The Cancer Detectives
In New York City, the line stretched around the block.
在纽约市，排队队伍绕着街区延伸。
In Philadelphia, women waited for hours outside their local church.
在费城，妇女们在当地教堂外等待了几个小时。
While way out in Wyoming, even the smallest mountain town was ready.
在怀俄明州的途中，即使是最小的山城也已经准备好了。
Everywhere, in the year 1958, women were asking for a brand new medical test: a pap smear –
1958 年，世界各地的女性都要求进行一项全新的医学检查：子宫颈抹片检查 –
and nobody had ever seen anything like it.
没有人见过这样的东西。
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: In the 1940s and 50s, cervical cancer is killing thousands and thousands of women.
作家雷切尔·格罗斯：在 20 世纪 40 年代和 50 年代，宫颈癌夺去了成千上万女性的生命。
This was definitely a major priority of American healthcare.
这绝对是美国医疗保健的一个主要优先事项。
The stakes are very high.
赌注非常高。
For the first time in history, there was a simple screening test for cancer.
历史上第一次出现了简单的癌症筛查测试。
Its rollout and its propaganda were utterly unprecedented.
它的推出和宣传是完全前所未有的。
Deborah Kerr: Costly cancer deaths, they deprive the world of too many people we love.
黛博拉·蔻儿（Deborah Kerr）：癌症造成的死亡代价高昂，它们剥夺了世界上太多我们所爱的人。
Audrey Hepburn: Now is the time to strike back at cancer.
奥黛丽·赫本：现在是反击癌症的时候了。
The campaign would require nothing short of a full national mobilization.
这项运动需要全国全面动员。
DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS, HISTORIAN: : It’s so ubiquitous now that we kind of don't think about the fact that it’s not even 100 years old yet.
历史学家 DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS：它现在无处不在，以至于我们几乎没有想到它的历史还不到 100 年。
When we first hear about a pap smear, we don't know that it's actually named after a human being.
当我们第一次听说子宫颈抹片检查时，我们并不知道它实际上是以人类的名字命名的。
This is the doctor, George N.
这是医生，乔治·N.
Papanicolau, professor emeritus of Cornell Medical College.
Papanicolau，康奈尔医学院名誉教授。
The truth was, George Papanicolaou never set out to revolutionize cancer detection.
事实是，乔治·帕帕尼科拉乌从未打算彻底改变癌症检测。
And not a single thing about bringing the pap smear to the people had been simple.
将子宫颈抹片检查带给人们绝非易事。
BARRON LERNER, MD, HISTORIAN: : There were lots of barriers and lots of steps to get to where the Pap test really became a life-saving test.
BARRON LERNER，医学博士、历史学家：要使巴氏试验真正成为拯救生命的试验，存在很多障碍，需要采取很多步骤。
Behind it all was a coalition as remarkable as it was unusual – from a Japanese-born artist, to a doctor in Philadelphia, to an entirely new class of female scientists.
这一切的背后是一个非凡而又不寻常的联盟——从日本出生的艺术家，到费城的医生，再到全新的女科学家阶层。
Yet they all shared a singular goal: to save American women from cancer.
然而他们都有一个共同的目标：拯救美国女性免受癌症的侵害。
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : One of the things that surprises me about this story is sometimes when we look at things in retrospect, it seems inevitable that they were going to happen.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳：这个故事让我感到惊讶的一件事是，有时当我们回顾事情时，它们的发生似乎是不可避免的。
When I look at this story, nothing seems inevitable about it.
当我看这个故事时，似乎没有什么是不可避免的。
The Cornell Medical College, in the year 1914, was home to practically every kind of scientific endeavor imaginable.
1914 年的康奈尔医学院几乎是所有可以想象到的科学事业的发源地。
Here, one lab studied the bacteria in human saliva.
在这里，一个实验室研究了人类唾液中的细菌。
A floor below, researchers were developing treatments for diabetes – by removing the pancreas from dogs.
在下面一层，研究人员正在开发糖尿病的治疗方法——通过切除狗的胰腺。
Then there was the scientific illustrator who would have 5,000 live mosquitos shipped by mail as “artist’s supplies.”
还有一位科学插画家，他会邮寄 5,000 只活蚊子作为“艺术家的用品”。
Amidst it all was a 31-year-old Greek immigrant, a zoologist by the name of George Papanicolaou.
其中有一位 31 岁的希腊移民，他是一位动物学家，名叫乔治·帕帕尼科拉乌 (George Papanicolaou)。
Always at his microscope, Papanicolaou was convinced that cells – the building blocks of all life – could tell us more than anyone else had realized.
巴帕尼科拉乌始终站在显微镜前，坚信细胞——所有生命的基石——能够告诉我们的信息比任何人想象的都要多。
It was their secrets that he’d been chasing for years.
他多年来一直在追寻他们的秘密。
SAM KEAN, WRITER: : When he was in Greece growing up, George Papanicolaou’s father wanted George to become a doctor, but George liked science more, he also was called to help people.
作家萨姆·基恩：乔治·帕帕尼科拉在希腊长大时，他的父亲希望乔治成为一名医生，但乔治更喜欢科学，他也被要求帮助人们。
So he wanted to combine both of those doing medical research.
所以他想将这两个从事医学研究的人结合起来。
“It is not my ideal to be wealthy,” he’d once written to his parents, “but to work to create.”
“我的理想不是富有，”他曾在给父母的信中写道，“而是努力创造。”
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : He ends up going on an oceanic voyage to help identify different sea creatures.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳：他最终进行了一次海洋航行，以帮助识别不同的海洋生物。
He loved to categorize things.
他喜欢对事物进行分类。
I think it really translates to his later work when he makes his way over to the United States.
我认为当他前往美国时，这确实转化为他后来的工作。
When he landed in New York City with his young wife, Mary Mavroyeni, in 1913, Papanicolaou was an ambitious scientist on the rise.
1913 年，当帕帕尼科拉乌与年轻的妻子玛丽·马夫罗耶尼 (Mary Mavroyeni) 抵达纽约市时，他是一位雄心勃勃、正在崛起的科学家。
But nothing went as planned.
但一切都没有按计划进行。
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: : He spoke German and Greek, but neither of them spoke much English at all.
作家雷切尔·格罗斯：他会说德语和希腊语，但他们都不太会说英语。
SAM KEAN, WRITER: : He was taking odd jobs.
萨姆·基恩（SAM KEAN），作家：：他打零工。
Playing his violin in a restaurant.
在一家餐馆里拉小提琴。
He was working as a clerk at a Greek newspaper.
他在一家希腊报纸担任职员。
He was a carpet salesman for a bit, and he was supposedly the worst carpet salesman they’d ever had.
他当过一段时间的地毯推销员，据说他是他们有史以来最差的地毯推销员。
He could not close any deal.
他无法达成任何交易。
He just wasn't a forceful personality in that way.
他只是在这方面并不是一个强势的人。
Still, George was luckier than most immigrants.
尽管如此，乔治还是比大多数移民幸运。
His doctoral work had brought him some renown, and he was offered a job studying reproduction in the laboratory of one Charles Stockard, an anatomist, zoologist, and prominent American eugenicist.
他的博士工作为他带来了一些声誉，他得到了一份工作，在查尔斯·斯托卡德（解剖学家、动物学家和美国著名优生学家）的实验室里研究生殖。
SAM KEAN, WRITER: : George’s boss believed in controlling reproduction, controlling who reproduced with the supposed aim of improving the stock of humankind.
萨姆·基恩，作家：乔治的老板相信控制生育，控制谁生育，其目的是提高人类的存量。
BARRON LERNER, MD, HISTORIAN: : At the time, people thought they knew what good genes and bad genes were.
BARRON LERNER，医学博士，历史学家：当时，人们认为他们知道什么是好基因和坏基因。
Good genes were you were white, with healthy young children.
如果你是白人，有健康的孩子，那就是好的基因。
Unfortunately, if you were an immigrant, a person of color, if you had a disease like epilepsy, you were often stigmatized as having bad genes.
