A Class Apart
Narrator: : It happened in the small town of Edna Texas, the distraught woman told lawyer Gus García.
旁白：：事情发生在德克萨斯州埃德纳小镇，这位心烦意乱的妇女告诉律师格斯·加西亚。
Her son, Pete Hernández had been charged with murder.
她的儿子皮特·埃尔南德斯被指控犯有谋杀罪。
“I accepted because I could not resist her tearful pleadings,” Garcia recalled, “and because I decided that we had an excellent opportunity to make this a test case.”
“我接受了，因为我无法抗拒她含泪的恳求，”加西亚回忆道，“而且因为我认为我们有一个绝佳的机会来将此作为一个测试案例。”
García knew the law, and he knew East Texas.
加西亚了解法律，也了解德克萨斯州东部。
He knew that the defendant’s fate would ultimately rest in the hands of an all-Anglo jury – a jury from which Mexican Americans would be systematically excluded.
他知道被告的命运最终将掌握在全是盎格鲁人的陪审团手中——而墨西哥裔美国人将被系统地排除在陪审团之外。
The case, Hernandez v.
该案，埃尔南德斯诉。
Texas , would make an unlikely journey, all the way to the nation’s highest court.
德克萨斯州，将进行一次不太可能的旅程，一路到达国家最高法院。
Michael Olivas: : It was an unusual ambition to take a case to the US Supreme Court.
迈克尔·奥利瓦斯 (Michael Olivas)：向美国最高法院提起诉讼是一个不同寻常的雄心壮志。
No Mexican Americans had ever tried a case in the US Supreme Court.
没有墨西哥裔美国人曾在美国最高法院审理过案件。
They had no reason to believe that they would win.
他们没有理由相信自己会赢。
Narrator: : Garcia and his colleagues had a client who was by all accounts guilty — and a risky strategy that dared to put a crucial element of Mexican American identity on trial.
旁白：：加西亚和他的同事有一位客户，从各方面来看，他都是有罪的，而且他们采取了一个冒险的策略，敢于将墨西哥裔美国人身份的一个关键要素置于审判之中。
Lisa Ramos: : I think many Mexican Americans were afraid, “What would happen if we weren’t considered white?
丽莎·拉莫斯：我认为许多墨西哥裔美国人都害怕，“如果我们不被视为白人会发生什么？
Narrator: : What the Hernandez legal team was attempting was unprecedented – and had the potential to transform the lives of millions of Americans.
旁白：埃尔南德斯法律团队的尝试是史无前例的，并且有可能改变数百万美国人的生活。
Ian Haney-Lopez: : Hernandez v.
伊恩·哈尼·洛佩兹：：埃尔南德斯诉。
Texas belongs in the pantheon of great civil rights cases.
德克萨斯州属于伟大民权案件的万神殿。
But even more important, it belongs in the pantheon of great moments in American history.
但更重要的是，它属于美国历史上伟大时刻的万神殿。
Wanda García: : Life in the 1950’s was very difficult for Hispanics.
万达·加西亚 (Wanda García)：20 世纪 50 年代的西班牙裔生活非常艰难。
We were considered second rate, we were not considered intelligent.
我们被认为是二流的，我们不被认为是聪明的。
We were considered invisible.
我们被认为是隐形的。
Bob Sánchez: : It was overt discrimination, and not just, “You can’t belong to my country club” type, you know, but the …
鲍勃·桑切斯：这是公开的歧视，不仅仅是“你不能属于我的乡村俱乐部”类型，你知道，但是……
the real rough type.
真正的粗糙类型。
In theaters, in swimming pools, even in some public parks, we were segregated, something …
在剧院、游泳池，甚至在一些公园，我们被隔离，有些……
something awful really.
真的很糟糕。
Carlos Guerra: : It got to the point where a restaurant association, put out a sign that said “No Mexicans, Niggers or Dogs Allowed.”
卡洛斯·格拉（Carlos Guerra）：一家餐馆协会贴出了一个牌子，上面写着“墨西哥人、黑人或狗不得入内”。
Narrator: : Discrimination had become a harsh fact of Mexican American life over the one hundred years since the end of the Mexican War.
旁白：自墨西哥战争结束以来的一百年里，歧视已成为墨西哥裔美国人生活中的一个残酷事实。
In 1848, the victorious United States acquired huge swaths of Mexican territory, and along with it, tens of thousands of residents who were offered American citizenship as part of the treaty ending the war.
1848 年，胜利的美国获得了大片墨西哥领土，并随之获得了数万名居民，作为结束战争条约的一部分，他们获得了美国公民身份。
Legal citizenship for Mexican Americans was one thing; equal treatment turned out to be quite another.
墨西哥裔美国人的合法公民身份是一回事，另一回事是另一回事。平等待遇却是另一回事。
Many would lose their land to unfamiliar American laws, or to swindlers.
许多人会因不熟悉的美国法律或骗子而失去土地。
With the loss of land came the loss of status.
随着土地的丧失，地位也随之丧失。
Carlos, Guerra: : Over two-three generations, the people who had owned vast ranches were suddenly farm workers.
卡洛斯·格拉：经过两三代人的努力，拥有大片牧场的人们突然变成了农场工人。
After the Civil War, ever-larger numbers of Southern whites came into south Texas.
内战结束后，越来越多的南方白人进入德克萨斯州南部。
All of a sudden you start seeing allegations that are cloned from the attitudes that they had in the Deep South about black people and see these values being applied to Mexicans …
突然之间，你开始看到来自南方腹地对黑人的态度的指控，并看到这些价值观被应用于墨西哥人……
to Mexican Americans.
墨西哥裔美国人。
“They’re shiftless.
“他们毫无作为。
They’re lazy.
他们很懒。
They’re dumb.
他们很愚蠢。
They don’t like to work,” and, you know, “They’re tryin’ to get your daughter.”
他们不喜欢工作，”而且，你知道，“他们正试图抓住你的女儿。”
Narrator: : Of mixed Spanish and Indian ancestry, Mexican Americans did not fit neatly into America’s ironclad racial categories, black or white.
旁白：：墨西哥裔美国人拥有西班牙和印度的混血血统，并不完全符合美国铁定的种族类别，无论是黑人还是白人。
By the early 20th Century, they were considered white by law, largely owing to the treaty’s grant of American citizenship – but inz everyday life their status as citizens meant little.
到了 20 世纪初期，他们在法律上被视为白人，这主要是因为该条约授予了美国公民身份，但在日常生活中，他们作为公民的身份意义不大。
Benny Martínez: : A lotta Mexicans were killed for no reason at all!
本尼·马丁内斯：：很多墨西哥人无缘无故被杀！
A lot of 'em were lynched, and a lot of 'em were just shot.
他们中的很多人被私刑处死，还有很多人刚刚被枪杀。
Anybody with a cowboy hat then could be a ranger or a vigilante or a regulator.
任何戴牛仔帽的人都可以成为护林员、义务警员或监管者。
Narrator: : Segregation was widespread, enforced not by written laws – as was the case for African Americans – but by a rigid social code.
旁白：：种族隔离非常普遍，不是通过成文法律（如非洲裔美国人的情况）来强制执行，而是通过严格的社会规范来执行。
Michael Olivas: : It was very clear that the social isolation was a perfectly symmetrical system, one that hermetically sealed Mexicans and blacks away from whites in all the daily aspects of life.
迈克尔·奥利瓦斯：很明显，社会隔离是一个完全对称的系统，它在日常生活的各个方面将墨西哥人和黑人与白人隔绝开来。
Wanda García: : When we moved in the neighbors started getting upset.
万达·加西亚：：当我们搬进来时，邻居们开始感到不安。
The kids would come on their bicycles and call us ‘dirty Mexicans, you eat toilets’.
孩子们会骑着自行车过来，骂我们“肮脏的墨西哥人，你们吃厕所”。
One time I said something really nasty to one of them and the father of this kid came up and asked me to step off the sidewalk so he could hit me.
有一次，我对他们中的一个人说了一些非常难听的话，这个孩子的父亲走过来，让我走下人行道，这样他就可以打我。
Narrator: : Discrimination followed to the grave.
