Grand Coulee Dam
Narrator: It was called "The Biggest Thing On Earth," a dam unlike any other, a wall of concrete that dared to tame the mighty Columbia.
旁白：它被称为“地球上最大的东西”，一座与众不同的水坝，一座敢于驯服强大的哥伦比亚河的混凝土墙。
William Lang, Historian: A river is the most dynamic thing in nature.
历史学家威廉·朗：河流是自然界中最具活力的事物。
To block a river is the most audacious thing a human being can do.
堵塞河流是人类能做的最大胆的事情。
And when you block a river, you create a new future.
当你封锁一条河流时，你就创造了一个新的未来。
There's no going back.
没有回头路了。
Narrator: Its massive generators would power entire cities, and the water it captured would make the desert bloom.
旁白：它巨大的发电机将为整个城市提供电力，它捕获的水将使沙漠绽放。
It came to embody the promise of America when many believed their country's promises had all been broken.
当许多人认为他们国家的承诺都被打破时，它就体现了美国的承诺。
Blaine Harden, Writer: It was this idea of manifest destiny -- Americans asserting their will on the natural resources of the country.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：这就是昭昭命运的理念——美国人对国家的自然资源表达自己的意愿。
And people really believed in that.
人们真的相信这一点。
Margaret O'Mara, Historian: The Grand Coulee Dam starts a process of transforming the whole river system into a working landscape like never before.
历史学家玛格丽特·奥马拉 (Margaret O'Mara)：大古力大坝开启了将整个河流系统转变为前所未有的工作景观的过程。
The New Deal was a radical idea.
新政是一个激进的想法。
Roosevelt really redefined what the balance is between the individual good and the collective good.
罗斯福确实重新定义了个人利益与集体利益之间的平衡。
Narrator: Its power would help win a war and unite a nation, but its construction would leave a region bitterly divided.
旁白：它的力量将有助于赢得战争并团结一个国家，但它的建设将使一个地区陷入严重分裂。
Steven Hawley, Writer: Who controls the water and the natural resources of the West?
史蒂文·霍利（Steven Hawley），作家：谁控制着西部的水和自然资源？
I think there is an attitude amongst the managers of the river and they simply said, "we stole these rivers fair and square and we're not giving them back, not without a fight."
我认为这条河流的管理者有一种态度，他们只是说：“我们公平地窃取了这些河流，我们不会不战而屈人之兵。”
D.C. Jackson, Historian: : It's supposed to be for everyone.
D.C. Jackson，历史学家：：它应该适合所有人。
It's easy to say that it's a public resource.
说它是公共资源很容易。
But everyone has a different vision of what they think that public interest should be.
但每个人对于公共利益应该是什么都有不同的看法。
Narrator: For some, the Grand Coulee Dam would be an engine of growth and prosperity, for others it would come to symbolize heartbreak and betrayal.
旁白：对于某些人来说，大古力大坝将成为增长和繁荣的引擎，而对于另一些人来说，它将象征着心碎和背叛。
In the end, it was an out-sized statement of American power and prestige, a monument to noble ideals and unintended consequences.
最终，这是对美国实力和威望的夸张表述，是崇高理想和意想不到后果的纪念碑。
Richard White, Historian: There is a way in which people hate the dams and are proud of the dams, ways in which people imagine a Columbia running free, but they could not live without the Columbia's electricity.
历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：人们在某种程度上讨厌水坝，却又为水坝感到自豪，人们想象哥伦比亚号可以自由运行，但如果没有哥伦比亚号的电力，他们就无法生活。
That river is our most profound dreams for what we can become and our deepest regrets about what we've done.
这条河是我们对自己能成为什么样的人最深刻的梦想，也是我们对自己所做的事情最深切的遗憾。
We've woven them together and we're never going to be able to take them apart.
我们把它们编织在一起，我们永远无法将它们分开。
Narrator: On a blisteringly hot day in July of 1918, a weathered Model T Ford drove down 1st Avenue in the dusty little town of Ephrata, Washington, and pulled up in front of the offices of a local lawyer named William Clapp.
旁白：1918 年 7 月一个酷热的日子，一辆饱经风霜的福特 T 型车沿着华盛顿州埃夫拉塔尘土飞扬的小镇第一大道行驶，停在当地一位名叫威廉·克拉普 (William Clapp) 的律师的办公室前。
On the side of the car, a small sign read " The Wenatchee Daily World.
车的侧面有一个小标牌，上面写着“韦纳奇每日世界”。
The World's Greatest Daily Paper ."
世界上最伟大的日报。”
The car belonged to a restless 40-year-old editor and publisher named Rufus Woods.
这辆车的主人是一位好动的 40 岁编辑兼出版商鲁弗斯·伍兹 (Rufus Woods)。
A part-time school teacher, failed attorney, and veteran of the Alaskan gold rush, he had finally found his calling at the helm of eastern Washington's first daily newspaper, founded in 1905.
他是一名兼职学校教师、失败的律师和阿拉斯加淘金热的老手，最终在 1905 年创办的华盛顿东部第一份日报的掌舵人中找到了自己的使命。
Woods had turned the failing paper around with a mix of shrewd business acumen, a strong regional focus, and a dash of showmanship.
伍兹凭借精明的商业头脑、强烈的区域关注和一点表演技巧，扭转了这家失败的报纸的局面。
Early subscribers received a free set of dishes.
早期订阅者将获得一套免费菜肴。
Others, free knives.
其他的，免费刀。
Papers were sometimes delivered on horseback and in one stunt, Woods painted a pony of his with zebra stripes for extra publicity.
有时，报纸是在马背上递送的，伍兹在一次特技表演中给他的一匹小马画上了斑马条纹，以增加宣传效果。
Three years after buying the paper, Woods had boosted circulation by 600%.
购买该报纸三年后，伍兹的发行量增加了 600%。
Paul C.
保罗·C.
Pitzer, Historian: Rufus Woods had a vision.
历史学家皮策：鲁弗斯·伍兹有一个愿景。
His vision was to create something of what he called north central Washington.
他的愿景是创建一个他所说的华盛顿中北部地区。
He was in competition with Spokane on the east side of the state and of course Seattle on the west side of the state.
他正在与该州东部的斯波坎以及该州西部的西雅图竞争。
He used to travel around looking for stories.
他曾经四处旅行寻找故事。
Narrator: The town fathers of Ephrata gathered in Clapp's office that day were worried about the future of their region, tired of it being seen as a desolate backwater, without big industries or farms.
旁白：那天聚集在克拉普办公室的埃夫拉塔镇长们对他们地区的未来感到担忧，他们厌倦了这里被视为荒凉的死水，没有大型工业或农场。
Then Billy started talking about building a dam on the Columbia River at the mouth of what was called the Grand Coulee.
然后比利开始谈论在哥伦比亚河上所谓的大古力河口建造一座水坝。
Blaine Harden, Writer: Grand Coulee is basically a big ditch, a really big ditch.
布莱恩·哈登，编剧：大古力基本上是一条大沟，一条真正的大沟。
And the thought was that you could divert water out of the river up into that big ditch and then using gravity, feed that water down across the country where the soil was great and all it needed was water.
我们的想法是，你可以把河里的水引到那条大沟里，然后利用重力，把水输送到全国各地，那里土壤肥沃，只需要水。
William Lang, Historian: He sells it as a great location because of this wonderful landscape that has been completely scoured out by these floods that ravaged the area thousands of years ago.
历史学家威廉·朗（William Lang）：他将其视为一个绝佳的地点，因为这片美妙的景观已被数千年前肆虐该地区的洪水完全冲刷殆尽。
And so it creates these huge dry coulees and he sees the ability to make these into reservoirs to capture the water from a dammed Columbia.
因此，它创造了这些巨大的干谷，他看到了将它们变成水库的能力，以从筑坝的哥伦比亚捕获水。
And this one spot makes it possible to dam the river up for miles and miles and miles.
这一地点使得在河流上筑坝成为可能，绵延数英里。
Narrator: The plan the boosters hatched called for water to be pumped out of the lake formed by the dam, up over the rim of the river's canyon, and into the Grand Coulee, which would become a new, huge reservoir.
旁白：支持者提出的计划要求将水从大坝形成的湖泊中抽出，越过河流峡谷的边缘，注入大古力河，这将成为一个新的巨大水库。
From there, the water could be fed by gravity down a sloping plateau to the south, irrigating more than 1,000,000 new acres of land.
从那里，水可以通过重力沿着倾斜的高原流向南部，灌溉超过 1,000,000 英亩的新土地。
Wilfred Woods, Son of Rufus Woods: In 1918, Billy Clapp told my father about this great idea of a Grand Coulee Dam.
威尔弗雷德·伍兹 (Wilfred Woods)，鲁弗斯·伍兹 (Rufus Woods) 之子：1918 年，比利·克拉普 (Billy Clapp) 向我父亲讲述了修建大古力大坝的伟大想法。
Well, it was really in 1918 a fantastic dream to build a project of that size.
嗯，在 1918 年，建造如此规模的项目确实是一个梦幻般的梦想。
Narrator: Rufus Woods' hometown of Wenatchee was a modest agricultural community that had recently diverted some water from the river for its emerging apple industry, but it yearned to truly harness the Columbia and put it to work.
旁白：鲁弗斯·伍兹的家乡韦纳奇是一个普通的农业社区，最近从河里引了一些水用于新兴的苹果产业，但它渴望真正利用哥伦比亚河并使其发挥作用。
It was a vision as old as the river itself.
这是一个与河流本身一样古老的愿景。
Lying in the rain shadow created by the Cascade Mountains to the West, which trapped the moisture-rich winds coming in from the Pacific, eastern Washington contains some of the driest land in an already parched American West.
华盛顿东部位于西部喀斯喀特山脉形成的雨影之中，阻挡了从太平洋吹来的富含水分的风，华盛顿东部包含了本已干旱的美国西部一些最干燥的土地。
"It is a desert pure and simple," one 19th century surveyor noted, "an almost lifeless, waterless desert."
“这是一片纯粹而简单的沙漠，”一位 19 世纪的测量员指出，“一片几乎没有生命、没有水的沙漠。”
Coursing through this barren and mostly uninhabited landscape, for 1,200 tantalizing miles, ran one of the greatest sources of water in the world -- the Columbia River.
哥伦比亚河是世界上最大的水源之一，蜿蜒流过这片荒芜且几乎无人居住的土地，长达 1,200 英里。
Draining a watershed of more than 258,000 square miles, including the Canadian Rockies, the river's cold, crystalline waters flowed south into the United States, then curved in a huge bend around what was known as the Columbia Basin, before turning west and cutting through the Cascades to the Pacific.
这条河的流域面积超过 258,000 平方英里，包括加拿大落基山脉，寒冷、晶莹的河水向南流入美国，然后在哥伦比亚盆地周围形成一个巨大的弯曲，然后转向西，穿过喀斯喀特山脉流入太平洋。
For a millennium, the Columbia had been a meeting place for a diverse community of people, all drawn to the river's primordial energy.
千百年来，哥伦比亚河一直是不同人群的聚会场所，所有人都被这条河的原始能量所吸引。
Margaret O'Mara, Historian: The Columbia was a place of work.
玛格丽特·奥马拉，历史学家：哥伦比亚号是一个工作场所。
It was the economic lifeline of a region.
这是一个地区的经济命脉。
You have native fisheries, you have the river itself being a source of food, a hub of the trade routes, the way that these different native communities communicated with one another and traded with one another...
你有本地渔业，你有河流本身作为食物来源，贸易路线的枢纽，这些不同的本地社区相互交流和相互贸易的方式......
It's this place of astounding size, of beauty, and of endless resources.
这是一个面积惊人、景色优美、资源无穷无尽的地方。
Narrator: After running some of the Columbia's terrifying rapids, the American explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark responded with a mixture of awe and hatred for the river, calling it "incredible," "inconceivable," and "horrid."
旁白：美国探险家梅里韦瑟·刘易斯和威廉·克拉克在经历了哥伦比亚河的一些可怕的急流后，对这条河的反应既敬畏又仇恨，称其“令人难以置信”、“不可思议”和“可怕”。
More welcoming were the Native people -- the Yakima, Walla Walla, and Umatilla -- who sustained themselves on the astonishing annual runs of salmon, relying on the fish for their diet, their trade, and as inspiration for their culture.
更受欢迎的是原住民——亚基马人、瓦拉瓦拉人和尤马蒂拉人——他们靠每年惊人的鲑鱼捕捞量维持生计，依靠鱼类作为饮食、贸易和文化灵感。
Richard White, Historian: It's a place of incredible abundance which links both the land and the sea and which really for Indian peoples is ideal because the salmon will always return every year at the same time.
历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：这是一个物产丰富的地方，连接着陆地和海洋，对印度人民来说确实是理想的地方，因为鲑鱼每年都会在同一时间返回。
It's a system that Indian peoples will live on for centuries.
这是印度人民将赖以生存几个世纪的制度。
Narrator: Born in the gravel beds and clear water of the upper Columbia, the young salmon rode the swift moving currents to the Pacific Ocean, there to grow for five years, until being called back to the place of their birth, this time to reproduce and die.
旁白：出生在哥伦比亚上游的砾石床和清澈的海水中，幼小的鲑鱼乘着湍急的洋流来到太平洋，在那里生长了五年，直到被带回出生地，这一次繁殖并死亡。
The salmon's journey back up the Columbia was one of the epic migrations in all of nature, as they fought against the current, as far as 900 miles, braving any obstacle in their drive to finally come home.
鲑鱼逆流而上哥伦比亚河的旅程是自然界中史诗般的迁徙之一，它们逆流而行，长达 900 英里，不畏途中的任何障碍，最终回家。
Indians were not the only people drawn to the annual bounty of the salmon.
印第安人并不是唯一被每年盛产的鲑鱼所吸引的人。
New waves of Americans followed in Lewis and Clark's wake, reaping their own huge harvest of fish, building the towns of Portland and Seattle, working the river with steamboats and barges, and settling the basin with small towns like Wenatchee.