不幸的是，如果你是一个移民，一个有色人种，如果你患有癫痫这样的疾病，你经常会被认为有不好的基因。
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: : There was an inkling that if you could control female reproduction that would give you the tools to create the population you wanted.
作家雷切尔·格罗斯：有一种迹象表明，如果你能控制女性生殖，那么你就能获得创造你想要的人口的工具。
Papanicolaou’s new work in Stockard’s laboratory involved answering basic questions, still unknown, about female biology.
帕帕尼科拉乌在斯托克德实验室的新工作涉及回答有关女性生物学仍然未知的基本问题。
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : Dr. Papanicolaou was interested in tracing the cellular changes that happened during the reproductive cycle.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳：Papanicolaou 博士对追踪生殖周期中发生的细胞变化感兴趣。
He was very invested in finding that pattern and when did cells change.
他非常投入地寻找这种模式以及细胞何时发生变化。
Papanicolaou threw himself into the work, and, unexpectedly, found a kindred spirit just down the hall.
帕帕尼科劳全身心投入到工作中，出乎意料的是，他在大厅里找到了志趣相投的人。
SAM KEAN, WRITER: Hashime Murayama was born in Japan.
萨姆·基恩 (SAM KEAN)，编剧：村山桥 (Hashime Murayama) 出生于日本。
He went to the Kyoto Art School.
他就读于京都艺术学校。
Then he got a job at Cornell.
然后他在康奈尔大学找到了一份工作。
He was doing cell illustrations for doctors.
他正在为医生绘制细胞插图。
He had a good eye for essentially drawing what he was seeing.
他有一双慧眼，能够基本上画出他所看到的东西。
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : There must have been some degree of kinship, between George and Murayama, as both were immigrants to America.
作家莉亚·哈扎德：乔治和村山之间肯定存在某种程度的亲属关系，因为两人都是美国移民。
Neither of them would've sounded or maybe looked like their American peers.
他们听起来或看起来都不像他们的美国同龄人。
At Cornell, Murayama was as interested in cells as George was, and had even patented a new technique to improve the accuracy of his drawings.
在康奈尔大学，村山和乔治一样对细胞感兴趣，甚至为一项新技术申请了专利，以提高绘图的准确性。
Meanwhile, back in the Stockard laboratory, Papanicolaou had recently found himself questioning one of their basic research protocols.
与此同时，回到斯托卡德实验室，帕帕尼科拉乌最近发现自己对他们的一项基础研究方案提出了质疑。
Their lab animal was the guinea pig, and in comparison to the little aquatic “water fleas” George had worked with in graduate school, the rodents were…
他们的实验动物是豚鼠，与乔治在研究生院研究过的小型水生“水蚤”相比，这些啮齿动物……
more complicated.
更复杂。
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : In order to study the reproductive cells, he would have to kill the guinea pig, but when you kill the guinea pig you only get a slice of the story.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳：为了研究生殖细胞，他必须杀死豚鼠，但当你杀死豚鼠时，你只能得到故事的一部分。
So then he began to consider that the cells may be changing in the vaginal fluid.
于是他开始考虑阴道液中的细胞可能正在发生变化。
One morning, Papanicolaou took a tiny tool and scraped cells from inside a live guinea pig’s cervix.
一天早上，巴帕尼科拉乌用一个小工具从活豚鼠子宫颈内刮取细胞。
Then he smeared the sample on a glass plate, and applied a series of stains.
然后他将样品涂抹在玻璃板上，并涂上一系列污渍。
At last, he sat down at his microscope – and it all came into focus.
最后，他坐在显微镜前——一切都清晰了。
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: : George found that there were changes in the cells.
雷切尔·格罗斯（Rachel Gross），作家：乔治发现细胞发生了变化。
He could see differences in these cells, shape and size, and they very clearly showed him what was happening in the uterus.
他可以看到这些细胞、形状和大小的差异，它们非常清楚地向他展示了子宫中发生的情况。
The discovery helped launch a new field: exfoliative cytology, the non-invasive study of cells.
这一发现帮助开创了一个新领域：脱落细胞学，即细胞的非侵入性研究。
Papanicolaou had the highest hopes for his new method.
帕帕尼科拉乌对他的新方法寄予厚望。
And now, he couldn’t help but wonder, could this novel technique also work for that most mysterious animal of all?
现在，他不禁想知道，这种新颖的技术是否也适用于那种最神秘的动物？
DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS, HISTORIAN: : There are many antiquated ways that scientists wrote about the female body.
历史学家迪尔德丽·库珀·欧文斯：科学家对女性身体的描述有许多过时的方式。
For instance, one might read that women are led, or guided by their uteri, and not their brains.
例如，人们可能会读到，女性是由她们的子宫而不是她们的大脑领导或指导的。
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : Historically their bodies have really been subject to the male gaze.
作家莉亚·哈扎德：从历史上看，她们的身体确实受到了男性目光的影响。
The reproductive tract has been seen as having two purposes: penis goes in, baby comes out.
生殖道被认为有两个目的：阴茎进入，婴儿出来。
But in reality, there's all this other stuff happening 99.9999% of the time.
但实际上，99.9999% 的时间里都会发生所有这些其他事情。
Mary Papanicolaou was well aware that women’s bodies had other functions.
玛丽·帕帕尼科拉乌深知女性的身体还有其他功能。
Seven years her husband’s junior, she’d not only followed him to America, but into the laboratory as well, where she worked as both his technician and lab manager.
她比她丈夫小七岁，不仅跟随他去了美国，还进入了实验室，在那里她既担任他的技术员又担任实验室经理。
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : They went to the lab every day together.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳：他们每天都一起去实验室。
They often worked to the point where it was dark when they came home at night.
他们常常工作到晚上回到家天都黑了。
Recently, George had embarked on a new experiment – and Mary had just become a guinea pig of sorts herself.
最近，乔治开始了一项新的实验——而玛丽自己也刚刚成为了一只小白鼠。
BARRON LERNER, MD, HISTORIAN: : It was very common in the early 20th century for scientists to do experiments on their spouses, and on people they knew.
BARRON LERNER，医学博士，历史学家：在 20 世纪初，科学家对他们的配偶和他们认识的人进行实验是很常见的。
And the idea behind this was, "If I'm willing to do an experiment on myself or my family, it's safe enough for me to experiment on other people."
其背后的想法是，“如果我愿意在自己或我的家人身上进行实验，那么在其他人身上进行实验就足够安全了。”
Every day, George would collect cells from Mary’s cervix.
乔治每天都会从玛丽的子宫颈收集细胞。
Their goal: to be the first to document the minute morphological changes expressed during a human ovarian cycle.
他们的目标：成为第一个记录人类卵巢周期期间表达的微小形态变化的人。
Mary was the heart, the soul, and the cervix of the operation.
玛丽是手术的心脏、灵魂和子宫颈。
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: Mary is the first person to get a Pap smear, but she also collects her own smears, organizes them, fixes them and stains them, and helps analyze them.
雷切尔·格罗斯，作家：玛丽是第一个接受子宫颈抹片检查的人，但她也收集自己的涂片，整理它们，修复它们并染色，并帮助分析它们。
She is an integral part of this scientific work.
她是这项科学工作不可或缺的一部分。
Making their experiment possible was a gynecological tool perfected back in the nineteenth century – the speculum.
使他们的实验成为可能的是十九世纪完善的妇科工具——窥器。
DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS, HISTORIAN: : No one really looked in the vaginal cavity, because it was taboo.
历史学家迪尔德丽·库珀·欧文斯：没有人真正检查过阴道腔，因为这是禁忌。
And most certainly, a gentleman is not supposed to look into the inner cavity of a lady.
当然，绅士不应该窥视女士的内心。
The speculum’s controversial inventor, a physician named James Marion Sims, who would be remembered by some as the “father” of American gynecology, would later write that he hated nothing more than investigating the organs of the female pelvis.
