Clearing the Air: The War on Smog

AMERICAN EXPERIENCE FILMS:

美国体验电影：

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: It's hard for us to imagine what it was like that day in July 1943.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯），作家：我们很难想象 1943 年 7 月的那一天是什么样子。

It appeared quite suddenly.

它出现得相当突然。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: Thick, dark, silvery blue clouds descended over the city of Los Angeles.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：厚厚的、黑暗的、银蓝色的云彩降临在洛杉矶市上空。

People couldn't see across the street.

人们看不到街对面。

They were wondering what was going on.

他们想知道发生了什么事。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: It was basically gas everywhere.

安·卡尔森（ANN CARLSON），法律学者：基本上到处都是天然气。

And you couldn't see more than a couple of blocks.

你最多只能看到几个街区。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: You couldn't see the buildings of downtown Los Angeles.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：你看不到洛杉矶市中心的建筑物。

It was so bad that cars crashed because you couldn't see the cars in front of you.

情况太糟糕了，因为你看不到前面的车，所以发生了车祸。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: The L.A.

奇普·雅各布斯，编剧：《洛杉矶》

Times would later call it a "Daylight Dim-out".

《泰晤士报》后来将其称为“日光调暗”。

Sort of like a chemical eclipse happened.

有点像发生了化学日食。

It was like a dirty blanket thrown across the sky.

就像一条肮脏的毯子扔在天空上。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: When folks came out of their house their eyes began to sting, their throats began to burn, and they were trying to figure out: why is it that I can't breathe?

穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里，环境倡导者：当人们走出家门时，他们的眼睛开始刺痛，喉咙开始灼烧，他们试图弄清楚：为什么我无法呼吸？

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: There were lots of theories.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：有很多理论。

People thought it might be a chemical attack by the Japanese.

人们认为这可能是日本人的化学袭击。

This was in the middle of World War Two, there had actually been U-boat attacks on Santa Barbara where submarines were shelling the oil fields.

当时正值第二次世界大战中期，圣巴巴拉实际上曾发生过潜艇袭击油田的潜艇袭击事件。

It really freaked people out

着实吓坏了人们

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: But within a few weeks it was abundantly clear it wasn't the Japanese, it wasn't some German plot.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯），作家：但几周之内，人们就非常清楚这不是日本人的阴谋，也不是德国人的阴谋。

It was coming from within.

它是从内部传来的。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: Residents had no idea.

环境倡导者穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里：居民们并不知道。

Local governments had no idea what it was.

地方政府不知道那是什么。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: The solutions to the mystery would prove extraordinarily complicated and take decades of work.

安·卡尔森（ANN CARLSON），法律学者：事实证明，这个谜团的解决方案极其复杂，需要数十年的努力。

Afton Slade: We’d do some rather wild demonstrations with little children in gas masks

阿夫顿·斯莱德：我们会带着戴着防毒面具的小孩子进行一些相当疯狂的示威

Man: We’re tired of double talk, we’re tired of mumbo jumbo language

男人：我们厌倦了双关语，我们厌倦了胡言乱语

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: It would revolutionize the auto industry…

奇普·雅各布斯（CHIP JACOBS），作家：这将彻底改变汽车行业……

Kenneth Hahn : A high school student would recognize this is a conspiracy!

肯尼思·哈恩：一个高中生就会知道这是一个阴谋！

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: It would bring together people from all kinds of ideological stripes with a common civic commitment to a common civic goal.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：它将把来自各种意识形态的人们聚集在一起，对共同的公民目标有共同的公民承诺。

Reagan: My fellow Californians.

里根：我的加州同胞们。

Today, we lead the nation in the battle for cleaner air.

今天，我们领导全国为清洁空气而战。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: We’re going to set these standards based on what's safe for the public, not on what's convenient for you to do.

法律学者安·卡尔森：我们将根据公众的安全来制定这些标准，而不是根据您方便的方式来制定这些标准。

Nixon: The lives we spend in the future are going to be pollution free.

尼克松：我们未来的生活将是无污染的。

MARY NICHOLS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER: What began in the Los Angeles of the 1940s and 50’s, would have a tremendous effect on the quality of air that we all breathe to this day…

环境律师玛丽·尼科尔斯：20 世纪 40 年代和 50 年代洛杉矶发生的事情对我们今天呼吸的空气质量产生了巨大影响……

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: In the early 1940s people are coming to Los Angeles for all kinds of reasons.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：20 世纪 40 年代初，人们出于各种原因来到洛杉矶。

If there's one word people think about with Los Angeles during this time period, it's “boom”.

如果说人们在这段时间想到洛杉矶时会想到一个词，那就是“繁荣”。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: In the 1940s, Los Angeles was Shangri La.

穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里 (MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI)，环境倡导者：20 世纪 40 年代，洛杉矶是香格里拉。

It was a place where everybody wanted to go, because of the beaches, movie stars, Hollywood.

这是一个每个人都想去的地方，因为那里有海滩、电影明星、好莱坞。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: It also had a reputation as being a healthy place and a number of people moved there specifically to take advantage of the beautiful weather.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：它还被誉为一个健康的地方，许多人专门搬到那里来享受美好的天气。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: The population tripled between 1920 and 1940.

作家奇普·雅各布斯：1920 年至 1940 年间，人口增加了两倍。

Then it even almost doubled between 1940 and 1950.

1940 年至 1950 年间，这一数字甚至几乎翻了一番。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: We often see this golden sort of aura around Los Angeles in the 1940s.

穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里 (MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI)，环境倡导者：20 世纪 40 年代，我们经常在洛杉矶周围看到这种金色的光环。

But it doesn't have any real meaning if you have to wear a gas mask to walk down the street.

但如果你必须戴上防毒面具才能走在街上，那就没有任何实际意义了。

Man on the street: I’ve been a resident of this city for 12 years and brother I can’t take it any more.

街上的人：我已经在这座城市生活了12年了，兄弟，我再也受不了了。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: In 1943 there was a giant attack of air pollution and people fled.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯），作家：1943 年，发生了严重的空气污染，人们纷纷逃离。

People freaked.

人们吓坏了。

It was just the beginning of a generational nightmare.

这只是一代人噩梦的开始。

MARY NICHOLS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER: Kids were told they couldn’t play outside the schools.

玛丽·尼科尔斯，环境律师：孩子们被告知不能在学校外玩耍。

This sort of a gray pall cast over the air…

空气中笼罩着一层灰色的阴影……

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: The Los Angeles International Airport shut down because pilots couldn’t see the runway and it wasn’t safe to fly…

安·卡尔森，法律学者：洛杉矶国际机场关闭是因为飞行员看不到跑道并且飞行不安全......

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: People wheezing, people not being able to see clearly, to breathe clearly.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：人们喘息，人们无法看清楚，无法呼吸。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: No one knew what was going on.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：没有人知道发生了什么。

People ended up in the hospital.

人们最终被送进了医院。

And the idea that living with air pollution was just LA's future was not tolerable to people.

人们无法容忍认为生活在空气污染中就是洛杉矶的未来的想法。

Man on the street: If this keeps up, I'm going to leave California for the sake of my children and myself.

街头男子：如果这种情况持续下去，为了我的孩子和我自己，我将离开加利福尼亚。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: Smog .

穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里，环境倡导者：烟雾。

You combine both the word smoke and fog, and they come together, and that's where the name comes from.

你把烟和雾这两个词结合在一起，它们就在一起了，这就是这个名字的由来。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: After the 1943 incident, there’s a number of recurring smog attacks.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：1943 年事件之后，又发生了多起烟雾袭击事件。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: So the local government actually created a smoke and fumes commission to try to figure out where is the smoke, where are the fumes coming from and how do we stop them?

法律学者安·卡尔森：因此，当地政府实际上成立了一个烟雾委员会，试图找出烟雾在哪里、烟雾从哪里来以及我们如何阻止它们？

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: A lot of people start to suspect that industry might be a culprit

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：很多人开始怀疑工业可能是罪魁祸首

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: Los Angeles was - maybe surprising to some - an industrial powerhouse.

安·卡尔森（ANN CARLSON），法律学者：洛杉矶曾经是一个工业重镇，这或许让一些人感到惊讶。

It was one of the largest centers for manufacturing.