新一波的美国人追随刘易斯和克拉克的脚步，收获了巨大的鱼类丰收，建设了波特兰和西雅图城镇，用汽船和驳船在河流上作业，并在韦纳奇等小镇定居在流域。
But once the pioneers left the river behind, and tried to farm the more forbidding lands of the interior, the harsh reality of the climate quickly reasserted itself.
但当拓荒者们离开河流，尝试在内陆地区更加险恶的土地上耕作时，恶劣的气候现实很快就再次显现出来。
Blaine Harden, Writer: : Eastern Washington had good soil, but no water.
布莱恩·哈登（Blaine Harden），作家：：华盛顿东部有良好的土壤，但没有水。
And the people who moved there realized that that was critical failure of, of trying to build a life there.
搬到那里的人们意识到，试图在那里建立生活是严重的失败。
There were dry land farmers.
有旱地农民。
And they would come in, after there had been a, a couple years of good rain.
在经历了几年的好雨之后，他们就会进来。
And they would do okay.
他们会做得很好。
And then the rain would fizzle down to its usual eight to ten inches a year.
然后降雨量会逐渐减少到通常每年八到十英寸。
And so they wouldn't do very well, they moved on mostly, or they stayed and were poor.
所以他们不会做得很好，他们大多会继续前进，或者留下来并且很穷。
Narrator: That summer of 1918, as Rufus Woods listened to Billy Clapp and his friends lay out their plans, he began pacing around the lawyer's small office, unable to control his excitement.
旁白：1918 年夏天，当鲁弗斯·伍兹听着比利·克拉普和他的朋友们阐述他们的计划时，他开始在律师的小办公室里踱来踱去，无法控制自己的兴奋。
No longer would his region have to suffer as an isolated backwater.
他的地区将不再遭受孤立的死水之苦。
The hydro-power from this miraculous dam would transform their region at last.
这座神奇大坝的水力发电最终将改变他们的地区。
Steven Hawley, Writer: It became almost an obsession, this idea that if they could just control this river, they could have a kind of Garden of Eden.
史蒂文·霍利（Steven Hawley），作家：如果他们能够控制这条河，他们就可以拥有一个伊甸园，这几乎成了一种痴迷。
You know the inland empire with crops, orchards, farms a kind of Shangri-La of agricultural and industrial delights that would build a new civilization.
你知道，这个内陆帝国拥有农作物、果园和农场，就像农业和工业的香格里拉一样，将建立一个新的文明。
Blaine Harden, Writer: Rufus Woods pitched the dam as a scientific marvel, the answer to all their prayers about the future, as something that God himself wanted done and he just needed to get the federal government to come in, pay for it, and let the locals run with the advantages that would come from it.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：鲁弗斯·伍兹将这座大坝描述为一个科学奇迹，是他们对未来所有祈祷的答案，是上帝本人想要完成的事情，他只需要让联邦政府介入，支付费用，让当地人享受由此带来的好处。
And that's the way he sold it.
这就是他出售它的方式。
Narrator: Woods quickly gained an important ally in James O'Sullivan, a hard-charging, cantankerous Ephrata lawyer who became so convinced of the irrigation possibilities of the dam that he was willing to neglect his career, and even his family, to see it come true.
旁白：伍兹很快就赢得了詹姆斯·奥沙利文的重要盟友，詹姆斯·奥沙利文是一位脾气暴躁、脾气暴躁的埃夫拉塔律师，他对大坝灌溉的可能性深信不疑，以至于为了实现这一目标，他愿意忽略自己的事业，甚至家庭。
The boosters called themselves the Dam University, and although they had no technical know-how, and no powerful political connections, they shared a dream about Grand Coulee Dam and the waters it would unleash to make their desert bloom.
支持者称自己为“水坝大学”，尽管他们没有技术知识，也没有强大的政治关系，但他们都有一个关于大古力水坝的梦想，以及它释放的水让他们的沙漠绽放。
If they could find the money to build it, they might at last conquer the wild Columbia.
如果他们能找到资金建造它，他们最终可能会征服野生的哥伦比亚。
Wilfred Woods, Son of Rufus Woods: Oh my, what a stream.
威尔弗雷德·伍兹（Wilfred Woods），鲁弗斯·伍兹（Rufus Woods）的儿子：哦，天啊，多棒的一条溪流啊。
My dad called it the imperial Columbia.
我父亲称其为帝国哥伦比亚。
And it's true, it's a tremendous stream.
确实，这是一条巨大的河流。
D.C. Jackson, Historian: It's just one huge, free-flowing river.
D.C. 杰克逊，历史学家：这只是一条自由流动的巨大河流。
It's the largest in the West, much larger than the Colorado, just a tremendous waterway.
它是西部最大的河道，比科罗拉多河大得多，是一条巨大的水道。
William Lang, Historian: We've got an enormous amount of water because of it catching all of the Pacific snow and rain and all of this water falling in about 600 miles.
历史学家威廉·朗：我们拥有大量的水，因为它吸收了太平洋上所有的雪和雨，并且所有这些水都落在大约 600 英里的范围内。
Richard White, Historian: This river quite literally...
历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：这条河确实如此......
it'll eat through mountain ranges, it'll eat through the Cascades.
它会吞噬山脉，它会吞噬喀斯喀特。
This is an incredibly powerful natural force.
这是一种极其强大的自然力量。
And it will drop with a power that is almost beyond belief.
而且它会以一种几乎令人难以置信的力量掉落。
Narrator: It was the Columbia's raw energy that Rufus Woods imagined Grand Coulee would convert to a productive use.
旁白：鲁弗斯·伍兹想象大古力将哥伦比亚河的原始能源转化为生产性用途。
Throughout the 1920s however, he often found his crusade for the dam falling on deaf ears.
然而，在整个 20 年代，他经常发现自己为大坝所做的努力却被置若罔闻。
William Lang, Historian: Rufus Woods recognized that he had to find a way to get the government to actually invest in something as big as he had in mind.
威廉·朗（William Lang），历史学家：鲁弗斯·伍兹（Rufus Woods）认识到，他必须找到一种方法让政府真正投资于他所设想的大项目。
And what he had in mind was huge, it was bigger than anything else that had been built...
他的想法是巨大的，它比已经建造的任何其他东西都大......
Paul C.
保罗·C.
Pitzer, Historian: The early promoters hoped that a large dam would generate a great amount of power which could be sold and the money from the selling of the power would be used to support the irrigation.
历史学家皮策：早期的推动者希望大坝能够产生大量的电力可以出售，而出售电力所得的钱可以用来支持灌溉。
Richard White, Historian: To understand the promoters of the dam, you have to realize that they thought about electricity the same way the public today thinks about the Internet.
历史学家理查德·怀特：要了解大坝的推动者，你必须意识到他们对电力的看法就像当今公众对互联网的看法一样。
This is not just a technology.
这不仅仅是一项技术。
These are machines that are going to transform society itself.
这些机器将改变社会本身。
Narrator: Stacked up against Woods and the other members of the Dam University were groups like the powerful Spokane Chamber of Commerce, and private utilities such as Washington Water Power Company, and Puget Sound Power and Light -- all of which had their own hydro-electric and irrigation projects and their own agendas.
旁白：与伍兹和达姆大学其他成员对抗的是强大的斯波坎商会等团体，以及华盛顿水电公司、普吉特声音电力和照明公司等私人公用事业公司——所有这些都有自己的水力发电和灌溉项目和自己的议程。
D.C. Jackson, Historian: Private power companies see this as competition.
历史学家华盛顿特区杰克逊：私营电力公司将其视为竞争。
They don't want this.
他们不想要这个。
And the big argument against it is that it's just...
反对它的最大论据是它只是......
doesn't make financial sense.
没有经济意义。
Blaine Harden, Writer: At the time that he was proposing building the biggest dam in the history of the world, there were only a couple hundred thousand people living in eastern Washington.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：当他提议建造世界历史上最大的水坝时，华盛顿东部只有几十万人居住。
Richard White, Historian: As critics of the project say about the power, who's the electricity for, is it for jackrabbits?
历史学家理查德·怀特：正如该项目的批评者所说的那样，电力是为谁提供的，是给长耳大野兔用的吗？
There's nobody out there to consume it.
没有人在那里消费它。
And they're right.
他们是对的。
Wilfred Woods: My Dad was fighting the power company in Spokane all this time...
威尔弗雷德·伍兹：我爸爸一直在与斯波坎的电力公司抗争……
it was a long, long battle.
这是一场漫长的战斗。
And it was a classic case of the little guys against the big guys and no money against big money.
这是小人物对抗大人物、无钱对抗大钱的经典案例。
There were national magazines writing big exposes about "The White Elephant in the Desert" as well as a lot of Republican legislators in Congress who were fulminating against the use of public funds for that dam.
有全国性杂志对“沙漠中的白象”进行了大篇幅的揭露，国会中的许多共和党议员也强烈反对为该大坝使用公共资金。
Narrator: The nation, it seemed, wasn't ready for Grand Coulee Dam.
旁白：这个国家似乎还没有为大古力大坝做好准备。
Then, in 1929, the stock market crashed, plunging the nation into Depression.
然后，1929 年，股市崩盘，使国家陷入大萧条。
Scorching winds turned the drought-ravaged western prairie into a Dust Bowl.
灼热的大风将饱受干旱蹂躏的西部大草原变成了沙尘暴。
Blaine Harden, Writer: My father was working on a farm.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：我父亲在农场工作。
And he had got a letter from his father telling him not to come back to the home place, cause there was no money, there was no food.
他收到了父亲的一封信，告诉他不要回老家，因为没有钱，没有食物。
And my grandfather told my dad to go west to find a job.
我爷爷让我爸爸去西部找工作。
So my father took the money he had, that he'd made baling hay and bought a sandwich in a rail yard, and hopped in a boxcar.
于是我父亲拿着他在铁路站打捆干草、买了三明治的钱，跳上了一辆棚车。
In the boxcar, he said that they were regular people, well-educated people, as he described them...
在棚车里，他说他们是普通人，受过良好教育的人，正如他所描述的那样……
He said there was even lawyers.
他说甚至还有律师。
He just, he was just part of this huge slipstream of unemployed people.
他只是,他只是这个失业人口大流中的一部分。
Narrator: The dark clouds of the Dust Bowl actually brightened the prospects for Grand Coulee Dam.
旁白：沙尘暴的乌云实际上照亮了大古力大坝的前景。
The economic crisis brought a renewed focus on large irrigation projects, and a new President into office.
经济危机使人们重新关注大型灌溉项目，新总统也上任了。
As a life-long Republican, Rufus Woods had opposed Franklin Roosevelt's election, but during FDR's frenetic first months in office, Woods came to appreciate his call for bold action.
作为一名终身共和党人，鲁弗斯·伍兹曾反对富兰克林·罗斯福当选，但在罗斯福上任的头几个月里，伍兹开始欣赏他呼吁采取大胆行动。
Blaine Harden, Writer: FDR comes into office and the Great Depression bottoms out.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：罗斯福上台，大萧条触底。
The idea for the dam was floating around in Washington for years.
修建大坝的想法在华盛顿流传多年。
The Army Corps of Engineers had written a report about how to dam the river all the way up and down.
陆军工程兵团写了一份关于如何在河流上下游筑坝的报告。
Roosevelt was desperately searching for shovel ready projects that could employ lots of people and have long-term use.
罗斯福正在拼命寻找可以雇用大量人员并长期使用的现成项目。
The dam made a lot of sense then.
当时，大坝的意义非常重大。
D.C. Jackson, Historian: Roosevelt put himself on the side of these huge resources like the Columbia River.
华盛顿特区杰克逊，历史学家：罗斯福站在哥伦比亚河等巨大资源一边。
And so the stake for him was going up against the plutocrats of Wall Street that controlled the private power industry.
因此，他的股份正在对抗控制私人电力行业的华尔街富豪。
So he had a real vested interest in developing these large hydroelectric power dams as a way of demonstrating the importance of public power.
因此，他对开发这些大型水力发电大坝有着真正的既得利益，以此来展示公共权力的重要性。
And the Columbia offered one of the great opportunities for that.
哥伦比亚号为此提供了绝佳的机会之一。
William Lang, Historian: Whether you were vested in this dam or not, it, it meant that something new and something big and something promising was going to happen.
历史学家威廉·朗：无论你是否拥有这座大坝，它都意味着一些新的、大的、有希望的事情即将发生。
Narrator: From Wenatchee, Woods and his allies felt some cause for hope.
旁白：从韦纳奇，伍兹和他的盟友感到了一些希望。
With Roosevelt on their side, their dream of turning their town into a great metropolis, and the desert into a garden, at last seemed possible.
有了罗斯福的支持，他们将小镇变成大都市、将沙漠变成花园的梦想终于成为可能。
For his part, the President saw the dam and irrigation project as fitting into his administration's vision for what was called a "planned promised land."
就总统而言，他认为大坝和灌溉项目符合他的政府对所谓“计划中的应许之地”的愿景。
Paul C.
保罗·C.
Pitzer, Historian: And the idea was to create a number of small towns around the project area and they would have the power from the dam, they would have the water from the river, so that you would have a community that would not suffer any of the problems of economic shifts up and down over the years.
历史学家皮策：我们的想法是在项目区域周围建立一些小镇，他们将获得大坝的电力，他们将获得河流的水，这样你就会拥有一个不会遭受多年来经济上下波动的任何问题的社区。
That was the goal.
这就是目标。
Narrator: In mid-June of 1933, with the nationwide unemployment rate at 25%, Congress approved one of Roosevelt's most ambitious programs -- the Public Works Administration.
旁白：1933 年 6 月中旬，全国失业率高达 25%，国会批准了罗斯福最雄心勃勃的计划之一——公共工程管理局。
The President was authorized to spend, at his discretion, up to $3.3 billion on new infrastructure projects around the country.
总统被授权自行决定花费最多 33 亿美元用于全国各地的新基础设施项目。
The Bureau of Reclamation, the huge federal builder of water projects in the West, came up with a plan for the entire dam and reservoir at a cost of $162 million.