窥镜的发明者、一位名叫詹姆斯·马里昂·西姆斯 (James Marion Sims) 的医生颇受争议，他被一些人称为美国妇科“之父”，后来写道，他最讨厌的就是检查女性骨盆的器官。
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: : There was this repeated association of female genitals with something that you should hide and cover up.
作家雷切尔·格罗斯：女性生殖器与你应该隐藏和掩盖的东西反复联系在一起。
Every time a, usually, male anatomist would discover the clitoris or the vulva, they would name it after the word shame.
通常，每当男性解剖学家发现阴蒂或外阴时，他们都会以羞耻这个词来命名它。
So in the 1500s, a French anatomist studied the human clitoris, and he named it the shame member.
于是在1500年代，一位法国解剖学家研究了人类的阴蒂，他将其命名为羞耻员。
We still have today in OB/GYN textbooks, this word pudendum, which means the part for which you should be ashamed.
今天，我们的妇产科教科书中仍然有“阴部”这个词，意思是你应该感到羞耻的部分。
For the Papanicolaous, nothing about their new work was shameful.
对于教皇来说，他们的新作品没有什么可耻的。
“We stand at the very threshold,” George would explain, “of this new science.”
乔治解释说：“我们正站在这门新科学的门槛上。”
Now, George was hoping to expand the study beyond what he termed his “special case.”
现在，乔治希望将研究范围扩大到他所说的“特例”之外。
Soon, there were rumors that if you went to the Paps’ for dinner, female guests might be asked to sit for a smear.
很快，就有传言说，如果你去爸爸家吃饭，女客人可能会被要求坐下来接受抹黑。
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : Mary herself was fundamental in recruiting some of her friends to come and get smear tests in the name of medical progress.
莉亚·哈扎德（LEAH HAZARD），作家：玛丽本人在以医学进步的名义招募她的一些朋友来接受涂片检查方面发挥了重要作用。
It’s difficult to kind of piece together exactly how those initial smear parties really happened.
很难准确地拼凑出那些最初的诽谤派对到底是如何发生的。
But I think what we can say is that George was very keen on expanding this sample size.
但我认为我们可以说的是，乔治非常热衷于扩大这个样本量。
In February 1925, George was finally able to establish a collaboration with the Woman’s Hospital of the City of New York.
1925 年 2 月，乔治终于与纽约市女子医院建立了合作关系。
SAM KEAN, WRITER: : So he started looking at cysts, started looking at fibroid matters, trying to figure out if there was a correlation between these changes in the cells and the diseases that women were experiencing.
作家 SAM KEAN：因此，他开始研究囊肿，开始研究肌瘤问题，试图弄清楚细胞的这些变化与女性正在经历的疾病之间是否存在相关性。
Then, one day at the microscope, Dr. Pap saw something altogether different.
然后，有一天，帕普博士在显微镜下看到了完全不同的东西。
A sample with cells oddly shaped, their nuclei overlage, their chromosomes jumbled.
样本中的细胞形状奇特，细胞核过度，染色体混乱。
There was no mistaking those distinctive signs: it was cancer.
毫无疑问，这些明显的迹象是：这是癌症。
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : This was not what George was looking for, but so much of good science is about luck and opportunity and incidental findings.
作家莉亚·哈扎德：这不是乔治想要的，但很多好的科学都是关于运气、机会和偶然的发现。
And George being a keen and perceptive scientist must have known the significance of what he has detected.
乔治作为一位敏锐而有洞察力的科学家，一定知道他所发现的意义。
He would remember it as the single “most thrilling experience of [his] career.”
他会记得这是“他职业生涯中最激动人心的经历”。
At hand was a new technique that had the power to save millions of women’s lives.
一项新技术有望拯救数百万妇女的生命。
And the fight Dr. Pap was now joining could not have been more urgent.
帕普博士现在加入的战斗再紧急不过了。
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: : Cancer was deeply feared at this time.
作家雷切尔·格罗斯：当时人们对癌症深感恐惧。
It was known as the dread disease.
它被称为可怕的疾病。
Often doctors wouldn’t even use the word cancer giving you a diagnosis.
通常医生甚至不会使用“癌症”这个词来给你做出诊断。
DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS, HISTORIAN: : Cervical cancer patients suffered in pain.
历史学家迪尔德丽·库珀·欧文斯：：宫颈癌患者饱受痛苦。
By the time they found out that it was cancer, it was too late, so it was certainly a death sentence.
当他们发现是癌症时，已经太晚了，所以肯定是被判了死刑。
By the late 1920s, cancer was on the rise.
到 20 年代末，癌症呈上升趋势。
And it seemed to be killing mostly women – some 40,000 a year.
而且它似乎杀死的大部分是女性——每年约有 40,000 人。
A new organization, the American Society for the Control of Cancer, had recently been created to get the word out.
最近成立了一个新组织——美国癌症控制协会，以传播这一信息。
BARRON LERNER, MD, HISTORIAN: : For its first 30 years, it was sort of a mom and pop shop.
BARRON LERNER，医学博士、历史学家： 在成立的头 30 年里，它有点像一家夫妻店。
So the money that they did raise mostly went to people with cancer.
因此，他们筹集的资金大部分都捐给了癌症患者。
It was almost a bit like a charity organization.
这几乎有点像一个慈善组织。
The Society occasionally printed pamphlets, like What Every Woman Should Do About Cancer.
该协会偶尔会印制小册子，例如《每个女人应该如何应对癌症》等。
But that was the full extent of their campaign.
但这就是他们活动的全部内容。
BARRON LERNER, MD, HISTORIAN: : The notion of trying to find a cervical cancer early wasn't on anyone's radar screen, because nobody had thought of it before, and nobody thought there was a way to do that.
BARRON LERNER，医学博士，历史学家：：早期发现宫颈癌的想法并没有出现在任何人的雷达屏幕上，因为之前没有人想到过，也没有人认为有办法做到这一点。
In early January, 1928, armed with his new cancer detection method, Dr. Pap traveled to Battle Creek, Michigan, excited to tell his colleagues about his discovery.
1928 年 1 月初，帕普博士带着他的新癌症检测方法前往密歇根州巴特尔克里克，兴奋地告诉他的同事他的发现。
It was called the Race Betterment Conference, a high-profile event sponsored by prominent members of the eugenics movement.
它被称为“种族改善会议”，这是一项由优生运动杰出成员赞助的备受瞩目的活动。
DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS, HISTORIAN: : It is a who’s who of the academic world.
历史学家迪尔德丽·库珀·欧文斯：这是学术界的名人录。
It's a who's who of the scientific world.
这是科学界的名人录。
You had a number of prominent thinkers who were invested in these racist ideas.
许多杰出的思想家都热衷于这些种族主义思想。
BARRON LERNER, MD, HISTORIAN: : It was very common for mainstream scientists not doing eugenic research to present at these conferences.
BARRON LERNER，医学博士，历史学家：：不从事优生研究的主流科学家在这些会议上发言是很常见的。
Dr. Pap didn't see his research particularly as promoting the eugenics cause, but it was reproductive research.
帕普博士并不认为他的研究特别是促进优生学事业，但它是生殖研究。
So he took the chance and decided to present there.
所以他抓住了这个机会，决定在那里发表演讲。
On the third day, Papanicolaou took the stage, and launched into an explainer of his new technique.
第三天，帕帕尼科拉乌上台，开始解释他的新技术。
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : It was a disastrous presentation.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳：这是一场灾难性的演讲。
The first problem was his slides, by all accounts, were terrible.
第一个问题是，从各方面来看，他的幻灯片都很糟糕。
So if you're making a presentation where you're trying to argue that the key to identifying irregular cells is so that you can create these classifications and then your slides are some of the worst that anyone has seen at the conference, it's just not that convincing.
因此，如果您在做演示时试图论证识别不规则细胞的关键是这样您就可以创建这些分类，然后您的幻灯片是会议上任何人见过的最糟糕的幻灯片，那么它就没有那么令人信服。
Two: the gold standard was the biopsy.
二：金标准是活检。
The biopsy involved an operation to collect tissue from within a tumor.
活检涉及从肿瘤内收集组织的手术。
It was effective, but often painful.
