“几首圣歌”——他们为这些联邦阵亡者的墓地举行了奉献仪式。

And then they broke up and went into the infield of the racetrack and did what most of us do on Memorial Day -- they held picnics.

然后他们分手了，走进赛马场的内场，做了我们大多数人在阵亡将士纪念日所做的事情——他们举行野餐。

And that is one of if not the most important origin of what we have come to know as Memorial Day.

这即使不是我们所知道的阵亡将士纪念日最重要的起源之一。

Walt Whitman (Actor, audio): Pensive, on her dead gazing, I heard the Mother of All -- Desperate, on the torn bodies, on the forms covering the battle-fields gazing; As the last gun ceased, but the scent of the powder-smoke linger'd, As she call'd to her earth with mournful voice while she stalk'd: Absorb them well, O my earth, she cried -- I charge you lose not my sons!

沃尔特·惠特曼（演员，音频）：沉思，在她死气沉沉的凝视中，我听到了万物之母——绝望，在撕裂的身体上，在覆盖战场的形式上凝视；当最后一枪停止，但火药烟雾的气味仍在徘徊，当她在潜行中用悲伤的声音呼唤她的大地时：好好吸收它们，哦我的大地，她哭道——我命令你不要失去我的儿子们！

Lose not an atom.

不丢失一个原子。

All you essences of soil and growth.

你们都是土壤和生长的精华。

My dead absorb -- my young men's beautiful bodies absorb -- and their precious, precious, precious blood; Which holding in trust for me, faithfully back again give me, many a year hence; In unseen essence and odor of surface and grass.

我的死去的人吸收了——我的年轻人美丽的身体吸收了——还有他们宝贵的、宝贵的、宝贵的血液；多年以后，它对我的​​信任，又忠实地归还给我；存在于表面和草的看不见的本质和气味中。

Exhale me them centuries hence -- breathe me their breath.

几个世纪后，让我呼出他们的气息——让我呼吸他们的气息。

O years and graves!

噢，岁月和坟墓！

O air and soil!

空气和土壤啊！

O my dead, an aroma sweet!

噢，我的死者，香气甜美！

Exhale them perennial, sweet death, years, centuries hence.

多年、几个世纪后，呼出它们永恒而甜蜜的死亡。

Walt Whitman, 1865

沃尔特·惠特曼，1865

Narrator: The generation of Americans that survived the Civil War lived the rest of their lives haunted by its terrible toll.

旁白：内战中幸存下来的一代美国人的余生都被可怕的伤亡所困扰。

Henry Bowditch would spend the rest of his life trying to hold on to his dead son, Nathaniel.

亨利·鲍迪奇将用他的余生试图抓住他死去的儿子纳撒尼尔。

To console himself, he compiled four large memorial volumes and scrapbooks -- a "collation," he said, "of the letters, journals etc illustrative of his dear young life." "The labor," he said, "was a sweet one.

为了安慰自己，他编写了四本大型纪念册和剪贴簿——他说，这是“记录他亲爱的年轻生活的信件、日记等的整理”。 “这份劳动，”他说，“是一件甜蜜的事。

-- It took me out of myself." From a ring given Nat by his fiancée, together with a "cavalry button cut from his son's blood-stained vest," he fashioned an amulet that he attached to his watch.

——这让我失去了自我。”他用纳特的未婚妻送给他的一枚戒指，加上“从他儿子沾满血的背心上剪下的骑兵纽扣”，制作了一个护身符，并将其固定在他的手表上。

"There," he said, "I trust they will remain until I die."

“在那里，”他说，“我相信它们会一直留到我死为止。”

Watch an extended preview of Death and the Civil War.

观看《死亡与内战》的加长预览。

Watch the opening scenes of Death and the Civil War

观看《死亡与内战》的开场场景

A photo gallery of images from the Civil War battlefields.

内战战场图像的照片库。

For four years, Union and Confederate soldiers battled during the bloodiest war in American history.

四年来，联邦和邦联士兵在美国历史上最血腥的战争中战斗。

The Civil War in America holds the highest number of average deaths per day.

美国内战期间每天的平均死亡人数最高。

Today, our government provides services for surviving veterans and their families, but it took the mass casualties of the Civil War to bring about this standard.

今天，我们的政府为幸存的退伍军人及其家人提供服务，但内战的大规模伤亡才实现了这一标准。

Executive Producer Mark Samels describes why no other TV series would tackle this subject.

执行制片人马克·萨梅尔斯描述了为什么没有其他电视剧可以解决这个主题。

Filmmaker Ric Burns discusses the intricacies of making Death and the Civil War.

电影制片人里克·伯恩斯讨论了制作《死亡与内战》的复杂性。

A clear-eyed look at the political and social changes wrought by the pervasiveness of death during the Civil War.

清晰地审视内战期间普遍存在的死亡所造成的政治和社会变化。