Chicago: City of the Century
Narrator: In 1893 the Chicago Limited Express left New York for the metropolis of the West.
旁白：1893年，芝加哥特快列车从纽约出发，前往西部大都市。
A writer for Harper's Weekly was aboard one of George Pullman's luxurious sleeping cars -- made in Chicago.
《哈珀周刊》的一位作家乘坐乔治·普尔曼的一辆芝加哥制造的豪华卧铺车厢。
The Belgian linen and fine English China came from Chicago's merchant prince, Marshall Field.
比利时亚麻布和精美的英国瓷器来自芝加哥商业王子马歇尔菲尔德。
The menu featured beef and pork from Swift and Armour, Chicago's famous meat packers.
菜单上的牛肉和猪肉来自芝加哥著名的肉类包装商 Swift 和 Armour。
The writer enjoyed the best the miraculous city could offer.
作者享受了这座神奇城市所能提供的最好的东西。
The city that had opened the prairies and transformed the continent.
这座城市开辟了草原，改变了这片大陆。
The city that seemed to portend the future -- for better or worse.
这座城市似乎预示着未来——无论是好还是坏。
William Cronon, Historian: Chicago was the shock city of America.
历史学家威廉·克罗农：芝加哥是美国震惊的城市。
And some reacted to that vision of the future with horror: "This is not the place we want to go.
一些人对未来的愿景感到恐惧：“这不是我们想去的地方。
This is not what we want to be." And others with great excitement: This is what the world was becoming.
这不是我们想要的。”其他人则非常兴奋：这就是世界正在变成的样子。
It was a world of endless opportunity.
这是一个充满无限机遇的世界。
Narrator: He was headed for this city of opportunity that lured people from the East.
旁白：他正前往这座吸引东方人的机遇之城。
Tim Samuelson, Chicago Historical Society: The architect Louie Sullivan thrust his hand up in the air and said, "This is the place for me."
蒂姆·萨缪尔森，芝加哥历史学会：建筑师路易·沙利文举起手说：“这就是我的地方。”
Narrator: The city of opportunity that lured people from 14 nations.
旁白：这座机遇之城吸引了来自 14 个国家的人们。
Ann Keating, Historian: They were pulled out to Chicago to do the dirtiest, hardest work imaginable.
历史学家安·基廷（Ann Keating）：他们被拉到芝加哥去做可以想象到的最肮脏、最艰苦的工作。
And they were despised for it.
他们因此而受到鄙视。
Narrator: He was headed for the lawless city where politics was more than ballots.
旁白：他前往的是一座无法无天的城市，那里的政治不仅仅是选票。
Paul Green, Political Scientist: The term "right hand man" I really believe started in Chicago because you wanted someone who had a good right.
保罗·格林，政治学家：我真的相信“得力助手”一词始于芝加哥，因为你想要一个拥有良好权利的人。
It was a tough business, politics.
这是一项艰难的生意和政治。
Narrator: The explosive city of the new industrial age where there were no rules in the battle between capital and labor.
旁白：新工业时代的爆发城市，资本与劳动力的战斗没有规则。
Richard Schneirov, Historian: They were revolutionaries.
历史学家理查德·施奈罗夫：他们是革命者。
They felt that perhaps with a single act of violence capital would just crumble and a new society would take shape.
他们认为，也许只要一次暴力行为，资本就会崩溃，一个新的社会就会形成。
Narrator: The city where people, driven by profit, were blind to nature.
旁白：这座城市里，人们被利益所驱使，对自然视而不见。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author: Chicago is situated magnificently for trade, but it's a pestilential swamp.
米勒，作者：芝加哥地理位置优越，适合贸易，但它是一片瘟疫肆虐的沼泽。
It is a horrible place for a city.
对于一个城市来说，这是一个可怕的地方。
It's an absolute hellhole.
这绝对是一个地狱。
Victoria Brown, Historian: Children were playing with maggots as if they were little pets.
历史学家维多利亚·布朗：孩子们像小宠物一样玩蛆。
Narrator: The Harper's writer was bound for the World's Columbian Exposition, celebrating the 400th anniversary of Columbus's voyage of discovery.
旁白：《竖琴杂志》的作者正前往世界哥伦布博览会，庆祝哥伦布发现航海 400 周年。
It would be the grandest world's fair ever.
这将是有史以来最盛大的世界博览会。
No matter what the "wonders" of the fair, he alerted his readers, Chicago itself will be the "most surprising."
他提醒读者，无论博览会有什么“奇迹”，芝加哥本身都将是“最令人惊讶的”。
Nancy Koehn, Historian: Chicago is a crucible for the larger transformations that the country was undergoing from agriculture to industry, rural isolation to the crowding of urban life.
历史学家南希·科恩（Nancy Koehn）：芝加哥是这个国家正在经历的从农业到工业、从农村孤立到拥挤城市生活的更大转型的熔炉。
From the seasons and the movements of the sun dictating our rhythms to the movements of the punch clock.
从季节和太阳的运动决定我们的节奏到打卡钟的运动。
All of those will come to define America.
所有这些都将定义美国。
And all of those are on display in the city of the century that was Chicago.
所有这些都在芝加哥这座世纪之城中展出。
City of the Century Part I: Mud Hole to Metropolis
世纪之城第一部分：从泥洞到大都市
Narrator: In 1673, French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet paddled 40 days up the Mississippi River to the Illinois.
旁白：1673 年，法国探险家雅克·马凯特和路易斯·乔利埃沿密西西比河逆流而上，历经 40 天到达伊利诺伊州。
They were returning to Quebec from a voyage of discovery: the first white men to descend and map the Mississippi.
他们从一次发现之旅返回魁北克：第一批登陆密西西比河并绘制地图的白人。
The French hoped to wrest the continent from the British before they pushed West from their colonies in the East.
法国人希望先从英国人手中夺取欧洲大陆，然后再将其东部殖民地推向西方。
"We have seen nothing like this river," Marquette wrote of the earthly paradise they encountered west of the Illinois.
“我们从未见过像这条河一样的东西，”马凯特在描述他们在伊利诺伊河以西遇到的人间天堂时写道。
Marquette was a Catholic missionary.
马凯特是一位天主教传教士。
His converts would also make good allies.
他的皈依者也会成为很好的盟友。
"There are great prairies," noted Joliet, a geographer, "with grass five or six feet high." They had discovered the tall grass prairies, an ocean of grass that flowed for a thousand miles to the Rocky Mountains.
“那里有大草原，”地理学家乔利埃特指出，“草有五六英尺高。”他们发现了高高的草草原，一片草海，绵延一千英里一直延伸到落基山脉。
They had paddled from the St. Lawrence River, over the Great Lakes to what is now Green Bay, Wisconsin.
他们从圣劳伦斯河划船，越过五大湖到达现在的威斯康星州绿湾。
They made an arduous portage up rapids and waterfalls to a continental divide, then descended to the Mississippi.
他们艰难地攀爬急流和瀑布，到达大陆分水岭，然后顺流而下到达密西西比河。
Now the Indians showed them an easier route back.
现在印第安人向他们展示了一条更容易的返回路线。
Up the Illinois River, then the Des Plaines to where it ended in a marshy height of land.
沿着伊利诺伊河逆流而上，然后是德斯普兰斯河，最终到达一片沼泽高地。
William Cronon, Historian: You would never imagine that it was a continental divide of any kind.
历史学家威廉·克罗农：你永远不会想象这是任何形式的大陆分水岭。
And yet the marsh was sitting right on the line that flowed both to the Mississippi and into the St. Lawrence.
然而，沼泽地正好位于流向密西西比河和圣劳伦斯河的线上。
At high water times, in fact, that marsh emptied into both So that at the highest of waters, you could probably canoe directly from Lake Michigan on into the Mississippi watershed -- which is amazing.
事实上，在涨水时，沼泽地会流入这两个水域。因此，在最高水位时，您可能可以直接从密歇根湖划独木舟进入密西西比河分水岭，这真是太神奇了。
Narrator: Marquette and Joliet reached the divide in September at low water, and they portaged for a few miles but only a few feet above the marsh.
旁白：马凯特和乔利埃特于九月在低水位时到达了分水岭，他们搬运了几英里，但距离沼泽只有几英尺。
Joliet would recommend to the French in Quebec a canal for canoes that would avoid the portage, a canal that would link the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi.
乔利埃特向魁北克的法国人推荐一条可以避免运输的独木舟运河，这条运河将连接圣劳伦斯河和密西西比河。
East of the portage was a sluggish river which flowed through a swamp.
港口东边有一条水流缓慢的河流，流过一片沼泽。
The Indians called it Chicagoua, the place of the wild onion or skunkweed.
印第安人称其为“Chicagoua”，即生长野洋葱或臭鼬的地方。
Miller: It stunk.
米勒： 很臭。
It had a foul odor.
它有一股难闻的气味。
The river is almost motionless.
河水几乎一动不动。
And this stinking weed gave off this odor that drove even the Indians away.
这种臭草散发出的气味连印第安人都赶走了。
And they're not going to live on a bog.
他们不会生活在沼泽上。
You know, there's plenty of open prairie there and grassland and things like that, and little prairie woodlands.
你知道，那里有很多开阔的大草原和草原之类的东西，还有小草原林地。
Only the white man's crazy enough to live there.
只有白人才疯狂到可以住在那里。
Narrator: When the voyageurs reached the lake, they began the 1500 mile trek back to Quebec.
旁白：当航海者到达湖边后，他们开始了1500英里的跋涉返回魁北克。
Joliet was the first to see the potential of the stinking river at the portage.
乔利埃特是第一个看到这条臭河在港口的潜力的人。
He would urge the French to return and create a colony.
他将敦促法国人返回并建立殖民地。
In their war with the British, he knew it could command the continent.
在与英国的战争中，他知道英国可以控制整个大陆。
The French lost their battle for North America, and for a century, Chicago remained unsettled.
法国人在争夺北美的战争中失败了，一个世纪以来，芝加哥一直动荡不安。
A black man arrived around 1780 to farm and trade with the Indians at the mouth of the river.
1780 年左右，一名黑人来到河口耕种并与印第安人进行贸易。
Son of a French father and a Haitian mother, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable prospered for 20 years.
让·巴蒂斯特·波因特·杜·萨布尔 (Jean Baptiste Point du Sable) 的父亲是法国人，母亲是海地人，他成功了 20 年。
His house had a piano.
他家有一架钢琴。
No one knows why he headed west in 1800.
没有人知道他为何在 1800 年向西行进。
Some say he was disappointed the Indians did not make him a chief.
有人说他对印第安人没有任命他为酋长感到失望。
Chicago was a fur trading post out on the rim until the 1830s.
1830 年代之前，芝加哥一直是边缘地区的毛皮贸易站。
It had no church or schoolhouse.
它没有教堂或校舍。
It did have a fort, Fort Dearborn, and three taverns.
它确实有一个堡垒迪尔伯恩堡和三个小酒馆。
The Sauganash Hotel was the most raucous.
索加纳什酒店是最喧闹的。
It was run by Mark Beaubien, part French, part Indian.
该公司由马克·博比安 (Mark Beaubien) 经营，他有法国血统和印度血统。
"I play de fiddle like de debble," he would say, "an I keeps hotel like hell."It was good enough for Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, a transplanted Vermonter and one of the first Yankee settlers.
“我像德布尔一样演奏小提琴，”他会说，“我把酒店经营得像地狱一样。” 对于格登·索尔顿斯托尔·哈伯德来说，这已经足够好了，他是佛蒙特州移民，也是第一批北方佬定居者之一。
The Indians called him Swift Walker.
印第安人称他为斯威夫特·沃克。
Hubbard and his Indian wife bounded 125 miles from the Wabash Valley with pelts -- destined for New York.
哈伯德和他的印第安妻子带着毛皮从 125 英里外的瓦巴什山谷出发，目的地是纽约。
When the fur trade dried up, he drove pigs.
当毛皮贸易枯竭时，他开始养猪。
Miller: Everybody mixed together at the Sauganash Inn.
米勒：大家都在索加纳什旅馆混在一起。
Beaubien would get the music going.
博比安会让音乐继续下去。
Officers from the fort would come down by ferryboat or by canoe to the Sauganash, and they'd be swinging around the floor with Indian maidens and things.
堡垒里的军官会乘渡船或独木舟来到索加纳什，他们会和印度少女和其他东西一起在地板上荡来荡去。
Tight-buttoned people from the East would come occasionally, roll through Chicago, and they'd be scandalized by this: women drinking applejack straight out of the bottle; copulating out in the back yard, squaws and the soldiers; people sleeping on the porch.