西部最大的联邦水利工程建设者垦务局提出了一项耗资 1.62 亿美元的整个水坝和水库的计划。
FDR was determined to get it off the ground, but was unable to pay for the entire project all at once, so on July 26th he approved $63 million in start-up funds for the Grand Coulee Dam.
罗斯福决心将其付诸实施，但无法一次性支付整个项目的费用，因此他于 7 月 26 日批准了大古力大坝 6300 万美元的启动资金。
D.C. Jackson, Historian: But once you commit a small amount, small being $63 million, it's going to be much harder to sort of pull the plug on it.
D.C. Jackson，历史学家：但是一旦你承诺了一小笔资金，比如 6300 万美元，那么终止它就会变得更加困难。
You commit a sizable amount, but not the total to get the project going, with the idea that down the road you would be able to bring it to completion.
您投入了相当大的金额，但不是使项目继续进行的全部金额，因为您的想法是，您将能够完成项目。
Narrator: Half of the dam was to be built on the Colville Indian Reservation, home to a confederation of twelve Northwestern tribes, including the Chief Joseph band of the Nez Perce, which had fought a famous war against the United States in 1877.
旁白：大坝的一半将建在科尔维尔印第安人保留地，该保留地是 12 个西北部落联盟的所在地，其中包括内兹珀斯人的约瑟夫酋长部落，该部落曾在 1877 年与美国进行了一场著名的战争。
Blaine Harden, Writer: In the years before the dam construction began, some lawmakers said, "how are we going to compensate the Indians, because you know half of the dam's on, on their land." And some grudging consideration was given to this idea and some promises were made.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：在大坝建设开始前的几年里，一些立法者说，“我们如何补偿印第安人，因为你知道大坝的一半在他们的土地上。”我们对这个想法进行了一些勉强的考虑，并做出了一些承诺。
Colleen F.
科琳·F.
Cawston, Colville Tribal Member: I've heard that what was implied we would receive is the ability to irrigate our land and electricity at a rate that would be much more affordable.
科尔维尔部落成员考斯顿：我听说我们将获得以更实惠的价格灌溉我们的土地和电力的能力。
Narrator: : On July 16, 1933, a group of dignitaries, including Washington governor Clarence Martin, and Jim James, chief of the San Poil Indians from the Colville Reservation, gathered on the banks of the Columbia to mark the start of construction.
旁白：1933 年 7 月 16 日，包括华盛顿州州长克拉伦斯·马丁和来自科尔维尔保留地的圣波伊尔印第安人酋长吉姆·詹姆斯在内的一群政要聚集在哥伦比亚河岸，庆祝工程开工。
With Chief James holding it, the governor drove in the first stake, inaugurating what would become the largest irrigation and hydroelectric project in the country.
在詹姆斯酋长的主持下，州长投入了第一根股份，开启了该国最大的灌溉和水力发电项目。
To realize its Olympian goals, the Grand Coulee's vast reservoir would inundate Indian communities, submerge sacred fishing spots and ancestral burial grounds, and erect an impenetrable barrier denying salmon access to their network of spawning grounds in the upper Columbia.
为了实现其奥林匹克目标，大古力的巨大水库将淹没印第安社区，淹没神圣的捕鱼点和祖先墓地，并竖起一道坚不可摧的屏障，阻止鲑鱼进入哥伦比亚上游的产卵场网络。
But none of that mattered during the dark days of 1933.
但在 1933 年的黑暗日子里，这些都不再重要了。
There was little consideration of the extraordinary changes that Grand Coulee would have on America's wildest stream -- on its rapids and waterfalls, its fish and the native peoples whose world revolved around it.
人们几乎没有考虑到大古力河会给美国最狂野的河流带来的非凡变化——它的急流和瀑布、它的鱼类以及围绕它的世界的土著人民。
Rufus Woods and FDR's engineers believed that they could achieve miracles with the Columbia.
鲁弗斯·伍兹和罗斯福的工程师相信他们可以通过哥伦比亚号创造奇迹。
And they were ready to begin.
他们已经准备好开始了。
Wilfred Woods, Son of Rufus Woods: It's a story that really wouldn't have happened without a lot of dreaming on a lot of people in central Washington that dreamed about a big thing.
威尔弗雷德·伍兹，鲁弗斯·伍兹的儿子：如果没有华盛顿中部许多梦想着一件大事的人的梦想，这个故事就不会发生。
And it finally happened thanks to a depression.
由于抑郁症，这一切终于发生了。
Amazing, isn't it?
太棒了，不是吗？
Richard White, Historian: Grand Coulee is going to be the biggest thing on earth.
历史学家理查德·怀特：大古力将成为地球上最大的东西。
These are not people who thought small.
这些人的想法并不小。
It's a very big dam and the dreams around it were as big as the dam itself.
这是一座非常大的水坝，围绕它的梦想与水坝本身一样大。
And what it's going to deliver to the United States is, first of all, jobs, which is the only thing they could be certain of, it's going to take a lot of people a long time to build this, but after that it's going to create farms, and beyond that, it's going to produce electricity.
它将给美国带来的首先是就业机会，这是他们唯一可以确定的事情，这将需要很多人花很长时间来建造它，但之后它将创建农场，除此之外，它将生产电力。
It can power pumps that can bring water into kitchens.
它可以为泵提供动力，将水带入厨房。
It can provide electric lights so that people can extend their days and not sit around by kerosene and coal lamps.
它可以提供电灯，使人们可以延长日子，而不是坐在煤油灯和煤灯旁。
It can provide washing machines.
它可以提供洗衣机。
It can make housewives' and farm wives' lives incredibly easier.
它可以使家庭主妇和农场主妇的生活变得异常轻松。
There just seems to be no end of the good things that can come out of Grand Coulee Dam.
大古力大坝似乎能带来无穷无尽的美好事物。
Narrator: By July of 1933, thousands of hungry, desperate men had flooded into eastern Washington, lured by the promise that Grand Coulee Dam would create as many as 100,000 jobs.
旁白：到 1933 年 7 月，成千上万饥饿、绝望的人们被大古力水坝将创造多达 10 万个就业机会的承诺所吸引，涌入华盛顿东部。
The Wenatchee World urged the laborers to wait and file applications with the Bureau of Reclamation -- but the men came anyway.
韦纳奇世界敦促劳工们等待并向垦务局提交申请，但这些人还是来了。
Blaine Harden, Writer: The people came up to the dam, working men, many of whom had ridden boxcars from other parts of the country.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：人们来到大坝，都是工人，其中许多人乘坐来自全国其他地区的棚车。
They slept in their cars.
他们睡在车里。
They slept in the street.
他们睡在街上。
They slept in caves near the town.
他们睡在城镇附近的山洞里。
They slept in the boxes that dance hall pianos came in.
他们睡在舞厅钢琴的盒子里。
Narrator: Anxious to avoid having their much-touted jobs project turn into a shanty town of unemployed men, the federal government released another million dollars for preliminary excavation, but it took time to get the workforce organized.
旁白：联邦政府急于避免他们大肆宣传的就业项目变成失业人员的棚户区，因此又拨款一百万美元用于初步挖掘，但组织劳动力需要时间。
Ed Kern, Dam Worker: Well, see the depression was so bad, ya know, I was just outta high school.
艾德·科恩（Ed Kern），大坝工人：嗯，看看抑郁症有多严重，你知道，我刚刚高中毕业。
I was still 19 years old.
我当时才19岁。
And, well what there to do.
而且，还有什么可做的。
I walked down there, hey, there's a whole block of people waiting ahead of me, see.
我走到那里，嘿，前面有一大群人在等着我，瞧。
Trying to get on.
试图继续前进。
So I just waited and waited and waited, and finally my turn came.
于是我就等啊等啊，终于轮到我了。
He looks at me, he says, what can you do?
他看着我，说，你能做什么？
Are you a carpenter?
你是木匠吗？
No. Are you a welder?
不，你是焊工吗？
No. Trade?
不，贸易？
No. Well then we got nothing for you but labor.
不，那么我们除了劳动力之外什么也没有给你。
That's when he put me down with the rock gang.
就在那时，他把我和摇滚帮一起镇压了。
He said, it's going to be hard, hard work, and he proved it to me.
他说，这将是一项艰苦的工作，他向我证明了这一点。
Narrator: Once the project finally got underway, the sheer scale of the obstacles became apparent.
旁白：当项目最终开始实施时，障碍的规模就显而易见了。
The construction site was hundreds of miles from the nearest big city, without decent roads or rail connections.
施工现场距离最近的大城市有数百英里，没有像样的道路或铁路连接。
Steep hillsides plunged down to the water's edge, and the dam would have to stretch beyond the river on both sides, almost a mile across in total.
陡峭的山坡一直延伸到水边，大坝必须从两侧延伸到河流之外，总共几乎一英里宽。
To contain the impulsive Columbia, and create the reservoir needed for power and irrigation, the dam would need to rise 550 feet in the air, and back water up for hundreds of miles, all the way to the Canadian border.
为了遏制冲动的哥伦比亚号，并建造电力和灌溉所需的水库，大坝需要高出 550 英尺，将水蓄积数百英里，一直到达加拿大边境。
D.C. Jackson, Historian: The river has a huge flow.
D.C.杰克逊，历史学家：这条河的流量很大。
And the key to waterpower is flow times drop.
而水力的关键是流量倍数下降。
And because you have this huge flow, even a relatively modest drop, you can get a lot of power.
因为你有如此巨大的流量，即使是相对较小的下降，你也可以获得大量的能量。
But when you build up 500 feet of drop, then you get a lot of power.
但当你建立 500 英尺的落差时，你就会获得很大的力量。
Narrator: To convert the power of the Columbia into electricity, the river would be funneled into tubes, called penstocks, that would then use the Grand Coulee's height to force the water at high speed through 12 turbines encased in power-houses at the base of the dam.
旁白：为了将哥伦比亚河的能量转化为电力，河流将被引入称为压力管道的管道中，然后利用大古力河的高度迫使水流高速流过大坝底部发电厂中的 12 个涡轮机。
D.C. Jackson, Historian: What does a turbine do?
D.C. Jackson，历史学家：涡轮机有什么作用？
There are those blades which move and pass the water through them.
这些叶片可以移动并使水流过它们。
That's how the waterpower's converted into this rotating mechanical power.
这就是水力转化为旋转机械动力的方式。
And then those turbines, they have a, a shaft.
然后那些涡轮机，它们有一个轴。
And they go up and then they turn the generators.
他们上升然后转动发电机。
And the generators are big magnets that revolve around and then there's the copper.
发电机是围绕着铜旋转的大磁铁。
And as those turn, they generate electricity.
当它们转动时，它们就会发电。
Narrator: Operating at full capacity, the dam would be capable of producing almost 2,000 megawatts, enough power to run entire cities.
旁白：如果大坝满负荷运行，将能够发电近 2,000 兆瓦，足够整个城市供电。
Unlike the soon to be completed Hoover Dam, which combined size with an elegant arch design that pressed against the walls of a steep canyon, Grand Coulee Dam would rely on only one thing to stop the river -- its enormous mass.
与即将竣工的胡佛水坝不同，胡佛水坝将规模与优雅的拱形设计相结合，压在陡峭的峡谷壁上，而大古力水坝只依靠一件事来阻止河流——其巨大的质量。
Paul C.
保罗·C.
Pitzer, Historian: A gravity dam uses basically the weight of the dam to keep it there.
历史学家皮策：重力坝基本上利用大坝的重量将其保持在那里。
It's just a big block that sits in the river and there it is.
它只是河里的一个大块，就在那里。
Blaine Harden, Writer: What was different about Grand Coulee, it was just bigger, much, much bigger than any other gravity dam had ever been.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：大古力坝的不同之处在于，它比任何其他重力坝都要大得多。
And the river itself, the water they were holding back was a larger, more powerful river than had ever been dammed before.
而河流本身，他们拦住的水是一条比以前筑坝的河流更大、更强大的河流。
Narrator: On August 4th, 1934, shortly after construction began, the Grand Coulee Dam site received a surprising visitor.
旁白：1934 年 8 月 4 日，大古力大坝工地开工后不久，就迎来了一位令人惊讶的访客。
Blaine Harden, Writer: Roosevelt showed up, which was completely unexpected for the President of the United States to come to this godforsaken corner of, of Washington state, when there was almost nothing to show for it.
作家布莱恩·哈登：罗斯福出现了，这对美国总统来说完全出乎意料，他来到了华盛顿州这个被遗弃的角落，当时几乎没有什么可展示的。
There was just dust and a hole in the side of the river.
河边只有灰尘和一个洞。
But he was there to talk about what could be and what this big project represented as part of the New Deal.
但他在那里谈论了可能发生的事情以及这个大项目作为新政的一部分代表了什么。
Narrator: "We are going to see with our own eyes electricity made so cheap that it will become a standard article of use not only for manufacturing but for every home," proclaimed the President, with his wife Eleanor looking on.
旁白：“我们将亲眼看到电力变得如此便宜，它将成为不仅用于制造业而且用于每个家庭的标准使用物品，”总统在他的妻子埃莉诺的注视下宣布。
"I know that this empty desert country is going to be filled with men, women, and children who will be making an honest livelihood and doing their best to live up to the American standard of living and American standard of citizenship."
“我知道这个空旷的沙漠国家将充满男人、女人和儿童，他们将诚实谋生，并尽最大努力达到美国的生活标准和美国公民标准。”
Blaine Harden, Writer: He talked about it as a, sort of planting a seed for a new future for that region and for all of the West.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：他谈到这是为该地区和整个西方的新未来播下种子。
He looked on it as, as the perfect symbol of what he was trying to do.
他认为这是他想要做的事情的完美象征。
"Look at all these men who have jobs," he said, "sitting in the back of an open roadster, surrounded by dust and not much else."
“看看这些有工作的人，”他说，“坐在一辆敞篷跑车的后座上，周围都是灰尘，除此之外什么也没有。”
Mary Henning, Grand Coulee Resident: I was ten years old and here came Franklin Roosevelt.