它是最大的制造中心之一。

It produced and then refined much of the nation's oil and there was a burgeoning defense industry because of the war.

它生产并提炼了国家的大部分石油，而且由于战争，国防工业蓬勃发展。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: In the 1940s more than 5000 new factories had opened for wartime production.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：20 世纪 40 年代，超过 5000 家新工厂开业用于战时生产。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: The prevailing thought was that the culprit was a single factory or maybe a couple of factories.

法律学者安·卡尔森：普遍的想法是罪魁祸首是一家工厂，或者可能是几家工厂。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: There was a plant that manufactured a chemical called butadiene which was used in making rubber for the war effort.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：有一家工厂生产一种叫做丁二烯的化学品，这种化学品用于制造战争所需的橡胶。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: And that was the first place that they zeroed in, thinking this might be the cause of the smog.

环境倡导者穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里：这是他们首先关注的地方，认为这可能是烟雾的原因。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: They immediately said we have it under control.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯）（编剧）：他们立即表示我们已控制住局势。

We're going to retrofit this plant.

我们要改造这个工厂。

No scientific evidence.

没有科学证据。

They just assumed this would be the easy answer.

他们只是认为这将是简单的答案。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: So the city of Los Angeles cracked down on the plant.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：因此，洛杉矶市严厉打击了这家工厂。

And that seemed to help for a little bit.

这似乎有一点帮助。

But within a matter of months, the smog problem was back.

但几个月后，雾霾问题又卷土重来。

It clearly wasn't just the one single factory.

显然它不仅仅是一家工厂。

Something else was causing the problem of smog.

造成雾霾问题的还有其他原因。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: Air pollution is not a problem that's unique to Los Angeles.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：空气污染并不是洛杉矶独有的问题。

People especially in the industrial cities during this time period see a lot of smoke and fog.

在这个时期，人们尤其是工业城市的人们会看到很多烟和雾。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: In the 1940s people start to say if you actually want to get rid of this thing, you want to know what exact components are in it so that you can target those specific things.

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN，历史学家：在 20 世纪 40 年代，人们开始说，如果你真的想摆脱这个东西，你需要知道它的确切组成部分，以便你可以针对那些特定的东西。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: So one of the things that Los Angeles did was to bring in an expert.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：洛杉矶所做的事情之一就是引进一位专家。

His name was Raymond Tucker, a scientist from the city of St. Louis.

他的名字叫雷蒙德·塔克，是一位来自圣路易斯市的科学家。

He concluded that these big industrial facilities were the cause of the smog problem, and if you could just shut down those emissions, you could solve the problem.

他的结论是，这些大型工业设施是造成雾霾问题的原因，如果你能关闭这些排放物，就能解决问题。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: So he made a bunch of recommendations.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：所以他提出了很多建议。

The most important was that they create some sort of air pollution control district that would be empowered to go issue citations and shut down sources of pollution that were problematic for the city.

最重要的是，他们建立了某种空气污染控制区，有权发出罚单并关闭对城市造成问题的污染源。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: So in 1947 Los Angeles County opens the Air Pollution Control District.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：1947 年，洛杉矶县设立了空气污染控制区。

It's the first dedicated agency of its kind to regulating air pollution and emissions for a region in the entire country.

它是第一个专门负责监管全国某个地区的空气污染和排放的机构。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: The first instinct was to militarize the effort.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯），作家：第一本能是将这项工作军事化。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: The job of these smoke inspectors literally was to go look at smokestacks, hold up something called a Ringelmann chart, which was a card that had different levels of gray on the card, and they would literally hold it up against the smoke.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：这些烟雾检查员的工作实际上就是去查看烟囱，举起一种叫做林格曼图表的东西，这是一张卡片，上面有不同的灰色级别，他们实际上会将其举在烟雾中。

And if it exceeded a certain level of darkness, then it would violate city ordinance, and they could do something about it.

如果黑暗程度超过一定程度，那就违反了城市法令，他们可以采取一些措施。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: Intuitively, it makes some sense, right?

法律学者安·卡尔森：从直觉上看，这是有道理的，对吗？

The darker the smoke, the worse it probably is for you to breathe in.

烟雾越深，您吸入的情况可能就越糟糕。

But it wasn't exactly high tech, sophisticated science.

但它并不完全是高科技、复杂的科学。

Policeman: A car smoking badly like this is a violation of the California vehicle code excessive smoke….

警察：像这样严重冒烟的汽车违反了加州车辆过量烟雾法规……

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: In its early years the APCD gave out 1400 citations both to vehicles and to factories.

安·卡尔森 (ANN CARLSON)，法律学者：在成立之初，APCD 曾对车辆和工厂发出过 1400 条引用。

But you know what?

但你知道吗？

The air didn't get cleaner.

空气并没有变得更干净。

We had different pollution problems than the pollution problems of the Midwest.

我们的污染问题与中西部的污染问题不同。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: There's something specific about the actual landscape of Los Angeles that makes smog worse.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：洛杉矶的实际景观有一些特殊之处，使得雾霾变得更加严重。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: Los Angeles is on the coast, but it's ringed on three sides by mountains.

安·卡尔森（ANN CARLSON），法律学者：洛杉矶位于海岸边，但三面被群山环绕。

So it's like a bowl, basically.

所以它基本上就像一个碗。

And those mountains can trap smog between them.

这些山脉可以将烟雾困在它们之间。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: On the other side of the mountains are deserts.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：山脉的另一边是沙漠。

And so there's a lot of hot air that comes over the mountains this way.

所以有大量的热空气通过这种方式从山上吹过来。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: Normally as you go up, the temperature decreases, it gets colder.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：通常情况下，当你上升时，温度会降低，变得更冷。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: It’s called a temperature inversion.

作家奇普·雅各布斯：这就是所谓的逆温。

When this cold air is pressed down by a layer of hot air.

当这股冷空气被一层热空气压下来的时候。

Think of it like a cauldron lid.

把它想象成一个锅盖。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: So you have this sort of toxic soup that often is created underneath because it's trapped and things can't escape.

穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里（MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI），环境倡导者：所以，这种有毒的汤通常是在地下产生的，因为它被困住了，东西无法逃脱。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: There are photos where you're looking at the upper half of city hall, which is open and clear.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：在一些照片中，你可以看到市政厅的上半部分，它是开放而清晰的。

And then about halfway down, you just get a thick black cloud all the way down to the ground.

然后大约下降到一半时，你就会看到一层厚厚的黑云一直落到地面上。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: These temperature inversions in Los Angeles happen all the time.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：洛杉矶的逆温现象一直在发生。

Sometimes over 300 days per year.

有时一年超过300天。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: In 1948, In the small industrial town of Donora, Pennsylvania, a temperature inversion of the variety that was normal in Los Angeles, hit

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：1948 年，在宾夕法尼亚州多诺拉的一个工业小镇，发生了洛杉矶常见的逆温现象。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: It was the worst air pollution attack in United States history.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：这是美国历史上最严重的空气污染袭击。

A zinc factory actually emitted all kinds of pollutants, mostly sulfuric acid, that killed people immediately.

一家锌厂实际上排放了各种污染物，其中大部分是硫酸，这些污染物立即导致人员死亡。

20 people died.

20人死亡。

It was almost instantaneous.

这几乎是瞬间的。

People were choking in the streets.

人们在街上窒息。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: it scared the living daylights out of the decision makers in L.A.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯），作家：这让洛杉矶的决策者们感到害怕。

They viewed it very much as a preview of coming attractions.

他们将其视为未来景点的预览。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: Newspapers grabbed hold of the story and it began to run wild across the country.

穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里，环境倡导者：报纸抓住了这个故事，并开始在全国范围内疯传。

There was an immense amount of pressure from folks in Los Angeles to figure out what's going on here.

洛杉矶的人们承受着巨大的压力，要求弄清楚这里发生了什么。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: The inversion in Donora prompted scientific investigation to try to figure out what was going on.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：多诺拉的倒转促使科学研究试图弄清楚到底发生了什么。

And the major breakthrough came from a surprising place.

而重大突破来自一个令人惊讶的地方。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: In the 1950’s the Dole Fruit Company was the world's largest producer of pineapples.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：20 世纪 50 年代，都乐水果公司是世界上最大的菠萝生产商。

And it had an interest in using a new chemical technique to understand better its big moneymaking product.