来自东方的保守的人偶尔会来到芝加哥，他们会对此感到震惊：女人直接从瓶子里喝苹果杰克；妇女和士兵在后院交配；人们睡在门廊上。
Beaubien said in his old age, he said, "They were great times.
博宾在晚年说道：“那是一段伟大的时光。
They were great times.
他们是美好的时光。
No more of that sort of stuff anymore." He'd hold wrestling matches on the lawn.
不再有那样的事情了。”他会在草坪上举行摔跤比赛。
Christopher Reed, Historian: Entertainment would have consisted of hunting or maybe foot racing or horse racing, drinking, gambling, and listening to wolves and bears at night, because the city was ringed with small forests, as well as marshland.
历史学家克里斯托弗·里德：娱乐活动包括狩猎、赛跑或赛马、饮酒、赌博以及晚上听狼和熊的叫声，因为这座城市周围环绕着小森林和沼泽地。
But this was life on the rim, this was the frontier, during the period of fur trading.
但这就是边缘的生活，这是毛皮贸易时期的边境。
Narrator: The days of this way of life were numbered.
旁白：这种生活方式的日子已经屈指可数了。
America was pushing west.
美国正在向西推进。
The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, opened an easy route from New York to the center of the country.
伊利运河于 1825 年竣工，开辟了从纽约到美国中部的便捷路线。
The new state of Illinois already envisioned, as Joliet had, a canal that would link the Mississippi to the Great Lakes at Chicago.
正如乔利埃特一样，新的伊利诺伊州已经设想了一条将密西西比河与芝加哥五大湖连接起来的运河。
Cronon: This location on Lake Michigan would be one of the endpoints of that canal, thereby linking New Orleans and the Mississippi River with the Great Lakes, the Erie Canal, the Hudson, and New York.
克罗农：密歇根湖上的这个位置将是该运河的终点之一，从而将新奥尔良和密西西比河与五大湖、伊利运河、哈德逊河和纽约连接起来。
So that there would now be a way of delivering all the produce of the interior of North America right into the waiting hands of New York.
这样一来，现在就有一种方法可以将北美内陆的所有产品直接送到纽约等待的手中。
And Chicago, this location, would be the partner of that New York growth.
芝加哥这个地方将成为纽约增长的合作伙伴。
Narrator: The Indians had to go.
旁白：印第安人必须离开。
The Potawatomis were forced to give up five million acres they had occupied a century before Marquette and Joliet reached Chicago.US Indian Agents plied the Chiefs with liquor so they would sign.
波塔瓦托米家族被迫放弃他们在马凯特和乔利埃特抵达芝加哥一个世纪前占据的 500 万英亩土地。美国印第安特工向酋长们灌酒，以便他们签字。
Traders plied them with liquor to swindle them of their new bounty.
商人不断向他们灌酒，骗取新的赏金。
On a September evening in 1833, the Indian Agents faced west toward the land they would acquire.
1833 年 9 月的一个晚上，印度特工面向西，朝着他们将要获得的土地。
The chiefs, at least two staggering drunk, drew their marks on the treaty papers.
至少有两个喝得酩酊大醉的酋长们在条约文件上画下了自己的记号。
The "dusky nuisances," as the new landowners considered them, were banished west of the Mississippi.
新土地所有者所认为的“昏暗的麻烦”被驱逐到密西西比河以西。
The French and half-breeds followed.
法国人和混血儿紧随其后。
"The history of Chicago can be written from 1833 forward," an historian would write, "as if they had never lived there." US surveyors imposed a grid on the town and the surrounding grasslands.
一位历史学家会写道：“芝加哥的历史可以从 1833 年开始书写，就好像他们从未在那里生活过一样。”美国测量员在小镇和周围的草地上设置了网格。
Canal commissioners, Gurdon Hubbard among them, sold lots to finance the canal.
运河专员（其中包括格登·哈伯德）出售土地为运河融资。
They preserved a narrow stretch along the lake for public enjoyment, "a common to remain forever open...free of any buildings or obstruction." The prospect of the canal enticed the first wave of Easterners who would dominate Chicago for decades - Yankee speculators from New York and New England.
他们沿湖保留了一段狭窄的区域供公众享用，“这是一个永远开放的公共区域……没有任何建筑物或障碍物。”运河的前景吸引了第一波东方人，他们是来自纽约和新英格兰的洋基投机者，他们将在芝加哥统治数十年。
Green: Most of them started off as hustlers.
格林：他们中的大多数人都是从骗子开始的。
Nothing wrong with that.
这没什么问题。
Speculative hustlers.
投机骗子。
Those were the people who built Chicago.
这些人建造了芝加哥。
It wasn't coming in with moneyed wealth.
它不是带着金钱财富而来的。
These were people who made their money here.
这些人都是在这里赚钱的。
They came perhaps from the East to make it here, and that's where they made it.
他们也许是从东方来到这里的，而他们就是在那里成功的。
But they were working the street.
但他们在街上工作。
No doubt about it.
毫无疑问。
Narrator: Men bought land for one or two hundred dollars in the morning and sold it for several thousand in the afternoon.
旁白：男人们早上买地一两百块，下午卖几千块。
Miller: They're Yankees.
米勒：他们是洋基队。
They're Protestants.
他们是新教徒。
They're interested in one thing: in making money.
他们只对一件事感兴趣：赚钱。
And they're risk takers.
他们是冒险家。
Hardly any of them expected to stay.
他们中几乎没有人希望留下来。
It'd be the type of town, they thought, where they could come in, make a killing, and get out.
他们想，这就是那种他们可以进来、大赚一笔然后出去的城镇。
But they did stay, and they built a city.
但他们确实留下来了，并建造了一座城市。
Narrator : William Butler Ogden was first among them.
旁白：威廉·巴特勒·奥格登是其中第一个。
When his father had a stroke, Ogden, age 16, took over his lumber and real estate business in the mountains of southern New York.
当他的父亲中风时，16 岁的奥格登接管了他在纽约南部山区的木材和房地产生意。
His struggle to survive, he later recalled, prepared him for life on the frontier.
他后来回忆说，他为生存而奋斗，为他在边疆的生活做好了准备。
Ogden came to Chicago to oversee land purchased by his brother-in-law and other Wall Street investors.
奥格登来到芝加哥监督他的姐夫和其他华尔街投资者购买的土地。
Douglas Bukowski, Writer: He goes out, checks the property, finds himself ankle deep in mud, and writes back to his brother-in-law, "You've been victim of the worst kind of folly." Lo and behold, Ogden gets to work, is able to sell or to recoup his brother-in-law's investment by just selling off one-third of the land.
作家道格拉斯·布考斯基（Douglas Bukowski）：他出去检查了财产，发现自己陷入了脚踝深的泥浆中，然后写信给他的姐夫，“你是最糟糕的愚蠢行为的受害者。”你瞧，奥格登开始工作，只需出售三分之一的土地就可以出售或收回他姐夫的投资。
And he went, "Hmm, maybe it's worth staying."
他说：“嗯，也许值得留下来。”
Narrator: In 1837, Chicago was incorporated as a city .
旁白：1837年，芝加哥建市。
Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, who had abandoned his Indian wife and married a white woman, traded his moccasins for a topcoat, and joined the newcomers.
格登·索尔顿斯托·哈伯德 (Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard) 抛弃了印第安妻子，娶了一位白人女子，他用莫卡辛鞋换了一件大衣，加入了新来者的行列。
The newcomers were a majority, and William Butler Ogden, just six months in town, became Chicago's first mayor.
新来者占多数，威廉·巴特勒·奥格登进城仅六个月，就成为芝加哥第一任市长。
To overcome its isolation, Chicago had to reach out -- East and West.
为了克服其孤立性，芝加哥必须向东方和西方伸出援手。
The mouth of the river was dredged to create a harbor.
河口被疏浚成港口。
Hubbard joined a shipping company to establish regular service to Buffalo.
哈伯德加入了一家航运公司，建立了前往布法罗的定期服务。
His lake schooners brought more speculators, who stayed in town.
他的湖纵帆船带来了更多的投机者，他们留在了城里。
And farmers -- who passed through it -- to plow the tall grass prairies.
穿过这里的农民正在耕种高高的草丛。
Plank roads were built over the mud so they could bring their hams and apples to town and return with a potbelly stove.
在泥土上修建了栈道，这样他们就可以把火腿和苹果带到城里，然后带着大腹便便的炉子回来。
In 1840 the lawyer from Vermont spoke of "magical changes." In seven years a French and Indian trading post of 300 had become an Anglo-American town of 4,000.
1840 年，来自佛蒙特州的律师谈到了“神奇的变化”。七年之内，一个拥有 300 人的法国和印度贸易站变成了拥有 4,000 人的英美城镇。
Irish immigrants who had dug the Erie Canal came to Chicago in 1836 to dig the Illinois and Michigan Canal.
1836年，开凿伊利运河的爱尔兰移民来到芝加哥，开凿伊利诺伊州和密歇根运河。
Ann Keating, Historian: The Irish who came to Chicago were in large measure very poor.
历史学家安·基廷（Ann Keating）：来到芝加哥的爱尔兰人在很大程度上非常贫穷。
They had few skills, little that would have allowed them to negotiate an urban setting easily.
他们缺乏技能，无法轻松适应城市环境。
And they were pulled out to Chicago to do the dirtiest, hardest work that was imaginable.
他们被派到芝加哥去做可以想象到的最肮脏、最艰苦的工作。
And they were despised for it.
他们因此而受到鄙视。
Narrator: One reporter called the Irish "not merely ignorant and poor...but...
旁白：一位记者称爱尔兰人“不仅无知和贫穷……而且……
drunken, dirty, indolent, and riotous so as to be the object of dislike and fear to all."They often did demand whiskey on the job.
酗酒、肮脏、懒惰、放荡，以致成为所有人厌恶和恐惧的对象。”他们确实经常在工作中要求威士忌。
They also dug a canal almost 100 miles long plagued by malaria, rattlesnakes, mosquitoes, and leeches.
他们还挖了一条近 100 英里长的运河，这条运河饱受疟疾、响尾蛇、蚊子和水蛭的困扰。
That was the easy part.In 1838 alone up to 1,000 canal workers died.
这是比较容易的部分。仅 1838 年就有多达 1,000 名运河工人死亡。
Their graves are few.
他们的坟墓很少。
Their stories unrecorded.
他们的故事没有被记录下来。
The Canal was financed with land sales in communities planned along its route.
运河的资金来源是沿线规划的社区的土地出售。
The sudden growth of Bridgeport, where the canal joins the South Branch of the Chicago River, was unplanned.
布里奇波特（运河与芝加哥河南支流的交汇处）的突然发展是计划外的。
Thomas J.
托马斯·J。
O'Gorman, Writer: Sometimes when the project ran out of money, they paid people in land skrit, and many of the Irish took the money they were owed in land, and settled at the area where the bridge went across, at the port of the canal, which has become modern-day Bridgeport.
奥戈尔曼，作家：有时，当项目资金用完时，他们用土地斯克里特支付工资，许多爱尔兰人拿着土地欠下的钱，在桥梁穿过的地区、运河的港口定居下来，这里已经成为现代的布里奇波特。
If the project itself had been more successful financially and-- better organized, there's no telling where the Irish would have moved after this.
如果该项目本身在财务上更加成功并且组织得更好，那么不知道爱尔兰人在此之后会搬到哪里。
They probably - they could have gone out to Utah and dug ditches for the Mormons.
他们可能——他们本可以去犹他州为摩门教徒挖沟渠。
Mayor Daley: You'll get your point of order.
戴利市长：你会得到你的程序要点。
Narrator: Bridgeport remains the spiritual center of Irish Chicago.
旁白：布里奇波特仍然是爱尔兰芝加哥的精神中心。
Mayor Daley: ...As long as I'm mayor no one will be stepped on..
戴利市长：……只要我是市长，就没有人会被踩到……
Narrator: It was home to five 20th Century mayors.
旁白：这里曾是20世纪五位市长的住所。
Narrator: In April, 1848 the General Thornton, a canal boat from New Orleans, arrived in Chicago with a cargo of sugar and produce headed for Buffalo.
旁白：1848 年 4 月，桑顿将军号是一艘从新奥尔良出发的运河船，载着一船糖和农产品抵达芝加哥，驶往布法罗。
Its arrival there was heralded in Washington by a young congressman from Illinois, Abraham Lincoln.
来自伊利诺伊州的年轻国会议员亚伯拉罕·林肯在华盛顿宣布了它的到来。
Joliet had dreamed of a water route from the Gulf of Mexico to Montreal.
乔利埃特梦想有一条从墨西哥湾到蒙特利尔的水路。
It ended instead in New York.