它很有效，但常常很痛苦。
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : So doctors at this betterment conference don’t understand why it would be appealing to switch from the biopsy, a painful, invasive diagnostic to one that was arguably uncomfortable, but not painful.
作家莉亚·哈扎德：因此，参加这次改善会议的医生不明白为什么从活检这种痛苦的侵入性诊断转向可能不舒服但不痛苦的诊断会有吸引力。
There probably wasn't really a recognition that the woman's comfort and the patient's preference would be in any way a deciding factor.
可能没有真正认识到女性的舒适度和患者的偏好无论如何都是决定因素。
When journalists caught wind of Papanicolaou’s findings, it made national headlines.
当记者听说帕帕尼科拉乌的发现时，它成为了全国头条新闻。
But as Dr. Pap himself would note, “[I] failed to convince my colleagues of the practicability of [the] procedure.”
但正如帕普博士本人所指出的那样，“[我]未能让我的同事相信[该]程序的实用性。”
SAM KEAN, WRITER: : George just sort of shrunk back and took the criticism.
编剧萨姆·基恩：乔治只是退缩了，接受了批评。
And he didn't really give up on the work, he just wasn't pushing for it.
他并没有真正放弃工作，他只是没有继续努力。
He wasn’t that assertive of a person.
他并不是那么有主见的人。
Little did George know, the war on cancer was just beginning – and new voices, and new faces, were about to change the nature of the fight.
乔治几乎不知道，对抗癌症的战争才刚刚开始——新的声音、新的面孔即将改变这场斗争的性质。
Cancer challenges every man and woman, it is a test of our civilization’s ability to organize for health and happiness.
癌症挑战着每个男人和女人，它是对我们文明组织健康和幸福能力的考验。
The Women’s Field Army, an offshoot of the American Society for the Control of Cancer, was determined to make cancer a part of the national conversation, and, soon, their message seemed to be everywhere.
妇女野战军是美国癌症控制协会的一个分支机构，决心让癌症成为全国性对话的一部分，很快，她们的信息似乎无处不在。
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : The idea is they are going to invade American homes with knowledge about cancer.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳：我们的想法是，他们将带着癌症知识走进美国家庭。
And whether that means knocking on doors and giving out pamphlets, getting placards in the subway, going to fairs and setting up a health booth these women were going to do it.
无论这意味着挨家挨户散发小册子、在地铁里张贴标语牌、去集市还是设立健康摊位，这些妇女都会这么做。
By 1938, the Women’s Field Army had even successfully lobbied congress to make April Cancer Control Month.
到 1938 年，女子野战军甚至成功游说国会将四月定为癌症控制月。
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : What begins to happen is women carving out an identity for themselves really as public health activists.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳（Kirsten Gardner）：开始发生的事情是，女性为自己树立了真正的公共卫生活动家的身份。
We might not be the MDs who have these theories, but we can certainly be the educators who translate these theories to the public so that they can be more effective.
我们可能不是拥有这些理论的医学博士，但我们当然可以成为将这些理论转化为公众的教育者，以便它们更加有效。
But the outreach, as groundbreaking as it was, mostly ignored the plight of large swaths of the population.
但这种外展活动尽管具有开创性，但大多忽视了大批民众的困境。
AMEENAH SHAKIR, HISTORIAN: : The Women's Field Army are, kind of, documenting some of these cases in white women patients, there was not as much of a focus on how uterine and ovarian cancer were actually impacting Black women.
历史学家阿米娜·沙基尔：妇女野战军记录了白人女性患者中的一些病例，但并没有过多关注子宫癌和卵巢癌实际上如何影响黑人女性。
The perception at the time was that African-Americans did not live long enough to get cancer, were not civilized enough to get cancer.
当时的看法是，非裔美国人的寿命不够长，不会得癌症，文明程度也不够高，不会得癌症。
Cancer was considered to be a disease of the elite.
癌症被认为是精英的疾病。
An hour south of the Field Army’s Manhattan headquarters, down in Philadelphia, a young doctor was about to discover a very different reality.
距离野战军曼哈顿总部以南一小时车程的费城，一位年轻的医生即将发现一个截然不同的现实。
Her name was Helen Dickens.
她的名字叫海伦·狄更斯。
Born in Dayton, Ohio, to parents Daisy and Charles Dickens, her father had escaped from slavery in Kentucky.
她出生于俄亥俄州代顿，父母是黛西·狄更斯和查尔斯·狄更斯，她的父亲逃离了肯塔基州的奴隶制。
He’d taught himself to read, and took the name Charles Dickens, whose writings he loved.
他自学读书，并取名为查尔斯·狄更斯，他喜欢狄更斯的作品。
Tragically, he’d died when his daughter was just eight years old.
不幸的是，他在女儿八岁时就去世了。
Helen Dickens: He always wanted me to be a nurse.
海伦·狄更斯：他一直希望我成为一名护士。
But somewhere along the way, I decided that if I was going to be a nurse, I might as well be a doctor.
但在这个过程中，我决定如果我要成为一名护士，那我还不如当一名医生。
I had never seen a woman doctor either black or white.
我从未见过黑人或白人女医生。
It never occurred to me that there was a barrier.
我从来没有想到有一个障碍。
JAYNE HENDERSON BROWN, MD,: DAUGHTER OF DR. HELEN DICKENS : Oh, my mother loved school.
医学博士杰恩·亨德森·布朗：博士的女儿海伦·狄更斯：哦，我妈妈喜欢上学。
She wanted to know so much and learn so much and that was what she was about.
她想了解很多，学习很多，这就是她的目的。
At 17, Dickens graduated from high school, taking night classes and summer school to finish early.
17 岁时，狄更斯高中毕业，通过参加夜校和暑期学校提前完成学业。
Three years later, she was accepted to medical school at the University of Illinois, where she was the only Black woman in her class.
三年后，她被伊利诺伊大学医学院录取，她是班上唯一的黑人女性。
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: : In medical school students would taunt her, use slurs and gestures.
雷切尔·格罗斯（Rachel Gross），作家：：在医学院，学生们会嘲笑她，使用诽谤和手势。
And she said her strategy for avoiding them was always to sit in the front row of the class where she couldn't see them, and if anyone else wanted a good view, they had to sit next to her.
她说，她避开他们的策略总是坐在班级的前排，她看不到他们，如果其他人想要好的视野，他们就必须坐在她旁边。
By June, 1934 the medical school had a new graduating class.
1934 年 6 月，医学院迎来了新的毕业班。
And there, was Helen Dickens.
海伦·狄更斯就在那里。
DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS, HISTORIAN: : Helen Dickens was black and a woman.
历史学家迪尔德丽·库珀·欧文斯：海伦·狄更斯是一位黑人女性。
And because she exists in one body with those intersecting identities, it was a challenge.
而且因为她与那些交叉的身份存在于一个身体中，所以这是一个挑战。
And yet, here she rose, to the top, to become an MD.
然而，在这里她登上了顶峰，成为了一名医学博士。
Now, age 26, Dickens had taken a job in North Philadelphia, working with a doctor who would change the course of her career.
现在，26 岁的狄更斯在北费城找到了一份工作，与一位将改变她职业生涯的医生一起工作。
AMEENAH SHAKIR, HISTORIAN: : Virginia Alexander, African-American woman physician who had something called the Aspiranto Health Home.
阿米娜·沙基尔（Ameenah Shakir），历史学家：弗吉尼亚·亚历山大（Virginia Alexander），非裔美国女医生，拥有一个名为“阿斯皮兰托健康之家”的机构。
This was similar to what we would now call, like, a birthing home.
这类似于我们现在所说的产房。
Dickens: The patients came to us.
狄更斯：病人来找我们。
She had two rooms in her house for patients and one little room where you delivered patients.
她家里有两个房间供病人使用，还有一间小房间用来接诊病人。
Oh it was different.
哦，不一样。
The OB patients stayed in nine days.
产科患者住院九天。
Most of them were poor.
他们大多数人都很穷。
People weren’t able to pay, they weren’t expected to pay a lot.