它有兴趣使用一种新的化学技术来更好地了解其赚钱的产品。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: Could you replicate the flavors?

法律学者安·卡尔森：你能复制这些口味吗？

Could you make artificial flavors?

你能制作人造香料吗？

They are interested in what at the time was known as “Better Living Through Chemistry”.

他们对当时所谓的“通过化学改善生活”感兴趣。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: One of the most promising plant chemists at the time was Dr. Arie Haagen Smit at Caltech in Pasadena.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：当时最有前途的植物化学家之一是帕萨迪纳加州理工学院的阿里·哈根·斯密特博士。

And he’s funded by pineapple growers.

他的资金来自菠萝种植者。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: His specialty was isolating plant proteins.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：他的专长是分离植物蛋白。

And so they shipped him several tons of pineapple, which he distilled down into the essence, into a teaspoon, to basically, to figure out all of the chemical explanations for why pineapples smell like pineapples.

因此，他们给他运了几吨菠萝，他将其蒸馏成精华，放入一茶匙中，基本上是为了找出为什么菠萝闻起来像菠萝的所有化学解释。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: Then, he is recruited by the local Chamber of Commerce to serve on a scientific advisory committee.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：然后，他被当地商会招募为科学顾问委员会成员。

Because it turns out that agriculture is really affected by smog.

因为事实证明农业确实受到雾霾的影响。

And one of the things that gets him into studying what is happening to air quality in Southern California is that crops are dying and they are desperate to figure out why.

促使他研究南加州空气质量变化的原因之一是农作物正在死亡，他们迫切想找出原因。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: Farmers were going bankrupt.

作家奇普·雅各布斯：农民正在破产。

Looking at rows of dead plants.

看着一排排死去的植物。

It wiped out whole sectors of the economy.

它摧毁了整个经济部门。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: He says, well if you want to figure out why they're dying, you got to figure out what they're being exposed to.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：他说，如果你想弄清楚他们为什么会死，你就必须弄清楚他们接触的是什么。

MARY NICHOLS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER: What Haagen Smit did was to take actual air and deconstruct it, to show what was making up the substance that was damaging leaves and plants

环境律师玛丽·尼科尔斯：哈根·斯密特所做的是提取实际空气并对其进行解构，以显示损害叶子和植物的物质的成分是什么

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: His initial approach to figuring out what was in the air was to use exactly the same processes that he'd used for pineapples.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：他最初弄清楚空气中含有什么物质的方法是使用与他用于分析菠萝的完全相同的方法。

He drew in about 500 cubic feet of air - about the amount that a typical person would breathe in a day and then all of that got distilled down into just a few drops of really terrible smelling brown liquid.

他吸入了大约 500 立方英尺的空气——大约是一个普通人一天呼吸的量，然后所有这些空气都被蒸馏成几滴非常难闻的棕色液体。

Distilled smog.

蒸馏烟雾。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: Haagen Smit was able to study it at a molecular level and one of the important findings was that this was not a sulfur problem, which was what had happened in Donora, Pennsylvania, and in other industrial cities.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：哈根·斯密特能够在分子水平上进行研究，重要的发现之一是这不是硫磺问题，而宾夕法尼亚州多诺拉和其他工业城市发生的情况却是硫磺问题。

Actually, what he was finding was large concentrations of Ozone.

事实上，他发现的是高浓度的臭氧。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: We generally think of ozone as a good thing.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：我们通常认为臭氧是一件好事。

Like when we’re kids, we all learn about, you know, the quote unquote ozone layer.

就像我们小时候一样，我们都知道臭氧层。

But when ozone is close to the ground, it is not such a good thing.

但当臭氧接近地面时，就不是什么好事了。

It produces all kinds of unpleasant effects.

它会产生各种令人不愉快的影响。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: What people knew was that ozone does, in fact, cause your eyes to get irritated and to tear up, and that if it was a large component of smog, then that would explain some of the particular unusual characteristics of smog in Los Angeles.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：人们所知道的是，事实上，臭氧确实会导致你的眼睛发炎和流泪，如果它是烟雾的很大一部分，那么这就可以解释洛杉矶烟雾的一些特殊的不寻常特征。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: But it was a bit of a mystery, because there were no sources of ozone in Los Angeles.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：但这有点神秘，因为洛杉矶没有臭氧源。

This is not something that industrial factories just emit.

这不仅仅是工业工厂排放的东西。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: The other thing Dr. Haagen Smit discovers when he analyzes the air, is that there's a component in it that comes from petroleum.

法律学者安·卡尔森：哈根·斯密特博士在分析空气时发现的另一件事是，其中有一种成分来自石油。

Hydrocarbons.

碳氢化合物。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: Hydrocarbons are actually a part of of fossil fuels, of gasoline.

环境倡导者穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里：碳氢化合物实际上是化石燃料和汽油的一部分。

When gasoline evaporates, it releases hydrocarbons into the air that combine with other chemicals.

当汽油蒸发时，它会将碳氢化合物释放到空气中，并与其他化学物质结合。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: But he discovers that smog is actually not just about the chemicals.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：但他发现烟雾实际上不仅仅与化学物质有关。

It's also about the sun.

这也与太阳有关。

It’s the interaction of the hydrocarbons with a mix of chemicals in the air being exposed to the sun that creates ozone.

碳氢化合物与暴露在阳光下的空气中的化学物质混合物相互作用，从而产生臭氧。

And of course, Southern California has sun in abundance.

当然，南加州阳光充足。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: So the first thing he decided to do was to try to recreate smog in the laboratory.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：所以他决定做的第一件事就是尝试在实验室中重现烟雾。

Reporter: This device here then will recreate smog as we breathe it in Los Angeles?

记者：那么这里的这个装置会重现我们在洛杉矶呼吸的烟雾吗？

Haagen Smit: That’s right.

哈根·斯密特：没错。

There’s an abundance of Ozone formed here in this air and it reacts with Gasoline….

空气中形成了大量的臭氧，它与汽油发生反应……。

Reporter: And this, this then that you're making will be what we're breathing today here in Pasadena?

记者：你所做的这个、然后这个就是我们今天在帕萨迪纳呼吸的东西？

Haagen-Smit: That is a very good duplication.

Haagen-Smit：这是一个非常好的复制。

Haagen-Smit: The hydrocarbons in the air form ozone in the sunlight.

Haagen-Smit：空气中的碳氢化合物在阳光下形成臭氧。

And that is the beginning of our trouble.

这就是我们麻烦的开始。

Then we take some gasoline and the vapors of the gasoline.

然后我们取出一些汽油和汽油的蒸气。

You will see react now with the ozone.

您现在会看到与臭氧发生反应。

And we get concentrated smog.

我们会受到浓雾的影响。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: His great discovery is that the combination of the ozone, the hydrocarbons and their exposure to sunshine creates ozone pollution.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：他的伟大发现是，臭氧、碳氢化合物以及它们暴露在阳光下的结合会产生臭氧污染。

Dr. Haagen Smit calls this photochemical smog.

哈根·斯密特博士将这种现象称为光化学烟雾。

He publishes the findings that he's come up with in analyzing Los Angeles air.

他发表了他在分析洛杉矶空气时得出的结果。

And they're immediately controversial.

他们立即引起争议。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: I don't think he appreciated how ferocious entrenched interests were because not very long after he came out with his literally breathtaking discovery, the oil companies started coming after him.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯），作家：我认为他没有意识到根深蒂固的利益有多么凶猛，因为在他发表了令人惊叹的发现后不久，石油公司就开始追随他。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: The petroleum interests, the Western Oil and Gas Association, don't want their product associated with Los Angeles smog because that's going to lead to efforts to try to do something about the problem.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：石油利益集团，即西方石油和天然气协会，不希望他们的产品与洛杉矶烟雾有关，因为这将导致人们努力尝试解决这个问题。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: They hire a research think tank called the Stanford Research Institute to try to undercut the findings that Dr. Haagen Smith has made about the importance of petroleum in smog.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：他们聘请了一个名为斯坦福研究所的智囊团，试图削弱哈根·史密斯博士关于石油在烟雾中的重要性的发现。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: They hired researchers, experts.

作家奇普·雅各布斯：他们聘请了研究人员、专家。

They created films that said, nobody is really sure what causes smog, despite Haagen Smith's indestructible logic.