它最终在纽约结束。
The Illinois and Michigan Canal spared migrants the bumpy trip by horse and wagon west to the prairies and brought their produce back to Chicago.
伊利诺伊州和密歇根运河使移民免去了骑马和马车向西前往大草原的颠簸旅程，并将他们的产品带回了芝加哥。
The prospect of the canal had created Chicago, luring investors like William Butler Ogden.
运河的前景创造了芝加哥，吸引了像威廉·巴特勒·奥格登这样的投资者。
But by the time the canal opened in 1848, Ogden had switched his bet and built a railroad to the prairies.
但到 1848 年运河开通时，奥格登改变了赌注，修建了一条通往大草原的铁路。
Perry Duis, Historian: Ogden found that Eastern financiers were not interested in his railroad.
佩里·杜伊斯（Perry Duis），历史学家：奥格登发现东方金融家对他的铁路不感兴趣。
It seemed to have relatively limited prospects.
它的前景似乎相对有限。
And so he went out in his buggy along the prospective route and talked farmers into buying stock.
于是，他开着马车沿着预期的路线出去，说服农民购买股票。
Keating: And they're knocking on farmers' doors and the doors of businessmen who own land on the route and saying, look, we're going to run a railroad through here, give us right-of-way, become an investor by giving us right-of-way, give us money, and we'll give you shares in our company.
基廷：他们敲开了沿途拥有土地的农民和商人的门，说，看，我们要在这里运营一条铁路，给我们通行权，通过给我们通行权成为投资者，给我们钱，我们会给你我们公司的股份。
Narrator: Ogden raised $350,000 and bought a rickety locomotive, the Pioneer, which would run on wooden tracks with metal caps.
旁白：奥格登筹集了 35 万美元，买了一辆摇摇晃晃的先锋机车，它在带有金属盖的木轨上运行。
On November 20, 1848 the Pioneer chugged west for eight miles to the end of the line.
1848 年 11 月 20 日，先锋号向西行驶 8 英里，抵达终点线。
Along the way, it met a farmer with a wagonload of wheat.
一路上，它遇到了一位推着一车小麦的农民。
It became the first wheat brought by train to Chicago.
它成为第一批通过火车运到芝加哥的小麦。
On the next trip farmers overwhelmed the train with 30 carloads.
在下一次旅行中，农民们用 30 节车厢压垮了火车。
It was men like Ogden, who became the city's leading citizen, as much as Chicago's location, that would make it the great city of the mid-West.
正是像奥格登这样的人成为了这座城市的主要公民，就像芝加哥的地理位置一样，它也将成为中西部的伟大城市。
Miller: Any one of those small towns surrounding Chicago out there on the rim of civilization have equally propitious locations.
米勒：芝加哥周边文明边缘的任何一个小镇都有同样有利的地理位置。
But there's something about Chicago that triggers an economic revolution, where an economic revolution isn't triggered in a place like Kenosha.
但芝加哥有一些东西引发了经济革命，而基诺沙这样的地方不会引发经济革命。
And-and it -- And it's hard to say exactly why.
而且-而且它--而且很难确切地说出原因。
But there is this wonderful synergy, this combination of people of energy, risk takers, who come to that place.
但这里有一种奇妙的协同作用，这种充满活力、敢于冒险的人来到这个地方的结合。
They see city building as a supremely human art.
他们将城市建设视为一种至高无上的人类艺术。
And -- they see that they have a chance here to turn this prairie bog into a great city.
而且——他们看到他们有机会把这个草原沼泽变成一座伟大的城市。
Narrator: To make Chicago attractive to new comers like himself, Ogden and the Eastern elite supported civic and cultural institutions among them hospitals, orphanages and the Chicago Historical Society -- all on the North side of the river where they lived, not in Bridgeport, where the Irish lived.
旁白：为了让芝加哥对像他这样的新来者有吸引力，奥格登和东部精英支持公民和文化机构，其中包括医院、孤儿院和芝加哥历史学会——所有这些机构都位于他们居住的河北岸，而不是爱尔兰人居住的布里奇波特。
Odgen raised money for new streets and wooden plank sidewalks.
奥根为新街道和木板人行道筹集资金。
To accommodate canal traffic, he pushed for bridges -- swing bridges -- anchored in the middle of the river.
为了适应运河交通，他推动在河中央修建桥梁——平转桥。
The motivation was selfish as well as civic.
动机既是自私的，也是公民的。
Ogden "could not forget," a friend remembered, "that everything which benefited Chicago...benefited him." The location of his city was suited for commerce -- not for habitation.
一位朋友回忆道，奥格登“无法忘记，一切对芝加哥有利的事情……都对他有利。”他的城市的位置适合商业，而不适合居住。
It was so wet in the spring that horses had to be dug out of mud pits.
春天太湿了，马不得不从泥坑里挖出来。
Signs read: "No Bottom Here" and "Shortest Road to China." Scavenging pigs were the frontier city's answer to the garbage problem.
标牌上写着：“这里无底”和“通往中国的最短路线”。拾荒猪是边境城市解决垃圾问题的办法。
This was 1848.
那是 1848 年。
The year of the canal and Odgen's railroad.
运河和奥德根铁路的那一年。
The year that Chicago began to use its strategic location to build a commercial empire that would change America.
这一年，芝加哥开始利用其战略位置建立一个将改变美国的商业帝国。
The Year the young city opened its first important factory on the north side of the river.
这一年，这座年轻的城市在河北岸开设了第一家重要工厂。
In 1831 Cyrus Hall McCormick, son of a Virginia farmer, had built a primitive reaper overcoming problems that hadplagued farmers for centuries - cutting grain by hand - one hand with a sickle, two with a scythe.
1831 年，弗吉尼亚农民的儿子赛勒斯·霍尔·麦考密克 (Cyrus Hall McCormick) 制造了一台原始收割机，克服了困扰农民几个世纪的问题——用手割谷物——一只手拿着镰刀，两只手拿着镰刀。
He sensed the best market for his reaper would be farther west -- on the vast wheat fields of Illinois.
他感觉到收割机的最佳市场将在更远的西部——伊利诺伊州广阔的麦田里。
Miller: Farmers would set in a wheat crop.
米勒：农民会种植小麦作物。
That's no problem, the planting.
种植没问题。
It's the harvesting that's the problem.
问题出在收获上。
They're out there with their boys and their cousins and a couple of their neighbors, cutting wheat, with the sickle and the scythe.
他们和他们的孩子、表兄弟姐妹以及几个邻居一起，用镰刀和大镰刀割麦子。
And they can't cut the wheat fast enough.
他们收割小麦的速度也不够快。
And a lot of the wheat simply dies in the field.
很多小麦就死在地里了。
And McCormick, when he toured on foot the Midwest, saw this happening; saw farmers losing because they couldn't bring in the wheat fast enough.
当麦考密克徒步游览中西部时，他看到了这种情况的发生。看到农民因为无法足够快地收割小麦而遭受损失。
And here he sees a great chance.
他在这里看到了一个很好的机会。
Narrator: The first year McCormick made 450 reapers - none the same, each blade forged by hand.
旁白：第一年，麦考密克制造了 450 个收割机 - 没有一个是相同的，每个刀片都是手工锻造的。
With 120 employees, he was Chicago's largest employer.
他拥有 120 名员工，是芝加哥最大的雇主。
But no one worked harder.
但没有人更努力。
"There by the furnace fire, begrimed with coal and dust, decorated with an apron of leather," wrote the Chicago Daily Journal, stood the one in charge of it all, Cyrus Hall McCormick.
《芝加哥日报》写道：“在炉火旁，沾满了煤和灰尘，装饰着一条皮围裙，”负责这一切的赛勒斯·霍尔·麦考密克站在那里。
The paper called the reaper a "mechanical man." It freed farmers worldwide from their bondage to the sickle and scythe and helped open the Mid-West.
该报称收割者为“机械人”。它使世界各地的农民摆脱了镰刀和大镰刀的束缚，并帮助开放了中西部。
Chicago revolutionized not only the production of grain but how it was transported and traded.
芝加哥不仅彻底改变了谷物的生产，还彻底改变了谷物的运输和贸易方式。
Farmers who cut grain with McCormick's first reapers loaded their sacks onto wagons and headed off to a stream.
用麦考密克的第一批收割机收割谷物的农民将麻袋装上马车，前往小溪。
There the grain would be reloaded onto rafts and floated down river until it reached the Mississippi.
在那里，谷物将被重新装载到木筏上，顺流而下，直到到达密西西比河。
Cronon: Once these rafts have reached the Mississippi, all the grain is taken off and the sacks loaded onto the shore of the river, and then they're carried once again into the holds of small boats that are on the upper Mississippi River.
克罗农：这些木筏到达密西西比河后，所有的谷物都会被卸下，袋子会装到河岸上，然后再被运到密西西比河上游的小船的货舱里。
And there, they are carried on down to St. Louis, where they're unloaded yet again, put out onto the levee in St. Louis, and then loaded yet again by hand, on somebody's back, carried onto a larger steamship, which will carry it on down to New Orleans, where it's unloaded yet again.
在那里，它们被运往圣路易斯，在那里再次卸载，放在圣路易斯的堤坝上，然后再次由人背在背上，运到一艘更大的轮船上，然后运到新奥尔良，在那里再次卸载。
And put onto an oceangoing vessel to New York or to the North Atlantic economy and on to Europe.
然后登上远洋轮船前往纽约或北大西洋经济，然后前往欧洲。
There's a huge amount of labor cost.
这里有大量的劳动力成本。
And so this is a very expensive way to move grain.
因此，这是一种非常昂贵的谷物运输方式。
Narrator: The railroad overcame the constraints of geography.
旁白：铁路克服了地理的限制。
As plank roads had reached out to farmers a few miles, railroads from Chicago reached out hundreds of miles cutting into the hinterland of St. Louis.
正如栈道已延伸到农民几英里之外，芝加哥的铁路也已延伸数百英里，切入圣路易斯腹地。
In the decade after Ogden's Chicago and Galena Union headed out toward the Mississippi, New York investors financed railroads that spread out from Chicago like tentacles.
在奥格登的芝加哥和加利纳联合公司向密西西比河进发后的十年里，纽约投资者资助了像触手一样从芝加哥向外延伸的铁路。
By 1856 Chicago had become the railroad hub of America.
到 1856 年，芝加哥已成为美国的铁路枢纽。
Cronon: What made Chicago so special was that the web of railroads that were being projected west dumped everything into Chicago's lap.
克罗农：芝加哥之所以如此特别，是因为向西延伸的铁路网将所有东西都倾倒在了芝加哥的膝上。
It became the funnel that delivered an entire ecosystem, the entire Western landscape, into the waiting markets of-of the eastern seaboard of the United States and of Europe.
它成为将整个生态系统、整个西方景观输送到美国东海岸和欧洲等待市场的漏斗。
Narrator: They seem so commonplace today, the picturesque hallmark of every rural town.
旁白：它们今天看起来很平常，是每个乡村小镇风景如画的标志。
But in the 19th century the grain elevator was a revolutionary technology that transformed the handling of grain around the world and doomed the sack.
但在 19 世纪，谷物升降机是一项革命性的技术，它改变了世界各地谷物的处理方式，也注定了麻袋的命运。
Grain elevators were developed in Buffalo.
谷物升降机是在布法罗开发的。
Chicago built its first in 1848.
芝加哥于 1848 年建造了第一座。
By 1858 twelve mammoth grain houses dominated its skyline.
到 1858 年，十二座巨大的粮仓占据了天际线。
When poet Carl Sandburg called Chicago a "stacker of wheat," he was referring to grain elevators, the city's first skyscrapers.
当诗人卡尔·桑德堡称芝加哥为“小麦堆垛机”时，他指的是谷物升降机，即这座城市的第一座摩天大楼。
Grain flowed from the elevators into the holds of lakeboats to be shipped East where it was refined.
谷物从电梯流入湖船的货舱，然后运往东部进行精炼。
What became a golden stream in Chicago still moved by sack on the backs of laborers in St. Louis.
芝加哥的一条黄金溪流仍然由圣路易斯的工人背着麻袋搬运。
In the 1840s it had taken an Irish crew all day to load a boat with 7,000 bushels of wheat.
1840 年代，爱尔兰船员需要一整天才能将 7,000 蒲式耳小麦装载到一艘船上。
A decade later, the same amount could be loaded in an hour by one man.
十年后，一个人可以在一小时内装载同样数量的货物。
Six years after its canal, first railroad and grain elevator, Chicago surpassed St. Louis in the grain trade.