人们无力支付，也不期望他们支付太多。
Aspiranto was a world onto itself – in a segregated society.
Aspiranto 是一个独立的世界——在一个种族隔离的社会中。
DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS, HISTORIAN: : Not as if Black people can just go to the county hospital.
历史学家迪尔德丽·库珀·欧文斯：黑人似乎不能直接去县医院。
You have to go to the hospital for the Negro.
你必须去医院看望黑人。
And oftentimes they're underfunded, they're understaffed.
通常他们资金不足，人手不足。
The chief physicians tend to be white men, and there is a condescension that goes on, a kind of patronizing attitude.
主任医师往往是白人，而且有一种居高临下的态度，一种居高临下的态度。
AMEENAH SHAKIR, HISTORIAN: : So Dickens and Alexander really provide this alternative.
历史学家阿米娜·沙基尔：所以狄更斯和亚历山大确实提供了这种替代方案。
Alexander helped Dickens to formulate a consciousness around how healthcare could be used as a site of activism.
亚历山大帮助狄更斯形成了一种关于如何将医疗保健作为激进主义场所的意识。
Beyond the walls of the Aspiranto Health Home, Dr. Dickens was working more and more out in the community.
在 Aspiranto 健康之家的围墙外，狄更斯博士越来越多地在社区工作。
Dickens: You were going in the middle of the night, and you were going into all kinds of communities.
狄更斯：你在半夜去，你要去各种各样的社区。
You were going into the homes.
你正要走进民宅。
You were seeing all these people.
你看到了所有这些人。
You were taking responsibility for care of people.
你承担起照顾他人的责任。
JAYNE HENDERSON BROWN, MD,: DAUGHTER OF DR. HELEN DICKENS : The more she was in it with the women she came across, the more she knew about what their struggles and concerns were health-wise.
医学博士杰恩·亨德森·布朗：博士的女儿海伦·狄更斯：她与遇到的女性接触得越多，就越了解她们在健康方面的挣扎和担忧。
One of the things that Dickens saw, again and again, was cancer.
狄更斯一次又一次看到的事物之一就是癌症。
Her patients were dying, and she now knew that the perception that Black people didn’t get cancer was a lie.
她的病人快要死了，她现在知道黑人不会患癌症的看法是一个谎言。
Dickens was determined to document cancer’s deadly toll, and to tell Black women what they so urgently needed to know.
狄更斯决心记录癌症造成的死亡人数，并告诉黑人女性她们迫切需要知道的事情。
Back in New York, in 1939, Dr. Papanicolaou had had 11 years to stew about the failure of his smear technique to pique the interest of the medical community.
1939 年，回到纽约，帕帕尼科拉乌医生花了 11 年的时间，为他的涂片技术未能引起医学界的兴趣而苦苦思索。
He’d moved on to other research, but he and Mary had always carried on with the daily smears.
他已转向其他研究，但他和玛丽始终继续进行日常涂片检查。
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : He stayed in the same lab.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳：他住在同一个实验室。
He stayed in similar work.
他继续从事类似的工作。
He always had his wife next to him, that was probably incredibly comforting while he continued with his work.
他总是有他的妻子在他身边，这在他继续工作时可能是令人难以置信的安慰。
There’s a saying in science that luck comes to the prepared.
科学上有句话说，幸运是给有准备的人的。
Death, of course, comes for us all.
当然，死亡降临在我们所有人身上。
Both came to the Cornell Medical College that April.
那年四月，两人都来到了康奈尔医学院。
Charles Stockard, Papanicolaou’s boss, had died aged 60, and he was replaced by one Dr. Joseph Hinsey.
帕帕尼科拉乌的老板查尔斯·斯托卡德 (Charles Stockard) 去世，享年 60 岁，继任者是约瑟夫·辛赛 (Joseph Hinsey) 博士。
SAM KEAN, WRITER: : George’s new boss–he understood how deadly cervical cancer was and he wanted to help women.
萨姆·基恩（SAM KEAN），作家：乔治的新老板——他了解宫颈癌的致命性，并且他想帮助女性。
Coincidentally, George had been rethinking his work because before he was looking at tumors when they were already pretty advanced, at that point, fairly deadly.
巧合的是，乔治一直在重新思考他的工作，因为在他研究肿瘤之前，肿瘤已经相当晚期，在那时，相当致命。
But he started thinking, maybe we could look at cells on their way to becoming cancer.
但他开始思考，也许我们可以观察细胞变成癌症的过程。
If he was to try to detect cancers earlier, Papanicolaou needed new subjects.
如果巴帕尼科拉想要更早地发现癌症，他就需要新的研究对象。
And by October, he had them.
到了十月，他得到了它们。
The top brass at New York Hospital had decreed that every woman admitted to the gynecological unit would now be required to have a smear.
纽约医院的高层已下令，现在每位进入妇科的女性都必须接受涂片检查。
The results were better than even Dr. Pap could have expected.
结果甚至比巴普博士的预期还要好。
The smear was able to identify suspicious cells some ten years before they developed into cancer.
涂片能够在可疑细胞发展成癌症大约十年前识别出它们。
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: : His research was already a game-changer, to be able to find cancer when there are no outward signs, but now he also realizes that you can find cancer before it technically exists, so that really is unprecedented.
作家雷切尔·格罗斯：他的研究已经改变了游戏规则，能够在没有外在迹象的情况下发现癌症，但现在他还意识到，你可以在癌症技术上存在之前发现癌症，所以这确实是前所未有的。
Remembering his disastrous slides at the Race Betterment Conference, this time, Papanicolaou was determined to launch the smear the right way.
记得他在种族改善会议上灾难性的幻灯片，帕帕尼科拉乌决心以正确的方式发起诽谤。
And he knew that, to do so, he would need some help.
他知道，要做到这一点，他需要一些帮助。
Scientific illustrator Hashime Murayama wasn’t just down the hall anymore.
科学插画家 Hashime Murayama 不再只是在大厅里。
Back in 1921, he’d been offered his dream job as a staff illustrator at the National Geographic Society, and had moved his family down to Washington, D.C.
早在 1921 年，他就得到了国家地理学会插画师的梦想工作，并举家搬到了华盛顿特区。
Murayama and his wife Nao had kept in touch with the Papanicolaous over the years.
多年来，村山和他的妻子奈绪一直与教皇保持着联系。
There’d been the usual pleasant exchange of Christmas cards, and family news.
一如既往地愉快地交换圣诞贺卡和家庭新闻。
In January, 1941, Murayama was retiring from a remarkable 20-year career during which his attention to detail had become as famous as his drawings of fish and fowl.
1941 年 1 月，村山结束了长达 20 年的非凡职业生涯，在此期间，他对细节的关注与他的鱼禽画一样出名。
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : The pictures are absolutely stunning.
作家莉亚·哈扎德：这些照片绝对令人惊叹。
The colors are rich.
颜色很丰富。
The attention to detail is immaculate.
对细节的关注完美无缺。
SAM KEAN, WRITER: : There were famous stories of him counting all the scales on the fish that he would draw because he wanted to make sure he got things exactly right.
作家萨姆·基恩：有一些著名的故事，他会数数画出的鱼上的所有鳞片，因为他想确保自己得到的结果完全正确。
He was a really nice combination of meticulous attention to detail but also bringing things to life.
他非常注重细节，同时又把事情变得栩栩如生。
Murayama once explained that, “Art is the expression of feeling without reason, science [...] the expression of reason without feeling.
村山曾解释说：“艺术是没有理性的情感表达，科学是没有情感的理性表达。
Mine is the task of depicting scientific facts, so that they shall have both human and artistic interest.”
我的任务是描绘科学事实，使其兼具人文和艺术趣味。”
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: : Scientific illustrators are science communicators.
作家雷切尔·格罗斯：科学插画家是科学传播者。
There's a million tiny judgments about what to leave out and what to enhance and what will be the most useful, but also visually compelling, and what will get people's attention.