他们制作的电影说，尽管哈根史密斯有坚不可摧的逻辑，但没有人真正确定烟雾的原因。

SRI Industrial Film / Cartoon Investigators : What's in this bottle?

SRI工业电影/卡通调查员：这个瓶子里有什么？

Smog.

烟雾。

Pure undiluted smog.

纯粹未稀释的烟雾。

But what is smog?

但雾霾是什么？

Well, I don't know.

嗯，我不知道。

Who makes it?

谁制造的？

Why is it?

这是为什么呢？

Where’s it come from?

它从哪里来？

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: Their job was to create public doubt and confusion and flood the zone.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯），作家：他们的工作是制造公众的怀疑和混乱，并淹没该地区。

And so it seeded and sowed doubt in mind that the average Angeleno.

因此，它在普通洛杉矶人的心中播下了怀疑的种子。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: Arie Haagen-Smit feels his credibility and his scientific acumen are under attack.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：阿里·哈根-斯密特认为他的可信度和科学敏锐度受到了攻击。

And it makes him furious.

这让他很愤怒。

He decides I'm going to prove them wrong.

他决定我要证明他们是错的。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: So he became a consultant to the Air Pollution Control District.

奇普·雅各布斯（CHIP JACOBS），作家：所以他成为了空气污染控制区的顾问。

Its star consultant.

其明星顾问。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: Then, in October of 1954, there's a streak of smog that's so bad that The New York Times reports on it.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：然后，1954 年 10 月，出现了一阵严重的烟雾，《纽约时报》对此进行了报道。

People are up in arms about it.

人们对此很愤怒。

Goes on for about two weeks.

持续两周左右。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: It was one of the most grievous stretches of air pollution in recorded history.

作家奇普·雅各布斯：这是历史上最严重的空气污染事件之一。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: At this point it was a decade past the first big smog events in Los Angeles and that’s a long time and a lot of effort to end up with a problem that only seems to be getting worse.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：洛杉矶第一次大雾霾事件已经过去十年了，经过很长的时间和大量的努力才最终解决了一个似乎只会变得更糟的问题。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: There was a crescendo of public anger.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯）（作家）：公众的愤怒日益高涨。

And that crescendo erupted at Pasadena Civic Auditorium.

帕萨迪纳市政礼堂爆发了这种高潮。

About 6000 people were in the audience, and they were frothing at the mouth.

现场观众约6000人，口吐白沫。

Speaker on Stage: Ladies and gentlemen, we have met here tonight unitedly for one purpose in mind to get some action!

台上发言者：女士们、先生们，我们今晚团结一致，为了一个目标而聚集在这里，采取一些行动！

Woman : It’s affecting everyone.

女：这影响着每个人。

It’s poison!

是毒药！

Man: If anyone, any place tries to stop this effort to get rid of smog we will definitely steamroll him flatter than a pancake!

男：如果有人、任何地方试图阻止这项除雾行动，我们一定会把他压得比煎饼还扁！

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: The politics of smog are becoming really, really important.

法律学者安·卡尔森：烟雾政治变得非常非常重要。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: LIFE magazine ran a big article about smog in the land of sunshine.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：《生活》杂志发表了一篇关于阳光之地雾霾的大文章。

And the ‘Optimists Club’ in Los Angeles had a dinner where they donned World War two style gas masks.

洛杉矶的“乐观主义者俱乐部”举行了一次晚宴，他们戴着第二次世界大战风格的防毒面具。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: And they had a big banner behind them saying: ‘Why wait for 1955?

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯）（编剧）：他们身后有一面大横幅，上面写着：‘为什么要等到 1955 年？

We may not be alive’.

我们可能已经不在人世了”。

Smog was such a deadly, scary topic that I think folks needed some relief and a giggle here and there.

烟雾是一个如此致命、可怕的话题，我认为人们需要一些缓解和咯咯笑。

Tom Lehrer (song) : If you visit American City, you will find it very pretty, just two things of which you must beware: don’t drink the water and don’t breathe the air!

Tom Lehrer（歌曲）：如果你去美国城，你会发现它很漂亮，只是有两件事你必须注意：不要喝水，不要呼吸空气！

Pollution, Pollution…

污染，污染……

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: As a publicity stunt, the L.A.

奇普·雅各布斯（CHIP JACOBS），作家：作为一种宣传噱头，洛杉矶

Zoo put goggles, smoggles, they called them, on a donkey named Peaches.

动物园给一头名叫“桃子”的驴戴上了护目镜，他们称之为“smoggles”。

There were smog towels.

有烟雾毛巾。

There was fresh mountain air.

山间空气清新。

And supposedly if you're coughing on smog you breathe in the fresh mountain air and you're going to be all better.

据说，如果你因烟雾而咳嗽，呼吸新鲜的山间空气，你就会好起来。

Tom Lehrer (song): Just go out for a breath of air, and you’ll be ready for Medicare.

汤姆·莱勒（歌曲）：只要出去呼吸一下空气，你就可以享受医疗保险了。

The city streets are really quite a thrill, if the hoods don’t get you the monoxide will!

城市街道确实令人兴奋，如果引擎盖不能让你感到一氧化碳会！

Pollution, pollution, wear a gas mask and a veil!

污染，污染，戴好防毒面具和面纱！

Then you can breathe as long as you don’t inhale!

然后只要不吸气就可以呼吸！

They’re drinking the water and breathing the air!

他们喝着水，呼吸着空气！

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: The cynicism deepened, and so did the gallows humor.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯），作家：愤世嫉俗的情绪加深了，绞刑架上的幽默也加深了。

But cynicism is a natural consequence of failure.

但愤世嫉俗是失败的自然结果。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: When people feel disenchanted or demoralized, they lash out.

奇普·雅各布斯，作家：当人们感到失望或士气低落时，他们就会猛烈抨击。

They wanted politicians recalled.

他们希望政客被召回。

They wanted regulators fired.

他们希望解雇监管者。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: So Los Angeles decides that they need a new commissioner of the APCD and they need a commissioner who's savvy about the public and savvy about public communications….

安·卡尔森，法律学者：因此，洛杉矶决定他们需要一位新的 APCD 专员，并且他们需要一位精通公众和公共传播的专员……。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: The guy they chose was named S Smith Griswold, who was an interesting character.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：他们选择的人名叫 S·史密斯·格里斯沃尔德，他是一个有趣的人物。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: He is kind of straight out of Hollywood in terms of his looks.

安·卡尔森（ANN CARLSON），法律学者：就外表而言，他有点像好莱坞里的人。

He's athletic.

他很有运动天赋。

He's a former military guy.

他是一名前军人。

Griswold: All of us that live in Los Angeles realize that we have a smog problem.

格里斯沃尔德：居住在洛杉矶的所有人都意识到我们面临雾霾问题。

Most of us realize, most of you realize, that we are really doing something about it.

我们大多数人都意识到，你们大多数人都意识到，我们确实正在为此做点什么。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: He triples the staff, he dramatically increases enforcement efforts, he really wants to make a splash.

法律学者安·卡尔森：他将员工人数增加了两倍，大幅增加了执法力度，他真的很想引起轰动。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: This was a guy who really knew how to get attention.

穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里（MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI），环境倡导者：这是一个真正知道如何引起关注的人。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: He volunteered to go into a smog chamber that Haagen Smit had built.

奇普·雅各布斯，编剧：他自愿进入哈根·斯密特建造的烟雾室。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: He crawled inside and sat there for two hours, exposing himself to the artificial smog

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：他爬进去坐了两个小时，将自己暴露在人造烟雾中

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: There’s a lot of attention paid to it.

法律学者安·卡尔森：对此引起了很多关注。

The LA Times covers it extensively.

《洛杉矶时报》对此进行了广泛报道。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: Afterwards when he came out he proclaimed that he had become listless and was clearly suffering from the effects of exposure.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：后来，当他出来时，他宣称自己变得无精打采，显然受到了暴露的影响。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: So Griswold made a big show of changing the direction of the APCD.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：所以格里斯沃尔德大肆展示了改变 APCD 的方向。

But then he actually made a move that got a lot of people upset, which was to ask for individual sacrifice.

但后来他居然做出了让很多人不爽的举动，那就是要求个人牺牲。

Reporter: Ms Meecham, How long have you been burning your rubbish in your incinerator?