在修建运河、第一条铁路和谷物升降机六年后，芝加哥在谷物贸易方面超越了圣路易斯。
Ten years after McCormick built his factory, the Mississippi valley was the world's largest food producing region.
麦考密克建立工厂十年后，密西西比河谷成为世界上最大的食品产区。
Chicago became known as the Great Reaper City.
芝加哥被称为“死神之城”。
Its port replaced Archangel and Odessa in Russia as the greatest grain port in the world.
其港口取代俄罗斯的阿尔汉格尔斯克和敖德萨，成为世界上最大的粮食港口。
The Chicago River became a mammoth exchange-engine.
芝加哥河成为一个巨大的交换引擎。
Ships heading East with grain from the West passed fleets carrying lumber from the North.
载有来自西方的粮食向东航行的船只经过了载有来自北方的木材的船队。
Its location on the southern tip of Lake Michigan made a lumber market possible.
它位于密歇根湖南端，使得木材市场成为可能。
Farmers in the fertile but treeless prairies hungered for lumber for fences and barns.
肥沃但没有树木的大草原上的农民渴望获得建造栅栏和谷仓的木材。
It came from the north end of the lake where the white pine forests of Michigan and Wisconsin seemed endless.
它来自湖的北端，密歇根州和威斯康星州的白松树林似乎一望无际。
By the time of the Civil War, Chicago had become the largest lumber market in the world.
到南北战争时期，芝加哥已成为世界上最大的木材市场。
Cronon: The scene on the South Branch of the Chicago River you cannot witness anymore.
克罗农：芝加哥河南支流的场景你再也见不到了。
It does not exist in Chicago.
它在芝加哥不存在。
It doesn't exist actually, I think, anywhere in the world.
我认为，它实际上在世界任何地方都不存在。
Stack after stack after stack of lumber, all waiting to be shipped on down-state, down-state in Illinois, out to Iowa, on to Nebraska, Kansas.
一堆又一堆的木材，全部等待着运往伊利诺伊州的南部、爱荷华州、内布拉斯加州、堪萨斯州。
A whole district just devoted to stacked lumber.
整个地区都专门堆放木材。
Miller: There are cases where entire prairie families are standing out there on this windswept prairie bog, waiting for their town to arrive - bar, chapel, houses.
米勒：有些情况下，整个草原家庭都站在这片被风吹过的草原沼泽上，等待他们的城镇到来——酒吧、教堂、房屋。
It's all ready-made in Chicago.
这一切都是在芝加哥现成的。
Stamped on it: made in Chicago -- along with the reapers and everything else.
上面印着：芝加哥制造——还有收割者和其他一切。
They're just standing there with their kids, you know, waiting for that train.
你知道，他们只是和孩子站在那里等火车。
Here comes the town!
小镇来了！
Narrator: Within a single generation Chicago had turned the tall grass prairies, the earthly paradise Joliet and Marquette had admired, into the American Mid-West.
旁白：仅仅一代人的时间，芝加哥就将乔利埃特和马凯特所崇拜的高草大草原变成了美国中西部。
The city that was transforming America became a hell hole.
这座正在改变美国的城市变成了一个地狱。
By the late 1850s 104 trains a day steamed everywhere turning Chicago into a smoky and dangerous wasteland.
到了 1850 年代末，每天有 104 趟火车到处行驶，把芝加哥变成了烟雾弥漫、危险的荒地。
Miller: Now in New York City, you had to stop at 42ndSt.
米勒：现在在纽约市，你必须停在 42 街。
Vanderbilt, a powerhouse, has to build a train station there, and if he wants to take cars further south, he's got to pull them by mule down to Wall St., but in Chicago, the trains kept roaring right into town, smoke blowing all over the place.
范德比尔特这个巨头，必须在那里建一个火车站，如果他想把车开到更远的南方，就得用骡子把车拉到华尔街，但在芝加哥，火车一直轰鸣着进城，烟雾弥漫。
They're killing two to three people a day there.
他们在那里每天杀死两到三个人。
It's like an Australian said, human life is secondary to making money in Chicago.
就像一个澳大利亚人说的，在芝加哥人的生命比赚钱更重要。
So they run over a couple people.
所以他们碾压了几个人。
Narrator: When the Illinois Central wanted tracks along the lakefront, Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard was one of a few who fought to keep it as a park -- "forever free".
旁白：当伊利诺伊州中央铁路公司想要沿着湖滨建造轨道时，格登·索尔顿斯托尔·哈伯德是少数几个努力将其保留为公园的人之一——“永远自由”。
The railroad was forced to build a trestle.
铁路被迫修建了栈桥。
The lakeside remained bucolic, but the docking area by the railroad's riverside terminal became filled with industrial debris and bloated corpses of horses and cattle.
湖畔依然充满田园风光，但铁路河滨终点站的停靠区却充满了工业废墟和浮肿的马牛尸体。
In the 1850s railroads brought immigrants in overwhelming numbers.
1850 年代，铁路带来了大量移民。
Many were Germans who arrived with industrial skills and money.
许多人是带着工业技能和金钱来到这里的德国人。
They found jobs as butchers, furniture makers, and metal workers and became by 1870 the largest immigrant group.
他们找到了屠夫、家具制造商和金属工人的工作，到 1870 年成为最大的移民群体。
Despite the language barrier Germans fit more easily into urban life than the impoverished Irish.
尽管存在语言障碍，德国人比贫困的爱尔兰人更容易融入城市生活。
When the canal was complete, the Irish built the railroads.
运河竣工后，爱尔兰人修建了铁路。
They also worked as unskilled laborers in factories like McCormick's Reaper works.
他们还在麦考密克收割者工厂等工厂担任非技术工人。
They spread out from Bridgeport but always to slums along the South Branch of the stinking river where the factories were.
他们从布里奇波特分散开来，但总是到工厂所在的臭河南支流沿岸的贫民窟。
The Germans lived north of the river.
德国人住在河以北。
When the Irish moved to the North Side, the Germans moved farther north.
当爱尔兰人搬到北边时，德国人又搬到了更北的地方。
A small number of black Americans settled near a vice district on the North Side.
少数美国黑人定居在北区的一个副区附近。
The city refused to enforce the law to return fugitive slaves.
该市拒绝执行遣返逃亡奴隶的法律。
At the close of 1857 Chicago was the largest city in what was then called the "northwest".
1857 年底，芝加哥是当时所谓的“西北”地区最大的城市。
It had grown from 4,000 to 93,000 in 20 years, the result of unbridled capitalism.
20 年间，这个数字从 4,000 人增加到 93,000 人，这是无节制的资本主义的结果。
A visiting Swedish novelist called Chicago "one of the most miserable and ugly cities which I have yet seen in America." A woman writing for Boston's Atlantic Monthly was shocked that it had "no public park, no gallery of art, no establishment of music, no social institution whatever, except the church." She noticed "an appearance of extreme hurry," on the streets, but the scarcity of women made them seem, she wrote, "forlorn." In this scarcity, another saw opportunity.
一位来访的瑞典小说家称芝加哥为“我在美国见过的最悲惨、最丑陋的城市之一”。一位为波士顿《大西洋月刊》撰稿的女士惊讶地发现，这里“除了教堂之外，没有公园、没有艺术画廊、没有音乐场所、没有任何社会机构”。她注意到街上“显得极其匆忙”，但女性的稀缺使她们看起来“孤独”，她写道。在这种稀缺性中，另一个人看到了机会。
Potter Palmer had fled a Quaker village in Albany County before finishing school because it was dull.
波特·帕尔默在完成学业之前逃离了奥尔巴尼县的一个贵格会村庄，因为那里很无聊。
In 1852 he left a dry goods store in Lockport, New York, headed west and observed the scene on Lake Street.
1852年，他离开纽约洛克波特的一家干货店，向西行进，观察了湖街的景象。
Palmer was impressed by the bustle of the mud splattered farm carts, overburdened prairie freighters, salesmen lugging carpetbags stuffed with samples.
溅满泥土的农用车、超载的草原货轮、拖着装满样品的地毯袋的推销员的喧闹给帕尔默留下了深刻的印象。
Most of all by the few women shoppers lifting their calico skirts above the mud.He signed a lease.
最重要的是，少数女性购物者将她们的印花布裙子举到了泥土上。他签了一份租约。
Where they had been few women, Palmer hoped to lure more.
帕尔默希望能够吸引更多女性。
Koehn: As men and women poured into the city to take advantage of commercial opportunities, Potter Palmer understood that many of those women had not only the time but also the income to shop, to do what today we think of as recreational consumption.
科恩：当男人和女人涌入城市利用商业机会时，波特·帕尔默了解到，其中许多女性不仅有时间而且有收入去购物，进行我们今天认为的休闲消费。
And he created the department store, in which that happened.
他创建了百货商店，这一切就发生在其中。
Narrator: At a time when women would never enter a restaurant alone, they did shop unescorted.
旁白：在那个时代，女性永远不会单独进入餐馆，但她们却在无人陪同的情况下购物。
Palmer greeted them at the door, ushered them around the store, remembering their tastes and the names of their pets.
帕尔默在门口迎接他们，带他们参观商店，记住他们的品味和宠物的名字。
He tantalized them with upscale merchandise he purchased in Europe.
他用在欧洲购买的高档商品来吸引他们。
He was the first city storekeeper to advertise extensively, to run "sales" or "bargain days." He guaranteed a full cash refund, a practice that other merchants were forced to copy if they hoped to compete with "the intruder," as Palmer had come to be known.
他是第一个广泛做广告、举办“促销”或“特价日”的城市店主。他保证全额现金退款，其他商家如果希望与“入侵者”（帕尔默后来被称为“入侵者”）竞争，就被迫效仿这一做法。
There was one problem.
有一个问题。
The store on Lake Street was one block from the river.
湖街的商店距离河只有一个街区。
Miller: One block from the river.
米勒：距河仅一街区。
And you could catch the smell of the river.
你还能闻到河水的味道。
And women, when they shopped at his shop, would put handkerchiefs over their nose.
女人们在他的店里购物时，会用手帕捂住鼻子。
Narrator: By 1867 Palmer was Chicago's first "merchant prince." He secretly bought all the property along a squalid street which ran away from the river, parallel to the lake.
旁白：1867 年，帕尔默成为芝加哥第一位“商业王子”。他偷偷买下了一条远离河流、与湖平行的肮脏街道上的所有财产。
State Street was the trail along which Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard had driven his hogs from the Wabash Valley.
州街是格登·索尔顿斯托尔·哈伯德 (Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard) 从沃巴什山谷 (Wabash Valley) 赶猪时所走的小路。
Then he convinced the City Council to widen it.
然后他说服市议会扩大范围。
Palmer wanted to reorient the city's business district and create a "Broadway for Chicago." He built "Palmer's Palace," a marble faced emporium with Corinthian columns, rented it to his new partners and left retailing for real estate.
帕尔默希望重新定位该市的商业区，打造“芝加哥百老汇”。他建造了“帕尔默宫”，这是一个带有科林斯式柱子的大理石面商场，将其出租给他的新合作伙伴，并离开零售业转向房地产。
Many considered the 50 thousand dollars a year rent exorbitant.
许多人认为每年5万美元的租金太高了。
His young partners Levi Leiter and Marshall Field did not.
他的年轻搭档利维·莱特和马歇尔·菲尔德却没有。
Marshall Field would build on Palmer's methods to become Chicago's commercial giant.
马歇尔菲尔德将在帕尔默的方法的基础上发展成为芝加哥的商业巨头。
A power that even the elite -- and especially immigrant workers -- would cross at their peril.
即使是精英——尤其是移民工人——也会冒着危险跨越这种权力。
For much of the 19th Century Americans knew where their bacon came from.
在 19 世纪的大部分时间里，美国人都知道他们的培根来自哪里。
They saw the pigs in local pastures, knew the farmer who fed them and the butcher who killed them.
他们在当地牧场看到了猪，认识了喂养它们的农民和宰杀它们的屠夫。
It was a familiar world, rooted in nature.
这是一个熟悉的世界，植根于自然。
Even when a pork industry developed in the 1850s, it was dependent on nature and the seasons.
即使猪肉产业在 1850 年代发展起来，它也依赖于自然和季节。
As grain was shipped to St. Louis, pigs were shipped to Cincinnati by river.
当谷物被运往圣路易斯时，生猪则通过河流运往辛辛那提。
Plants were busy in the winter, idle in the summer when meat was likely to spoil.
植物在冬天忙碌，在夏天闲置，因为肉很容易变质。
Chicago turned this world on its head.
芝加哥彻底颠覆了这个世界。
Railroads bypassed the rivers to divert hogs to Chicago.