玛丽·亨宁，大古力居民：当时我十岁，富兰克林·罗斯福来了。
This hillside was just covered with people that came from all over.
这个山坡上挤满了从四面八方赶来的人。
We're in the midst of this terrible Depression and, I mean, here you are in this open field and...
我们正处于这场可怕的大萧条之中，我的意思是，你在这片开阔的田野里......
the cars and people were just everywhere.
汽车和人到处都是。
And they were so excited.
他们非常兴奋。
The idea that there was going to be some employment, there was gonna be something to do and there was gonna be a paycheck.
会有一些工作、有事可做、会有薪水的想法。
Of course, we believed in Franklin D.
当然，我们相信富兰克林 D.
Roosevelt.
罗斯福。
We just knew something wonderful was going to happen.
我们只知道将会发生一些奇妙的事情。
Narrator: By January of 1935, Grand Coulee had finally become the epic public works project that its boosters had promised.
旁白：到 1935 年 1 月，大古力终于成为其支持者所承诺的史诗般的公共工程项目。
2,500 men worked on the dam, with hundreds more pouring in every month, all employed by a conglomerate of three companies known by the acronym MWAK.
有 2,500 名工人在大坝上工作，每个月还会有数百人涌入，他们都受雇于一家由三个公司组成的集团，其缩写为 MWAK。
The company's superintendent was a profane, hard-drinking and former ironworker named Manley Harvey Slocum.
该公司的主管曼利·哈维·斯洛克姆（Manley Harvey Slocum）是一位不敬虔、酗酒的前钢铁工人。
Partially crippled from a gas explosion in his youth, Slocum's gnarled hands and stooped walk hid an iron determination.
斯洛库姆年轻时因瓦斯爆炸而致部分残废，但他粗糙的双手和弯腰的走路姿势却隐藏着钢铁般的决心。
Known affectionately by his men as Harvey, he had proven himself on dams in California and in the jungles of Panama.
他被他的手下亲切地称为哈维，他已经在加利福尼亚的水坝和巴拿马的丛林中证明了自己。
Though he never made it past the 8th grade, what Slocum knew how to do was build.
尽管斯洛克姆从未读过八年级，但他知道如何建造。
D.C. Jackson, Historian: Harvey Slocum, he's the superintendent at the dam site.
华盛顿特区杰克逊，历史学家：哈维·斯洛克姆，他是大坝工地的负责人。
He's in charge of making this thing work, you know, on a day-to-day level.
你知道，他负责让这件事在日常层面上发挥作用。
He's a bit of a roustabout, he would go on his binges, he would have his drunks, and that was, you know, one of those things, maybe you paid a price.
他是一个有点暴躁的人，他会继续狂欢，他会喝醉，而那是，你知道的，其中之一，也许你付出了代价。
The workers, they know how to work hard or not work so hard depending upon whether they think they're being treated fairly.
工人们知道如何努力工作或不那么努力工作，这取决于他们是否认为自己受到公平对待。
And having a superintendent who is willing to go out on a drunk every once in a while, well they might feel, hey, there's a guy who is on our side.
如果有一个主管偶尔会出去喝醉，他们可能会觉得，嘿，有一个人站在我们这边。
Narrator: Slocum's biggest challenge was to divert the flow of the river, allowing workers to dig out the mud and expose the granite bedrock on which the dam would rest.
旁白：斯洛克姆面临的最大挑战是改变河水流量，让工人们挖出泥浆，露出大坝所在的花岗岩基岩。
To start, they needed to build cofferdams -- temporary structures that would keep the river at bay.
首先，他们需要建造围堰——将河流挡在海湾的临时建筑。
The first would run along the west bank, pushing a third of the river out of the way, and be anchored by a large piece of the foundation, known as 'Block 40.'
第一条将沿着西岸延伸，将三分之一的河流推开，并由一大块地基（称为“Block 40”）固定。
Once the work on the west side was complete, another set of cofferdams would extend out from the east side of the river, diverting the flow over the recently completed foundation.
一旦西侧工程完成，另一组围堰将从河东侧延伸出来，将水流转移到刚刚完工的地基上。
D.C. Jackson, Historian: Once you've built the west side, and then you've got the foundation that's stable enough so that you can actually run water over it, then you go and you do it on the other side.
D.C.杰克逊，历史学家：一旦你建造了西侧，然后你就有了足够稳定的地基，以便你可以在上面浇水，然后你就可以在另一侧进行浇水了。
And you use that big center block, that...
你使用那个大的中心块，那......
that 'Block 40' as sort of the one that connects the two together.
“Block 40”就像将两者连接在一起的那种。
Narrator: Complicating Slocum's already daunting task was the unpredictable power of the Columbia.
旁白：哥伦比亚号不可预测的力量让斯洛克姆本已艰巨的任务变得更加复杂。
In the spring, the flow of the river could sometimes surge dramatically, as snowmelt and rain would suddenly turn the already muscular waterway into a raging torrent.
春天的时候，河水的流量有时会急剧增加，因为融雪和雨水会使本来就很汹涌的水道突然变成汹涌的激流。
The cofferdams had to be built quickly during low water months.
在低水位的月份，围堰必须迅速建造。
If not finished in time, the spring runoff would tear them to pieces.
如果不及时完成，春季径流会将它们撕成碎片。
Racing against the clock, more than 1,200 men worked in continuous shifts, driving huge interlocking steel pilings deep into the river's bottom with steam hammers, nervously watching for the river to rise.
1200多名工人与时间赛跑，连续轮班，用蒸汽锤将巨大的连锁钢桩深深打入河底，紧张地注视着河水上涨。
On March 23rd, 1935, only 90 days after they started, workers completed the west side cofferdam.
1935年3月23日，开工仅90天，西侧围堰就完工了。
And just in time.
而且恰逢其时。
That spring the river peaked at 32 feet above its normal height.
那年春天，这条河的水位比正常高度高出 32 英尺。
The fragile cofferdams held for a time, until one night they suddenly ruptured, and 15,000 gallons a minute came pouring in.
脆弱的围堰一度坚守了一段时间，直到一天晚上突然破裂，每分钟有 15,000 加仑的水涌入。
Roused from his bed, still wearing his red pajamas, Harvey Slocum rushed to the dam site, where his men threw anything they could find into the river to stop the leak -- mattresses, canvas, building materials, even sagebrush.
哈维·斯洛克姆从床上醒来，仍然穿着红色睡衣，他冲到了大坝工地，他的手下将他们能找到的所有东西都扔进河里以阻止泄漏——床垫、帆布、建筑材料，甚至山艾树。
Only more pilings, and a supply of bentonite, a mineral that forms a thick paste when mixed with water, finally staunched the flow.
只有更多的桩和供应膨润土（一种与水混合时会形成浓稠糊状物的矿物质）才最终阻止了水流。
Against all odds, the cofferdams had controlled the surging Columbia, but one critical issue remained.
尽管困难重重，围堰还是控制住了汹涌澎湃的哥伦比亚号，但仍然存在一个关键问题。
In 1933, FDR had been able to commit only a portion of the dam's cost, planning to get the rest from Congress at a later date.
1933 年，罗斯福只能承担大坝成本的一部分，并计划稍后从国会获得其余部分。
Now, in April of 1935, the President's strategy was derailed by the U.S. Supreme Court, which struck down his right to spend money on dams without Congressional approval.
现在，1935 年 4 月，总统的战略被美国最高法院打乱，最高法院剥夺了他在未经国会批准的情况下花钱修建水坝的权利。
D.C. Jackson, Historian: The Supreme Court, which is rather conservative at this point, says to have FDR allocate that money, that's not going to be enough.
D.C. 杰克逊，历史学家：最高法院在这一点上相当保守，他说让罗斯福分配这笔钱，这还不够。
Congress is going to have to specifically vote to authorize these dams.
国会必须专门投票批准这些水坝。
Narrator: In June, the administration asked Congress to fund Grand Coulee -- as well as twenty other dams around the country.
旁白：六月，政府要求国会资助大古力水坝以及全国其他二十座水坝。
With James O'Sullivan working feverishly behind the scenes, the bill sailed through the Senate, but Republican forces in the House, led by representative Francis Culkin of New York, insisted that Grand Coulee be voted on separately.
在詹姆斯·奥沙利文的幕后狂热推动下，该法案在参议院顺利通过，但以纽约众议员弗朗西斯·卡尔金为首的众议院共和党势力坚持对大古力进行单独投票。
Not content to argue solely on the House floor, Culkin took to the radio, claiming that the entire Grand Coulee project would destroy fruit farmers in California, squander federal resources on what he called "a vast area of gloomy table lands," and destroy the Columbia's entire $300 million salmon industry.
卡尔金不满足于仅仅在众议院争论，他在广播中声称整个大古力项目将摧毁加州的果农，将联邦资源浪费在他所谓的“大片阴暗的台地”上，并摧毁哥伦比亚整个价值 3 亿美元的鲑鱼产业。
And he went still further, denouncing the dam as a "dangerously un-American exercise in socialism."
他更进一步，谴责大坝是“危险的、非美国式的社会主义活动”。
Joining the frantic lobbying with characteristic gusto, Rufus Woods had the World print an eight-page special edition that extolled the benefits of the dam, emblazoned with the banner headline, "TWO MILLION WILD HORSES." He made sure every member of Congress received a copy.
鲁弗斯·伍兹以特有的热情加入了疯狂的游说活动，他让世界印刷了一份八页的特别版，颂扬了大坝的好处，并印有横幅标题“两百万匹野马”。他确保每位国会议员都收到一份副本。
Congressman Sam Hill led the counter-attack by playing down the irrigation possibilities of the dam, and promoting the benefits of Grand Coulee's massive public power.
国会议员山姆·希尔领导了反击，淡化了大坝灌溉的可能性，并宣传大古力巨大公共权力的好处。
Finally, 61% of the House agreed, and the bill become law on August 30th, 1935.
最终，众议院 61% 的议员同意，该法案于 1935 年 8 月 30 日成为法律。
With the river contained by the cofferdams and its political fate secured, the dam could now rise to its full height and attempt to realize its even loftier ambitions.
随着河流被围堰围住，其政治命运也得到了保障，大坝现在可以达到其最高高度，并试图实现其更加崇高的抱负。
In December of that year, as more than a thousand spectators looked on, Washington Governor Clarence Martin, dressed in overalls and rubber boots, spread the first bucket of concrete on the dam.
当年12月，在一千多名观众的注视下，华盛顿州州长克拉伦斯·马丁穿着工作服和胶靴，在大坝上铺上了第一桶混凝土。
When the ceremony was complete, a representative from MWAK handed the governor a check for 75 cents, covering his wages for one hour as a common laborer.
仪式结束后，MWAK 的代表递给州长一张 75 美分的支票，支付他作为普通工人一小时的工资。
D.C. Jackson, Historian: You don't build this as one single, massive structure.
D.C. 杰克逊，历史学家：你不能把它建造成一个单一的、巨大的结构。
If you did that, you would get all kinds of cracks -- like sidewalks.
如果这样做，就会出现各种各样的裂缝——比如人行道。
You know concrete, as it hardens, it will naturally shrink a little bit and when you build a sidewalk you build those cracks into it.
你知道混凝土，当它变硬时，它会自然收缩一点，当你建造人行道时，你就会在其中建造裂缝。
At Grand Coulee they want to make sure that they don't get cracking, so you put it into...
在大古力，他们想确保它们不会破裂，所以你把它放进去……
to these discrete blocks about 50 foot square things, which there are hundreds of them, that make up the dam.
这些离散的块体大约有 50 平方英尺，有数百个，它们构成了水坝。
Narrator: Trestles built on top of the foundation brought concrete to the site, and cranes lowered it down in huge buckets to be spread onto the dam.
旁白：建在地基顶部的栈桥将混凝土运到现场，起重机将其放入巨大的桶中降下，然后铺到大坝上。
Each new pour added a five-foot layer.
每次新浇注都增加了五英尺的层。
72 hours later , the process was repeated.
72小时后，重复该过程。
Ed Kern, Dam Worker: We had to scrub the concrete like, with big wide brushes...
Ed Kern，大坝工人：我们必须用大而宽的刷子擦洗混凝土......
remember, concrete forms a scum.
请记住，混凝土会形成浮渣。
And we had to brush it off...
我们不得不把它擦掉......
and that's all we did, we went from one block to the other and kept cleaning up.
这就是我们所做的一切，我们从一个街区走到另一个街区并不断清理。
I want to tell you, that was a 24-hour job and that contract had to be done at a certain time and they pushed it and then pushed it.
我想告诉你，那是一份 24 小时的工作，合同必须在某个时间完成，他们一推再推。
They worked the death of us.
他们导致了我们的死亡。
And no breaks.
并且没有休息。
No breaks at all.
根本没有休息。
You work till noon and have half an hour...
工作到中午还有半个小时...
till night.
直到晚上。
That was it.
就是这样。
I got so tired.
我太累了。
Wouldn't I like to have a break?
我不想休息一下吗？
Oh, my...
哦，我的...
no no. There were no breaks in those days.
不，不。那些日子里没有休息。
Narrator: By June of 1937, trestles spanned the entire river.
旁白：到1937年6月，栈桥横跨整条河。
The following February, the foundation was complete -- 14 months ahead of schedule.
第二年 2 月，地基竣工，比原计划提前了 14 个月。
It would take millions of cubic yards of concrete to finish the job, but what was being called "the biggest thing on earth" was at last taking shape.
完成这项工作需要数百万立方码的混凝土，但所谓的“地球上最大的东西”终于成形了。
The year before the foundation of the dam was finished, Arno Harden had arrived at the dam site looking for a job.
大坝奠基完成的前一年，阿诺·哈登来到大坝工地寻找工作。
Blaine Harden, Writer: My dad went up to Grand Coulee with his brother Albert.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：我父亲和他的兄弟艾伯特一起去了大古力。
And my father worked at the dam for three months and he thought it was just too dangerous to work down there, it's just so big.
我父亲在大坝工作了三个月，他认为在那里工作太危险了，水坝太大了。
And the river's so powerful and noisy.