记者：Meecham 女士，您在焚烧炉中焚烧垃圾多久了？

How many years?

几年了？

Ms. Meecham: Well, ever since we’ve lived in California - about 10 years.

米查姆女士：嗯，自从我们住在加利福尼亚州以来，大约有 10 年了。

We burn early in the morning for a few minutes…

我们一大早燃烧几分钟……

Reporter: And has the smog gotten a great deal worse since you came to California?

记者：自从您来到加州以来，雾霾有没有变得更严重？

Ms. Meecham: In just the past few years, yes.

米查姆女士：就在过去的几年里，是的。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: Back in the 1950s, the way a lot of people dealt with garbage was to burn it.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：早在 20 世纪 50 年代，许多人处理垃圾的方式就是焚烧。

There were more than a million incinerators in Los Angeles being used at that time.

当时洛杉矶有超过一百万个焚烧炉正在使用。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: So if you talk to anybody who grew up in Los Angeles in the 1940s and the 1950s, they remember taking the garbage out to the incinerator.

安·卡尔森（ANN CARLSON），法律学者：所以，如果你和 20 世纪 40 年代和 1950 年代在洛杉矶长大的人交谈，他们都会记得将垃圾扔进焚化炉的经历。

And of course, the incinerators generated ash and they generated smoke.

当然，焚烧炉会产生灰烬并产生烟雾。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: And Griswold insisted that those be shut down, which was not something that people were particularly happy with.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：格里斯沃尔德坚持要求关闭这些设施，这并不是人们特别满意的事情。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: A lot of Californians had a certain libertarian element to their personality.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯），作家：许多加州人的个性中都带有一定的自由主义元素。

You know, less government is better.

你知道，政府越少越好。

Many people were opposed to making even minor changes in their life.

许多人反对对他们的生活做出哪怕是微小的改变。

Restaurant Owner: Folks, I was charcoal broiling steaks like I'd been doing for 14 years.

餐厅老板：各位，我用木炭烤牛排，就像我 14 年来一直这样做的那样。

And I was found guilty and given till November the 1st for sentencing of violation of smog control.

我因违反雾霾治理罪被判有罪，刑期至11月1日。

And folks, this could all happen to everybody in their backyards that charcoal broil steaks.

各位，这都可能发生在自家后院用木炭烤牛排的每个人身上。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: One of the freedoms that Californian’s cherished, was the idea that every man's home is their castle.

奇普·雅各布斯，作家：加州人珍视的自由之一是每个人的家都是他们的城堡的想法。

Instead of going up into apartments and towers, it was being spread out into urban sprawl.

它没有发展成公寓和塔楼，而是蔓延到城市中。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: Part of the appeal was the autonomy and independence of living on the West Coast in your own home and with your own vehicle that you yourself own, that you yourself control, that you yourself drove.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：其中一个吸引力是在西海岸的自己家中生活的自主性和独立性，拥有自己拥有、自己控制、自己驾驶的车辆。

MARY NICHOLS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER: Cars were tied to the influx of basically middle-class lifestyles.

玛丽·尼科尔斯（Mary Nichols），环境律师：汽车与中产阶级生活方式的涌入息息相关。

And L.A.

还有洛杉矶

became synonymous with car culture.

成为汽车文化的代名词。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: LA accounted for something like 5% of all cars in the United States, which is a huge number for one city

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：洛杉矶的汽车数量约占美国所有汽车的 5%，这对于一个城市来说是一个巨大的数字

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: The county adopted the master plan of freeways, the biggest freeway network anyplace, hundreds and hundreds of miles.

作家奇普·雅各布斯：该县采用了高速公路总体规划，这是世界上最大的高速公路网络，绵延数百英里。

MARY NICHOLS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER: There was a great deal more traffic and more obvious presence of vehicles than there had been before.

玛丽·尼科尔斯（Mary Nichols），环境律师：与以前相比，交通量增加了很多，车辆的存在也更加明显。

And I think that began to draw people's attention to what these things were doing.

我认为这开始引起人们对这些东西正在做什么的关注。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: So Haagen-Smit really begins to focus on the obvious culprit that has yet to be regulated, and that's the automobile.

安·卡尔森（ANN CARLSON），法律学者：哈根·斯密特真正开始关注尚未受到监管的明显罪魁祸首，那就是汽车。

And he is the one who discovers that what's coming out of automobiles is what's causing our smog problem.

他是第一个发现汽车排出的废气是造成我们雾霾问题的原因的人。

Arie Haagen-Smit: The smog in Los Angeles is caused by the release of many chemicals.

Arie Haagen-Smit：洛杉矶的烟雾是由许多化学物质的释放造成的。

The main source however, is the release of tremendous quantities of hydrocarbons.

然而，主要来源是大量碳氢化合物的释放。

The hydrocarbons are emitted to the air through the exhaust of the automobile.

碳氢化合物通过汽车尾气排放到空气中。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: And so the APCD thinks, hey, if hydrocarbons are a central part of the smog story, we're going to have to go after automobiles.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：因此 APCD 认为，嘿，如果碳氢化合物是烟雾故事的核心部分，那么我们将不得不关注汽车。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: And at this time, an organization was created, one of the early grassroots environmental organizations by a set of ladies in Beverly Hills.

穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里，环境倡导者：此时，比佛利山庄的一群女士创建了一个组织，这是早期的草根环保组织之一。

Their organization was called S.O.S.: “Stamp Out Smog”.

他们的组织被称为 S.O.S.：“Stamp Out Smog”。

Margaret Levee: We started with nine women, actually who went down to see Smith Griswold, and we found out that they wanted backing …

玛格丽特·利维：我们从九名女性开始，实际上她们去见史密斯·格里斯沃尔德，我们发现她们需要支持……

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: It was founded by a bunch of unbelievably talented women who, because of the era, weren't employed outside of the home, who took care of their kids and who were enraged about smog.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：它是由一群令人难以置信的才华横溢的女性创立的，由于时代的原因，她们没有在家庭之外工作，她们负责照顾孩子，并对雾霾感到愤怒。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: Margaret Levee's husband was a movie producer.

奇普·雅各布斯，编剧：玛格丽特·利维的丈夫是一名电影制片人。

She also had a two year old daughter that had really bad asthma.

她还有一个两岁的女儿，患有严重的哮喘。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: The doctor advised her to leave Los Angeles because of the air quality.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：由于空气质量问题，医​​生建议她离开洛杉矶。

And her response was to say, no, this is crazy.

她的回答是，不，这太疯狂了。

I'm going to stay here, I'm going to fight and I'm going to do something about it.

我要留在这里，我要战斗，我要为此做点什么。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: They brought their kids frequently to meetings wearing gas masks.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：他们经常带着孩子戴着防毒面具参加会议。

And they became a political force that put more pressure on politicians to do something about the problem of smog.

他们成为一股政治力量，向政治家施加更大压力，要求他们采取行动解决雾霾问题。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: Social media didn't exist at that time, but they were able to use phone trees.

穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里（MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI），环境倡导者：当时社交媒体还不存在，但他们可以使用电话树。

They were able to use letter writing campaigns to reach out to politicians to say we have to do something.

他们能够利用写信活动来联系政客，告诉他们我们必须做点什么。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: They joined forces with something like 400-plus organizations.

ANN CARLSON，法律学者：他们与 400 多个组织联手。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: They gained so much expertise that they actually had credibility to comment about things like technologies that could actually help address the smog problem.

安·卡尔森（ANN CARLSON），法律学者：他们获得了如此多的专业知识，以至于他们实际上有可信度来评论诸如实际上可以帮助解决烟雾问题的技术之类的事情。

Afton Slade: We began to be recognized as the informed voice of the community.

Afton Slade：我们开始被认为是社区的知情声音。

And gradually we were called upon to testify at the state level in Sacramento.

渐渐地，我们被要求在萨克拉门托的州一级作证。

Even at the federal level, Margee went to Washington to testify

即使在联邦层面，玛吉也前往华盛顿作证

MARY NICHOLS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER: Stamp Out Smog was channeling the anger of citizens against what they were experiencing.

玛丽·尼科尔斯（Mary Nichols），环境律师：“扑灭烟雾”正在激起公民对他们所经历的事情的愤怒。

And they wanted the auto industry to clean up these smoking vehicles.