铁路绕过河流将生猪转移到芝加哥。
Packers, like Gurdon Hubbard found a way to bypass the seasons, to turn summer into winter.
像格登·哈伯德这样的包装工找到了一种绕过季节的方法，将夏天变成冬天。
Cronon: They begin cutting ice on the streams, rivers, ponds around Chicago, and eventually in Indiana and Illinois and Wisconsin, and bringing that ice down to Chicago so that the pork packing factories can be kept open all year long.
克罗农：他们开始在芝加哥周围的溪流、河流、池塘上切冰，最终在印第安纳州、伊利诺伊州和威斯康星州，并将这些冰带到芝加哥，以便猪肉包装工厂可以全年开放。
Narrator: Boosted by pork sales to the Union army in the Civil War, Chicago surpassed Cincinnati as Porkopolis by 1862.
旁白：在内战期间，由于向联邦军队出售猪肉，芝加哥在 1862 年超越辛辛那提成为波尔科波利斯。
Hogs from the Mid-West funneled into its Union Stockyards which opened Christmas Day 1865 and soon had 2,300 pens for 75,000 hogs.
来自中西部的生猪涌入联合牲畜饲养场，该牲畜饲养场于 1865 年圣诞节开放，很快就拥有了 2,300 个猪圈，可容纳 75,000 头生猪。
What they faced next was a process that would change American industry.And it smelled.
他们接下来面临的是一个将改变美国工业的过程。而且它闻起来很香。
Dominic Pacyga, Historian: The smell in the holding pens of course was incredible.
多米尼克·帕西加（Dominic Pacyga），历史学家：当然，围栏里的气味令人难以置信。
But the smell of the processing is what most people really remember.
但大多数人真正记得的是加工过程中的气味。
Because that processing smell is what permeated everything.
因为加工的气味弥漫在一切事物中。
My mother used to say that she'd never die of pneumonia because no germs could live in your lungs if you grew up in back of the yards I grew up in the back of the yards and the smell never really bothered me because it was always there.
我母亲曾经说过，她永远不会死于肺炎，因为如果你在院子后面长大，那么肺部就没有细菌可以生存。我在院子后面长大，这种气味从来没有真正困扰过我，因为它总是存在。
The first time I went out as a young boy, they took us out on a picnic to the country I got sick because I smelled fresh air.
当我还是个小男孩的时候，第一次出门时，他们带我们去乡下野餐，我因为闻到新鲜空气而生病了。
It was so strange.
太奇怪了。
Narrator: The Hereford wheel was invented in Cincinnati.
旁白：赫里福德轮是在辛辛那提发明的。
Chicago packers perfected it.
芝加哥包装工队完善了它。
Shackled by a hind leg, the hogs were lifted into the air.
猪被后腿拴住，被举到空中。
A sticker would then slit their throats .
然后一张贴纸就会割断他们的喉咙。
"They were so excessively alive, these pigs," poet Rudyard Kipling would write.
诗人拉迪亚德·吉卜林 (Rudyard Kipling) 会写道：“这些猪，它们太有活力了。”
"And then they were so excessively dead, and the man in the dripping, clammy, hot, passage did not seem to care, and ere the blood of...one had ceased to foam on the floor, another, and four friends with him, had shrieked and died."
“然后他们就死得很惨了，而那个在湿漉漉、又湿又热的通道里的人似乎并不在意，在……一个人的血在地板上停止泡沫之前，另一个人以及和他在一起的四个朋友尖叫着死了。”
Pacyga: When the Hereford wheel is introduced, the hog kill becomes the loudest kill in the packinghouses.
Pacyga：当赫里福德轮被引入后，屠宰生猪就成为了包装厂中最响亮的屠宰声。
Pigs are very intelligent.
猪非常聪明。
When that Hereford wheel grabbed them, they know something's going on.
当赫里福德轮抓住他们时，他们知道发生了什么事。
And they let out a blood curdling, incredible scream.
他们发出令人毛骨悚然、难以置信的尖叫声。
Narrator: From the kill to the cutlets, pork packing developed into a labor intensive, lightning fast disassembly line.
旁白：从宰杀到肉排，猪肉包装发展成为一条劳动密集型、闪电般快速的拆卸生产线。
Pacyga: In about 15 minutes, the hog goes through this process of passing about 125 or 150 people, depending on the packing house.
Pacyga：大约 15 分钟内，生猪会经过大约 125 或 150 个人，具体取决于包装厂。
And you've got, by the turn of the century, meatpacking houses in Chicago that are killing five, six thousand hogs a day.
到了世纪之交，芝加哥的肉类加工厂每天宰杀五六千头生猪。
Uh, which would be the whole week's kill in a previous generation.
呃，这将是上一代人整整一周的杀戮。
The largest run of hogs at the Union Stockyards was about 190,000 hogs in one day.
联合牲畜饲养场最大规模的一天生猪饲养量约为 190,000 头。
Narrator: The largest of the pork packers was Armour and Co., which shipped all over the world.
旁白：最大的猪肉包装商是 Armor and Co.，该公司将货物运往世界各地。
"I give more people food than any other man alive," Philip Armour told his sons.
“我给人们提供的食物比任何其他活着的人都多，”菲利普·阿莫告诉他的儿子们。
Miller: He has a pork-packing empire of global scope.
米勒：他拥有一个覆盖全球的猪肉包装帝国。
And he can keep in communication with it through the trans-Atlantic cable, which is laid in the 1860, telegraph line, and the telephone.
他可以通过1860铺设的跨大西洋电缆、电报线和电话与它保持联系。
So you can now run a globe -- a global industry.
所以你现在可以经营一个全球——一个全球性的行业。
And we always think of the great global industries as oil and steel, but the first of these great global industries is pork packing.
我们总是认为伟大的全球产业是石油和钢铁，但这些伟大的全球产业中的第一个是猪肉包装。
Narrator: Son of a farmer from Stockbridge, New York, Philip Armour was tossed out of school for taking a buggy ride with a girl.
旁白：菲利普·阿莫尔是纽约州斯托克布里奇一位农民的儿子，他因与一名女孩乘坐越野车而被学校开除。
He joined the gold rush in California and made enough to enter the grain and pork business in Milwaukee.
他参加了加利福尼亚州的淘金热，并赚了足够的钱进入密尔沃基的谷物和猪肉行业。
He poured his profits into a packing plant along side the Union Stock Yards.
他将利润投入到联合库存场旁边的一家包装厂。
And undermined packers like Gurdon Hubbard, who could not compete.
还有像格登·哈伯德这样的包装工，他们无法参与竞争。
Phillip Armour was all business.
菲利普·阿莫一事无成。
Miller: He'd get up in the morning, eat a simple breakfast, read all the reports, be in the office at 6:30 in the morning.
米勒：他早上起床，吃简单的早餐，阅读所有报告，早上 6:30 到办公室。
If you came in after 9 o'clock, he'd greet you with a booming "Good afternoon!" And he said, "Get there before 9 o'clock," he said, "before the guys with the polished nails get there." He said, "That's when the work gets done." And he was bouncing around from desk to desk, and he had his finger in every aspect of the business.
如果你九点以后进来，他会用洪亮的声音打招呼“下午好！”他说，“九点之前到那里，”他说，“在那些把指甲擦得锃亮的家伙到达那里之前。”他说：“到时候工作就完成了。”他在办公桌之间跳来跳去，涉足业务的各个方面。
And this was the business that made Chicago.
这就是芝加哥的商业。
This was what it was known for: "hog butcher of the world." And Armour was the epitomization of that sort of thing.
这就是它被称为“世界生猪屠夫”的原因。 Armor 就是这类事物的缩影。
Narrator: In Phillip Armour's Chicago "they did it straight," Norman Mailer would write.
旁白：在菲利普·阿莫尔的《芝加哥》中，诺曼·梅勒会写道，“他们直接做到了”。
"They cut the animals right out of their hearts -- which is why it was the last of the great American cities, and people had great faces, carnal as blood, greedy, direct, too impatient for hypocrisy, in love with honest plunder." The Chicago packing houses became the largest killing fields in the world.
“他们把动物从心里挖出来——这就是为什么它是美国最后一个伟大的城市，人们有着伟大的面孔，肉欲如血，贪婪，直接，对虚伪太不耐烦，热爱诚实的掠夺。”芝加哥包装厂成为世界上最大的屠宰场。
And Chicago's foremost tourist attraction.
也是芝加哥最重要的旅游景点。
A person could visit the grain elevators or lumberyards without pondering their meaning.
一个人可以参观谷物升降机或伐木场，而不用思考它们的意义。
Not the stockyards.
不是堆料场。
Here they realized the familiar world of the pig, the pasture and the butcher they knew was gone.
在这里，他们意识到熟悉的猪世界、牧场和屠夫都消失了。
Replaced by the cold-hearted mechanization of slaughter.
取而代之的是冷酷的机械化屠宰。
Dissection so complete that as Phillip Armour said "nothing was left but the squeal."
解剖如此彻底，正如菲利普·阿莫所说，“除了尖叫声，什么也没有留下。”
Cronon: And you wonder what it was that would make that an attractive thing for a tourist to see.
克罗农：你想知道是什么让这成为对游客有吸引力的东西。
And yet this was new.
但这是新的。
This was the modern.
这就是现代的。
This was the Industrial Revolution at its most dramatic, its starkest.
这是工业革命最戏剧性、最残酷的时期。
And I think people went there both to be repelled by it, both to be horrified, on the one hand, but also to wonder at what this age had accomplished, and what was happening to the world as a result.
我认为人们去那里一方面是为了被它排斥，一方面是为了感到震惊，另一方面也是为了想知道这个时代所取得的成就，以及世界因此而发生的事情。
Narrator: The disassembly line repelled novelist Upton Sinclair.
旁白：拆解线令小说家厄普顿·辛克莱感到厌恶。
"One could not stand and watch very long without becoming philosophical," he wrote in The Jungle, "without beginning ...to hear the hog-squeal of the universe." It intrigued Henry Ford.
他在《丛林》中写道：“一个人如果不变得有哲理，就无法忍受观看很长时间，”如果不开始……听到宇宙的尖叫声。这引起了亨利·福特的兴趣。
In the disassembly line of the Chicago packers, he wrote in his autobiography, he found the inspiration for the assembly line for his Model T.
他在自传中写道，在芝加哥包装工队的拆解线上，他找到了 T 型车装配线的灵感。
Chicago developed as a trading center, a cross roads between producers and buyers.
芝加哥发展成为贸易中心，是生产者和买家之间的十字路口。
At first they traded what was present in the city.
起初，他们交易城里现有的东西。
Hogs were bought and sold at the Union Stock Yards.
生猪在联合畜栏买卖。
Grain traders developed a Board of Trade where they bought and sold receipts for grain deposited in the elevators by the river.
谷物商人建立了一个贸易委员会，在那里他们买卖存放在河边电梯里的谷物的收据。
A telegraph in the trading room gave New York buyers instant market reports.
交易室里的一台电报机向纽约买家提供即时市场报告。
They bought grain in the elevators for future delivery.
他们在电梯里购买谷物以备将来运送。
Speculators then developed a future's market.
然后投机者开发了期货市场。
A buyer in New York could buy for future delivery Chicago hogs or grain that did not yet exist.
纽约的买家可以购买芝加哥生猪或尚不存在的谷物以备将来交割。
It was a market not in hogs but in the future price of hogs.
这不是生猪市场，而是生猪未来价格的市场。
One bought or sold not wheat or corn but gambled on their prices at a future date.
人们不买卖小麦或玉米，而是对未来某个日期的价格进行赌博。
As one historian explained, the futures market was a place where "men who don't own something are selling that something to men who don't really want it."
正如一位历史学家所解释的那样，期货市场是一个“不拥有某物的人将其出售给并不真正想要它的人”的地方。
Cronon: Go to the Chicago Board of Trade today, and you will see one of the most extraordinary monuments to world capitalism that you can see anywhere on earth.
克罗农：今天去芝加哥期货交易所，您将看到地球上任何地方都能看到的世界资本主义最非凡的纪念碑之一。
It's an amazing scene.
这是一个令人惊奇的场景。
What'll be happening down on that floor are people buying and selling commodities and products from ecosystems and economies all over the world, setting prices that determine the future for people all over the world, and yet you look at it and you don't have a clue, all the elements that are coming together there.
在那一层楼将发生的事情是，人们买卖来自世界各地生态系统和经济体的商品和产品，设定的价格决定了世界各地人们的未来，但你看着它，却没有任何线索，所有的元素都聚集在那里。
It is where the world connects in the modern age, and it is where that connection is rendered invisible in the modern age.