关于要省略什么、要增强什么、什么是最有用的、但也要在视觉上引人注目、什么会引起人们的注意，有一百万个微小的判断。
In New York, Dr. Pap and Mary were in the midst of putting together a definitive book about their revolutionary diagnostic tool.
在纽约，帕普博士和玛丽正在编写一本关于他们革命性诊断工具的权威书籍。
Knowing what a difference Murayama’s illustrations could make, George wrote to his old friend, and by October 1st, Murayama had taken on the massive project of illustrating the progression of cancer across cervical cells.
乔治知道村山的插图可以带来多大的改变，于是写信给他的老朋友，到 10 月 1 日，村山开始了一项庞大的项目，展示癌症在宫颈细胞中的进展情况。
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : So when you are drawing these small little parts of the cell, he would spend an agonizing amount of time getting them correct.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳 (Kirsten Gardner)：因此，当您绘制细胞的这些小部件时，他会花费大量时间来使它们正确。
He used colors in a way that made differences in the cells much easier to identify–they were very rich and they were very defined.
他使用颜色的方式使细胞中的差异更容易识别——它们非常丰富并且非常明确。
Murayama had been on the project for only two months when everything changed.
村山参与这个项目仅仅两个月，一切就发生了变化。
Soon after the United States declared war on Japan, Murayama was arrested, his house back in DC ransacked.
美国对日宣战后不久，村山被捕，他在华盛顿的家也被洗劫一空。
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : Murayama faced a lot of discrimination because of his ethnicity.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳：村山因其种族而面临很多歧视。
At this time there was widespread anti-Japanese hysteria.
此时，反日歇斯底里现象普遍存在。
J Edgar Hoover: We ask every citizen to immediately report any information regarding espionage, sabotage, or un-American activities to the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
J·埃德加·胡佛：我们要求每个公民立即向联邦调查局报告有关间谍活动、破坏活动或非美国活动的任何信息。
On March 26, 1943, the Enemy Alien Hearing Board – a citizen-led Department of Justice project that decided the fate of each Japanese, Italian, or German immigrant – placed Murayama in an internment camp, on Ellis Island.
1943 年 3 月 26 日，敌人外国人听证委员会（一个由公民领导的司法部项目，决定每个日本、意大利或德国移民的命运）将村山安置在埃利斯岛的一个拘留营中。
SAM KEAN, WRITER: : It was used as a detention camp for people like Murayama who’d done nothing wrong besides being born in Japan.
作家萨姆·基恩：它被用作像村山这样的人的拘留营，这些人除了出生在日本之外没有做错任何事。
Every professional acquaintance of Murayama’s was interviewed, and asked to give a written statement about his loyalties.
村山的每一位职业熟人都接受了采访，并被要求提供一份关于他的忠诚度的书面声明。
A file was prepared for Hoover and the FBI.
为胡佛和联邦调查局准备了一份文件。
The Murayama case, like so many tens of thousands of others, grew to include masses on masses of documents, a sea of paper chasing a crime that simply wasn’t there.
村山案与其他数以万计的案件一样，涉及大量文件，用纸片海洋追查根本不存在的犯罪行为。
Papanicolaou tried to argue on his collaborator’s behalf, writing to the Board that “Murayama’s work [...] could not well be duplicated by anyone not having his talent.”
帕帕尼科拉乌试图代表他的合作者进行辩论，他写信给董事会说“村山的工作[...]不可能被任何没有他的才华的人复制。”
In mid-June, in a letter three pages long, Murayama himself wrote:
六月中旬，村山本人在一封长达三页的信中写道：
“I am 64 years old, having lived here for more than a half of my life, [I] have no intention to return to Japan.
“我今年64岁了，在这里生活了大半辈子，[我]无意回到日本。
I intend to remain here, and to devote the remainder of my life to the precious work which would contribute toward saving [...] American women’s lives.”
我打算留在这里，并将余生奉献给有助于拯救美国妇女生命的宝贵工作。”
Then, on August 9th, some four months after his arrest, something remarkable happened.
然后，8 月 9 日，也就是他被捕大约四个月后，发生了一件非同寻常的事情。
SAM KEAN, WRITER: : The Attorney General of the United States, Francis Biddle intervenes on behalf of Murayama.
作家萨姆·基恩：美国司法部长弗朗西斯·比德尔代表村山介入。
Biddle knows about the work that Papanicolaou is doing on cancer screening.
比德尔了解 Papanicolaou 在癌症筛查方面所做的工作。
And Biddle considers this of vital national importance.
比德尔认为这对国家至关重要。
As luck would have it, the man in the Attorney General’s office had long harbored doubts about the country’s policy of internment.
幸运的是，这位司法部长办公室的人长期以来一直对该国的拘留政策心存疑虑。
Francis Biddle: We must remember our grandparents or our great grandparents all were aliens in their day.
弗朗西斯·比德尔：我们必须记住，我们的祖父母或曾祖父母在他们那个时代都是外星人。
But behind Biddle’s decision there was, also, proof of something else.
但比德尔的决定背后还有其他证据。
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : The fact that Murayama was released from Ellis Island shows just how seriously the government took this threat of cervical cancer, and consequently, the value of George's research and Murayama's role in it.
作家莉亚·哈扎德：村山从埃利斯岛被释放这一事实表明了政府对宫颈癌威胁的重视程度，也表明了乔治研究的价值以及村山在其中所发挥的作用。
As the Papanicolaous and the Murayamas celebrated his release that summer, the book that they had all been working on was finally published.
那年夏天，当帕帕尼科拉奥斯家族和村山家族庆祝他获释时，他们一直在努力创作的书终于出版了。
It was the result of untold hours at the microscope.
这是在显微镜下度过无数个小时的结果。
3,014 women had given the smears that made it all possible.
3,014 名女性接受了涂片检查，使这一切成为可能。
But it was Murayama’s illustrations that made it a sensation.
但引起轰动的是村山的插图。
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : Science really is nothing without our ability to communicate it to the rest of the world.
作家莉亚·哈扎德：如果没有我们向世界其他地方传播科学的能力，科学就毫无意义。
To have accurate, powerful, illustrations of those cells was completely fundamental to the success of George's work.
获得这些细胞的准确、有力的插图对于乔治的工作成功至关重要。
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : What those visual images did is they allowed the public to imagine how you could categorize cancerous cells.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳：这些视觉图像的作用是让公众想象如何对癌细胞进行分类。
If you have an epiphany at your desk and then you have no support for it, it's not going to go anywhere.
如果你的办公桌上有顿悟，但你没有支持它，它就不会去任何地方。
So these moments of change and innovation, they're part of a network.
因此，这些变革和创新的时刻是网络的一部分。
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: : There’s this period right after World War II where there's a lot of faith in technology as the thing that helped us win the war.
作家雷切尔·格罗斯：二战结束后的一段时期，人们对技术充满信心，相信技术可以帮助我们赢得战争。
And it's now being applied to medicine.
现在它正被应用于医学。
Nowhere were the postwar changes more evident than at the American Society for the Control of Cancer.
战后的变化在美国癌症控制协会最为明显。
Newly renamed – and fully rebranded – the American Cancer Society had become a completely different organization.
新更名并完全重新命名的美国癌症协会已成为一个完全不同的组织。
Its transformation had been led by the will of one woman.
它的转变是由一位女性的意志主导的。
Mary Lasker: I have some pictures here by Cézanne, and Manet, and Renoir, Van Gogh.
玛丽·拉斯克：我这里有一些塞尚、马奈、雷诺阿、梵高的照片。
BARRON LERNER, MD, HISTORIAN: : Mary Lasker was a philanthropist, and she had a housekeeper who had died of cancer and she was surprised to learn how little was being done to prevent these cancers, and treat these cancers.
巴伦·勒纳（BARRON LERNER）医学博士、历史学家：玛丽·拉斯克（Mary Lasker）是一位慈善家，她的一位管家死于癌症，她惊讶地发现在预防这些癌症和治疗这些癌症方面所做的努力很少。
So Lasker made it her goal to modernize the American Society for the Control of Cancer, and that's what she did.