他们希望汽车行业清理这些冒烟的车辆。

Gas Station Attendant: Good morning Mr. Fitzgerald!

加油站服务员：早上好，菲茨杰拉德先生！

Driver: Morning Brownie!

司机：早上好，布朗尼！

Guess you’d better fill‘er up!

我想你最好把它填满！

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: But one of the first things that the auto companies did is they simply denied that their product caused any problems and they ignored research from Ari Haagen Smit.

法律学者安·卡尔森：但是汽车公司做的第一件事就是否认他们的产品造成了任何问题，并且忽视了阿里·哈根·斯密特的研究。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: So it’s clear somebody should go after something that has been ignored as one of the key culprits, and that's automobiles and the automobile industry.

历史学家梅林·乔宽云：很明显，应该有人去追查那些被视为罪魁祸首之一而被忽视的东西，那就是汽车和汽车工业。

Kenneth Hahn: If it's necessary to step on someone's toes or some industry's toes to crack down, to clean this air pollution problem, I want to do it.

肯尼思·哈恩：如果有必要踩到某人或某个行业的脚趾来打击、解决这个空气污染问题，我愿意这样做。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: Ken Hahn turned out to be a very influential political figure in the L.A.

奇普·雅各布斯 (CHIP JACOBS)，作家：肯·哈恩 (Ken Hahn) 原来是洛杉矶一位非常有影响力的政治人物。

smog fight.

雾霾之战。

In fact, maybe the most influential.

事实上，也许是最有影响力的。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: He served on the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：他曾在洛杉矶县监事会任职。

And he worked with Smith Griswold to fight the smog problem.

他与史密斯·格里斯沃尔德合作应对雾霾问题。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: Kenneth Hahn takes the identification of hydrocarbons as THE key element in smog, a scientific finding that might have just sat in a journal, he actually translated it into some kind of action.

历史学家梅林·乔宽云：肯尼思·哈恩认为碳氢化合物是烟雾中的关键元素，这一科学发现可能只是出现在杂志上，但他实际上将其转化为某种行动。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: He helped invite representatives from the car companies to Los Angeles in 1954.

作家奇普·雅各布斯：1954 年，他帮助邀请汽车公司的代表来到洛杉矶。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: Hahn and Griswold say, you know, you got to control the amount of hydrocarbons that are coming out of your cars.

历史学家梅林·乔宽云：哈恩和格里斯沃尔德说，你知道，你必须控制从你的汽车中排出的碳氢化合物的量。

You're going to have to create some sort of device.

你将不得不创建某种设备。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: And the car companies say, look, yes we're going to have it ready in a few years.

历史学家 MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN：汽车公司说，看，是的，我们将在几年内准备好。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: But the carmakers didn't seem to be doing anything.

作家奇普·雅各布斯：但汽车制造商似乎没有采取任何行动。

And Hahn was the first to call their B.S.

哈恩是第一个称他们为 B.S. 的人。

and say time is going by.

并说时间正在流逝。

Smog is getting worse.

雾霾越来越严重。

People are dying.

人们正在死去。

Song: The GM 5!

歌曲：GM 5！

For 58 they’re great they’re great, the best that you’ll drive!

对于 58 来说，它们很棒，它们很棒，是您驾驶的最好的！

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: GM was King Kong.

奇普·雅各布斯（CHIP JACOBS），编剧：总经理是金刚。

It dominated the landscape.

它主宰了景观。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: It was the biggest corporation in the world.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：它是世界上最大的公司。

It was the first to break the billion-dollar mark.

这是第一个突破十亿美元大关的。

It had more than half of the auto market.

它占据了一半以上的汽车市场。

MARY NICHOLS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER: And General Motors was invested in some of everything.

玛丽·尼科尔斯（Mary Nichols），环境律师：通用汽车公司在所有领域都进行了投资。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: GM even owned and patented tetraethyl lead, which made gasoline more powerful.

奇普·雅各布斯（CHIP JACOBS），作家：通用汽车甚至拥有四乙基铅并获得专利，这使得汽油的威力更强。

But as we all know today, lead is extremely dangerous.

但今天我们都知道，铅极其危险。

It's a neurotoxin.

这是一种神经毒素。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: But tetraethyl lead increased the power that engines could have.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：但是四乙基铅增加了发动机的功率。

And because General Motors had a 50% ownership stake even when all of their competitors were out on the road burning gasoline, driving around - General Motors was making money.

而且，由于通用汽车公司拥有 50% 的所有权，即使所有竞争对手都在路上燃烧汽油、四处行驶，通用汽车公司仍在赚钱。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: Because it was so big and powerful, you're not going to beat an industry like the car makers without some big guns on your side.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯），作家：因为它是如此庞大和强大，所以如果没有大佬的支持，你就无法击败像汽车制造商这样的行业。

MARY NICHOLS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER: And the only way to do that was to take it up to the state level.

玛丽·尼科尔斯（Mary Nichols），环境律师：唯一的方法就是将其提升到州一级。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: So in 1960 California becomes the first state in the country, the first jurisdiction anywhere, that is trying to control the pollution that comes out of the tailpipes of vehicles.

安·卡尔森（ANN CARLSON），法律学者：1960 年，加利福尼亚州成为美国第一个州，也是世界上第一个试图控制汽车尾气排放污染的司法管辖区。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: They want to mandate exhaust control equipment on vehicles.

法律学者安·卡尔森：他们希望强制要求车辆配备尾气控制设备。

What do the auto manufacturers do?

汽车制造商做什么？

They say it doesn't exist.

他们说它不存在。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: But in fact, the car companies were aware of a rather simple device that had been around for a while.

作家奇普·雅各布斯：但事实上，汽车公司意识到一种相当简单的设备已经存在了一段时间。

That could be the answer to many of the problems.

这可能是许多问题的答案。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: Eugene Houdry, a scientist from Pennsylvania, had invented a pretty early prototype for the catalytic converter.

安·卡尔森（ANN CARLSON），法律学者：来自宾夕法尼亚州的科学家尤金·胡德里（Eugene Houdry）发明了催化转化器的一个相当早期的原型。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: Essentially what a catalytic converter does is takes harmful unburned hydrocarbons and forces them through a chemical reorientation so they won’t turn into smog.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：从本质上讲，催化转化器的作用是吸收有害的未燃烧碳氢化合物，并迫使它们进行化学重新定向，这样它们就不会变成烟雾。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: In the 1950’S GM actually tests it.

ANN CARLSON，法律学者：在 1950 年代，通用汽车实际上对其进行了测试。

But the problem with catalytic technology is that leaded gas corrodes it.

但催化技术的问题是含铅气体会腐蚀它。

It ruins it.

它毁了它。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: So trying to take the lead out of gas was not particularly attractive for automakers because they had built the engines around the higher performance that leaded gas provided.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：因此，试图超越汽油的领先地位对于汽车制造商来说并不是特别有吸引力，因为他们是围绕含铅汽油提供的更高性能来制造发动机的。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: The automakers had formed a joint commission where they had agreed to share all of their emission control innovations with one another.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：汽车制造商成立了一个联合委员会，他们同意相互分享所有的排放控制创新。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: They claim that this committee is designed to pool their resources, to research and come up with technology that can cut pollution.

法律学者安·卡尔森：他们声称该委员会的目的是集中资源，研究并提出可以减少污染的技术。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: This is the era of convertibles and tailfins and sofa-width seats and two-tone paint jobs.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：这是敞篷车、尾翼、沙发宽座椅和双色调油漆工作的时代。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: They continue to push out newer models year after year after year.

环境倡导者穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里：他们年复一年地继续推出更新的型号。

But when it came to addressing emissions they were more resistant to making those changes.

但当谈到解决排放问题时，他们更不愿意做出这些改变。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: For 10, 15 years, they did nothing.

奇普·雅各布斯（奇普·雅各布斯），作家：10 年、15 年里，他们什么也没做。

They did not develop an exhaust control device even though they promised that they would.

尽管他们承诺会开发排气控制装置，但他们并没有开发出来。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: So Kenneth Hahn writes hundreds of letters saying: Hey, what is going on?

历史学家梅林·乔宽云：肯尼思·哈恩写了数百封信说：嘿，发生了什么事？

Where is the device?