这是现代世界联系在一起的地方，也是现代世界这种联系变得不可见的地方。
Narrator: Cholera came into the United States in 1849 through the port of New Orleans and crept up the Mississippi, the Illinois River, and the canal -- toward Chicago.
旁白：霍乱于 1849 年通过新奥尔良港进入美国，并沿着密西西比河、伊利诺伊河和运河向芝加哥蔓延。
Keating: It's a devastating disease.
基廷：这是一种毁灭性的疾病。
And it's very difficult to watch someone with cholera because they become violently ill and often die within hours.
观察患有霍乱的人是非常困难的，因为他们病情严重，并且常常在几小时内死亡。
Miller: Someone described the first attack as like getting hit in the back with a pick-axe.
米勒：有人形容第一次攻击就像被镐斧击中背部一样。
Boom and you're down.
繁荣，你就垮了。
Narrator: Businessmen faced pressure to close the canal.
旁白：商人面临着关闭运河的压力。
Duis: The argument held that the economic consequences that would result if the canal shut down would be really terrible.
杜伊斯：争论认为，如果运河关闭，所造成的经济后果将是非常可怕的。
And so cholera arrived with a canal boat in 1849.
1849 年，霍乱随着一艘运河船到来。
Narrator: For the next six years cholera came on lake schooners bringing immigrants from the East.
旁白：在接下来的六年里，霍乱袭击了从东方带来移民的湖帆船。
And on trains.
还有火车上。
A German wrote of his train being stoned.
一名德国人写到他的火车被投石砸死。
Cholera, it was believed, was spread by filthy water and noxious fumes -- "death fogs" -- produced by exposed sewage.
人们相信，霍乱是通过污水和暴露的污水产生的有毒烟雾（“死亡雾”）传播的。
Gutters ran with filth, an editor thundered, "at which the very swine turn up their noses in supreme disgust."
一位编辑怒吼道，排水沟里满是污物，“连猪都对此嗤之以鼻”。
Cronon: Chicago started in a swamp.
克罗农：芝加哥是从一片沼泽开始的。
It started in the most unlikely of locations, where you never would have chosen to build a city if you had any choice about it at all.
它始于最不可能的地点，如果你有任何选择，你永远不会选择建造一座城市。
But once this growth happens, once all these railroad lines are pointed toward this location, once all this capital has rearranged geography in the way that it does, there is such an enormous incentive to make this site work, come hell or high water.
但一旦这种增长发生，一旦所有这些铁路线都指向这个地点，一旦所有这些资本都以这种方式重新安排地理，就会有巨大的动力让这个地点正常运转，无论是地狱还是高潮。
Narrator: The city hired Ellis Chesbrough from Boston, one of the best sanitary engineers in the country.
旁白：该市聘请了来自波士顿的埃利斯·切斯布鲁（Ellis Chesbrough），他是全国最好的卫生工程师之一。
He built sewers above the swampy ground so waste could flow by gravity into the river.
他在沼泽地上修建了下水道，这样废物就可以通过重力流入河流。
Chesbrough then dredged the river and used the fill to raise the ground level 10 feet.
切斯布鲁随后疏浚了河流，并使用填充物将地面高度提高了 10 英尺。
The challenge then was to raise the buildings.
当时的挑战是建造建筑物。
For that he turned to George Mortimer Pullman.
为此，他求助于乔治·莫蒂默·普尔曼。
Son of a carpenter, Pullman dropped out of school after the fourth grade and apprenticed as a cabinetmaker.
普尔曼是木匠的儿子，四年级后辍学，成为一名细木工学徒。
In the early 1850s he moved to Rochester and perfected a system of moving buildings when the Erie Canal was widened by jacking them up.
1850 年代初期，他搬到罗切斯特，并在伊利运河通过顶起拓宽建筑物时完善了移动建筑物的系统。
George Pullman would jack up Chicago.
乔治·普尔曼会提升芝加哥。
Louis Cain, Historian: The Pullman method was to put the foundation of the building on jacks that could be turned.
路易斯·凯恩，历史学家：普尔曼的方法是将建筑物的地基放在可以转动的千斤顶上。
Each individual would be responsible for, let's say, four jacks, and would give each one a quarter turn at a time.
假设每个人负责四个千斤顶，并且一次给每个人四分之一圈。
You might have 1000 jacks around the base of a big building, and 250 men, blow a whistle and they'd all turn one of those a quarter turn or an eighth of a turn or something.
你可能在一座大建筑物的底部有 1000 个千斤顶，还有 250 个男人，只要吹响口哨，他们就会将其中一个旋转四分之一圈或八分之一圈或类似的东西。
And little by little they would jack up the building.
他们会一点一点地把大楼顶起来。
And other people would be putting bricks in around, to shore up the foundation.
其他人会在周围砌砖，以加固地基。
Narrator: As hotels were raised, diners enjoyed without interruption -- broiled Lake Michigan white fish a la Maitre d'Hotel Chateau Lafitte with their Mutton au Jus was $5 a quart.
旁白：随着酒店的兴起，食客们不间断地享受着拉菲特城堡酒店的烤密歇根湖白鱼和羊肉汁，价格为每夸脱 5 美元。
Studs Terkel, Writer: Chicago, the city, was mud.
作家斯塔兹·特克尔（Studs Terkel）：芝加哥这座城市是泥泞的。
It was mud.
那是泥土。
But they did it, they hoisted it, and they moved houses.
但他们做到了，他们把它吊起来，他们搬了房子。
It was mud.
那是泥土。
I remember interviewing some old woman, she was about 98 when I interviewed her, about 35 years ago, so she remembers the mud and walking on the wooden walks and the junk and the effluvium and everything that was there on the ground.
我记得采访过一位老妇人，大约 35 年前，我采访她时她已经 98 岁了，所以她记得泥土、走在木板路上、垃圾、恶臭以及地上的一切。
Narrator: The sewers worked as planned - draining waste from the city into the river.
旁白：下水道按计划运行——将城市的废物排入河流。
There it mixed with waste from the stockyards which flowed into a tributary of the South Branch known as Bubbly Creek from the carbolic acid which rose from discarded, decaying animal parts.
在那里，它与来自牲畜场的废物混合在一起，这些废物从废弃、腐烂的动物部位中产生的石炭酸流入南支流的一条支流，称为气泡溪。
Mililer: One of the McCormicks writes to the old man, who's in Paris trying to sell his reapers.
米利勒：麦考密克一家的一位老人写信给在巴黎试图出售他的收割机的老人。
"Pop," he said, "I was up at Clark Street Bridge, and I'm looking, and the river's scarlet." [laughs] Imagine that.
“爸爸，”他说，“我在克拉克街大桥上，我正在看，河水是猩红色的。” [笑]想象一下。
There's heads of pigs in the river, and things like that.
河里有猪头之类的东西。
And--and this is what's flowing out into the lake.
这就是流入湖中的水。
Narrator: The lake was Chicago's water supply, and it already had problems.
旁白：这个湖是芝加哥的供水系统，它已经出现了问题。
Cain: The intake was not well-filtered at the time, minnows would get into the water system, and you could turn on the tap and have a fish fall out.
凯恩：当时的进水口没有经过很好的过滤，小鱼会进入水系统，你可以打开水龙头，有一条鱼掉出来。
There is a line, in one of the books at the time, describing bathing as a piscatorial pastime.
当时的一本书中有一句话将沐浴描述为一种渔业消遣。
There is a conviction of one Chicago liquor dealer for watering his booze when a pickled minnow was found in the whiskey.
一名芝加哥酒类经销商因在威士忌中发现腌制的米诺鱼而给他的酒加水而被定罪。
Narrator: Chesbrough was hired to develop a new water system.
旁白：切斯布鲁受雇开发新的供水系统。
Clean water from the lake bottom would pour into intakes under a crib two miles into Lake Michigan.
来自湖底的干净水将流入密歇根湖两英里处的婴儿床下的进水口。
It would flow by gravity through a tunnel 30 feet below the lake to a pumping station.
它会依靠重力通过湖下 30 英尺的隧道流到泵站。
Then up the 138 foot pipe of a new water tower from which it would flow into the city's water mains.
然后沿着一座新水塔 138 英尺长的管道向上流入城市的供水总管。
Immigrants were hoisted down shafts to work 16 hour shifts under Lake Michigan.
移民被吊下竖井，在密歇根湖下轮班工作 16 小时。
It was at the time the longest tunnel excavation in history.
这是当时历史上最长的隧道挖掘。
A contemporary wrote: "To the timid the situation would be a horrible one.
一位同时代人写道：“对于胆怯的人来说，情况将是可怕的。
The thought that Lake Michigan had broken in ...
密歇根湖已经侵入的想法......
and would bury them in the deep grave dug by their own hands...would drive them mad.
会把他们埋进自己亲手挖的深坟里……会让他们发疯。
They would imagine the earth caving in on them and engulfing them in a living tomb.
他们想象着大地塌陷，将他们吞没在一座活坟墓里。
They would conjure up demons in the darkness and see horrible shapes in the smoke of the lamps....If all the people of Chicago had been of this sort," he wrote, "we should have drank foul water all our days.
他们会在黑暗中召唤出恶魔，在灯光的烟雾中看到可怕的形状……如果所有芝加哥人都是这样的，”他写道，“我们就该整天喝脏水了。
"Chicago's mayor called the tunnel "the wonder of America and the world." When the floodgates of the crib were opened in 1867, a reporter for Harper's Weekly wrote, "the water went down with a roar of an infant Niagara." The water project never worked.
“芝加哥市长称这条隧道为“美国和世界的奇迹”。 1867 年，当婴儿床的闸门打开时，《哈珀周刊》的一位记者写道：“水随着婴儿尼亚加拉瀑布的轰鸣声而下。”供水工程从未成功。
Spring rains washed sewage two miles out into the lake -- right into the water intakes.
春雨将污水冲入两英里外的湖中——直接进入进水口。
Chesbrough would have another chance.
切斯布鲁还有另一次机会。
Miller: Chesbrough says, "The way we're going to solve this thing is to do something nobody's ever done in the history of the world.
米勒：切斯布鲁说，“我们解决这个问题的方法是做一些世界历史上从未有人做过的事情。
We're going to tell a river to go where God didn't want it to go.
我们要告诉一条河流流向上帝不希望它流向的地方。
We're going to send it another way.
我们将以另一种方式发送。
We're going to reverse the damn thing." And everyone thought, "Ah, little cuckoo here." But he did it.
我们要扭转这该死的局面。”每个人都想：“啊，这里是小杜鹃。”但他做到了。
Narrator: To reverse the river's flow, the canal was deepened to eliminate locks that raised boats to the height of land.
旁白：为了扭转河水的流动，运河被加深，以消除将船只提升到陆地高度的船闸。
The river would no longer flow east into Lake Michigan but west from the lake into the canal and down to the Illinois River.
这条河将不再向东流入密歇根湖，而是从密歇根湖向西流入运河，然后流入伊利诺伊河。
When the project was completed, straw was thrown on the river.
工程完成后，稻草被扔到河里。
At first it appeared to head east toward the lake.
起初它似乎向东朝湖边移动。
Slowly it began to head west toward the canal and the Illinois River and the Mississippi.
慢慢地，它开始向西流向运河、伊利诺伊河和密西西比河。
Businessmen honored Chesbrough for "purifying the river without interfering" with the city's business or its "unparalleled growth."
商人们称赞切斯布鲁“净化了河流而不干扰”城市的商业或其“无与伦比的增长”。
Miller: And that's the beauty of Chesbrough to the city fathers.
米勒：对于城市之父来说，这就是切斯布鲁的美丽之处。
He comes in.
他进来了。
Technology will solve it.
技术会解决它。
Technology will solve it.
技术会解决它。
He's feted at banquets because he allows Chicago to grow without changing anybody's behavior, without controlling any of the economic interests who are dumping in the river.
他受到宴会的款待，因为他允许芝加哥在不改变任何人行为、不控制任何倾倒在河里的经济利益的情况下发展。
And they can continue to use that river as a sewer, and send that garbage down-river toward less powerful and complaining canal towns.
他们可以继续使用那条河作为下水道，并将垃圾沿着河流输送到实力较弱且抱怨不断的运河城镇。
Narrator: "The stench has been almost unendurable," wrote a downstream resident.
旁白：“臭气熏天，简直难以忍受。”一位下游居民写道。
"What right has Chicago to...reduce the value of property and bring sickness and death to the citizens?" Chicago's elite cared just as little about its own population.The half that were immigrants, Germans who came to Chicago beginning in the 1850s, brought their old world traditions with them.