旁白：：歧视一直伴随到坟墓。
Cemeteries were segregated.
墓地是隔离的。
Many funeral parlors even refused to prepare Mexican American bodies for burial.
许多殡仪馆甚至拒绝准备墨西哥裔美国人的尸体下葬。
Victor Rodríguez: : So for the most part if you died, and if you were Hispanic, you had to be buried pretty quickly after you died so that you wouldn’t create a smell.
维克多·罗德里格斯：所以在大多数情况下，如果你死了，如果你是西班牙裔，你必须在死后很快被埋葬，这样就不会产生气味。
Narrator: : In education, as in many other spheres, separate and unequal treatment was commonplace.
旁白：：在教育领域，正如在许多其他领域一样，单独和不平等的待遇是司空见惯的。
Benny Martínez: : Our school were old schools.
本尼·马丁内斯：：我们的学校是老学校。
They were dilapidated.
他们破旧不堪。
We had no toilet facilities inside.
我们里面没有厕所设施。
We had an outhouse.
我们有一个外屋。
The Anglo children had a nice school, a modern school with indoor plumbin’ and heating so there was quite a difference.
盎格鲁孩子有一所很好的学校，一所现代化的学校，有室内管道和暖气，所以有很大的不同。
Quite a difference.
差别很大。
Narrator: : Second-class treatment exacted a heavy toll.
旁白：：二等待遇造成了沉重的损失。
Benny Martínez: : They were always referring to us as “dirty Mexicans.” They called us “pepper belly.” They called us “greasers.” They called us “wet back.” They made us feel ashamed to be a Mexican American.
本尼·马丁内斯：：他们总是称我们为“肮脏的墨西哥人”。他们称我们为“胡椒肚”。他们称我们为“油腻者”。他们称我们为“湿背”。他们让我们为自己是墨西哥裔美国人而感到羞耻。
Ignacio García: : And as long as Mexican Americans believed that they couldn’t do anything about that, then they in a sense reinforce the system, the social stratification that occurred in their lives.
伊格纳西奥·加西亚：只要墨西哥裔美国人认为他们对此无能为力，那么他们在某种意义上就会强化这个体系，即他们生活中发生的社会分层。
Narrator: : Then came World War Two.
旁白： ：然后第二次世界大战爆发了。
Three hundred thousand Mexican Americans served their country.
三十万墨西哥裔美国人为他们的国家服务。
They suffered casualties and earned honors disproportionate to their numbers.
他们遭受了伤亡，并获得了与其人数不成比例的荣誉。
They returned home with dramatically raised expectations, believing they had earned the right to first class citizenship.
他们带着极大的期望回到家，相信自己已经赢得了成为一等公民的权利。
Dr Ramiro Casso: : We went to fight to give people liberty and to give them their civil rights, and then we come back home and we find that it is the same way as we left it!
拉米罗·卡索博士：：我们为赋予人们自由和公民权利而奋斗，然后我们回到家，发现一切都和我们离开时一样！
Carlos Guerra: : A great many people, came home expecting that they had won their full citizenship rights.
卡洛斯·格拉（Carlos Guerra）：很多人回家时都希望自己已经赢得了完整的公民权利。
When they come home and they’re decorated war heroes and they’re turned away from restaurants or told to go to the balconies of theaters, it created a building resentment.
当他们回家时，他们被授予战争英雄的称号，他们被餐馆拒之门外，或者被告知去剧院的阳台，这引起了强烈的不满。
When their kids were not allowed to go to the good schools, it created a great deal of resentment.
当他们的孩子不被允许去好学校时，引起了很大的不满。
Narrator: : The treatment of Private Felix Longoria, a war hero killed in the Philippines, became a flashpoint.
旁白：：在菲律宾阵亡的战争英雄二等兵菲利克斯·朗格利亚的待遇成为了一个热点。
When his body was returned to his hometown of Three Rivers, Texas, in early 1949, the town’s only funeral parlor refused to hold a memorial service – because, they told Longoria’s widow, “the whites wouldn’t like it.”
1949 年初，当他的遗体被运回家乡德克萨斯州三河时，该镇唯一的殡仪馆拒绝举行追悼会，因为他们告诉朗格利亚的遗孀，“白人不喜欢这样。”
Dr Ramiro Casso: : This guy gave his life so that we could have the same rights and privileges that are available to everybody, and he couldn’t be buried with the whites because he was brown?
拉米罗·卡索博士：这个人献出了自己的生命，以便我们能够拥有与每个人相同的权利和特权，并且他不能因为他是棕色人种而与白人一起埋葬？
What the hell?
到底是什么？
Ignacio García: : And it it really hits a nerve in the nation in particular with many veteran groups who say how can they not allow him to be buried.
伊格纳西奥·加西亚：这确实触动了全国的神经，尤其是许多退伍军人团体，他们说他们怎么能不允许他被埋葬。
Narrator: : For Mexican Americans, the Longoria incident came at a crucial time.
旁白：：对于墨西哥裔美国人来说，朗格利亚事件发生在一个关键时刻。
Since the twenties, civic organizations such as LULAC – the League of United Latin American Citizens – had begun pushing for civil rights, with some success.
自二十年代以来，诸如 LULAC（拉丁美洲公民联合联盟）等民间组织开始推动公民权利，并取得了一些成功。
Now, emboldened by their war experience and growing political clout, Mexican American activists pressed demands for broader change.
现在，墨西哥裔美国活动人士受到战争经验和日益增长的政治影响力的鼓舞，迫切要求进行更广泛的变革。
After an intense public campaign, Felix Longoria was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
经过激烈的公众宣传活动，菲利克斯·朗格利亚被安葬在阿灵顿国家公墓。
Ian Haney-López: : And it’s this generation who fought in World War Two who begin to demand civil rights for Mexican Americans.
伊恩·哈尼-洛佩斯：正是参加过第二次世界大战的这一代人开始要求墨西哥裔美国人的公民权利。
They form important social organizations like the G.I.
他们组成了重要的社会组织，例如 G.I.
Forum.
论坛。
These organizations are committed to fighting for equality for Mexican Americans as well as to fighting for pride in Mexican origins.
这些组织致力于为墨西哥裔美国人争取平等，并为墨西哥血统的自豪感而奋斗。
Narrator: : The activists also took their fight to the courts.
旁白： ：活动人士还向法院提起诉讼。
With the help of lawyers like Gus García and his colleague Carlos Cadena, both veterans, they began to attack the legal foundations of discrimination throughout the Southwest.
在格斯·加西亚（Gus García）和同事卡洛斯·卡德纳（Carlos Cadena）等退伍军人律师的帮助下，他们开始攻击整个西南部歧视的法律基础。
García led a team that won a court order curtailing the segregation of Hispanic students in Texas schools.
加西亚领导的团队赢得了一项法庭命令，减少德克萨斯州学校对西班牙裔学生的种族隔离。
Cadena won a ruling that ended restrictive covenants barring Mexican Americans from buying homes in Anglo neighborhoods.
卡德纳赢得了一项裁决，结束了禁止墨西哥裔美国人在盎格鲁社区购买房屋的限制性契约。
But those victories could only take Mexican Americans so far.
但这些胜利只能让墨西哥裔美国人走这么远。
Ian Haney-López: : Mexican American lawyers had achieved some successes on the state level, but the bottom line was the local majorities in these states were intent on treating Mexican Americans as second class citizens.
伊恩·哈尼-洛佩斯：墨西哥裔美国律师在州一级取得了一些成功，但底线是这些州的当地多数人一心将墨西哥裔美国人视为二等公民。
If they were to be fully protected, if they were to be regarded as equal with other Americans, they would need to receive the protection of the Constitution.
如果他们要得到充分的保护，如果他们要被视为与其他美国人平等，他们就需要得到宪法的保护。
They would need to take their cases to the US Supreme Court.
他们需要将案件提交给美国最高法院。
Narrator: : The lawyers faced an uphill battle.
旁白：：律师们面临着一场艰苦的战斗。
They knew that Mexican Americans had been denied the protection of the Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment, an essential weapon for African Americans in their fight against discrimination.