因此，拉斯克将美国癌症控制协会现代化作为她的目标，而她也确实做到了。
Lasker: The amount of money that's being spent for medical research is…well it’s just piddling.
拉斯克：用于医学研究的资金是……嗯，只是微不足道的。
Less is spent on cancer research than we spend on chewing gum!
在癌症研究上的花费比我们在口香糖上的花费还要少！
Lasker’s new fundraising tactics soon paid off, and in no time the Society’s annual budget had grown over a hundred fold.
拉斯克的新筹款策略很快就得到了回报，协会的年度预算很快就增长了一百多倍。
Now, what the ACS really needed was a big, ambitious project – something to show the public that cancer was a disease that you could actually do something about.
现在，ACS 真正需要的是一个雄心勃勃的大型项目——向公众展示癌症是一种你实际上可以采取行动的疾病。
The pap smear was the perfect tool for the job, but its roll out would introduce an entirely new set of challenges.
子宫颈抹片检查是这项工作的完美工具，但它的推出将带来一系列全新的挑战。
Papanicolaou: A trained and skilled cytotechnician cannot examine more than twelve specimens a day.
Papanicolaou：训练有素且熟练的细胞技术人员每天不能检查超过 12 个样本。
That is about 60 a week or 3,000 a year.
这大约是每周 60 次或每年 3,000 次。
You can figure out how many technicians are needed to study the specimens from the population of the United States.
你可以算出需要多少技术人员来研究美国人口的样本。
Recently, Papanicolaou’s lab had become a teaching center, a place where the next generation of cytologists could be trained.
最近，巴帕尼科拉乌的实验室已经成为一个教学中心，一个可以培训下一代细胞学家的地方。
At the heart of the classes and the instruction was, more often than not, Mary Pap herself.
课程和指导的核心往往是玛丽·帕普本人。
KIRSTEN GARDNER, HISTORIAN: : Every technician that came in there, she sat down and she worked with them in terms of how we stain the slides, how we identify the slides.
历史学家克尔斯滕·加德纳 (Kirsten Gardner)：每一位来到那里的技术人员都会坐下来，与他们一起研究如何对载玻片进行染色、如何识别载玻片。
Mary would later explain that she believed that people are born scientists.
玛丽后来解释说，她相信人是天生的科学家。
She’d been the one who’d decided they wouldn’t have children, so that they could keep working together, always.
她决定他们不要孩子，这样他们就可以一直一起工作。
“There was no other option for me,” she’d say, “but to follow him inside the lab, making his way of life mine.”
“我别无选择，”她说，“只能跟随他进入实验室，让他的生活方式成为我的。”
For 21 years, she’d had a smear every day – some 7,665 smears in all.
21 年来，她每天都进行涂片检查——总共大约 7,665 次涂片检查。
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : You can just imagine what that was like – or can you?
莉亚·哈扎德（LEAH HAZARD），编剧：你可以想象那是什么样子——或者你能吗？
I mean, none of us have submitted to such a kind of long-term invasive campaign of personal investigation.
我的意思是，我们没有人接受过这种长期的、侵入性的个人调查活动。
To involve your body, and your life, to that extent in your partner's work is really remarkable.
将你的身体和生活融入到伴侣的工作中，这真的很了不起。
And I think, to describe her as an equal partner in George's work is almost even to do her a discredit, because she immersed herself in it, body and soul.
我认为，将她描述为乔治工作中的平等伙伴几乎是对她的侮辱，因为她全身心地投入其中，灵魂也沉浸其中。
Mary Papanicolaou had made the smear possible.
玛丽·帕帕尼科拉乌（Mary Papanicolaou）使涂抹成为可能。
But there were limits to what even she could do.
但即使是她能做的也很有限。
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : It would've been really challenging to win hearts and minds, especially in the 50s, you know.
作家莉亚·哈扎德：赢得民心确实具有挑战性，尤其是在 50 年代，你知道。
To be invited in for a screening program where you have to lift your dress and open your legs would not have been an easy sell.
被邀请参加一个必须掀起裙子、张开双腿的筛选项目并不容易。
As both George and Mary well knew, there were millions of women in America.
乔治和玛丽都清楚，美国有数百万女性。
Every single one of them needed to hear how the Pap could save their life.
他们每个人都想听听爸爸如何拯救他们的生命。
And for that, what was really needed were people on the ground.
为此，真正需要的是实地人员。
In Philadelphia, in 1948, Helen Dickens was busier than ever.
1948 年的费城，海伦·狄更斯比以往任何时候都更加忙碌。
AMEENAH SHAKIR, HISTORIAN: : She would do workshops like Cancer in Women, Cancer in the Uterus.
阿米娜·沙基尔（Ameenah Shakir），历史学家：她会举办诸如女性癌症、子宫癌症等研讨会。
But also working specifically with these club women's groups in Philadelphia, like the Pyramid Club, the Junior Business and Professional League.
而且还专门与费城的这些俱乐部妇女团体合作，例如金字塔俱乐部、青少年商业和职业联盟。
But Dickens doesn't just work with those societies.
但狄更斯不仅仅与这些社会合作。
She also would do workshops for hairdressers.
她还为美发师举办讲习班。
JAYNE HENDERSON BROWN, MD,: DAUGHTER OF DR. HELEN DICKENS :: People kept calling on her to speak here and there.
医学博士杰恩·亨德森·布朗：博士的女儿海伦·狄更斯：人们不断地邀请她到处演讲。
The more she did, the more people heard about her.
她做得越多，就越多的人知道她。
Word spread, quickly.
消息传开，很快。
Now, Doctor Dickens was in a new position of power.
现在，狄更斯博士处于新的权力位置。
After passing her boards to become the only Black female OBGYN in all of Philadelphia, she’d taken a job as the head of the department at Mercy Hospital.
在通过委员会成为费城唯一的黑人女性妇产科医生后，她在慈善医院担任科室主任。
JAYNE HENDERSON BROWN, MD,: DAUGHTER OF DR. HELEN DICKENS : She didn't leave the office and come home.
医学博士杰恩·亨德森·布朗：博士的女儿海伦·狄更斯：她没有离开办公室回家。
She didn't do that.
她没有那样做。
There were phone calls at home.
家里有电话打来。
She called patients back.
她给病人回了电话。
She was interested in their families.
她对他们的家庭很感兴趣。
Many of them became friends.
他们中的许多人成为了朋友。
In retrospect, I get it.
回想起来，我明白了。
As a kid, I was like, "Oh my goodness." She was gone.
当我还是个孩子的时候，我就想，“哦，天哪。”她走了。
She was there for them.
她就在他们身边。
Always on the lookout for any cutting-edge medical tool that could help her patients, when a publication about the smear came across her desk, Dickens saw its potential at once.
狄更斯一直在寻找任何可以帮助她的病人的尖端医疗工具，当一本关于涂片的出版物出现在她的办公桌上时，狄更斯立刻看到了它的潜力。
JAYNE HENDERSON BROWN, MD,: DAUGHTER OF DR. HELEN DICKENS : She did study what Dr. Papanicolaou was doing, and thought that if she could just spread that technique, it was lifesaving.
医学博士杰恩·亨德森·布朗：博士的女儿海伦·狄更斯：她确实研究了帕帕尼科拉乌博士正在做的事情，并认为如果她能传播这项技术，那就可以挽救生命。
But it was an uphill battle.
但这是一场艰苦的战斗。
Since its very beginnings, the practice of gynecology in America had been tied to – and made possible by – the institution of slavery.
从一开始，美国的妇科实践就与奴隶制息息相关，并通过奴隶制成为可能。
Surgeons like James Marion Sims, the man behind the modern speculum, had developed the field without any ethical restraints whatsoever.
现代窥器的发明者詹姆斯·马里昂·西姆斯（James Marion Sims）等外科医生在没有任何道德限制的情况下开发了这一领域。
DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS, HISTORIAN: : James Marion Sims founds the first hospital dedicated to women's conditions in the 1840s in Montgomery, Alabama.