“芝加哥有什么权利……降低财产价值并给公民带来疾病和死亡？”芝加哥的精英阶层同样不关心自己的人口。其中一半是移民，即从 1850 年代开始来到芝加哥的德国人，他们带来了旧世界的传统。
They enjoyed lager beer at Sunday picnics after church.
他们在礼拜后的周日野餐中享用了啤酒。
Miller: They'd bring their kids.
米勒：他们会带着孩子来。
They had the oompah bands, their picnics, their athletic contests, Sunday out in Ogden Park on the north side of Chicago.
周日，他们在芝加哥北部的奥格登公园举办了 Oumah 乐队、野餐和体育比赛。
They did everything together.
他们一起做所有事情。
None of these standup Irish saloons.
这些独立的爱尔兰酒吧都不是。
Typical way for an Irishman to drink is to go to the saloon, order a whiskey, and stand there till he's perpendicularly drunk.
爱尔兰人喝酒的典型方式是去酒吧点一杯威士忌，然后站在那里直到喝得酩酊大醉。
And then he falls on the ground.
然后他倒在了地上。
And then you go home.
然后你就回家了。
It's an escape, the whole idea of a bracer after work.
这是一种逃避，是下班后的精神支柱。
What are you bracing for?
你准备做什么？
Face the family.
面对家人。
This is a different tradition, the German tradition.
这是一个不同的传统，德国的传统。
This is the America of the 6-day work week.
这就是每周工作 6 天的美国。
And this is their only chance for leisure.
这是他们唯一的休闲机会。
On the other hand, they drink on Sunday, okay, the Sabbath.
另一方面，他们在周日，好吧，安息日喝酒。
Narrator: In 1855 Chicagoans elected Dr. Levi Boone mayor on an anti-immigrant ticket.
旁白：1855 年，芝加哥人以反移民的立场选举列维·布恩 (Levi Boone) 博士为市长。
A descendant of Daniel Boone, Dr. Boone had been a city physician during the cholera epidemic -- which he blamed on immigrants.
布恩医生是丹尼尔·布恩的后裔，他曾在霍乱流行期间担任城市医生，他将霍乱归咎于移民。
As mayor he banned drinking on Sundays -- a slap at the Germans.
作为市长，他禁止周日饮酒——这是对德国人的一记耳光。
To curb Irish drinking, he raised the license fee on saloons from 50 to 300 dollars.
为了遏制爱尔兰人饮酒，他将酒吧执照费从 50 美元提高到 300 美元。
He allowed the native born to enjoy their whiskey in private clubs.
他允许土生土长的人在私人俱乐部享用威士忌。
William Adelman, Historian: Mayor Boone was afraid, with the Irish saloons and the German beer gardens, that these would be, and they were, meeting places for the workers.
威廉·阿德尔曼，历史学家：布恩市长担心爱尔兰的酒吧和德国的啤酒花园会成为工人的聚会场所。
This was the time they talked politics, where they talked over their grievances against the city and what was going on.
这是他们谈论政治的时候，他们谈论对这座城市的不满以及正在发生的事情。
And so, it wasn't just the outlawing of the beer, it was the outlawing of freedom of speech, their chances to get together.
因此，这不仅仅是禁止啤酒，还禁止言论自由和他们聚会的机会。
Narrator: On the day that violators of Mayor Boone's law were being tried, hundreds of Germans, joined by some Irish, ran across the bridges from their neighborhood north of the river and charged City Hall.
旁白：在对违反市长布恩法律的人进行审判的那天，数百名德国人和一些爱尔兰人一起从河以北的社区跑过桥梁，冲向市政厅。
The Mayor ordered the swing bridges opened to keep a second wave from crossing the river.
市长下令打开平转桥，以防止第二波浪潮过河。
Germans caught on the bridges became sitting ducks for the police.
在桥上被抓的德国人成了警察的靶子。
The Lager Beer riot of 1855 was short lived.
1855 年的拉格啤酒骚乱是短暂的。
So was the term of Mayor Levi Boone.
利维·布恩市长的任期也是如此。
For the rest of the 19th Century, the Protestant elite would be hostile to the customs of immigrants.
在 19 世纪余下的时间里，新教精英对移民的习俗充满敌意。
But no mayor ever succeeded in closing the saloons.
但没有一位市长成功地关闭了酒吧。
The native born suffered the Germans.
土生土长的人遭受了德国人的苦难。
The Irish fared worse.In the election of 1860 anti-Irish sentiments reached a peak.
爱尔兰人的情况更糟。1860 年的选举中，反爱尔兰情绪达到了顶峰。
Gurdon Hubbard ran for Alderman in the Seventh Ward, "Vote for Hubbard and the whole Republican ticket," a handbill reminded voters.
格登·哈伯德在第七选区竞选市议员，“投票给哈伯德和整个共和党选票，”一份传单提醒选民。
"One more victory in the noble Seventh and the Celts will never peep again." A newspaper taunted, "Scratch a convict or a pauper and the chances are that you tickle the skin of an Irish Catholic.
“在高贵的第七队再取得一场胜利，凯尔特人将永远不会再偷看。”一份报纸嘲讽道：“抓伤罪犯或乞丐，很可能会挠到爱尔兰天主教徒的皮肤。
Studs: The Irish were the blacks of the time.
种马：爱尔兰人是当时的黑人。
The Irish were considered less than others.
爱尔兰人被认为比其他人低等。
Irish were known as lazy, as drunk, as promiscuous, same thing said about African Americans was said about the Irish.
爱尔兰人被认为是懒惰、酗酒、滥交，同样的说法也适用于非裔美国人和爱尔兰人。
And so, the phrase, very often, in newspapers: No Irish need apply.
因此，报纸上经常出现这样一句话：爱尔兰人不需要适用。
Green: No one wanted to live in an Irish neighborhood.
格林：没有人愿意住在爱尔兰社区。
Free blacks would move out of the neighborhood if the Irish moved in.
如果爱尔兰人搬进来，自由黑人就会搬出这个社区。
I mean, it was they were the discriminated group in the city of Chicago, without any question.
我的意思是，毫无疑问，他们是芝加哥市的受歧视群体。
Narrator: The most strident anti-Irish newspaper in Chicago was the Tribune .
旁白：芝加哥最尖锐的反爱尔兰报纸是《论坛报》。
Joseph Medill, a publisher from Cleveland, bought the Tribune in 1855, at the height of Irish immigration.
来自克利夫兰的出版商约瑟夫·梅迪尔 (Joseph Medill) 于 1855 年爱尔兰移民高峰时期买下了《论坛报》。
He would become the city's most influential editor, the voice for the Protestant elite against the immigrants.
他将成为该市最有影响力的编辑，代表新教精英反对移民。
Miller: Later on he says, "You know what we ought to do with a lot of these immigrants, especially the ones who are impoverished and walking around the streets?
米勒：后来他说：“你知道我们应该如何对待这些移民，尤其是那些贫困流落街头的移民？
Put strychnine in their food.
将马钱子碱放入食物中。
He said, "dress every pole in Chicago with an Irishman." He said, "Hang them from them." He said, "That's what we ought to do." And he's saying this stuff in public.
他说，“芝加哥的每一根柱子都由爱尔兰人装饰。”他说：“把它们挂起来。”他说：“这就是我们应该做的。”他在公开场合说这些话。
Narrator: In 1870 Potter Palmer at age 44 married the 21 year-old daughter of a real estate magnate from Louisville, Kentucky, Bertha Honore.
旁白：1870 年，44 岁的波特·帕尔默与来自肯塔基州路易斯维尔的房地产大亨贝莎·奥诺雷 (Bertha Honore) 21 岁的女儿结婚。
He first noticed her shopping with her mother in his Lake Street store when she was 13.
当她 13 岁的时候，他第一次注意到她和母亲在他的湖街商店购物。
She now said she would be satisfied to be the wife of an innkeeper.
她现在说，做一个旅店老板的妻子她就很满足了。
The "inn" was the Palmer House, an eight-story hotel nearing completion on State St., the tallest building in the city, and with 225 rooms, one of the largest hotels in the country.
这家“旅馆”是帕尔默大厦 (Palmer House)，这是一座即将竣工的八层旅馆，位于州街 (State St.)，是该市最高的建筑，拥有 225 间客房，是全国最大的旅馆之一。
Palmer billed it as the only fireproof hotel in America.
帕尔默称其为美国唯一一家防火酒店。
He imported chandeliers and candelabra from France and staffed the hotel, he announced with pride, with several hundred smartly uniformed Negroes.
他自豪地宣布，他从法国进口了枝形吊灯和烛台，并在酒店配备了数百名穿着漂亮制服的黑人。
The Palmer House was Potter Palmer's wedding gift to Bertha.
帕尔默之家是波特·帕尔默送给伯莎的结婚礼物。
They would make it their in-town residence.
他们将把它作为他们在城里的住所。
Neil Harris, Historian: Hotels were a symbol of urbanity in late 19th-century America.
尼尔·哈里斯 (Neil Harris)，历史学家：酒店是 19 世纪末美国都市生活的象征。
And I think the Palmer House is one of a whole series of Chicago hotels that brought the city reputation.
我认为帕尔默之家酒店是为这座城市带来声誉的一系列芝加哥酒店之一。
Reputation is spread by travelers quite a lot, and it's the public facilities of the city, the railroad stations, the hotels, that would supply a lot of the reputation that they spread.
声誉是通过旅行者传播的，而城市的公共设施、火车站、酒店，将为他们传播的声誉提供大量的支持。
Narrator: The years after the Civil War were boom years.
旁白：内战后的几年是繁荣时期。
In 1871, more vessels arrived in Chicago than any other city in America.
1871 年，抵达芝加哥的船只比美国任何其他城市都多。
More than 270 lumber boats every 12 hours.
每 12 小时就有超过 270 艘伐木船。
Ships heading for Bridgeport passed thirteen miles of docks and 24 swing bridges."As soon as the bridge closes, the impatient crowd rushes madly on," wrote journalist Noah Brooks, "giving a stranger the impression they are an active race, given to gymnastics and slightly crazed." In less than forty years Chicago had grown from a fur trading post to a metropolis of 300,000.
驶向布里奇波特的船只经过 13 英里长的码头和 24 座平转桥。记者诺亚·布鲁克斯 (Noah Brooks) 写道：“桥梁一关闭，不耐烦的人群就疯狂地冲过去，给陌生人留下他们是一场活跃的比赛、热衷于体操、略显疯狂的印象。”在不到四十年的时间里，芝加哥从一个毛皮贸易站发展成为一个拥有 30 万人口的大都市。
In 1871, a popular writer called this growth "one of the most amazing things in the history of civilization." The colony Joliet had foreseen had come to command the continent.
1871年，一位受欢迎的作家称这种增长为“文明史上最令人惊奇的事情之一”。乔利埃特预见到的殖民地已经开始统治这片大陆。
By October of that year Chicago had suffered one of the worst droughts in memory -- only an inch of rain since July 4th.
那年 10 月，芝加哥遭遇了记忆中最严重的干旱之一——自 7 月 4 日以来降雨量只有一英寸。
Every day for a week the fire bell rang from the Court House.
一周以来，法院每天都响起火警铃声。
The fire department was exhausted.On the evening of October 8th, a strong wind from the prairies blew across the forest of shanties and mills at the southwest corner of the city.
消防队已经筋疲力尽。 10月8日晚，来自草原的一阵强风吹过城市西南角的棚屋和磨坊森林。
Bertha Palmer looked out the window of her country estate and saw a lurid orange and yellow curtain hanging in the night sky.
伯莎·帕尔默 (Bertha Palmer) 向乡村庄园的窗外望去，看到夜空中悬挂着一道鲜艳的橙色和黄色窗帘。
The fire started around 9 at night in the barn of Mrs. Catherine O'Leary, a 38 year old woman who ran a dairy business.
火灾于晚上 9 点左右在凯瑟琳·奥利里 (Catherine O'Leary) 夫人的谷仓起火，她是一名 38 岁的妇女，经营一家乳制品企业。
Within hours a rumor spread that Mrs. O'Leary brought a lantern to the barn, and a cow kicked it over.
几个小时内，谣言就传开了，说奥利里夫人把灯笼带到谷仓，结果一头牛把它踢翻了。
The fire tore through a block of shanties on the West Side.
大火烧毁了西区的一片棚屋。
Flaming timbers were blown toward the South Branch of the river.
燃烧的木材被吹向河南支流。
At furniture factories.
在家具厂。
And grain elevators.
还有谷物升降机。
People began to panic.
人们开始恐慌。
"Wretched females implored spectators to help them with their burden of bed quilts, cane-bottomed chairs and iron kettles," a reporter observed.