他们知道墨西哥裔美国人被剥夺了宪法第十四修正案的保护，而宪法第十四修正案是非裔美国人反对歧视的重要武器。
Some states had argued that the amendment only barred discrimination by whites against blacks – and by law, Mexican Americans were considered white.
一些州认为该修正案只是禁止白人对黑人的歧视——而根据法律，墨西哥裔美国人被视为白人。
To end the discrimination that stifled their community, they would need to find the right case – one with the potential to redefine the very meaning of the United States Constitution.
为了结束压制他们社区的歧视，他们需要找到正确的案例——一个有可能重新定义美国宪法含义的案例。
Narrator: : On August 4, 1951, on the streets of Edna, Texas, the locals were taking advantage of a steamy day off.
旁白： 1951 年 8 月 4 日，在德克萨斯州埃德纳的街道上，当地人正在趁着闷热的休息日。
A tenant farmer named Caetano Espinosa, known to everyone as Joe, headed to Chencho Sánchez’s café on Menefee Street.
一位名叫卡埃塔诺·埃斯皮诺萨 (Caetano Espinosa) 的佃农（大家都叫乔）前往位于梅尼菲街 (Menefee Street) 的陈乔·桑切斯 (Chencho Sánchez) 咖啡馆。
Pedro Hernández, a field worker with a bad leg, was already inside.
佩德罗·埃尔南德斯 (Pedro Hernández) 是一名腿部受伤的现场工作人员，他已经在里面了。
Oralia Espinosa: : It was a Saturday and I think it was my father’s birthday.
Oralia Espinosa：：那是星期六，我想这是我父亲的生日。
And as we passed Edna he said, “I’m going to stop here to talk to the cotton pickers.”
当我们经过埃德娜时，他说：“我要在这里停下来与棉花采摘者交谈。”
Victor Rodríguez: : I sat there at a table, and I ordered a Coke.
维克多·罗德里格斯：：我坐在一张桌子旁，点了一杯可乐。
And, ah all of a sudden I heard an argument.
然后，突然啊，我听到了一阵争论。
Joe Espinosa arguing with Pete …
乔·埃斯皮诺萨与皮特争论……
with Pedro.
与佩德罗。
And when I heard the argument, I heard something to the effect that, Pedro el chueco cabrón, no woman is going to look at a cripple like you.
当我听到争论时，我听到的大意是，Pedro el chueco cabrón，没有女人会看你这样的瘸子。
They’re interested in a real he-man like me.
他们对像我这样的真正男人感兴趣。
And with that, Pedro left the cantina.
说完，佩德罗离开了小酒馆。
Juan Hernández: : And we saw Pete walking towards his house.
胡安·埃尔南德斯：我们看到皮特朝他家走去。
It was like he was in a daze.
他就像是在发呆。
He didn’t even turn around and say, “Hi boys,” or anything.
他甚至没有转身说“嗨，孩子们”之类的。
He just kept going.
他只是继续前进。
And so about twenty minutes later, here he comes with that rifle.
大约二十分钟后，他带着那把步枪来了。
Victor Rodríguez: : He came back, entered the cantina, and shot Joe Espinosa, in the heart.
维克多·罗德里格斯：：他回来后进入小酒馆，向乔·埃斯皮诺萨的心脏开枪。
Oralia Espinosa: : He lived maybe thirty minutes after we got to the hospital.
Oralia Espinosa：：我们到达医院后，他大约活了三十分钟。
And my mother told me Caetano’s dead.
我母亲告诉我卡埃塔诺死了。
It was just hard to believe.
简直难以置信。
It was just incredible.
这真是令人难以置信。
Narrator: : In his law office in San Antonio, Gus García listened as Pete Hernández’s mother choked back sobs.
旁白：：在古斯·加西亚位于圣安东尼奥的律师事务所里，皮特·埃尔南德斯的母亲强忍着抽泣。
García realized that there was more to this case than a small-town murder.
加西亚意识到这起案件不仅仅是一起小镇谋杀案。
Bob Sánchez: : Hernández was guilty as sin.
鲍勃·桑切斯：：埃尔南德斯有罪。
No question, but they had been looking for a significant case which would bring about a ruling from the higher courts that segregation or discrimination against Mexican Americans would be illegal.
毫无疑问，但他们一直在寻找一个重大案件，以便高等法院做出裁决，认定对墨西哥裔美国人的种族隔离或歧视是非法的。
Narrator: : The key issue for García was not whether Pete Hernández shot Joe Espinosa; it was that like many Latino defendants before him, Hernández’s fate would be decided by an all-Anglo jury.
旁白：：对加西亚来说，关键问题不是皮特·埃尔南德斯是否射杀了乔·埃斯皮诺萨；而是问题。就像他之前的许多拉丁裔被告一样，埃尔南德斯的命运将由全盎格鲁人陪审团决定。
Dr Ramiro Casso: : There were 70 or more counties in Texas who had never had a Hispanic on a jury, just because, they didn’t think that we were capable of doing anything worthwhile.
拉米罗·卡索博士：德克萨斯州有 70 个或更多的县从未有过西班牙裔陪审员，只是因为他们认为我们没有能力做任何有价值的事情。
How do you get around the law that you have to be judged by a …
你如何规避法律规定你必须由……来评判？
a jury of your peers?
由你的同行组成的评审团？
Narrator: : García was convinced that this was the case that he and his activist colleagues had been waiting for.
旁白：：加西亚确信这就是他和他的激进同事们一直在等待的情况。
Gus García was not one to think small.
格斯·加西亚并不是一个心胸狭窄的人。
Bob Sánchez: : You could write a book about, Gus.
鲍勃·桑切斯：：你可以写一本关于格斯的书。
Fine-looking fellow, movie star-looking type, well dressed guy, brilliant.
长得帅，电影明星型，穿着考究，才华横溢。
Narrator: : At 36, Gus García was already a local legend.
旁白： ： 36 岁时，格斯·加西亚 (Gus García) 已是当地的传奇人物。
The son of ranchers who could trace their Texas roots back to the Spanish crown, García was a dashing figure whose legal victories and glamorous social life had made headlines.
加西亚是德克萨斯州牧场主的儿子，他的血统可以追溯到西班牙王室。加西亚是一位风度翩翩的人物，他在法律上的胜利和迷人的社交生活曾成为头条新闻。
Eleanor McCusker: : He was tall and he was slender, he had coal black hair and those green penetrating eyes that ah in my view made him very handsome.
埃莉诺·麦卡斯克：他又高又瘦，有一头乌黑的头发和那双锐利的绿色眼睛，在我看来，这让他非常英俊。
Bob Sánchez: : Gus was a silver-tongued orator.
鲍勃·桑切斯：：格斯是一位巧舌如簧的演说家。
He had a deep resonant voice.
他的声音低沉洪亮。
Anything he said he said with authority.
他说的任何话都是带着权威的。
Narrator: : García had been an outstanding student at the University of Texas, captain of the nationally-ranked debate team; he had excelled at law school as well.
旁白：：加西亚曾是德克萨斯大学的优秀学生，全国排名辩论队的队长；他在法学院的成绩也很出色。
Still, even for Latinos with a stellar record like García’s, the doors to the state’s top law firms remained closed.
尽管如此，即使对于像加西亚这样拥有出色记录的拉美裔人来说，进入该州顶级律师事务所的大门仍然关闭。
Ignacio García: : There was only so far that you can go.
伊格纳西奥·加西亚：：你只能走这么远。
There was a certain space provided them in which they could then fulfill some of their ambitions and dreams.
为他们提供了一定的空间，让他们可以实现自己的一些抱负和梦想。
So as good as they were, they saw the ceiling quite low outside of their community, but within their community I think they could fulfill much of their desires.
尽管他们很优秀，但他们在社区之外看到的天花板相当低，但在他们的社区内，我认为他们可以满足他们的大部分愿望。
Narrator: : Pete Hernández’s trial was set for October 8, 1951, in the Jackson County Courthouse.