设备在哪里？

What's the progress?

进展如何？

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: The big auto manufacturers, they don't want to really acknowledge the problem, let alone do anything about it.

法律学者安·卡尔森：大型汽车制造商不想真正承认这个问题，更不用说采取任何措施了。

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: So Griswold and Hahn said, You know what?

奇普·雅各布斯，编剧：格里斯沃尔德和哈恩说，你知道吗？

Time to take the offensive even further.

是时候进一步发动攻势了。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: Supervisor Hahn persuades the United States Department of Justice to investigate the auto manufacturers for antitrust violations.

法律学者安·卡尔森：主管哈恩说服美国司法部调查汽车制造商的反垄断违法行为。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: What the lawsuit alleged was that instead of cooperating to push forward a solution more quickly, the automakers were using their collaboration to suppress any actual progress on emissions.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：诉讼指控的是，汽车制造商没有合作更快地推动解决方案，而是利用合作来压制排放方面的任何实际进展。

Kenneth Hahn: This was…

肯尼思·哈恩：这是……

a high school student would recognize this is a conspiracy!

一个高中生都知道这是一个阴谋！

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: In 1969, the Nixon administration decided to settle the lawsuit that Los Angeles had brought against the automakers with something called a consent decree.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：1969 年，尼克松政府决定通过一项所谓的同意令来解决洛杉矶针对汽车制造商提起的诉讼。

Kenneth Hahn: Which in effect allowed General Motors, Ford and Chrysler not to stand trial in an open courtroom for conspiracy charges of violating the Sherman and Clayton antitrust laws.

肯尼思·哈恩：这实际上允许通用汽车、福特和克莱斯勒因共谋违反谢尔曼和克莱顿反垄断法的指控而在公开法庭接受审判。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: No individual is criminally indicted or prosecuted.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：没有任何个人受到刑事起诉或起诉。

They simply agree to stop the conspiracy.

他们只是同意阻止阴谋。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: All of the grand jury testimony was sealed, which means that you couldn't use it to sue the automakers for damages.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：大陪审团的所有证词都是密封的，这意味着你不能用它来起诉汽车制造商要求赔偿。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: But the conspiracy case had demonstrated pretty clearly that the auto manufacturers' cries about what they could or couldn't do weren't true.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：但是，这起共谋案已经非常清楚地表明，汽车制造商关于他们能做什么或不能做什么的呼声并不真实。

So the auto manufacturers had undermined their own credibility in California.

因此，汽车制造商损害了自己在加州的信誉。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: That meant Hahn and Griswold really ratcheting things up to another level using the power of the state to try to get what they wanted.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：这意味着哈恩和格里斯沃尔德确实利用国家力量将事情提升到了另一个水平，试图得到他们想要的东西。

Reagan: My fellow Californians.

里根：我的加州同胞们。

The war on smog began here in California.

对抗雾霾的战争从加利福尼亚州开始。

Today, we lead the nation in the battle for cleaner air.

今天，我们领导全国为清洁空气而战。

But we still will not be satisfied until we can return blue skies and a clear atmosphere to our state.

但在我们的州恢复蓝天和晴朗的气候之前，我们仍然不会满足。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: Ronald Reagan was governor of California.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：罗纳德·里根是加利福尼亚州州长。

Later he would run for president on an anti-environmental agenda.

后来他以反环境议程竞选总统。

But as governor, he was supportive of California fighting air pollution efforts, in part because air pollution was ugly and dirty and his constituents hated it.

但作为州长，他支持加州对抗空气污染的努力，部分原因是空气污染丑陋而肮脏，而他的选民对此深恶痛绝。

MARY NICHOLS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER: He was not known in any way as being a leader on the environment, but he was a practical politician.

玛丽·尼科尔斯（Mary Nichols），环境律师：他并不以任何方式被认为是环境领域的领导者，但他是一位务实的政治家。

So, in 1967 Reagan created the California Air Resources Board, which is known as CARB now to most people.

因此，里根于 1967 年创建了加州空气资源委员会，现在大多数人都称为 CARB。

MARY NICHOLS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER: CARB created a system of testing where every make and model that a company wanted to sell in California had to get certified.

环境律师玛丽·尼科尔斯：CARB 创建了一个测试系统，公司想要在加州销售的每个品牌和型号都必须获得认证。

And if the car didn't pass that test, it could not be sold in California.

如果汽车没有通过测试，就不能在加利福尼亚州销售。

Reporter: Have you gotten into trouble trying to sell cars in California for not complying with the law?

记者：您在加州销售汽车时是否曾因不遵守法律而遇到麻烦？

Haagen Smit: Yes, certainly.

哈根·斯密特：是的，当然。

This year, one of the companies had not supplied us with the information and then I had no other choice as holding up the sale of the cars.

今年，其中一家公司没有向我们提供信息，所以我没有其他选择，只能推迟出售汽车。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: And at the same time California is stepping in to begin to regulate emissions from vehicles we have a burgeoning environmental movement in the United States.

法律学者安·卡尔森：与此同时，加州正在介入，开始监管车辆排放，美国的环保运动正在蓬勃发展。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: As we move through the 60s, folks are becoming more aware of how important it is to have a cleaner environment, to make sure that you have cleaner air to breathe.

环境倡导者穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里 (MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI)：随着我们进入 60 年代，人们越来越意识到拥有更清洁的环境、确保呼吸更清洁的空气有多么重要。

Singer: Welcome, Sulphur Dioxide, Hello, Carbon Monoxide…

歌手：欢迎，二氧化硫，你好，一氧化碳……

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: And then, April of 1970 was the first Earth Day, which was the single largest protest in American history,

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：然后，1970 年 4 月是第一个地球日，这是美国历史上最大的一次抗议活动，

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: 20 million people gathered in various events around the country to demand that Congress do something to protect the environment.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：2000 万人聚集在全国各地的各种活动中，要求国会采取措施保护环境。

Politicians listened.

政治家们倾听了。

Nixon: The great question of the 70s is: Shall we surrender to our surroundings or shall we make our peace with nature and begin to make reparations for the damage we have done to our air, to our land, and to our water?

尼克松：70 年代的重大问题是：我们是应该屈服于我们的环境，还是应该与自然和平相处，并开始对我们对空气、土地和水造成的损害进行赔偿？

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: When you hear Richard Nixon you don't normally think public health hero but he passes some of the most robust, still, federal laws that that that constrain pollution

梅林·乔宽云，历史学家：当你听到理查德·尼克松时，你通常不会认为他是公共卫生英雄，但他通过了一些最强有力、仍然是限制污染的联邦法律

MARY NICHOLS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER: His advisors, who, by the way, were Southern Californians, told him that this was something he had to do.

玛丽·尼科尔斯，环境律师：顺便说一句，他的顾问是南加州人，告诉他这是他必须做的事情。

Nixon: The lives we spend there, in the future, motorist and pedestrian, are going to be pollution free…

尼克松：未来，我们在那里度过的生活，无论是驾车者还是行人，都将是无污染的……

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: People were so disturbed by the way we had degraded the environment that it became an issue that no politician could ignore.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：人们对我们破坏环境的方式感到非常不安，以至于它成为任何政治家都无法忽视的问题。

So in December of 1970 Nixon established the Environmental Protection Agency.

因此，尼克松于 1970 年 12 月成立了环境保护局。

MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE: And just a few weeks after the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency, the 1970 Clean Air Act became the law of the land.

穆斯塔法·圣地亚哥·阿里（MUSTAFA SANTIAGO ALI），环境倡导者：环境保护局成立几周后，1970 年《清洁空气法》就成为了该国的法律。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: The Clean Air Act is the strongest environmental bill Congress has ever passed.

法律学者安·卡尔森：《清洁空气法案》是国会有史以来通过的最强有力的环境法案。

MARY NICHOLS, FORMER CHAIR, CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD: The idea of creating a system in which standards were set based on what an expert agency thought was technically feasible began in the Los Angeles of the 1940s and 50s.

玛丽·尼科尔斯 (Mary Nichols)，加利福尼亚州空气资源委员会前主席：创建一个系统的想法始于 20 世纪 40 年代和 50 年代的洛杉矶，在该系统中，根据专家机构认为技术上可行的内容制定标准。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: California set the first air quality standards, and then the federal government followed suit.