这条河的威力如此强大，声音如此喧闹。
It's, it's just scary.
它，它只是可怕。
I mean, he wasn't terrified of the place, he just...
我的意思是，他并不害怕这个地方，他只是……
didn't think the odds were good for survival if you worked at the lowliest job.
不认为如果你从事最低层的工作，生存的几率就不大。
Narrator: For every thousand cubic yards of concrete poured, or million dollars expended, men paid with their lives.
旁白：每浇筑一千立方码的混凝土，或者花费一百万美元，人们就付出了生命的代价。
They were knocked off the steep walls of the foundation and impaled on rebar, drowned in the frigid waters of the Columbia, or in one horrible incident, ripped apart by a heavy conveyor belt.
他们被从陡峭的地基墙上撞下来，被钢筋刺穿，淹死在哥伦比亚河的寒冷水域中，或者在一次可怕的事件中，被沉重的传送带撕裂。
By the time the foundation was complete, 60 men had died.
当地基完工时，已有 60 人死亡。
In the midst of the Depression, there were always new workers to take their place.
在大萧条期间，总是有新的工人取代他们的位置。
And they kept on coming, completely transforming the area around the dam.
他们不断涌来，彻底改变了大坝周围的地区。
In the canyon, closest to the river, the Bureau of Reclamation had erected two all-electric, model communities for their skilled employees.
在距离河流最近的峡谷中，垦务局为其熟练员工建立了两个全电动示范社区。
Called Engineers Town and Mason City, they boasted houses with carefully tended lawns, tree lined streets, flower-growing contests, and laws against drinking.
他们被称为“工程师城”和“梅森城”，拥有精心照料的草坪、绿树成荫的街道、花卉种植比赛和禁止饮酒的法律。
Up in the hills, beyond the western edge of the canyon, the mass of common laborers, who were mostly single, found what lodgings they could in the raucous and ramshackle boomtown of Grand Coulee, which featured a larger collection of saloons and brothels than any other town in the West.
在峡谷西边的山上，大批普通劳工（大多是单身）在喧闹、摇摇欲坠的新兴城镇大古力找到了他们能找到的住所，这里的酒吧和妓院数量比西方任何其他城镇都多。
The heart of this Sodom and Gomorrah in the desert was B-Street, a dilapidated collection of false-fronted bars and crib-houses.
沙漠中所多玛和蛾摩拉的中心是 B 街，这是一条破旧的酒吧和婴儿床房的集合体。
Blaine Harden, Writer: B Street was unpaved, mud in the winter, dust in the, in the summer.
布莱恩·哈登（Blaine Harden），编剧：B街没有铺砌，冬天是泥土，夏天是灰尘。
And it was lined by dance halls.
它的两旁都是舞厅。
Stewart Whipple, Dam Worker: : We'd drive up there and park close to the bars and see all the activity.
斯图尔特·惠普尔（Stewart Whipple），大坝工人：：我们会开车去那里，把车停在酒吧附近，看看所有的活动。
Of course I was too young to get into any of those places.
当然，我还太年轻，无法进入这些地方。
And then they had great jazz music, and we'd go through the alley and listen -- the doors would be all open because it'd be 100 degrees outside.
然后他们播放了美妙的爵士乐，我们会穿过小巷去听——门都是开着的，因为外面的温度是 100 度。
Music was going on until two in the morning.
音乐一直持续到凌晨两点。
And then of course, we never parked there in front of the door of these bars because the fights would come out, and you didn't want anybody landing on the hoods of the car.
当然，我们从来没有把车停在这些酒吧的门前，因为打架会发生，你不希望任何人落在汽车的引擎盖上。
Lawney Reyes, Writer/Grand Coulee Resident: Lots of times, uh, you'd be walking down the street and they had these swing doors leading into the tavern and you'd see two guys fighting come rolling out onto the boardwalk, and they'd be beating each other to death.
Lawney Reyes，作家/大古力居民：很多时候，呃，你走在街上，他们有通往小酒馆的旋转门，你会看到两个打架的人滚到木板路上，他们会互相殴打致死。
And after they got through doing that then they'd go back in and drink some more.
当他们完成这些之后，他们就会回去再喝一些。
Blaine Harden, Writer: More alcohol was consumed per capita in B Street than any other place in the state of Washington.
布莱恩·哈登（Blaine Harden），作家：B 街的人均酒精消费量比华盛顿州任何其他地方都多。
They fought over the women in town.
他们为了城里的女人而打架。
My father saw a shooting.
我父亲看到了枪击事件。
He said knifings were common.
他说，持刀行为很常见。
Trucks used to go up and down the street from the, the state health department, telling people to be quiet and avoid activity that spread social diseases.
卡车曾经在州卫生部门的街道上来回行驶，告诉人们保持安静，避免传播社会疾病的活动。
Narrator: Far from the din and depravity of B Street, the foundation of the dam now spanned the river, and in the summer of 1938, the time had come to raise it 550 feet into the air.
旁白：远离 B 街的喧嚣和腐败，大坝的地基现在横跨河流，1938 年夏天，是时候将其提升到 550 英尺高的空中了。
Seeking to reduce costs, MWAK accepted an offer to merge with the huge conglomerate run by the industrialist Henry Kaiser that had just finished building Hoover Dam.
为了降低成本，MWAK 接受了与工业家亨利·凯撒 (Henry Kaiser) 经营的大型企业集团合并的提议，该企业刚刚建成胡佛水坝。
The new, even larger corporation was called Consolidated Builders Incorporated, or CBI.
这家规模更大的新公司被称为联合建筑商公司 (Consolidated Builders Incorporated)，简称 CBI。
Their bid of $34,400,442 won the contract to finish the dam, and over the next year and a half, the work went on, around the clock, as thousands of men per shift swarmed over the structure.
他们以 34,400,442 美元的出价赢得了完成大坝的合同，在接下来的一年半里，工作日以继夜地进行，每个班次都有数千人蜂拥而至。
Seen from a distance, the dam seemed to pulsate with energy, as if it were alive.
从远处看，大坝似乎充满了能量，仿佛有生命一样。
Brightly illuminated by thousands of floodlights at night, it was filled with surreal shadows and otherworldly hues.
夜晚，数千盏泛光灯照亮了这里，充满了超现实的阴影和超凡脱俗的色彩。
Lawney Reyes, Writer/Grand Coulee Resident: We had never seen anything like this before.
Lawney Reyes，作家/大古力居民：我们以前从未见过这样的事情。
We had never seen so many people before...
我们以前从来没有见过这么多人......
but it was really something to see...
但这确实是值得一看的东西......
they had at one time close to 8,000 workers, you know, here.
你知道，这里曾经有近 8,000 名工人。
Narrator: As the huge structure continued to rise out of the river, the massive penstocks were installed to funnel water to the generators, the cofferdams removed, and the spillway and powerhouses at the base of the dam constructed.
旁白：随着巨大的建筑物继续从河中升起，安装了巨大的水闸将水输送到发电机，围堰被拆除，并在大坝底部建造了溢洪道和发电厂。
Superintendent Harvey Slocum never saw the dam take shape.
警监哈维·斯洛克姆从未亲眼目睹大坝的成型。
During one particularly hot spell in Grand Coulee, he had sent a government-paid plumbing crew to install sprinklers on the roof of his favorite B-Street brothel, called the Swanee Rooms.
在大古力的一段特别炎热的时期，他派了一支政府出钱的管道工在他最喜欢的 B 街妓院（名为“斯旺尼房间”）的屋顶上安装洒水装置。
Grand Coulee's first air-conditioning system cost Slocum his job, but not his pride, and he assailed a reporter for the Wenatchee World for the coverage of his departure.
大古力的第一套空调系统让斯洛克姆失去了工作，但并没有让他感到骄傲，他还因为报道他的离职而攻击了《韦纳奇世界》的一名记者。
"You put in that paper of yours that I was canned because of ill-health," he complained, "Now you know damn well I got canned because I was drunk."
“你在你的那篇论文中写到，我因为健康状况不佳而被解雇了，”他抱怨道，“现在你该死的清楚了，我因为喝醉了而被解雇了。”
Throughout the late 1930s, work on the dam continued at a remarkable pace.
整个 20 世纪 30 年代末，大坝工程继续以惊人的速度进行。
But preparations for filling the reservoir, which would come to be known as Lake Roosevelt, were another story.
但蓄水水库（后来被称为罗斯福湖）的准备工作则是另一回事了。
The lake began to fill in March of 1940, but the Bureau of Reclamation got a late start clearing the area, and the construction of the dam proceeded so quickly that the rising waters behind it caught everyone by surprise.
1940年3月，湖水开始蓄水，但填海局清理该地区的工作起步较晚，而大坝的建设进展如此之快，以至于水坝后面不断上涨的水位让所有人都大吃一惊。
Colleen F.
科琳·F.
Cawston, Colville Tribal Member: The people were given very short notice that the flood was going to come.
科尔维尔部落成员考斯顿：人们在很短的时间内就收到了洪水即将来临的通知。
And leadership called the people together and said, the landscape was going to change.
领导层召集人们聚集在一起并表示，情况将会改变。
Many of our other traditional foods that we would gather near the river would be now under river.
我们在河边收集的许多其他传统食物现在都在河下。
Many of the routes that we would take to go and harvest other foods would be no more.
我们用来收获其他食物的许多路线将不复存在。
Narrator: One particularly vexing problem was what to do with Indian gravesites that were about to be submerged.
旁白：一个特别令人烦恼的问题是如何处理即将被淹没的印度墓地。
The Bureau quickly hired a Spokane funeral home for the removal work, but more and more sites were discovered.
该局很快聘请了斯波坎殡仪馆进行拆除工作，但发现的遗址越来越多。
As they were identified, scavengers plundered the graves for the artifacts buried there.
当他们的身份被确认后，拾荒者就开始洗劫坟墓，寻找埋在那里的文物。
With time running out, and just over 1,300 graves moved so far, the Bureau simply ordered the work stopped and let the waters continue their steady ascent.
随着时间的流逝，到目前为止，仅移动了 1,300 多个坟墓，该局只是下令停止施工，让洪水继续稳步上升。
Lawney Reyes, Writer/Colville Tribal Member: When a lot of them saw the water rising, they couldn't believe that this is happening, you know.
劳尼·雷耶斯（Lawney Reyes），作家/科尔维尔部落成员：当他们中的很多人看到水位上升时，他们无法相信这种情况正在发生，你知道。
And the water had stopped flowing totally and of course the Indians knew that the river was dead then.
水已经完全停止流动，印第安人当然知道这条河那时已经死了。
You know, and uh, this is very hard for the Indians to take because it was a very beautiful river.
你知道，呃，这对印第安人来说很难接受，因为这是一条非常美丽的河流。
You know, it was moving, had a lot of power, you know, you could hear it.
你知道，它在移动，有很大的力量，你知道，你可以听到它。
I can still hear it.
我仍然能听到。
Narrator: As painful as it was for native people to lose their land, and to suffer the desecration of their cemeteries, it was equally hard to endure the loss of the salmon that had defined their lives for centuries.
旁白：对于原住民来说，失去土地、墓地遭到亵渎同样令人痛苦，但失去几个世纪以来决定他们生活的鲑鱼也同样令人难以忍受。
Every summer the Colville tribe would gather, under the direction of the salmon chief, and in a time-honored ritual, harvest the incredible bounty of fish -- more than 300,000 annually.
每年夏天，科尔维尔部落都会在鲑鱼酋长的指导下聚集在一起，举行一项历史悠久的仪式，收获数量惊人的鱼类——每年超过 300,000 条。
The center of this activity was a majestic series of ledges in the river, known as Kettle Falls.
这项活动的中心是河中一系列雄伟的岩架，称为水壶瀑布。
Colleen F.
科琳·F.
Cawston, Colville Tribal Member: Kettle Falls was a renowned fishing village that had rocks protruding out over the river so that you could fish in a traditional manner.
考斯顿 (Cawston)，科尔维尔部落成员：水壶瀑布 (Kettle Falls) 是一个著名的渔村，河上有突出的岩石，因此您可以以传统方式钓鱼。
And it took great teaching.
这需要很好的教导。
So it was a skill that was taught from older generation to younger generation.
所以这是一项从老一辈传授给年轻一代的技能。
Narrator: The Bureau had installed ladders to get fish over the much lower Bonneville Dam downstream, and considered a similar approach at Grand Coulee, but the dam was simply too high, and the plans were put aside.
旁白：该局安装了梯子，以便从下游低得多的博纳维尔大坝上捞鱼，并考虑在大古力采取类似的方法，但大坝太高了，计划被搁置了。
Bureau scientists hoped that hatcheries would be able to replenish the populations of spawning salmon, but the experiments failed to live up to expectations.
该局的科学家希望孵化场能够补充产卵鲑鱼的数量，但实验未能达到预期。
Now, the rising waters of the reservoir were going to submerge the falls forever.
现在，水库上涨的水位将永远淹没瀑布。
For three days, beginning on June 14 th, 1940, a large crowd, mostly native people, but also reporters, politicians and local whites, assembled at Kettle Falls.
从 1940 年 6 月 14 日开始，为期三天，一大群人聚集在水壶瀑布，其中大部分是当地人，也有记者、政客和当地白人。
The Indians called their gathering "The Ceremony of Tears." But in some respects, it was a surprisingly upbeat event.
印第安人称他们的聚会为“泪水仪式”。但从某些方面来看，这是一次令人惊讶的乐观事件。
There was a carnival, an all-outdoor Indian dance, and boxing matches.
有嘉年华、全户外的印度舞蹈和拳击比赛。
In a speech heralding the arrival of cheap electricity, Washington Senator Clarence Dill hoped that "Indians of future generations will find the change made here a great benefit to the people."
华盛顿参议员克拉伦斯·迪尔在一场预示廉价电力到来的演讲中希望“后代的印度人会发现这里的变化给人民带来了巨大的好处”。
The Spokane Spokesman-Review reported that, for their part, the chiefs "told of their sadness of the passing of the falls, and some thought the government should reimburse them for their loss."