旁白：：皮特·埃尔南德斯 (Pete Hernández) 的审判定于 1951 年 10 月 8 日在杰克逊县法院进行。
At the pre-trial hearing, García entered a plea of not guilty on behalf of his client.
在预审听证会上，加西亚代表他的委托人提出无罪抗辩。
Then he raised an objection to the entire proceeding.
然后他对整个诉讼程序提出了反对。
He argued that Hernández was being denied a jury of his peers – that the practice of excluding Mexican American jurors, and the social hierarchy it reflected, were fundamentally unfair.
他认为埃尔南德斯被剥夺了由他的同行组成的陪审团的权利——排除墨西哥裔美国陪审员的做法及其所反映的社会等级制度从根本上是不公平的。
Ian Haney-López: : If Mexican Americans had served on juries that judged whites, that would have up-ended Texas’s racial caste system.
伊恩·哈尼-洛佩斯：如果墨西哥裔美国人在审判白人的陪审团中任职，那将颠覆德克萨斯州的种族种姓制度。
That would have said that Mexican Americans were the equal of whites, were capable of sitting in judgment on whites.
也就是说，墨西哥裔美国人与白人平等，有能力对白人做出判断。
And that I think is ultimately what the lawyers were fighting for.
我认为这最终就是律师们奋斗的目标。
Narrator: : García soon realized it was not wise to wage legal war alone, in Edna, Texas, without some reinforcements.
旁白：加西亚很快意识到，在没有增援的情况下，在得克萨斯州埃德纳单独发动法律战争是不明智的。
Ian Haney-López: : Texas had a phenomena called “sundown towns.” This name came from the idea that no minorities should be caught in town after the sun went down, at the penalty of violence.
Ian Haney-López：德克萨斯州有一种现象，称为“日落小镇”。这个名字来源于这样的想法：太阳下山后，任何少数族裔都不应该在镇上被捕，否则将受到暴力惩罚。
Narrator: : García called in John Herrera, an experienced Houston trial lawyer with a well-earned reputation for toughness.
旁白：加西亚请来了约翰·埃雷拉（John Herrera），他是一位经验丰富的休斯顿审判律师，以强硬着称。
Benny Martínez: : Mr. Herrera was not afraid to speak out against anybody.
本尼·马丁内斯：埃雷拉先生并不害怕公开反对任何人。
He had big feet.
他有一双大脚。
He’d step on anybody.
他会踩到任何人。
He wasn’t scared!
他并不害怕！
Narrator: : Herrera brought along a young attorney, James DeAnda, to handle the statistical research.
旁白：：埃雷拉带来了一位年轻的律师詹姆斯·德安达（James DeAnda）来处理统计研究。
Judge DeAnda: : I did quite a bit of investigation on the case.
德安达法官：：我对此案进行了大量调查。
And that county as it turned out there had never been a Hispanic in modern times ever served on either a grand jury, petit jury, or any other type of jury.
事实证明，该县在现代从未有过西班牙裔人在大陪审团、小陪审团或任何其他类型的陪审团中任职。
Narrator: : García and his team pressed their case – armed with statistics proving the county’s history of systematic exclusion, and their lead lawyer’s sharp tongue.
旁白：：加西亚和他的团队提出了他们的案子——他们的统计数据证明了该县系统性排斥的历史，并且他们的首席律师的尖刻的舌头。
Victor Rodríquez: : They walked into the courthouse, and when they confronted the judge, the judge asked them if they needed an interpreter.
维克多·罗德里克斯：：他们走进法院，当他们面对法官时，法官问他们是否需要翻译。
And in his own articulate way, Gus García replied, “No, sir, if you can’t understand English or Spanish perhaps one of my colleagues can interpret for you.”
格斯·加西亚以他自己清晰的方式回答道：“不，先生，如果您听不懂英语或西班牙语，也许我的一位同事可以为您翻译。”
Henry Flores: : When you bring a civil rights case, you’re challenging social convention and tradition and custom.
亨利·弗洛雷斯：当你提起民权案件时，你是在挑战社会习俗、传统和习俗。
And some people see it as a threat to, to, to a political structure, a social structure, a threat, to a way of life.
有些人将其视为对政治结构、社会结构、生活方式的威胁。
Eleanor McCusker: : It wasn’t safe for them to stay there, because some of the people were very upset about the case, and what these lawyers were tryin’ to do.
埃莉诺·麦卡斯克：他们留在那里并不安全，因为有些人对此案以及这些律师试图做的事情感到非常不安。
And, they thought it best not to stay there.
而且，他们认为最好不要留在那里。
They may not wake up there.
他们可能不会在那里醒来。
Martha Tevis: : The men who were arguing the Hernandez case had to drive home to Houston every night from Edna, Texas.
玛莎·特维斯：为埃尔南德斯案辩护的人每晚必须从德克萨斯州埃德纳开车回到休斯敦的家。
They didn’t dare stay in town.
他们不敢留在城里。
Narrator: : The first task the lawyers faced was to show a pattern of discrimination against Mexican Americans as a group.
旁白：律师面临的首要任务是展示对墨西哥裔美国人作为一个群体的歧视模式。
To do that, they called Pauline Rosa, an Edna resident, to the stand.
为此，他们将埃德纳居民宝琳·罗莎 (Pauline Rosa) 叫到了证人席上。
She testified that she had tried to enroll her U.S. born, English-speaking children in Edna’s all Anglo school only to be told, “They did not accept any Latin Americans.” Pressed by the prosecutor, she insisted, “They discriminated against me and my children.”
她作证说，她曾试图让她在美国出生、讲英语的孩子入读埃德娜的全英语学校，却被告知“他们不接受任何拉丁美洲人”。在检察官的追问下，她坚称，“他们歧视我和我的孩子。”
Lisa Ramos: : For Pauline Rosa a Mexican American woman in Jackson County Texas to challenge the Anglo power structure was something pretty, pretty amazing.
丽莎·拉莫斯：对于得克萨斯州杰克逊县的一位墨西哥裔美国妇女宝琳·罗莎来说，挑战英美权力结构是一件非常非常了不起的事情。
She saw that she could do something to effect change for her children.
她看到自己可以做一些事情来为孩子们带来改变。
Ignacio García: : People have said, “She’s indicting the whole community,” but she was reflecting a view by Mexican Americans that while people might not individually say something or do something to them, collectively, they were happy with the system.
伊格纳西奥·加西亚：人们说，“她在起诉整个社区”，但她反映了墨西哥裔美国人的一种观点，即虽然人们可能不会单独对他们说些什么或做些什么，但总的来说，他们对这个制度感到满意。
I think all of them, both Anglo and Mexicans, understood very well what she was talking about in terms of “They all discriminate against me and my children.”
我认为他们所有人，无论是英国人还是墨西哥人，都非常理解她所说的“他们都歧视我和我的孩子”。
Narrator: : During a pause in the proceedings, the Hernandez lawyers sought out a men’s room.
旁白：：在诉讼暂停期间，埃尔南德斯的律师找到了一间男厕所。
They found one, on the courthouse grounds.
他们在法院场地找到了一个。
But it turned out that there was a problem.
但结果发现有问题。
Michael Olivas: : And the sign said men but a Mexican janitor whispered to them in Spanish that they couldn’t use it.
迈克尔·奥利瓦斯：标牌上写着“男士”，但一名墨西哥看门人用西班牙语低声对他们说，他们不能使用它。
And he told them in Spanish that there was another one “hazte pa’ca” out, out back.
他用西班牙语告诉他们，后面还有一个“hazte pa'ca”。
And they went downstairs and they find another men’s bathroom downstairs with a bathroom sign that says “Colored Men, Hombres Aqui” – “Men Here.”
他们下楼，发现楼下还有另一间男洗手间，洗手间的标志上写着“黑人，Hombres Aqui”——“男人在这里”。
Think of the irony of this.
想想这其中的讽刺意味吧。
In the very courthouse where the state of Texas is arguing that Mexican Americans are white and, therefore, an all-white jury can convict a Mexican charged with murder, they can’t use the bathroom reserved for whites.