法律学者安·卡尔森：加利福尼亚州制定了第一个空气质量标准，然后联邦政府也纷纷效仿。

California set the first requirements for controlling exhaust emissions.

加利福尼亚州率先制定了控制废气排放的要求。

The federal government then starts getting into the business of regulating emissions from automobiles.

随后联邦政府开始介入汽车排放监管工作。

Nixon: The automobile is our worst polluter of the air.

尼克松：汽车是我们最严重的空气污染者。

Adequate control requires further advances in engine design and fuel composition.

充分的控制需要发动机设计和燃料成分的进一步进步。

We shall intensify our research, set increasingly strict standards, and strengthen enforcement procedures.

我们要加强研究，严格标准，强化执行程序。

And we shall do it now.

我们现在就做。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: They tell car companies that they need to cut pollutants by 90% by 1975.

安·卡尔森，法律学者：他们告诉汽车公司，他们需要在 1975 年之前将污染物减少 90%。

All of a sudden, manufacturers are being told: We don't care how you do it.

突然之间，制造商被告知：我们不在乎你怎么做。

We're going to give you a super tight deadline and you're going to figure out the technology.

我们会给你一个非常紧迫的期限，你要弄清楚这项技术。

We're going to set these standards based on what's safe for the public, not on what's convenient for you to do.

我们将根据对公众安全的方式来制定这些标准，而不是根据您方便的方式来制定这些标准。

That was a sea change in how we thought about regulation.

我们对监管的看法发生了翻天覆地的变化。

Reporter: Will the auto manufacturers be able to meet the pollution guides set forth for them in the next four years?

记者：未来四年汽车制造商是否能够达到为其制定的污染指南？

What is General Motors doing?

通用汽车在做什么？

Starkman: We believe we'll have to use a catalyst or two catalysts to meet the emission levels for 1975 and 76.

Starkman：我们相信我们必须使用一种或两种催化剂才能达到 1975 年和 76 年的排放水平。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: And in that way, The Clean Air Act led to the catalytic converter.

法律学者安·卡尔森：就这样，《清洁空气法案》催生了催化转化器。

MARY NICHOLS, FORMER CHAIR, CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD: It wasn't mandated, but in effect it was mandated because it was the only technology that was available that would meet the strictest new emission standards.

玛丽·尼科尔斯（Mary Nichols），加利福尼亚州空气资源委员会前主席：这并不是强制性的，但实际上是强制性的，因为它是唯一可以满足最严格的新排放标准的技术。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: But remember, the catalytic converter had to operate with unleaded gasoline.

安·卡尔森（ANN CARLSON），法律学者：但请记住，催化转化器必须使用无铅汽油运行。

So one of the first things that the Environmental Protection Agency did was to require that unleaded gasoline be available at every gas station.

因此，环境保护局做的第一件事就是要求每个加油站都提供无铅汽油。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: But once you took the lead out of gas, it meant you had to reconfigure the engines themselves.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：但是一旦你失去了汽油的领先地位，就意味着你必须重新配置发动机本身。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: Car companies said it was impossible.

法律学者安·卡尔森：汽车公司表示这是不可能的。

Auto manufacturers actually testified to Congress that if the laws passed, they will go out of business, and Congress on a bipartisan basis ignores them and passes the statute.

汽车制造商实际上向国会作证说，如果该法律通过，他们将停业，而国会在两党的基础上无视他们并通过了该法规。

MARY NICHOLS, FORMER CHAIR, CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD: The bottom line for industry was this allowed the engineers to retune the engines for better fuel economy and better performance.

玛丽·尼科尔斯（Mary Nichols），加利福尼亚州空气资源委员会前任主席：行业的底线是，这使得工程师能够重新调整发动机，以获得更好的燃油经济性和更好的性能。

And in fact, it clearly made the industry more profitable, rather than less profitable.

事实上，它显然使该行业的利润更高，而不是更低。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: Catalytic technology is now standard on vehicles around the world.

法律学者 ANN CARLSON：催化技术现已成为世界各地车辆的标准配置。

Lead in the air we breathe in the 1960s was 50 times higher than it was after we banned lead and gasoline.

20 世纪 60 年代，我们呼吸的空气中的铅含量比禁止铅和汽油后高出 50 倍。

And it's even lower today.

今天甚至更低。

MARY NICHOLS, FORMER CHAIR, CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD: Today we have over two and a half times as many cars in the Los Angeles basin as we did back when the smog was so bad.

玛丽·尼科尔斯（Mary Nichols），加利福尼亚州空气资源委员会前主席：如今，洛杉矶盆地的汽车数量是烟雾严重时的两倍半以上。

And the levels of pollution from those cars is less than 1% of what it was.

这些汽车造成的污染程度还不到原来的 1%。

ANN CARLSON, LEGAL SCHOLAR: There's still a lot of work we need to do to clean up ozone.

法律学者安·卡尔森：我们还需要做很多工作来净化臭氧。

Los Angeles continues to have a big air pollution problem, But it's really important to stress that it's orders of magnitude better than what it was .

洛杉矶仍然存在严重的空气污染问题，但需要强调的是，现在的情况比以前好了几个数量级，这一点非常重要。

Los Angeles has not had a smog alert since 2003, which just tells you everything you want to know.

洛杉矶自 2003 年以来就没有发布过烟雾警报，它只是告诉您您想知道的一切。

CHRISTOPHER WELLS, HISTORIAN: The fact that figures like Reagan and Nixon were both deeply involved shows us that environmental questions weren't partisan.

历史学家克里斯托弗·威尔斯：里根和尼克松等人物都深入参与这一事实，这一事实向我们表明，环境问题不存在党派之争。

There was broad public buy-in that quality-of-life issues were as important as economic issues.

公众普遍认为生活质量问题与经济问题同样重要。

MERLIN CHOWKWANYUN, HISTORIAN: Air pollution was not a cause of just environmentalists or activists or angry residents.

历史学家梅林·乔宽云：空气污染不仅仅是环保主义者、活动人士或愤怒的居民造成的。

It was county officials, different factions of the business community, scientists

是县官员、商界各派、科学家

CHIP JACOBS, WRITER: The L.A.

奇普·雅各布斯，编剧：《洛杉矶》

smog story is a tale of tenacity, perseverance, ingenuity, some political craftsmanship.

烟雾的故事是一个关于坚韧、毅力、聪明才智和一些政治技巧的故事。

It took licking a problem some people thought was unsolvable.

解决了一些人认为无法解决的问题。

It went on for 25, 30 years.

这样的情况持续了25年、30年。

But L.A.

但洛杉矶

very much changed the world.

极大地改变了世界。

To bring attention to the smog issue plaguing their city in the mid 20th century, Angelenos got creative.

为了引起人们对 20 世纪中叶困扰这座城市的雾霾问题的关注，洛杉矶人发挥了创意。

The major breakthrough in understanding L.A.'s deadly smog came from a surprising place.

了解洛杉矶致命烟雾的重大突破来自一个令人惊讶的地方。

Smog was pervasive in mid-century Los Angeles—so it’s no wonder that this real-life threat made it into Hollywood films.

烟雾在上世纪中叶的洛杉矶十分普遍，因此毫不奇怪这种现实生活中的威胁出现在好莱坞电影中。

We spoke with authors Robin Murray and Joseph Heumann about the smog-filled movie scenes where environmental anxiety took a terrifying turn.

我们采访了作家罗宾·默里（Robin Murray）和约瑟夫·休曼（Joseph Heumann），谈论了电影中充满烟雾的场景，其中环境焦虑发生了可怕的转变。

How ordinary Angelenos battled the smog stealing their sun.

普通的洛杉矶人如何与偷走阳光的雾霾作斗争。

Long before "air quality" became a data point in our weather apps, smog was a terrifying mystery, rolling into cities like a silent killer.

早在“空气质量”成为我们天气应用程序中的数据点之前，烟雾就是一个可怕的谜团，它像一个无声的杀手一样滚入城市。

The story of L.A.’s devastating smog problem and the creation of the EPA and the Clean Air Act.

讲述洛杉矶毁灭性的烟雾问题以及美国环保署和清洁空气法案的制定的故事。

Watch a preview of Clearing the Air: The War on Smog.

观看《净化空气：雾霾之战》的预览。