《斯波坎发言人评论》报道说，酋长们“表达了他们对瀑布的逝去的悲伤，一些人认为政府应该补偿他们的损失”。
Colleen F.
科琳·F.
Cawston, Colville Tribal Member: The loss of Kettle Falls took away a part of the fabric of who I am, because no longer can I bring my children to this place.
科尔维尔部落成员考斯顿：水壶瀑布的消失夺走了我的一部分，因为我不能再带我的孩子们来到这个地方。
And no longer will they ever be able to see a river turn red from the backs of the salmon, because that's how thick they would run through Kettle Falls.
他们再也看不到鲑鱼背上的河流变红了，因为它们流过水壶瀑布的厚度就是这样的。
Richard White, Historian: What'll happen is once those dams start to back up, these worlds where people had fished, where families had rites, where there are certain rituals that are exacted, gradually as the water backs up those things vanish under the water.
历史学家理查德·怀特：一旦这些水坝开始退潮，就会发生什么，这些人们捕鱼的世界，家庭举行仪式的地方，严格执行某些仪式的地方，随着水的退潮，这些东西会逐渐消失在水下。
It's not just the fish that's vanishing, it's this intimate cultural world which had been passed on for centuries.
消失的不仅仅是鱼类，还有这个传承了几个世纪的亲密文化世界。
That world is gone.
那个世界已经消失了。
Lawney Reyes, Writer/Colville Tribal Member: You look at Lake Roosevelt today, it's dead.
劳尼·雷耶斯（Lawney Reyes），作家/科尔维尔部落成员：你看看今天的罗斯福湖，它已经死了。
To me, there's no beauty whatsoever in Lake Roosevelt...
对我来说，罗斯福湖没有任何美丽之处......
some of the people I worked with, you know they'd take, uh, a large boat up the Columbia and spend a couple of weeks, and they'd come back and tell me they have never seen so much beauty, you know, and I told them, you don't really know what beauty is.
和我一起工作的一些人，你知道他们会乘坐，呃，一艘大船沿着哥伦比亚河航行几周，然后他们回来告诉我他们从未见过如此多的美丽，你知道，我告诉他们，你并不真正知道什么是美丽。
You know, because I am old enough to have seen it when it was alive.
你知道，因为我已经足够大了，在它活着的时候见过它。
And you people will never see that again.
你们再也不会看到这样的景象了。
Narrator: One anthropologist , who had lived on the Colville Reservation in the 1920s, was stunned by the effect of Grand Coulee Dam.
旁白：一位 20 年代住在科尔维尔保留地的人类学家对大古力水坝的影响感到震惊。
It was built with "a ruthless disregard for Indians as human beings," he wrote, creating a blockaded river that "drowned the culture it had nourished."
他写道，它的建造是“对印第安人作为人类的无情漠视”，创造了一条被封锁的河流，“淹没了它所滋养的文化”。
Blaine Harden, Writer: For years they didn't have phone service.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：多年来他们没有电话服务。
They never got the cheap electricity that the white people down where I lived got.
他们从来没有像我住的地方的白人那样获得廉价电力。
They were really, really dispossessed of everything and were always an afterthought.
他们真的真的被剥夺了一切，而且总是被人忽视。
It took the federal government about a half-century before they began to even pay the Indians for the use of their land.
联邦政府花了大约半个世纪才开始向印第安人支付土地使用费。
They got a settlement in the '90s, gave them more than $50 million plus $15 million a year.
他们在 90 年代达成和解，给了他们超过 5000 万美元，再加上每年 1500 万美元。
Lawney Reyes, Writer/Colville Tribal Member: It took us over 50 years to get the first payment you know.
Lawney Reyes，作家/科尔维尔部落成员：您知道，我们花了 50 多年才收到第一笔付款。
Now we know that we got screwed because that electricity is worth a lot more that that.
现在我们知道我们被搞砸了，因为电力比电力更值钱。
But we have no, no power to fight, you know.
但我们没有、没有力量去战斗，你知道。
Narrator: By the close of 1940, Grand Coulee Dam was nearing completion, yet Roosevelt and his New Deal supporters were on the defensive.
旁白：1940 年底，大古力大坝即将竣工，但罗斯福和他的新政支持者却处于守势。
FDR's attempts at balancing the federal budget in his second term had pushed the nation back into recession.
罗斯福在第二任期内平衡联邦预算的尝试使国家重新陷入衰退。
For the next two years, unemployment once again soared to as high as 19%.
接下来两年，失业率再次飙升至19%。
All of the old arguments against Grand Coulee were resurrected.
所有反对大古力的旧论据都被复活了。
The dam was ridiculed as an expensive boondoggle, with no market for its electricity.
这座大坝被嘲笑为一座昂贵的废物，其电力没有市场。
Even less popular was the idea of an ambitious and costly irrigation scheme whose benefits seemed less tangible every day.
更不受欢迎的是雄心勃勃且成本高昂的灌溉计划的想法，其好处似乎每天都变得越来越不明显。
Representative Culkin called the entire project "a colossal, un-economic folly, born of deceit of the distinguished occupant of the White House."
卡尔金众议员称整个项目是“一个巨大的、不经济的愚蠢行为，源于白宫尊贵主人的欺骗”。
To date, the dam had dislocated the Colville Indians, devastated the Columbia's salmon, and little else.72 men had died on the project.
迄今为止，大坝已经使科尔维尔印第安人流离失所，摧毁了哥伦比亚河的鲑鱼，除此之外几乎没有其他影响。该工程已造成 72 人死亡。
It appeared as though the critics of the "White Elephant in the Desert" might have been right after all.
看来对《沙漠中的白象》的批评也许是对的。
March 22nd, 1941, marked the formal dedication of Grand Coulee Dam.
1941 年 3 月 22 日，大古力大坝正式落成。
Close to 8,000 people watched from the hills, as the band from Grand Coulee High School led a parade before the official start of two small in-house generators.
近 8,000 人在山上观看了来自 Grand Coulee 高中的乐队在两台小型内部发电机正式启动前进行的游行。
Speeches were made, and a congratulatory telegram from Roosevelt's Interior Secretary hailed the dam as "the greatest single structure man has built."
罗斯福内政部长发表了讲话并发来贺电，称赞这座大坝是“人类建造的最伟大的单体建筑”。
Blaine Harden, Writer: One of the ways of selling it was by talking about how big it was.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：推销它的方式之一就是谈论它有多大。
The Bureau of Reclamation described it as simply "the biggest thing on earth."
垦务局将其描述为“地球上最大的事情”。
Narrator: The dam contained 11 million cubic yards of concrete -- enough to fill 50,000 boxcars in a train 500 miles long, or pave a highway from New York City to Seattle, down to Los Angeles, and back to Manhattan again.
旁白：大坝含有 1100 万立方码的混凝土，足以装满 500 英里长的火车上的 50,000 个棚车，或者铺设一条从纽约市到西雅图、到洛杉矶、再回到曼哈顿的高速公路。
It had cost almost $163 million, and CBI had finished it so fast, that $16 million in savings was returned to the U.S. Treasury.
它花费了近 1.63 亿美元，而 CBI 完成得如此之快，以至于 1600 万美元的节省被返还给美国财政部。
Despite the impressive numbers, however, the Roosevelt administration felt the need to justify the dam to the American public, and turned to an unlikely ally.
然而，尽管数字令人印象深刻，罗斯福政府还是觉得有必要向美国公众证明修建大坝的合理性，并转向了一个不太可能的盟友。
In early May of 1941, a car pulled up in front of the dam and out stepped the folk singer Woody Guthrie.
1941 年 5 月初，一辆汽车停在大坝前，走下民谣歌手伍迪·格思里 (Woody Guthrie)。
He had been hired by the Bonneville Power Authority, the agency responsible for managing the electricity generated by Grand Coulee and the smaller Bonneville Dam downstream.
他受雇于邦纳维尔电力局，该机构负责管理大古力和下游较小的邦纳维尔大坝产生的电力。
The BPA wanted to make a documentary film promoting the virtues of public power, and a musicologist at the Library of Congress had recommended Guthrie's songs to enliven the film's soundtrack.
BPA 希望制作一部宣传公共权力美德的纪录片，国会图书馆的一位音乐学家推荐了格思里的歌曲，以使电影的配乐变得生动活泼。
Steven Hawley, Writer: Well, you know Woody Guthrie was broke too.
史蒂文·霍利（Steven Hawley），编剧：嗯，你知道伍迪·格思里也破产了。
He auditioned in the offices of the BPA administrator and got a contract.
他在 BPA 管理人员的办公室试镜并获得了一份合同。
I think Woody was also intoxicated by the vision of the dam as providing the greatest good to the greatest number of people and Woody as kind of an activist on behalf of the working man, that vision really appealed to him.
我认为伍迪还陶醉于大坝为最大多数人提供最大利益的愿景，而伍迪作为代表工人的积极分子，这种愿景确实吸引了他。
Narrator: Warned to avoid overtly political themes, Guthrie was paid $266, and given a car for a month, to see what inspirational poetry he could extract from the largest piece of concrete ever created in America.
旁白：格思里被警告要避免公开的政治主题，他得到了 266 美元的报酬，并得到了一辆为期一个月的汽车，看看他能从美国有史以来最大的混凝土块中提取出哪些鼓舞人心的诗篇。
Woody Guthrie Singing (Audio): Roll On, Columbia, Roll On.
伍迪·格思里 (Woody Guthrie) 演唱（音频）：Roll On，哥伦比亚，Roll On。
Roll On, Columbia, Roll On.
滚吧，哥伦比亚，滚吧。
Your power is turning our darkness to dawn, Roll On, Columbia, Roll On...
你的力量正在将我们的黑暗变成黎明，滚滚，哥伦比亚，滚滚……
Blaine Harden, Writer: He wrote 26 songs, many of them forgettable...
布莱恩·哈登，作家：他写了 26 首歌，其中很多都被遗忘了......
but he wrote one really good one, Roll On Columbia, which somehow captured the essence of what they were trying to do.
但他写了一篇非常好的文章《Roll On Columbia》，它以某种方式抓住了他们想要做的事情的本质。
Woody Guthrie Singing (Audio): On up the river at Grand Coulee Dam, mightiest thing ever built by a man, to run the great factories for old Uncle Sam, Roll On, Columbia, Roll On.
伍迪·格思里 (Woody Guthrie) 演唱（音频）：在河上游的大古力大坝 (Grand Coulee Dam)，这是人类有史以来建造的最强大的工程，为老山姆大叔经营伟大的工厂，Roll On、Columbia、Roll On。
Roll On, Columbia, Roll On...
滚吧，哥伦比亚，滚吧……
Richard White, Historian: Woody Guthrie buys the dam, lock, stock and barrel, this is going to be all the utopian dreams, the fact that electricity is going to redeem the working man, it's going to redeem the environment.
理查德·怀特，历史学家：伍迪·格思里购买了水坝、船闸、库存和桶，这将是所有乌托邦式的梦想，事实是电力将拯救工人，它将拯救环境。
It's going to make a better society, a fairer society, a more just society.
它将创造一个更美好的社会，一个更公平的社会，一个更公正的社会。
All the things he pours into those songs, he believed every word of it.
他将所有的东西倾注到这些歌曲中，他相信其中的每一个字。
Blaine Harden, Writer: The song did transform the dam and the river and the New Deal into a certain...
布莱恩·哈登，作家：这首歌确实将大坝、河流和新政变成了某种......
mythical expression of, of how great Americans can be when they put their mind to it.
神话般地表达了美国人只要下定决心就能变得多么伟大。
Woody Guthrie Singing (Audio): Your power is turning darkness to dawn, Roll On, Columbia, Roll On...
伍迪·格思里 (Woody Guthrie) 演唱（音频）：你的力量正在将黑暗变成黎明，滚滚，哥伦比亚，滚滚……
Narrator: But in the end, it would not be Woody Guthrie's inspirational songs that would earn Grand Coulee Dam its legitimacy.
旁白：但最终，伍迪·格思里的励志歌曲不会为大古力水坝赢得合法性。
Only two months after the Bureau started up its first massive generator inside the dam, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and America was at war.
该局在大坝内启动第一台大型发电机仅两个月后，日本就袭击了珍珠港，美国陷入了战争。
The "White Elephant Comes into Its Own," announced the Saturday Evening Post , admitting that the dam had gone from a magnificent daydream into "one of the best investments Uncle Sam has ever made."
《周六晚邮报》宣称，“白象大显身手”，承认大坝已经从一个宏伟的白日梦变成了“山姆大叔做过的最好的投资之一”。
Blaine Harden, Writer: So all the critics of Grand Coulee Dam, from the engineers in the East Coast to some critics in the press to Republicans in Congress to the private utilities, they all shut up because all of a sudden you could see that this was a strategic godsend for the war effort.
作家布莱恩·哈登：所以，所有对大古力大坝的批评者，从东海岸的工程师到媒体上的一些批评者，再到国会中的共和党人，再到私人公用事业公司，他们都闭嘴了，因为突然间你可以看到这是战争努力的战略天赐之物。
Steven Hawley, Writer: Roosevelt and his boosters looked like geniuses.
史蒂文·霍利（Steven Hawley），作家：罗斯福和他的支持者看起来就像天才。
It was really one of the most amazing coincidences in American history.
这确实是美国历史上最令人惊奇的巧合之一。
Richard White, Historian: Sometimes there's just a thing as just really good luck and that's what this was.
历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：有时候，确实有一种运气真的很好，而这就是事实。
The industry that becomes the major consumer of Columbia electricity is the aluminum industry.
成为哥伦比亚电力主要消耗的行业是铝业。
The aluminum industry is critical for the war effort.
铝工业对于战争至关重要。
We need it for bombers, we need it for all kinds of things.
我们需要它来制造轰炸机，我们需要它来制造各种东西。
It takes huge amounts of electricity to produce aluminum.
生产铝需要大量的电力。
The Columbia is producing electricity.
哥伦比亚号正在发电。
Narrator: Grand Coulee's turbines helped the Boeing Airplane Company in Seattle churn out a third of the planes used in World War II, as many as 16 Flying Fortresses a day.