在德克萨斯州的法院里，墨西哥裔美国人是白人，因此，全白人陪审团可以对被指控谋杀的墨西哥人定罪，但他们不能使用为白人保留的浴室。
Ian Haney-López: : They’re not lawyers who are operating above the fray, who are somehow independent of everything that’s going on; they, too, are subject to this racial system.
伊恩·哈尼-洛佩斯：他们不是置身事外、独立于正在发生的一切的律师；他们是律师。他们也受制于这种种族制度。
In some real sense the lawyers in Hernandez v.
从某种意义上说，埃尔南德斯诉案件中的律师。
Texas were themselves the clients.
德克萨斯州本身就是客户。
Narrator: : The judge overruled the defense team’s objection to the all white jury.
旁白：：法官驳回了辩护方对全白人陪审团的反对意见。
It took that jury less than four hours to reach its verdict.
陪审团花了不到四个小时就做出了裁决。
Pete Hernández was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison.
皮特·埃尔南德斯被判犯有谋杀罪并被判处终身监禁。
His lawyers immediately appealed.
他的律师立即提出上诉。
For them, the hard work was just beginning.
对于他们来说，艰苦的工作才刚刚开始。
Narrator: : In the spring of 1952, as they mapped out their strategy, García and Herrera realized they needed help.
旁白： 1952 年春天，当加西亚和埃雷拉制定战略时，他们意识到他们需要帮助。
They turned to García’s longtime friend and former law partner, Carlos Cadena.
他们求助于加西亚的老朋友、前律师合伙人卡洛斯·卡德纳。
Henry Flores: : These two guys together were probably the most powerful intellectual legal team that you could ever field.
亨利·弗洛雷斯（Henry Flores）：这两个人加起来可能是你能派出的最强大的智力法律团队。
Narrator: : They made a kind of legal odd couple: García, charismatic and outgoing; and Cadena, scholarly and reserved.
旁白：：他们是一对合法的奇怪情侣：加西亚，有魅力，性格外向；还有卡德纳（Cadena），学术而内向。
Eleanor McCusker: : Carlos was the quiet one, always doing the heavy research.
埃莉诺·麦卡斯克：卡洛斯是个安静的人，总是做大量的研究。
Gus was the one always talking and making the changes, and I think that’s why they got along so well.
格斯是那个总是说话并做出改变的人，我想这就是他们相处得这么好的原因。
Narrator: : After discussions with Latino civil rights activists, the Hernandez lawyers decided on a bold but risky legal strategy.
旁白：：在与拉丁裔民权活动人士讨论后，埃尔南德斯的律师决定采取一项大胆但有风险的法律策略。
Arguing for constitutional protection for Mexican Americans, they would emphasize their ambiguous and vulnerable place in America’s racial hierarchy.
在主张宪法保护墨西哥裔美国人的同时，他们会强调墨西哥裔美国人在美国种族等级制度中的模糊和脆弱的地位。
They would put their very identity on trial.
他们会将自己的身份置于审判之中。
Ian Haney-López: : Mexican Americans were fighting to be treated as if they were white.
伊恩·哈尼-洛佩斯 (Ian Haney-López)：墨西哥裔美国人正在努力争取像白人一样的待遇。
But the irony here is that the Texas Courts seized on their claim to be white not to treat them fairly but to continue to defend this practice of unfair mistreatment.
但讽刺的是，德克萨斯州法院利用他们的白人身份，不是为了公平对待他们，而是为了继续为这种不公平的虐待行为辩护。
The Texas courts responded by saying, “So you’re white.
德克萨斯州法院回应说：“所以你是白人。
That’s fine.
没关系。
Look at the juries.
看看陪审团。
There’s nobody but white persons on the jury.
陪审团里只有白人。
You have no claim of discrimination.” In turn, the Mexican American lawyers had to respond, “We’re white, but we’re a class apart.
你无权声称受到歧视。”反过来，墨西哥裔美国律师不得不回应：“我们是白人，但我们是一个阶级。
We’re a distinct class that though white, is being treated as if we’re not white.” And that’s the basis on which they went forward with their litigation in Hernandez v.
我们是一个独特的阶层，虽然是白人，却被当作不是白人来对待。”这就是他们在埃尔南德斯诉美国法院提起诉讼的基础。
Texas .
德克萨斯州。
Narrator: : The “class apart” theory was as controversial as it was innovative.
旁白：“阶级隔离”理论既具有创新性，又充满争议。
Lisa Ramos: : I think many Mexican Americans were afraid, “What would happen if we weren’t considered white?
丽莎·拉莫斯：我认为许多墨西哥裔美国人都害怕，“如果我们不被视为白人会发生什么？
How do we know we’re not going to be forced or pushed to identify with the black race, at a time when black people are fundamentally denied so many basic rights.” But there’s also the element of racism, of the belief among some Mexican Americans that blackness is inferior.
在黑人从根本上被剥夺了如此多的基本权利的时候，我们怎么知道我们不会被迫或被迫认同黑人种族。”但也有种族主义的因素，一些墨西哥裔美国人相信黑人是低等的。
So there’s an element of racism and there’s an element of fear of Jim Crow segregation.
因此，其中存在种族主义的因素，也存在对吉姆·克劳种族隔离的恐惧的因素。
Narrator: : Carlos Cadena took the lead in drafting the Hernandez appeal.
旁白：：卡洛斯·卡德纳（Carlos Cadena）带头起草了埃尔南德斯的上诉。
Writing a tightly argued legal brief, he elaborated on the novel theory of “a class apart.” He also punctured the state’s legal position – that Mexican Americans were white, and therefore outside the protection of the 14th Amendment – with a few well-placed rhetorical thrusts.“About the only time,” Cadena wrote, “that so-called Mexicans, many of them Texans for seven generations, are covered with the Caucasian cloak, is when it serves the ends of those who would shamelessly deny this large segment of the Texas population their fundamental rights.”
他撰写了一份争论激烈的法律摘要，详细阐述了“阶级不同”的新颖理论。他还用一些恰到好处的言辞刺破了该州的法律立场——墨西哥裔美国人是白人，因此不受第十四修正案的保护。卡德纳写道：“大约是唯一一次，所谓的墨西哥人，其中许多人是德克萨斯人，七代人都披着白种人的外衣，这是为那些无耻地剥夺德克萨斯州这一大部分人口的基本权利的人服务的。”
Texas’s high court was not persuaded.
德克萨斯州高等法院没有被说服。
The appeal was denied.
上诉被驳回。
The next step for the Hernandez lawyers, and a very risky one, was to turn to the United States Supreme Court.
埃尔南德斯律师的下一步，也是非常危险的一步，就是向美国最高法院求助。
Michael Olivas: : It was an unusual ambition to take a case beyond Texas and to take it to the US Supreme Court.
迈克尔·奥利瓦斯 (Michael Olivas)：将案件提交到德克萨斯州以外的地方并将其提交给美国最高法院是一个不同寻常的雄心。
Moreover, no Mexican Americans had ever tried a case in the US supreme courts.
此外，还没有墨西哥裔美国人在美国最高法院审理过案件。
They had no reason to believe that they would win.
他们没有理由相信自己会赢。
Ian Haney-López: : The lawyers in Hernandez gambled when they decided to take this case to the Supreme Court.
伊恩·哈尼-洛佩斯：埃尔南德斯的律师决定将此案提交最高法院时是在赌博。
They knew, on the up side, that they could win national recognition for the equality of Mexican Americans, but they knew, on the down side, that if they lost, they would establish at a national level the proposition that Mexican Americans could be treated as second-class citizens.
他们知道，从好的方面来说，他们可以赢得全国对墨西哥裔美国人平等的认可，但他们知道，从消极的方面来说，如果他们失败了，他们将在国家层面上确立墨西哥裔美国人可以被视为二等公民的主张。
And not just that, they knew that this was probably their one shot in a generation.
不仅如此，他们知道这可能是他们这一代人中的唯一一次机会。
Norma Cantú: : An appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States is a costly matter.
Norma Cantú：：向美国最高法院上诉是一件代价高昂的事情。
You have to pay a filing fee, you have to pay for the printing of the briefs, you have to pay to travel to Washington, D.C. to argue the case.