一名记者观察到，“可怜的女性恳求观众帮助她们拿走被子、藤椅和铁水壶。”
"All was confusion." Before midnight the fire leaped over the South Branch of the river and hit the gasworks.
“一切都很混乱。”午夜前，大火越过河南支流，袭击了煤气厂。
The greasy river itself went up in flames.
油腻的河流本身也着火了。
O'Gorman: If you examine the waterfront along the river, you had things like, you know, five wooden buildings, a paint factory, a turpentine making plant, you know, dry goods, throw in like four or five lumber yards.
奥戈尔曼：如果你检查沿河的滨水区，你会发现，你知道，有五栋木制建筑、一家油漆厂、一家松节油制造厂，还有干货，还有四五个木材场。
It was an accident waiting to happen.
这是一场等待发生的事故。
Cronon: This is a city that had been made out of the pine trees that had been cut in the north woods.
克罗农：这是一座由北方森林中砍伐的松树建造而成的城市。
And so those trees now turned into buildings, sitting there in an arid landscape in a period of drought, with high winds moving across the prairies.
因此，这些树现在变成了建筑物，坐落在干旱时期的干旱景观中，大风吹过草原。
Yeah, there's something inevitable about a fire like that burning, and totally predictable.
是的，像这样的火灾是不可避免的，而且完全可以预见。
Narrator: The fire raced for the heart of the city.
旁白：火势向市中心蔓延。
For the courthouse where cascading sparks made it seem as if the city were hit by an "illuminated snowstorm".
对于法院大楼来说，瀑布般的火花让这座城市看起来像是被一场“照亮的暴风雪”袭击了。
A bell tolling to the end crashed through the ruins.
一声终了的钟声响彻废墟。
It struck the Briggs Hotel which George Pullman had jacked out of the mud; Marshall Field's sparkling marble store; Joseph Medill's Tribune Building; even the fireproof Palmer House.
它击中了乔治·普尔曼从泥里挖出来的布里格斯酒店；马歇尔菲尔德闪闪发光的大理石商店；约瑟夫·梅迪尔的论坛报大楼；甚至防火的帕尔默之家。
Within minutes most of Chicago's landmark buildings were gone.
几分钟之内，芝加哥的大部分地标建筑都消失了。
The janitor at the Board of Trade saw it coming.
贸易委员会的看门人预见到了它的到来。
Christopher Reed, Historian: He took care of his family first and then he rushed to the Board of Trade, to the vault, pulled out as many records as he could, to save them, and he became one of the saviors of the Board of Trade.
历史学家克里斯托弗·里德（Christopher Reed）：他先照顾好家人，然后冲到贸易委员会，冲到金库，尽可能多地拿出记录，拯救它们，他成为贸易委员会的救世主之一。
Narrator: A portrait of Frank Hudlin, the janitor, later adorned the Board's Hall of Fame.
旁白：看门人弗兰克·哈德林的肖像后来装饰在委员会的名人堂上。
Terrified crowds fled north toward the river.
惊恐的人群向北逃往河边。
Cain: There's a lot of curious things about the fire.
该隐：关于火灾有很多奇怪的事情。
You have these old wooden sidewalks.
你有这些古老的木制人行道。
They're there to protect people from the mud.
他们的作用是保护人们免受泥泞的侵害。
The leaves are underneath and you have this wooden cover over there, and you have a wind coming underneath, which whipped the fire up very quickly.
树叶在下面，那边有一个木盖，下面有风吹来，很快就会把火吹起来。
And so when the fire picks up, you have essentially an oven that's in the wooden sidewalks.
因此，当火势增大时，木制人行道上实际上就有一个烤箱。
Narrator: Bridges to the North Side, cluttered by horses and wagons, became impassable.
旁白：通往北区的桥梁挤满了马匹和马车，无法通行。
Burning wood was blown across the river and landed in a railroad car carrying kerosene.
燃烧的木头被吹过河，落在运载煤油的火车车厢里。
Miller: The scariest thing about the fire was the wind that the fire created.
米勒：火灾中最可怕的是火灾产生的风。
Convection whirls they were called.
它们被称为对流涡旋。
They spin and spin and spin, and-and-and you get this-this rising hot air, and cool air going in there and...creating a tornado effect.
它们旋转、旋转、旋转，然后——你会得到这个——上升的热空气，冷空气进入那里……产生龙卷风效应。
And then these tornadoes would come and they'd hit a building, and it would give them this spin, and they could take the roof off a building and deposit it a quarter of a mile away.
然后这些龙卷风会来，它们会击中建筑物，这会给它们带来旋转，它们可以将建筑物的屋顶取下并存放在四分之一英里之外。
And that's how the fire spread.
火就是这样蔓延的。
Narrator: A burning timber tore through the pump house roof.
旁白：一根燃烧的木材撕裂了泵房的屋顶。
The fire spread in all directions devouring 11 blocks in an hour.
火势向四面八方蔓延，一小时内吞噬了 11 个街区。
The McCormick mansion was destroyed along with the more modest homes of the Germans.
麦考密克宅邸和德国人较为简陋的房屋一起被摧毁。
The McCormicks camped on the prairie, a contemporary noted, next to the "lowliest vagabond and the meanest harlot.""The wind was like a tornado, and I held fast to my little ones, " one woman remembered...I thought the day of judgment had come." She huddled in the emptied graves of a cemetery being converted to Lincoln Park.
一位同时代人指出，麦考密克一家在草原上扎营，旁边是“最卑鄙的流浪汉和最卑鄙的妓女”。“风就像龙卷风，我紧紧抓住我的孩子们，”一位女士回忆道……我以为审判的日子已经到来。”她蜷缩在一座被改建为林肯公园的墓地的空坟墓里。
Throughout the night thousands remained trapped by the lake north of the river near William Ogden's lumberyards.
整个晚上，数千人仍被困在威廉·奥格登伐木场附近的河以北的湖中。
At dawn the lumberyard burst into flames.
黎明时分，木材场突然起火。
Then Ogden's railroad.
然后是奥格登的铁路。
McCormick's Reaper Works.
麦考密克的收割者作品。
South of the river, the Illinois Central terminals.
河以南是伊利诺伊州中央码头。
The sun disappeared.
太阳消失了。
"Such a scene of horror and terror ...I cannot make you imagine," one woman trapped by the lake would write.
“如此恐怖的场面……我无法让你想象，”一名被困在湖中的妇女写道。
"The wind increased, straw blew, feather beds and blankets blazed and even the people were on fire." She told her husband she would rather he drown her than let her burn to death.
“风势加大，稻草吹起，羽毛床和毯子着火，甚至连人都着火了。”她告诉她的丈夫，她宁愿他淹死她，也不愿让她被烧死。
The Chicago fire of 1871 was one of the great urban catastrophes of modern times.
1871 年的芝加哥火灾是现代最大的城市灾难之一。
More than 73 miles of streets and 17,000 buildings were destroyed.100,000 people, one third of the population, were homeless.
超过 73 英里的街道和 17,000 座建筑物被毁。10 万人（占人口三分之一）无家可归。
125 bodies were recovered.
已找到 125 具尸体。
Many others were vaporized or drowned and never found.
还有许多人被蒸发或淹死而从未被发现。
The investments of two founding fathers, William Butler Odgen and Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, were in ruins.
两位创始人威廉·巴特勒·奥德根 (William Butler Odgen) 和格登·索尔顿斯托尔·哈伯德 (Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard) 的投资已化为泡影。
Tribune editor Joseph Medill was undaunted.
论坛报编辑约瑟夫·梅迪尔毫不畏惧。
Keating: It's saying to people outside of Chicago, keep sending your money, don't call in your debts right now, you'll get your money back.
基廷：这对芝加哥以外的人来说，继续寄钱，现在不要追讨债务，你会收回你的钱。
And it's also saying to the people who live in Chicago, stay.
它还对居住在芝加哥的人们说，留下来。
Don't go to Iowa, don't go to St. Louis, don't go to Milwaukee.
不要去爱荷华州，不要去圣路易斯，不要去密尔沃基。
There'll be jobs here soon.
这里很快就会有工作机会。
There are already a lot of jobs.
已经有很多工作岗位了。
Pacyga: Chicago boomers and boosters are on trains the next day going out to the East coast saying, "Hey, this is a great place to invest.
帕西加：芝加哥婴儿潮一代和支持者第二天就坐火车前往东海岸，说：“嘿，这是一个投资的好地方。
We're not broke; we just had a little fire.
我们并没有破产；我们刚刚生了一点火。
Narrator: In New York to buy new presses, the Tribune's publisher William Bross exhorted investors.
旁白：在纽约购买新印刷机时，《论坛报》的出版商威廉·布罗斯劝告投资者。
"Help establish Chicago on a scale more gigantic and more profitable than ever before," he bellowed.
“帮助芝加哥建立比以往任何时候都更大规模、更有利可图的城市，”他吼道。
"You will never again have such a chance to make money." The optimism didn't last.
“你再也不会有这样赚钱的机会了。”乐观情绪并没有持续下去。
A month later the editor of The Nation asked Frederick Law Olmsted, in Chicago to build a park, to report on the devastation.
一个月后，《国家报》的编辑要求芝加哥的弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德建造一个公园，报告这次破坏情况。
"For a time men were unreasonably cheerful and hopeful," Olmsted wrote.
“有一段时间，人们异常高兴和充满希望，”奥姆斯特德写道。
"Now this stage appears to have passed." No one could yet see, he added, "how the city is to recover from this blow."
“现在这个阶段似乎已经过去了。”他补充说，目前还没有人知道“这座城市将如何从这一打击中恢复过来。”
Chicago documentary photographer Sigmund Krausz published his Street Types of Chicago in 1892.
芝加哥纪实摄影师西格蒙德·克劳斯 (Sigmund Krausz) 于 1892 年出版了《芝加哥街道类型》。
Rather than take photos on the streets, he lit and posed subjects against a neutral studio backdrop to create what he termed "Character Studies."
他没有在街上拍照，而是在中性的工作室背景下照亮和摆出拍摄对象的姿势，以创造他所谓的“人物研究”。
So you've been to the Windy City.
那么你已经去过风城了。
Looked around.
环顾四周。
Seen a TV program about the place.
看过一个关于这个地方的电视节目。
Or you've read a history book.
或者你读过一本历史书。
But do you really know Chicago?
但你真的了解芝加哥吗？
Test your mettle with this trivia challenge!
通过这个琐事挑战来测试你的勇气！
Railroads, canals, meatpacking plants — there was opportunity in Chicago.
铁路、运河、肉类加工厂——芝加哥有机会。
19th century Chicago bred innovators in many fields.
19世纪的芝加哥孕育了许多领域的创新者。
New technologies, business and labor practices, architecture, language, and even snacks made their debut in the rough-and-tumble city, and these novelties rapidly changed the way Americans lived.
新技术、商业和劳动实践、建筑、语言，甚至零食都在这个混乱的城市首次亮相，这些新奇事物迅速改变了美国人的生活方式。
Despite their different beliefs, the trial, convictions and sentencing that followed would unite these "Haymarket Eight" in history.
尽管他们的信仰不同，但随后的审判、定罪和量刑将这些“干草市场八人组”团结在历史上。
October 1871: Chicago is a tinderbox.
1871 年 10 月：芝加哥是一个火药桶。
In three months, only an inch of rain has fallen.
三个月来，只下了一英寸的雨。
For days a strong, hot wind has blown in from the southwest.
连日来，一股强劲的热风从西南方向吹来。
Jane Addams was a pacifist, and an internationalist, she helped to found the Woman's International League for Peace and Freedom in 1919.
简·亚当斯是一位和平主义者和国际主义者，她于 1919 年帮助创立了国际妇女和平与自由联盟。
Marshall Field's great six-story merchandising emporium catered to urban women with leisure time.
马歇尔菲尔德 (Marshall Field) 宏伟的六层商品商场迎合了都市女性的休闲时光。
Rather than "buyer beware," Field's motto was "Give the lady what she wants."
菲尔德的座右铭不是“买家当心”，而是“给女士她想要的东西”。
Carter Harrison was first elected as mayor in 1879 and ran the city with a...
卡特·哈里森 (Carter Harrison) 于 1879 年首次当选市长，并以...
personal touch, much like aldermen.
个人风格，就像市议员一样。
An American inventor and businessman who founded the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and won the Gold Medal at London's World's Fair in the Crystal Palace.
美国发明家和商人，创立了麦考密克收割机公司，并在伦敦水晶宫世界博览会上获得金奖。
William Butler Ogden was one of the prime movers that organized the digging of a canal from the Chicago River to Lake Michigan.
威廉·巴特勒·奥格登是组织从芝加哥河到密歇根湖开挖运河的主要推动者之一。