旁白：大古力的涡轮机帮助西雅图的波音飞机公司生产了二战中使用的飞机的三分之一，每天多达 16 架飞行堡垒。
In Portland, the dam's power put 750 big ships on the high seas.
在波特兰，大坝的电力让 750 艘大型船只在公海航行。
Blaine Harden, Writer: After leaving Grand Coulee, my father went to Portland where they were welding ships together, and my father became the foreman of an all-woman welding crew.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：离开大古力后，我父亲去了波特兰，在那里焊接船只，我父亲成为了一个全女性焊接小组的工头。
One of the women on that crew was an 18 year-old gal from North Dakota named Betty Thoe.
该剧组中的一名女性是来自北达科他州的 18 岁女孩贝蒂·索 (Betty Thoe)。
And she worked for my dad and he taught her how to weld and they fell in love and got married in Portland.
她为我父亲工作，他教她如何焊接，他们相爱并在波特兰结婚。
He was living the American dream because of electricity generated by Grand Coulee and he could see where it came from.
由于大古力发电，他实现了美国梦，而且他可以看到电力的来源。
He'd helped build it.
他帮助建造了它。
Narrator: Thousands of other men and women found jobs because of Grand Coulee's so-called "secret load," a huge amount of electricity funneled to an isolated spot on the river called Hanford.
旁白：成千上万的其他男人和女人因为大古力所谓的“秘密负荷”找到了工作，大量的电力被输送到河上一个名为汉福德的偏僻地点。
The site was one of the Manhattan project's most cloistered realms, home to 51,000 people, and built to produce plutonium for the atomic bomb.
该地点是曼哈顿计划中最与世隔绝的地区之一，居住着 51,000 人，是为生产原子弹所需的钚而建造的。
It sprang up from the desert in less than six months to become the fourth largest city in Washington.
它在不到六个月的时间里从沙漠中崛起，成为华盛顿第四大城市。
Richard White, Historian: Hanford itself was selected because it was largely in the middle of nowhere.
历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：选择汉福德本身是因为它基本上位于一个偏僻的地方。
Planners for creating an atomic bomb love it because it's isolated, it's on a river with abundant cold water, and there's abundant electricity.
制造原子弹的规划者喜欢它，因为它地处偏僻，位于一条有丰富冷水的河流上，而且有充足的电力。
There couldn't be a Hanford nuclear works without the Columbia River.
没有哥伦比亚河就不可能有汉福德核电站。
The workers at Hanford knew they were working on the war, but they have no idea what they're actually producing.
汉福德的工人们知道他们正在为战争而努力，但他们不知道他们实际上在生产什么。
And it's only with the explosion of the atomic bomb do they guess what they have done.
直到原子弹爆炸，他们才猜到自己做了什么。
Narrator: The stunned Hanford workers eventually discovered that the plutonium they had produced had been used to fuel the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, bringing World War II to an end.
旁白：震惊的汉福德工人们最终发现，他们生产的钚被用来为投在日本长崎的原子弹提供燃料，从而结束了第二次世界大战。
Blaine Harden, Writer: Harry Truman said that without Grand Coulee and, and Bonneville Dam, it would have been almost impossible to win the war.
布莱恩·哈登，编剧：哈里·杜鲁门说，如果没有大古力和邦纳维尔大坝，几乎不可能赢得战争。
And there's a lot of truth to that.
这有很多道理。
Paul C.
保罗·C.
Pitzer, Historian: The government said that Grand Coulee won the war, I would argue that the war made Grand Coulee, because the need for the power showed the value of the dam and the government played that up.
历史学家皮策：政府说大古力赢得了战争，我认为是战争成就了大古力，因为对电力的需求显示了大坝的价值，而政府夸大了这一点。
And played it up wonderfully, that "look what we did, your government at work, we built this wonderful dam that won the war."
并精彩地渲染了这一点：“看看我们做了什么，你们的政府在工作，我们建造了这座美妙的大坝，赢得了战争。”
Narrator: The conflict had delayed the irrigation of the Columbia Basin, but by any measure, Grand Coulee played a significant role in powering the American arsenal of democracy.
旁白：冲突推迟了哥伦比亚盆地的灌溉，但无论以何种标准衡量，大古力在为美国民主武库提供动力方面发挥了重要作用。
Like the current from some magic wand, the dam's electricity reached the modest cities of the Pacific Northwest and sparked an astonishing fluorescence.
就像魔杖发出的电流一样，大坝的电力到达了太平洋西北地区的普通城市，并发出了令人惊叹的荧光。
Over the course of the war, Seattle's population swelled by more than a third, and Portland's grew to nearly half a million residents.
战争期间，西雅图的人口增加了三分之一以上，波特兰的居民增加到近 50 万。
A regional economy that had once been dominated by fishing and timber, now boasted an industrial base to rival other major metropolitan areas of the country.
这个曾经以渔业和木材为主的区域经济现在拥有可与该国其他主要大都市区相媲美的工业基础。
Margaret O'Mara, Historian: Grand Coulee Dam, creator of cities.
玛格丽特·奥马拉，历史学家：大古力水坝，城市的创造者。
These great dams of the West are why we have the metropolitan areas of the West.
这些西部的大坝就是我们拥有西部大都市区的原因。
It is providing cheap power.
它提供廉价的电力。
It is providing water not only to go in pipes, but also to water lawns.
它不仅为管道供水，还为草坪供水。
It's really fueling the suburban revolution.
它确实推动了郊区革命。
Narrator: Grand Coulee's success created an insatiable demand for electricity, and in the ensuing decades, nine more dams were erected on the Columbia.
旁白：大古力的成功创造了对电力无法满足的需求，在接下来的几十年里，哥伦比亚河上又修建了九座水坝。
Even Grand Coulee itself was upgraded, with a massive third powerhouse that almost tripled the dam's output.
甚至大古力本身也进行了升级，拥有一个巨大的第三发电厂，几乎使大坝的发电量增加了两倍。
Blaine Harden, Writer: The real payoff of the dam itself is that they had somehow insinuated into the minds of lots of people that government can do big things and it can do them well.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：大坝本身的真正回报是，它们以某种方式向很多人暗示，政府可以做大事，而且可以把它们做好。
It can conquer the West, and this is what Americans do.
它可以征服西方，这就是美国人所做的。
And I think it's that idea that was much more important than the actual reality of the dam itself.
我认为这个想法比大坝本身的实际情况更重要。
Narrator: By the early 1950s, Rufus Woods' long-delayed dream of bringing water to the deserts of eastern Washington was finally in sight and construction of the Columbia Basin Project was ready to begin.
旁白：到了 20 世纪 50 年代初期，鲁弗斯·伍兹 (Rufus Woods) 向华盛顿东部沙漠供水的梦想终于实现了，哥伦比亚盆地项目的建设也已准备就绪。
The huge system of canals, tunnels and aqueducts would flow south out of the huge new Grand Coulee reservoir, and in the first phase, irrigate more than 500,000 acres of new farmland.
由运河、隧道和渡槽组成的庞大系统将从巨大的新大古力水库向南流淌，第一阶段将灌溉超过50万英亩的新农田。
Newsreel (archival): "Grand Coulee Dam, newest monument to American engineering genius...
新闻片（档案）：“大古力大坝，美国工程天才的最新纪念碑......
A waterfall higher than Niagara, a million and a half gallons every second.
比尼亚加拉瀑布还高的瀑布，每秒有一百万半加仑。
The Columbia River harnessed to irrigate a million acres of farmland.
哥伦比亚河被用来灌溉一百万英亩的农田。
Power to turn the wheels of America's vast new industrial empire of the West!"
转动美国庞大的西方新工业帝国的力量！”
Blaine Harden, Writer: After my parents got married, they moved back to the Columbia Basin, to Ephrata.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：我的父母结婚后，他们搬回哥伦比亚盆地的埃夫拉塔。
And then my father began a series of jobs, most of them linked to working on the dams.
然后我父亲开始了一系列工作，其中大部分与水坝工作有关。
One of the towns that my dad lived in was Moses Lake...
我父亲居住的城镇之一是摩西湖......
and that's where I was born in 1952.
1952 年我就出生在那里。
Moses Lake is the place where it rains about eight to ten inches a year.
摩西湖每年降雨量约为八到十英寸。
It's a semi-desert, and it has very fertile land, but not enough water to grow anything, really.
这是一片半沙漠，土地非常肥沃，但没有足够的水来种植任何东西，真的。
But when the water came, all of a sudden this land was worth something, and the town began to prosper.
但当水到来时，这片土地突然变得有价值，小镇开始繁荣。
Narrator: In the first week of April 1952, almost 50,000 people, including state and national officials, newspaper reporters, and newsreel cameramen, swarmed into Moses Lake.
旁白：1952 年 4 月的第一周，近 5 万人涌入摩西湖，其中包括州和国家官员、报纸记者和新闻片摄影师。
They had come to witness the creation of a Farm-In-A-Day, a publicity stunt dreamed up by the Bureau of Reclamation to promote the Columbia Basin Project.
他们来见证“一日农场”的创建，这是垦务局为宣传哥伦比亚盆地项目而想出的一个宣传噱头。
The lucky recipient of the farm was a 30-year-old World War II veteran from Kansas named Donald Dunn, his pregnant wife Vernetta Jean, and their two daughters Deanna and Sally Ann.
农场的幸运接收者是一位来自堪萨斯州的 30 岁二战老兵唐纳德·邓恩 (Donald Dunn)、他怀孕的妻子维内塔·吉恩 (Vernetta Jean) 以及他们的两个女儿迪安娜 (Deanna) 和莎莉·安 (Sally Ann)。
In just 24-hours, the army of helpers constructed a fully functioning ranch house that included a workshop, a chicken house, barns, and a two-stall milking parlor.
仅用了24小时，这群帮工就建造了一座功能齐全的牧场房屋，包括车间、鸡舍、谷仓和两档挤奶厅。
The volunteers even set the table and filled the refrigerator with groceries.
志愿者们甚至布置了桌子，并在冰箱里装满了食品杂货。
Blaine Harden, Writer: My whole family got into a brand new, brown 1952 Chevy Bel-Air, my father's first new car and we drove out there.
作家布莱恩·哈登 (Blaine Harden)：我全家都坐上了一辆全新的棕色 1952 年款雪佛兰贝莱尔 (Chevy Bel-Air)，这是我父亲的第一辆新车，我们就开到了那里。
And this was, for him, it was kind of a celebration of what the dam could do and what the dam was going to do to bring middle class life to good working people, as he saw it, and the water went into the ditches that day and officials were there from the Bureau of Reclamation.
对他来说，这是对大坝所能做的事情以及大坝将要做的事情的庆祝，在他看来，大坝将为优秀的劳动人民带来中产阶级生活，那天水流入了沟渠，垦务局的官员也在那里。
It was a big deal in Moses Lake.
这在摩西湖来说是一件大事。
Narrator: The Columbia Basin Project, however, turned out very differently from the one Rufus Woods and Franklin Roosevelt originally envisioned.
旁白：然而，哥伦比亚盆地项目的结果与鲁弗斯·伍兹和富兰克林·罗斯福最初的设想有很大不同。
Within three years, the "Farm-In-A-Day" property was for sale, and Donald Dunn and his family had moved on.
三年之内，“一日农场”地产被出售，唐纳德·邓恩和他的家人搬走了。
The farm would change hands three more times over the following decades as over-production of crops and low prices made many of the small operations in the Basin simply unsustainable.
在接下来的几十年里，由于农作物的过度生产和低廉的价格使得该盆地的许多小型经营根本无法持续，该农场又易主了三次。
Richard White, Historian: These farms turn out to be industrialized, large-scale agriculture in which most of the farmers do not actually live on their farms, in which most of the crops are going to be produced for distant markets because even after World War II, the great problem American agriculture faces is surplus.
历史学家理查德·怀特：这些农场原来是工业化的大规模农业，其中大多数农民实际上并不生活在他们的农场里，其中大部分农作物将销往遥远的市场，因为即使在第二次世界大战之后，美国农业面临的最大问题是过剩。
It's too much crops.
农作物太多了。
It's not too little crops.
农作物也不算太少。
Narrator: Three decades after water began flowing onto the desert, the landowners in the Basin petitioned the state of Washington, and the federal government, to fund another half-million-acre expansion of the project.
旁白：水开始流入沙漠三十年后，盆地的土地所有者向华盛顿州和联邦政府请愿，为该项目的另一次五十万英亩扩建提供资金。
They were turned down.
他们被拒绝了。
The experiment begun at Donald Dunn's farm had grown to become one of the largest water systems in the nation's history: 670,000 acres of farmland that each year consumed more than 814 billion gallons of the Columbia's annual flow at the dam, generating hundreds of millions of dollars worth of agricultural products.
在唐纳德·邓恩 (Donald Dunn) 农场开始的实验现已发展成为美国历史上最大的水系统之一：670,000 英亩的农田每年消耗超过 8140 亿加仑的哥伦比亚河大坝年流量，产生了价值数亿美元的农产品。
But building the irrigation works had cost more than Grand Coulee Dam itself, it was expensive to pump the water out of the river and up into the reservoir, and any water used for irrigation meant less running through the dam's turbines to make electricity.
但修建灌溉工程的成本比大古力大坝本身还要高，将河中的水抽入水库的成本很高，而且任何用于灌溉的水都意味着流经大坝涡轮机发电的水更少。
Blaine Harden, Writer: The irrigators in the Columbia Basin, they justified their subsidized water by saying, the world needs food.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：哥伦比亚盆地的灌溉者，他们通过说世界需要食物来证明他们的水补贴是合理的。
We're doing God's work here.
我们在这里做上帝的工作。
And that argument was a little hollow at the time.
当时这个论点有点空洞。
There was a surplus of food in the United States.
美国粮食过剩。
That's changed now.
现在情况已经改变了。
There's a food shortage in the world.
世界上出现粮食短缺。
Expansion of the Columbia Basin project may in fact make sense, if they can do it without using more water.