你必须支付申请费，你必须支付摘要的打印费用，你必须支付前往华盛顿特区辩论案件的费用。
Eleanor McCusker: : They didn’t even have money to get up there, much less to really fight the case.
埃莉诺·麦卡斯克：他们甚至没有钱去那里，更不用说真正打官司了。
And all that time away from home and their practice all shot because they were dedicating so much time to the case.
所有离开家的时间和他们的练习都被拍摄，因为他们在这个案子上投入了太多的时间。
Narrator: : Activists issued a national appeal for funds.
旁白：：活动人士发出全国性的资金呼吁。
The Mexican American community was generally poor, but the Hernandez case struck a chord.
墨西哥裔美国人社区普遍贫困，但埃尔南德斯案引起了共鸣。
Ignacio García: : The American GI Forum takes it to the people.
伊格纳西奥·加西亚 (Ignacio García)：：美国地理标志论坛将其带给人们。
Its founder and – and national president, Hector García, has a radio program.
它的创始人兼国家主席赫克托·加西亚 (Hector García) 有一个广播节目。
He gets on the radio and he starts pleading for donations.
他打开收音机，开始恳求捐款。
LULAC does it through its chapters across the Texas and the Midwest requesting money.
LULAC 通过其在德克萨斯州和中西部的分会来筹集资金。
So what you find is people sending letters and saying, “this is the Wharton LULAC Council and we’re sending you $25.” There’s a group in Chicago that sends $25.
所以你会发现人们写信说：“这里是沃顿商学院 LULAC 理事会，我们将寄给你 25 美元。”芝加哥有一个团体寄了 25 美元。
And then you had these individuals who are …
然后你就有了这些人……
are donating money.
正在捐款。
There’s a gentleman who says, “I heard you on the radio and I’m sending you this money please let me hear my name as someone who stands up for Mexican American rights.”
有一位绅士说：“我在广播中听到了你的声音，我正在给你寄这笔钱，请让我听到我的名字，作为一个捍卫墨西哥裔美国人权利的人。”
Martha Tevis: : At one time Carlos Cadena literally had tears in his eyes.
玛莎·特维斯：卡洛斯·卡德纳有一次眼里含着泪水。
He said, “They would come up to me and they would give you crumpled-up dollar bills and they’d give you coins.
他说：“他们会来找我，给你皱巴巴的美元钞票，给你硬币。
These were people who couldn’t afford it, but couldn’t afford not to.
这些人买不起，但又不能不买。
Dr Ramiro Casso: : We all dug deep into our pockets and through the dollar bill and—and—and fund-raiser and a dollar bill there, and we made it you know—we made it.
拉米罗·卡索博士：：我们都掏腰包，掏空一美元钞票，还有筹款活动和一美元钞票，我们做到了，你知道，我们做到了。
Narrator: : The Hernandez team had another problem – one of their own.
旁白：：埃尔南德斯团队还有另一个问题——他们自己的问题。
According to the rules of the Supreme Court, the petition was due on January 20, 1953, and had to be professionally printed.
根据最高法院的规定，请愿书的截止日期是1953年1月20日，并且必须经过专业印刷。
The Hernandez petition arrived on January 21st, a day late, typewritten.
埃尔南德斯请愿书于 1 月 21 日送达，晚了一天，是打字的。
Despite the Texas Attorney General’s repeated objections, the Supreme Court decided to accept the submission.
尽管得克萨斯州总检察长一再反对，最高法院还是决定接受该意见。
But it was a close call – and a troubling indication that something was seriously wrong.
但这是一次千钧一发的机会，而且是一个令人不安的迹象，表明出现了严重的问题。
Ignacio García: : Gus García had a …
伊格纳西奥·加西亚：：格斯·加西亚有一个……
a problem, ah with alcohol.
有问题啊，酒精。
Quite young in his life, ah, most people perceived he was an alcoholic and …
他还很年轻，啊，大多数人都认为他是个酒鬼，而且……
and some of the discussions among reformers is can Gus García handle this opportunity.
改革者之间的一些讨论是格斯·加西亚能否抓住这个机会。
Narrator: : The activists who had backed the lawyers’ efforts for so long, began to worry out loud.
旁白：：长期以来支持律师努力的活动人士开始大声担心。
Finally, they had the case they wanted before the United States Supreme Court.
最终，他们在美国最高法院审理了他们想要的案件。
But perhaps, after going all this distance, Gus García would not be up to the challenge.
但也许，在走了这么远的路之后，格斯·加西亚无法应对挑战。
Ignacio García: : I think in some ways, Mexican Americans were …
伊格纳西奥·加西亚：我认为在某些方面，墨西哥裔美国人......
were also intimidated by the process and said, you know, we’ve got to be up to it.
也被这个过程吓到了，并说，你知道，我们必须做到这一点。
We’ve really gotta look good there.
我们真的必须在那里看起来不错。
We’ve gotta, seize the opportunity, and is Gus ready to do that?
我们必须抓住机会，格斯准备好了吗？
Narrator: : The case of Hernandez v.
旁白：：埃尔南德斯诉。
Texas was scheduled for oral argument before the Supreme Court and its new Chief Justice, Earl Warren, on January 11, 1954.
德克萨斯州定于 1954 年 1 月 11 日在最高法院及其新任首席大法官厄尔·沃伦 (Earl Warren) 面前进行口头辩论。
Gus García arrived in Washington early to prepare.
格斯·加西亚 (Gus García) 早早抵达华盛顿做好准备。
Time enough, it turned out, to give his doubters more cause for concern.
事实证明，时间已经足够让怀疑者更加担心了。
García knew that lawyers for the NAACP, led by Thurgood Marshall, had recently appeared before the Court, arguing the landmark school desegregation case, Brown v.
加西亚知道，以瑟古德·马歇尔为首的全国有色人种协进会的律师最近出庭，为具有里程碑意义的学校废除种族隔离案“布朗诉美国”案进行辩护。
Board of Education .
教育委员会。
Hoping to keep up with the better-funded civil rights group, he retained a publicist and a hotel suite his team could ill afford.
为了跟上资金更充足的民权组织的步伐，他聘请了一名公关人员和一套他的团队负担不起的酒店套房。
Ignacio García: : Gus García was looking at the issue and he–and he wanted the kind of support that African Americans had gotten.
伊格纳西奥·加西亚：格斯·加西亚正在研究这个问题，他——他想要非裔美国人得到的那种支持。
And the other reformers were dealing with the realities.
其他改革者正在面对现实。
That is, “We can come up with maybe $3,000 and that barely covers what we have to do.”
也就是说，“我们也许能拿出 3,000 美元，但这几乎不足以支付我们要做的事情。”
Narrator: : Soon García was joined by the rest of the legal team, including John Herrera and Carlos Cadena.
旁白： 很快，法律团队的其他成员也加入了加西亚的行列，其中包括约翰·埃雷拉 (John Herrera) 和卡洛斯·卡德纳 (Carlos Cadena)。
Gloria Cadena: : Carlos got to Washington and Gus had taken a hotel room for him.
格洛丽亚·卡德纳：：卡洛斯到达华盛顿，格斯为他预订了一个酒店房间。
He had a bartender and he had a table set up with drinks and everything.
他有一个调酒师，桌子上摆满了饮料和所有东西。
Carlos was pretty furious cause they were on a short budget and Gus thought nothing of spending the budget because it was partly his.
卡洛斯非常愤怒，因为他们的预算很短，而格斯则认为预算并不重要，因为其中一部分是他的。
Martha Tevis: : Cadena went out to the airport to meet a man who was bringing money from San Antonio and the man said “how’d you like the money that we sent?” And he said, “Well there isn’t any of it left.” The man gave him several hundred dollars more and they both agreed that they would not tell Gus about the money.
玛莎·特维斯（Martha Tevis）：卡德纳（Cadena）去机场会见一个从圣安东尼奥带来钱的人，那个人说“你觉得我们寄的钱怎么样？”他说：“好吧，什么都没有剩下了。”那人又给了他几百美元，他们都同意不会告诉格斯这笔钱的事。
Cadena said, “Gus García was a scoundrel, and he was a liar.”
卡德纳说：“格斯·加西亚是个恶棍，也是个骗子。”
Narrator: : January 10th, the final night before the oral argument.
旁白： ：1月10日，口头辩论前的最后一个晚上。
The next morning, Gus García would argue the case of a lifetime, a case that would determine not only his own reputation, but the future of the community that depended on him.
第二天早上，格斯·加西亚将就这一终生难忘的案件进行辩论，这个案件不仅会决定他自己的声誉，还会决定依赖他的社区的未来。
Sometime that night, García managed to evade the watchful eyes of his nervous colleagues.
那天晚上的某个时候，加西亚设法避开了紧张的同事们的目光。
Mike Herrera: : He went off on a toot, and everybody knew but nobody knew where he was.
迈克·埃雷拉：他突然走了，每个人都知道，但没人知道他在哪里。
And, ah, Gus shows up sometime rather late in the morning and he is very, very drunk.
而且，啊，格斯早上很晚才出现，而且他喝得非常非常醉。
Lisa Ramos: : They knew they were about to face the Supreme Court Justices in a few hours, and here’s this man putting the case at risk.
丽莎·拉莫斯：他们知道几个小时后他们将面对最高法院法官，而这个人却将案件置于危险之中。
He was one of the two main lawyers who was going to speak before Chief Justice Earl Warren and the other Justices.
他是将在首席大法官厄尔·沃伦和其他大法官面前发言的两名主要律师之一。
Mike Herrera: : They threw Gus in a cold shower clothes and all.
迈克·埃雷拉：：他们给格斯穿上冷水浴衣服等等。
Ordered room service, a big pot of black coffee and, and went on to sober him up and, and get him ready.
叫了客房服务，一大壶黑咖啡，然后让他清醒，让他做好准备。
Narrator: : On January 11, as the lawyers marched up to the Supreme Court, the wintry chill reminded them that Texas was very far away indeed.
旁白： 1月11日，当律师们列队前往最高法院时，凛冽的寒意提醒他们，德克萨斯州确实很遥远。
The lawyers were about to face a Court that had never before been addressed by Mexican American attorneys, or been asked to consider the question of Mexican American civil rights.
律师们即将面对墨西哥裔美国人律师以前从未遇到过的法庭，或者被要求考虑墨西哥裔美国人的公民权利问题。
Ignacio García: : If you can imagine Carlos Cadena and Gus García getting the opportunity that no one else has ever had, to be able to paint a picture of a community and where it stood in time, and all of the–the practices, the laws, the–the circumstances that keep them where they were.
伊格纳西奥·加西亚（Ignacio García）：如果你能想象卡洛斯·卡德纳（Carlos Cadena）和格斯·加西亚（Gus García）获得了其他人从未有过的机会，能够描绘出一个社区及其及时所处的位置，以及使他们保持原状的所有实践、法律和环境。
Norma Cantú: : “Carlos Cadena sitting at the counsel table wearing a very dark serious suit, Gus García sitting next to him.
诺玛·坎图 (Norma Cantú)：“卡洛斯·卡德纳 (Carlos Cadena) 穿着一套非常深色的严肃西装坐在律师席旁，格斯·加西亚 (Gus García) 坐在他旁边。
The nine justices sitting on a long bench facing the two sets of parties.
九名大法官坐在一条长凳上，面向两派当事人。
The Texas Attorney General sitting at their own table ready to defend the state’s decision that Mexican Americans were really Whites.
德克萨斯州总检察长坐在自己的桌子旁，准备捍卫该州关于墨西哥裔美国人实际上是白人的决定。
Ian Haney-López: : The lawyers in Hernandez needed to argue that the 14th Amendment protected Mexican Americans to a court that had barely ever heard of Mexican Americans.
伊恩·哈尼-洛佩斯：埃尔南德斯的律师需要向几乎从未听说过墨西哥裔美国人的法庭辩称，第十四修正案保护墨西哥裔美国人。
Carlos Cadena: : I opened the argument and I said “Your petitioner is a …
卡洛斯·卡德纳（Carlos Cadena）：：我开始辩论，我说“你的请愿人是......
an American citizen of Mexican descent” and one of the judges asked me “What is that?” “What the-you stupid guy everybody knows what that is!” But anyway I was explaining and Justice Frankfurter interrupted and said “they call him greasers down there don’t they?”
一名墨西哥裔美国公民”，其中一位法官问我“那是什么？” “什么——你这个蠢货，大家都知道那是什么！”但无论如何，我正在解释，法兰克福法官打断了他的话，并说：“他们在那里称他为油腻子，不是吗？”
Ignacio García: : Gus García who seemed to be “out of it,” during most of the presentation by Carlos Cadena, was suddenly awoken by, several questions that were asked by the judges – can Mexican Americans speak English, are they citizens?
伊格纳西奥·加西亚 (Ignacio García)：在卡洛斯·卡德纳 (Carlos Cadena) 的大部分演讲中，格斯·加西亚 (Gus García) 似乎“不在状态”，他突然被评委提出的几个问题惊醒——墨西哥裔美国人会说英语吗？他们是公民吗？
And I think was the key for …
我认为这是......的关键
for Gus García, because Gus García tended to personalize that and he saw within himself all the abilities and qualities of the Mexican American community.
对于格斯·加西亚来说，因为格斯·加西亚倾向于个性化，他在自己身上看到了墨西哥裔美国人社区的所有能力和品质。
Narrator: : Fueled by indignation, García offered the justices a brief irony-laced history lesson.
旁白： 愤怒之下，加西亚向法官们上了一堂简短的、充满讽刺意味的历史课。
“My people,” he told them, “were in Texas a hundred years before Sam Houston, that wetback from Tennessee.” And he was just getting started.
“我的人民，”他告诉他们，“比萨姆·休斯顿这个来自田纳西州的湿背人早一百年到达德克萨斯州。”而他才刚刚开始。
Bob Sánchez: : Gus’s delivery was so eloquent, it was so beautiful, so penetrating, so down to earth in high…spun…legal argument.
鲍勃·桑切斯（Bob Sánchez）：格斯的演讲是如此雄辩，如此美丽，如此具有洞察力，在高调……旋转……的法律辩论中如此脚踏实地。
Mike Herrera: : There are some lights there on the rostrum and when the red light comes on, you stop.
迈克·埃雷拉：讲台上有一些灯，当红灯亮起时，你就停下来。
And everybody knew that.
每个人都知道这一点。
When the red light came on, Gus stopped in mid-sentence.
当红灯亮起时，格斯话刚说到一半就停了下来。
And then Justice Earl Warren leaned off the bench and said, “Continue, Mr. García”.
然后厄尔·沃伦法官从长凳上靠下来说：“继续，加西亚先生”。
John J.
约翰·J。
Herrera Audio: : Gus García was told to proceed.
Herrera 音频：：Gus García 被告知继续进行。
So he stole sixteen extra minutes.
所以他多抢了十六分钟。
So when we walked out of the Supreme Court of the United States he met with one of the attachés and the attaché was an old black man he says ‘this is unprecedented’ he says they’ve never even given extra time here to Thurgood Marshall and he was here last week.
因此，当我们走出美国最高法院时，他会见了一位随员，随员是一位老黑人，他说“这是前所未有的”，他说他们甚至从未给瑟古德·马歇尔额外的时间，而他上周就来过这里。
Narrator: : After years of planning and all the legal work, it was finally over.
旁白：：经过多年的策划和所有的法律工作，事情终于结束了。
The case that the activists and lawyers had focused on for so long was now out of their hands.
活动人士和律师长期以来关注的案件现在已经脱离了他们的控制。
The exhausted Hernandez legal team headed home to await the court’s decision.
疲惫不堪的埃尔南德斯法律团队回家等待法院的裁决。
Soon after their return, García and Herrera went on the radio to share their tale with the public that had supported them with their dollars and their prayers.