哥伦比亚盆地项目的扩建实际上可能是有意义的，如果他们能够在不使用更多水的情况下做到这一点。
And it may be another example of how years ago, building such a big dam was a very farsighted thing to do.
这可能是另一个例子，说明多年前建造如此大的水坝是一件非常有远见的事情。
Narrator: By the mid-1980s, a profound change began to be felt up and down the Columbia.
旁白：到了20世纪80年代中期，哥伦比亚上下开始感受到深刻的变化。
The consensus in favor of hydropower that had dominated the region began to be questioned, and no issue divided the river's stakeholders more than the fate of salmon.
主导该地区的水力发电共识开始受到质疑，没有什么问题比鲑鱼的命运更让河流利益相关者产生分歧。
When it was built, Grand Coulee had blocked any fish from reaching the Upper Columbia.
当它建成时，大古力阻止了任何鱼类到达上哥伦比亚。
In the first few years after the dam was finished, runs of Sockeye, Steelhead and Chinook still showed up at the dam only to be stopped by the massive structure and denied a place to spawn.
在大坝建成后的最初几年里，红鲑、钢头鱼和奇努克鱼仍然出现在大坝上，只是被巨大的结构拦住了，没有产卵的地方。
After the fifth year, they never returned.
第五年后，他们再也没有回来。
Steven Hawley, Writer: Everything above Grand Coulee Dam, 1,150 miles of habitat, the fish runs were made extinct.
史蒂文·霍利（Steven Hawley），作家：大古力水坝上方的一切、1,150 英里的栖息地、鱼道都灭绝了。
So a third of the habitat that was in the river was lost forever.
因此，河流中三分之一的栖息地永远消失了。
Narrator: Fish ladders at the smaller dams downstream allowed access to the spawning grounds of the lower reaches of the river and to tributaries like the Snake River in Idaho while hatchery programs continued to try and support the fish populations, but with so many dams in the way, salmon continued their steady decline.
旁白：下游较小水坝上的鱼梯允许人们进入河流下游的产卵场和爱达荷州斯内克河等支流，同时孵化场计划继续努力支持鱼类种群，但由于有如此多的水坝阻碍，鲑鱼数量继续稳步下降。
Steven Hawley, Writer: This is a resource that was diminished by the sort of techno industrial managers of the river and they simply said we are going to serve this vision of the river as an industrial corridor, as a producer of power, and if we have to sacrifice the salmon to do that, so be it.
史蒂文·霍利（Steven Hawley），作家：这种资源因河流的技术工业管理者而减少，他们只是说我们将服务于河流作为工业走廊、电力生产者的愿景，如果我们必须牺牲鲑鱼来做到这一点，那就这样吧。
Narrator: Then, in the late 1990s, the Columbia salmon began to be placed under the protection of the Endangered Species Act.
旁白：然后，在20世纪90年代末，哥伦比亚鲑鱼开始受到《濒危物种法》的保护。
Now, the Bonneville Power Authority had to balance the electricity they generated from the river against the fish that lived in it.
现在，博纳维尔电力局必须平衡河流产生的电力与河中鱼类的发电量。
Every year, BPA scientists went to greater and greater lengths to keep the salmon alive.
每年，BPA 科学家都竭尽全力保持鲑鱼的存活。
They were nurtured in hatcheries, shipped and trucked downstream past a string of dams, and released into the sea.
它们在孵化场培育，然后用卡车运送到下游，经过一系列水坝，然后释放到海里。
Richard White, Historian: Long after the Columbia salmon have ceased to be an important commercial resource, they have become an incredible cultural resource...
历史学家理查德·怀特：在哥伦比亚鲑鱼不再是重要的商业资源很久之后，它们已成为令人难以置信的文化资源......
so we've begun to modify the river to keep a remnant of salmon alive.
因此我们开始对河流进行改造，以保证剩余的鲑鱼存活。
William Lang, Historian: Many in the Northwest are convinced, how goes the salmon so goes the larger environment.
历史学家威廉·朗（William Lang）：西北地区的许多人都相信，鲑鱼的情况如何，更大的环境也会发生变化。
And so we spend millions and millions of dollars on really what is a fundamentally uneconomic investment.
因此，我们花费了数百万美元进行了根本上不经济的投资。
It's an investment, in many ways, in ourselves.
从很多方面来说，这是对我们自己的投资。
Blaine Harden, Writer: I went back to Washington State, I tried to figure out what had happened to the river.
布莱恩·哈登，作家：我回到华盛顿州，试图弄清楚这条河发生了什么事。
And went up to Grand Coulee and looked at it from the perspective of my father, for the first time and how it was his, his salvation.
然后走到大古力，第一次从我父亲的角度来看它，这是他的救赎。
But I also looked at it from the perspective of the Indians who lived above the dam who I'd never really heard of, the Colville Indian tribe.
但我也从居住在大坝上方的印第安人科尔维尔印第安部落的角度来看待这个问题，我从未真正听说过他们。
I'd been told about an Indian named Martin Louie, Jr., and I went into his trailer on sort of a misty morning and it had a blue tarp over it, cause it leaked.
有人告诉我，有一个名叫小马丁·路易（Martin Louie, Jr.）的印第安人，在一个有雾的早晨，我走进了他的拖车，上面盖着蓝色防水布，因为它漏水了。
And he was lying on, on a couch.
而他正躺在沙发上。
He was an old man in...
他是一位老人，在...
in his eighties.
八十多岁了。
And he was a poor guy.
他是一个穷人。
And the first thing is he did, he got off the couch and went to the kitchen and grabbed a can of salmon, government issued pink salmon.
他做的第一件事是，他从沙发上下来，走进厨房，抓起一罐鲑鱼，政府发放的粉红鲑鱼。
It was a white can, it said, "Pink Salmon" on it.
那是一个白色罐头，上面写着“粉红鲑鱼”。
And he shoved it in my face.
然后他把它推到我脸上。
And he screamed at me, said, "you guys took all my food." And then he said, "my whole family's been destroyed because of you guys.
他对我尖叫，说：“你们拿走了我所有的食物。”然后他说：“因为你们，我的整个家庭都被毁了。
What you did is you took away our fish.
你所做的就是拿走了我们的鱼。
And you destroyed us as a people." And the people around Moses Lake, which is about a hundred miles south of there, they had no idea what the dam had wrought for those other than themselves.
而你摧毁了我们这个民族。”距离摩西湖以南约一百英里的摩西湖周围的人们，他们不知道大坝给他们以外的人带来了什么。
And that insight, the epiphany, accusation, whatever it was, it really changed my understanding of who I was and how the irrigated West came together.
这种洞察力、顿悟、指控，无论是什么，它确实改变了我对我是谁以及灌溉的西方如何走到一起的理解。
My father was pleased to tell me about what he'd done at the dam.
我父亲很高兴地告诉我他在大坝所做的事情。
But when I talked to him about the bad things that resulted from it, the fish and the Indians and stuff, he wasn't interested in that question.
但当我和他谈论由此带来的坏事、鱼、印第安人之类的事情时，他对这个问题不感兴趣。
It had never occurred to him and it just...
他从来没有想到过，而且只是……
it seemed irrelevant.
这似乎无关紧要。
It just wasn't part of his worldview.
这不是他世界观的一部分。
Which is very typical of most of the people who were beneficiaries of this system.
这对于该系统的大多数受益者来说是非常典型的。
Narrator: Rufus Woods would live to see his dream of Grand Coulee Dam completed, but not the waters of the Columbia flow onto the land he loved, having died in 1950, at the age of 72.
旁白：鲁弗斯·伍兹 (Rufus Woods) 能活着看到他梦想的大古力大坝 (Grand Coulee Dam) 竣工，但未能看到哥伦比亚河的水流到他深爱的土地上，他于 1950 年去世，享年 72 岁。
Richard White, Historian: For Rufus Woods, Grand Coulee Dam was really ultimately about Wenatchee.
历史学家理查德·怀特（Richard White）：对于鲁弗斯·伍兹来说，大古力大坝最终实际上是关于韦纳奇的。
The problem is, Grand Coulee Dam is not ultimately about Wenatchee.
问题是，大古力大坝最终并不是关于韦纳奇的。
Steven Hawley, Writer: I think Woods was an honest enough character to see that dams become this perfect device for transferring wealth from one community, usually upstream, usually more agricultural or rural and transfer it downstream, usually to some place urban, a center of economic power.
史蒂文·霍利（Steven Hawley），作家：我认为伍兹是一个足够诚实的人，他看到水坝成为了一种完美的工具，可以将财富从一个社区（通常是上游，通常是农业或农村地区）转移到下游（通常是城市的某个地方，经济实力的中心）。
Blaine Harden, Writer: Wenatchee was hoping to become an industrial center.
布莱恩·哈登（Blaine Harden），作家：韦纳奇希望成为一个工业中心。
But it more or less became a place where they were growing apples, which is what it was before.
但它或多或少变成了他们种植苹果的地方，这就是以前的样子。
And the cheap power went over the mountains to Seattle to power the birth of a prosperous Pacific Northwest.
廉价的电力越过山脉到达西雅图，为繁荣的太平洋西北地区的诞生提供动力。
Narrator: All along the Columbia, the story of Grand Coulee Dam has been one of dramatic achievements and never-ending controversies.
旁白：沿着哥伦比亚河，大古力大坝的故事一直是一个引人注目的成就和永无休止的争议的故事之一。
Reviled by many for its mastery of the river, it now generates enough clean power to run the entire city of Seattle -- two times over.
它因对河流的控制而受到许多人的谩骂，但现在它产生的清洁电力足以为整个西雅图市供电——两倍多。
The creator of a vast agricultural heartland, its irrigation network now supports less than 2,200 landowners.
作为广阔农业中心地带的创造者，其灌溉网络目前为不到 2,200 名土地所有者提供支持。
Hailed for its power to transform a region, it now serves as a reminder of the price of progress.
它因其改变一个地区的力量而受到赞誉，现在却提醒人们进步的代价。
Blaine Harden, Writer: Grand Coulee Dam is the most wonderfully mixed metaphor you can imagine.
布莱恩·哈登，编剧：大古力大坝是你能想象到的最奇妙的混合隐喻。
You know it was a club to defeat the Japanese, an elixir for the Great Depression.
你知道这是一个击败日本人的俱乐部，是大萧条时期的灵丹妙药。
It made the desert into a garden.
它把沙漠变成了花园。
And it was a bit of cultural savagery for the Indians affected and environmental butchery for the salmon.
对于受影响的印第安人来说，这是一种文化野蛮行为，对于鲑鱼来说，这是一种环境屠杀。
Amends have been made for some of the mistakes.
对部分错误进行了修正。
And lessons have been learned.
我们已经吸取了教训。
And the benefits continue.
而且好处还在继续。
Steven Hawley, Writer: I think if you look back at what was happening in the country at the time, it was a country in crisis, it was a people that no longer trusted their government or felt that it worked, and it was an effort by the federal government to furnish the greatest number of people with the greatest amount of good.
作家史蒂文·霍利（Steven Hawley）：我认为，如果你回顾一下当时这个国家所发生的事情，就会发现这是一个陷入危机的国家，人民不再信任他们的政府或认为政府有效，联邦政府努力为最大多数人提供最多的好处。
In that sense, yes, it was worth it.
从这个意义上说，是的，这是值得的。
But what are those consequences?
但这些后果是什么？
What are the values that were left behind?
留下的价值观是什么？
What are the new values that we learned in the 70 years since Grand Coulee was built?
大古力建成70年来，我们学到了哪些新价值观？
William Lang, Historian: There isn't anybody in the Northwest today who'd be living here if it weren't for these dams.
历史学家威廉·朗：如果没有这些水坝，今天西北地区没有人会住在这里。
They've created the region in a fundamental way.
他们从根本上创建了该地区。
And I don't think that there's anybody who can seriously say that they don't want what they have.
我认为没有人可以认真地说他们不想要他们拥有的东西。
D.C. Jackson, Historian: One of the great defining characteristics of the modern world versus the un-modern world is electricity -- it's power.
D.C. 杰克逊，历史学家：现代世界与非现代世界的最重要的定义特征之一是电力——它就是力量。
We have to confront the fact though, it comes with a price.
但我们必须面对这样的事实：它是有代价的。
It is not an unmitigated good.
它不是一种纯粹的善。
And transforming the Columbia River into a very different environment is one of those prices that is paid.
将哥伦比亚河改造成一个截然不同的环境就是所付出的代价之一。
Richard White, Historian: It's easy for me to object to what we did to the river.
历史学家理查德·怀特：我很容易反对我们对河流所做的事情。
It's much harder for me to object to what we hope will come out of what we did to the river.
对我来说，要反对我们希望从我们对这条河所做的事情中得到的结果要困难得多。
And so, I have the same ambivalence as when I walk into those dams.
所以，当我走进那些水坝时，我有同样的矛盾心理。
It's both a structure which seems in many ways to have done great harm, but when you're in the middle of it, you can't believe how powerful they are and what a tremendous human accomplishment they are.
这两个结构在很多方面似乎都造成了巨大的伤害，但当你身处其中时，你无法相信它们有多么强大，以及它们是多么巨大的人类成就。
Both of them are true.
两者都是真的。
It would be the "Biggest Thing on Earth," the salvation of the common man, a dam and irrigation project that would provide a source of cheap power—boosting an entire region of the country.
这将是“地球上最伟大的事情”，拯救普通人，修建水坝和灌溉项目，提供廉价电力来源，为该国整个地区带来发展。
For the making of the film Grand Coulee Dam , dam operators agreed to open the spillway.
为了拍摄电影《大古力大坝》，大坝运营商同意开放溢洪道。
Associate Producer Lauren DeFilippo tells the story.
副制片人劳伦·德菲利波讲述了这个故事。
Seven years into the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam, the reservoir behind the dam began to fill, submerging around 18,000 acres of land in the Colville Reservation.
大古力大坝建成七年后，大坝后面的水库开始蓄水，淹没了科尔维尔保留地约 18,000 英亩的土地。
Watch the opening scene of Grand Coulee Dam .
观看大古力大坝开幕的场景。