回国后不久，加西亚和埃雷拉就在广播中与那些用金钱和祈祷支持他们的公众分享了他们的故事。
Para mi fue una gran satisfacción participar en este caso y decirles las verdades a los señores magistrados de la suprema corte en Washington.
我对华盛顿最高行政长官先生们的支持和支持感到非常满意。
Y acuérdate Johnny que ni a ti, ni a Carlos Cadena ni a un servidor, nos han faltado palabras jamás para defender nuestros derechos.
你是约翰尼·卡洛斯·卡德纳 (Carlos Cadena) 的仆人，他是一名后卫，他是我们的后卫。
Slate (translation): : It was very gratifying to be part of this case and speak the truth to the Supreme Court justices in Washington.
Slate（翻译）：：非常高兴能够参与此案并向华盛顿最高法院的法官说出真相。
And remember Johnny, neither you, nor Carlos Cadena, nor I have ever been at a loss for words to defend our rights.
请记住约翰尼，无论是你，还是卡洛斯·卡德纳，还是我，都从来没有无言以对地捍卫我们的权利。
Narrator: : Finally, on May 3, 1954 the United States Supreme Court announced its ruling in the case of Hernandez v.
旁白：：最终，1954 年 5 月 3 日，美国最高法院宣布了对埃尔南德斯诉美国一案的裁决。
Texas .
德克萨斯州。
The decision of the Texas court was reversed.
德克萨斯州法院的判决被推翻。
Pete Hernández would receive a new trial, before a true jury of his peers – a trial that would ultimately result in his reconviction for the killing of Joe Espinosa.
皮特·埃尔南德斯将在真正的同行陪审团面前接受新的审判——这次审判最终将导致他因杀害乔·埃斯皮诺萨而被重新定罪。
But far more important was the Court’s legal reasoning – a holding that Mexican Americans, as a group, were protected under the Constitution’s 14th Amendment, in keeping with the theory that they were indeed “a class apart.” It was a victory for the ordinary people who had endured discrimination without recourse for generations, and the activists who had fought on their behalf.
但更重要的是法院的法律推理——法院认为墨西哥裔美国人作为一个群体受到宪法第十四修正案的保护，这与他们确实是“一个不同阶级”的理论是一致的。这是几代人遭受歧视而无法求助的普通民众以及为他们而战的活动人士的胜利。
For Carlos Cadena, the meticulous legal theorist.
对于卡洛斯·卡德纳（Carlos Cadena）来说，他是一丝不苟的法律理论家。
And for Gus García, who had disproved the doubters, and triumphed despite his inner demons.
对于格斯·加西亚来说，他反驳了怀疑者的观点，尽管内心充满恶魔，但他还是取得了胜利。
Hailed as heroes, the Hernandez lawyers were applauded by Mexican Americans across the Southwest.
埃尔南德斯律师被誉为英雄，受到西南部墨西哥裔美国人的赞扬。
Ignacio García: : In every place they went and spoke, it was about, “Look at what Mexican Americans have done.
伊格纳西奥·加西亚：在他们去的每一个地方发表讲话，都是关于“看看墨西哥裔美国人做了什么。
Look at what – how we presented our case to the nation.
看看我们如何向全国展示我们的案例。
Look at how we have finally made the people of the United States listen.
看看我们如何最终让美国人民倾听。
Now they know we’re here.”
现在他们知道我们在这里了。”
Ian Haney-López: : The victory in Hernandez was huge for the Mexican American community.
伊恩·哈尼-洛佩斯：埃尔南德斯的胜利对于墨西哥裔美国人社区来说意义重大。
They now had the highest court in the land saying it’s unconstitutional.
现在，该国最高法院称这是违宪的。
Indeed, symbolically it’s un-American to treat Mexicans as if they’re an inferior race.
事实上，从象征意义上来说，将墨西哥人视为劣等种族是不符合美国精神的。
Narrator: : With the decision and the power of the United States’ Constitution behind them, Mexican Americans successfully challenged employment and housing discrimination; they tore down barriers to their right to vote and run for office; they ensured that their children would no longer be forced to attend segregated schools.
旁白：：凭借美国宪法的决定和力量，墨西哥裔美国人成功挑战了就业和住房歧视；他们拆除了投票权和竞选公职的障碍；他们确保自己的孩子不再被迫就读隔离学校。
Carlos Guerra: : This case is incredibly important because it guarantees that even being different that we are still protected under the laws of this great land.
卡洛斯·格拉：这个案件非常重要，因为它保证了即使我们有所不同，我们仍然受到这片伟大土地的法律的保护。
I think Mexican Americans in particular, Latinos in general but America as a whole owes a great debt to the people who pursued this case.
我认为，特别是墨西哥裔美国人、整个拉丁裔美国人以及整个美国都欠追究此案的人们很大的人情。
Narrator: : For Gus García, the future would be shadowed by tragedy.
旁白：：对于格斯·加西亚来说，未来将被悲剧笼罩。
Not long after his legal triumph, his personal life spun out of control.
在他取得法律胜利后不久，他的个人生活就失控了。
Alcoholism would be cruelly compounded by mental illness, taking García in and out of institutions for the next decade.
酗酒加上精神疾病，加西亚在接下来的十年里进进出出。
Eleanor McCusker: : I didn’t see him those last few months when they said he was just beyond himself in San Antonio.
埃莉诺·麦卡斯克：过去几个月我没有见到他，当时他们说他在圣安东尼奥超越了自己。
Dr Ramiro Casso: : All the reports that I got back were that his mind was deteriorating; that his behavior was changing.
拉米罗·卡索博士：：我收到的所有报告都表明他的精神状况正在恶化；他的行为正在改变。
And he died on a bench.
他死在长凳上。
Isn’t that tragic, I mean somebody with such a brilliant mind, my God.
这不是悲剧吗，我的意思是一个拥有如此聪明头脑的人，我的上帝。
Narrator: : Gus García died of liver failure in 1964, at age 48.
旁白：：格斯·加西亚 (Gus García) 于 1964 年因肝功能衰竭去世，享年 48 岁。
Less than a year later, Carlos Cadena would be named the first Mexican American justice of the Texas Court of Appeals, and would go on to become Chief Justice.
不到一年后，卡洛斯·卡德纳被任命为德克萨斯州上诉法院第一位墨西哥裔美国法官，并随后成为首席大法官。
After the Hernandez case, Mexican Americans across the country would no longer be considered second-class citizens under the law.
埃尔南德斯案发生后，全国各地的墨西哥裔美国人将不再被视为法律规定的二等公民。
The struggle was hardly over, but the lives of millions of Americans had been changed forever.
斗争尚未结束，但数百万美国人的生活已经永远改变。
Ian Haney-Lopez: : Hernandez v.
伊恩·哈尼·洛佩兹：：埃尔南德斯诉。
Texas belongs in the pantheon of great civil rights cases, indeed of great American cases.
德克萨斯州属于伟大的民权案件的万神殿，实际上是美国的伟大案件。
But even more important, it belongs in the pantheon of great moments in American history.
但更重要的是，它属于美国历史上伟大时刻的万神殿。
This is a moment when a people long regarded as inferior, organize and demand equal treatment and succeed in that demand.
在这个时刻，一个长期被视为低人一等的民族组织起来，要求平等待遇，并成功实现了这一要求。
This is an inspirational moment in American history, a moment in which equality is demanded and achieved.
这是美国历史上一个鼓舞人心的时刻，一个要求并实现平等的时刻。
From a small-town Texas murder emerged a landmark civil rights case.
得克萨斯州小镇的一起谋杀案引发了一起具有里程碑意义的民权案件。
Meet a group of Texan lawyers, mothers, advocates, and others — including a fatal clash led to a landmark court case, Hernandez v.
来认识一下德克萨斯州的律师、母亲、倡导者和其他人，其中包括一场致命的冲突，导致了具有里程碑意义的法庭案件：埃尔南德斯诉德克萨斯州。
Texas
德克萨斯州
Hear some of the background on this story from the film's Director/Producers.
从电影导演/制片人那里听听这个故事的一些背景。
A selection of scenes that were deleted from A Class Apart.
《A Class Apart》中删除的精选场景。