历史学家迪尔德丽·库珀·欧文斯 (DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS)：詹姆斯·马里昂·西姆斯 (James Marion Sims) 于 1840 年代在阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利建立了第一家专门治疗妇女疾病的医院。
And it's essentially a hospital for enslaved women.
它本质上是一家为被奴役妇女服务的医院。
They are experimented on for a number of years, one young woman, Anarcha, she was experimented on almost 30 times…without anesthesia.
他们已经进行了很多年的实验，一位名叫 Anarcha 的年轻女性，在没有麻醉的情况下，对她进行了近 30 次实验。
With the rise of the eugenics movement, certain doctors had advocated for – and performed – sterilizations on women of color.
随着优生运动的兴起，某些医生提倡并实施了对有色人种女性的绝育手术。
DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS, HISTORIAN: : It was considered Mississippi appendectomy.
历史学家迪尔德丽·库珀·欧文斯：：这被认为是密西西比阑尾切除术。
Oftentimes that's what the doctors would tell these patients.
通常，这就是医生会告诉这些患者的内容。
And they would go in, and perform hysterectomies on very young Black women.
他们会对非常年轻的黑人女性进行子宫切除术。
The long-term effect of those sterilization surgeries is that you have a community of people who do not trust doctors, particularly when it comes to reproduction.
这些绝育手术的长期影响是，社区中的人们不信任医生，尤其是在生殖方面。
For years, Dickens had worked to gain her patients’ trust – and now she was going to need it.
多年来，狄更斯一直努力赢得病人的信任——现在她需要这种信任。
AMEENAH SHAKIR, HISTORIAN: : With the Pap Smear what she's really concerned about educating the public about, “This is not a form of sterilization, but it in fact will help to prevent you from getting cancer.”
历史学家阿米娜·沙基尔：通过子宫颈抹片检查，她真正关心的是教育公众，“这不是一种绝育形式，但它实际上有助于预防癌症。”
DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS, HISTORIAN: : She understands some of the trepidation, and she's saying, “Look, I'm a product of this, and I'm telling you that you can trust me.
历史学家迪尔德丽·库珀·欧文斯：她理解人们的一些恐惧，她说：“看，我就是这个的产物，我告诉你，你可以相信我。
In 1953, a new cancer center opened under Dickens’ direction at Mercy Hospital – it would finally document the instances of reproductive cancer in the Black community.
1953 年，在狄更斯的指导下，慈善医院开设了一个新的癌症中心 - 它最终记录了黑人社区的生殖癌症实例。
As Dickens would argue, “No woman need die from cervical cancer.”
正如狄更斯所说，“没有女性需要死于宫颈癌。”
But it remained an open question.
但这仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。
When those clinics opened, would women go?
当这些诊所开业时，女性会去吗？
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : The first wide-scale screening program that involved the pap smear took place in Tennessee.
作家莉亚·哈扎德：第一个涉及子宫颈抹片检查的大规模筛查项目在田纳西州进行。
SAM KEAN, WRITER: : A lot of this work was done at clinics, but they also used what they called Pap stations that would pop up.
萨姆·基恩（SAM KEAN），作家：：很多工作都是在诊所完成的，但他们也使用了所谓的会弹出的子宫颈抹片工作站。
Small, mobile clinics, at schools, businesses.
学校、企业的小型流动诊所。
It was called the Memphis Cancer Survey Project.
它被称为孟菲斯癌症调查项目。
Over five years, from 1952 to 1957, it would enroll hundreds of thousands of women, and become the first real-world test of the pap smear.
从 1952 年到 1957 年的五年时间里，它招募了数十万名女性，成为现实世界中第一个子宫颈抹片检查测试。
Meanwhile, across the country, the American Cancer Society was funding the training of an entirely new labor force – and it was an army of women.
与此同时，在全国范围内，美国癌症协会正在资助培训一支全新的劳动力——这是一支由女性组成的大军。
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : There's a story about how these women were looking at these cell samples, and on the wall they had Murayama's paintings and so if they were looking at a slide and, "Oh.
作家莉亚·哈扎德：有一个关于这些女性如何观察这些细胞样本的故事，墙上挂着村山的画作，所以如果她们看着幻灯片，就会说：“哦。
I'm not quite sure.
我不太确定。
Does that look normal?" they could look at this amazing reference point and go, "Oh, yeah.
这看起来正常吗？”他们可以看着这个令人惊奇的参考点然后说，“哦，是的。
Okay.
好的。
That's what I should be looking for.
这就是我应该寻找的。
This is cancer," or "This isn't cancer."
这是癌症”或“这不是癌症”。
Hashime Murayama, by this time, was well and truly retired.
村山桥此时已经真正退休了。
But there was no question that he’d delivered on his promise: he’d devoted his considerable skill to helping save American women’s lives.
但毫无疑问，他兑现了自己的承诺：他将自己丰富的技能用于帮助拯救美国妇女的生命。
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: : The mass trials in Tennessee reveal that this test is 98% or more effective at detecting cancer.
作家雷切尔·格罗斯 (RACHEL GROSS)：田纳西州的大规模试验表明，该测试在检测癌症方面的有效率为 98% 或更高。
And that's really the kind of confirmation that you need to start spreading this as a medical tool.
这确实是您需要开始将其作为医疗工具进行传播的确认。
In Philadelphia, Dr. Helen Dickens was leading the charge.
在费城，海伦·狄更斯博士带头引领这一潮流。
She’d gone out and taught the technique to as many other Black doctors as possible – and soon had grown her army of one into a force more than 200 strong.
她出去向尽可能多的其他黑人医生传授这项技术——很快她的一支军队就发展成了一支超过 200 人的军队。
Helen Dickens: You took a wagon and went out to the churches in various places, and invited women into the van, like, to have a pap smear done.
海伦·狄更斯：你开着一辆马车，去各地的教堂，邀请妇女上车，比如去做子宫颈抹片检查。
RACHEL GROSS, WRITER: : She really made it her mission to use any means available to her to get the word out.
雷切尔·格罗斯（Rachel Gross），编剧：她确实把利用一切可用的手段传播出去作为自己的使命。
She would recommend that families appoint a female representative who made sure every woman in the family got their pap smear.
她建议家庭任命一名女性代表，确保家庭中的每个女性都接受子宫颈抹片检查。
In the end, Dr. Dickens had simply refused to wait for people to come.
最后，狄更斯博士干脆拒绝等待人们的到来。
She’d gone to them.
她去找他们了。
AMEENAH SHAKIR, HISTORIAN: : She's always thinking of herself as a worker, and for her, work means the liberation of Black people through medical activism.
历史学家阿米娜·沙基尔：她始终将自己视为一名工人，对她来说，工作意味着通过医疗行动解放黑人。
JAYNE HENDERSON BROWN, MD,: DAUGHTER OF DR. HELEN DICKENS : Her legacy is the gift she gave of healthcare to every woman who came, you know, within 10 feet of her.
医学博士杰恩·亨德森·布朗：博士的女儿海伦·狄更斯：她的遗产是她为每一位来到她周围 10 英尺范围内的女性提供医疗保健的礼物。
Helen Dickens: The care of women.
海伦·狄更斯：对女性的关怀。
Dealing with women.
与女性打交道。
That was the specialty I liked.
那是我喜欢的专业。
By 1958, the pap smear was triumphant, and both George and Mary were invited to the White House, where they dined with Eisenhower, and the Queen of Greece.
1958 年，子宫颈抹片检查取得了胜利，乔治和玛丽都被邀请到白宫，与艾森豪威尔和希腊女王共进晚餐。
Their simple test for cancer had long since left the lab, to become a vital part of women’s lives.
他们的简单癌症测试早已离开实验室，成为女性生活的重要组成部分。
BARRON LERNER, MD, HISTORIAN: : The Pap test helped de-stigmatize cancer.
BARRON LERNER，医学博士、历史学家：：巴氏试验有助于消除癌症的污名化。
By the late 1960s, you could go to the public and say, “Go get this test at your doctor.
到 20 世纪 60 年代末，你可以对公众说：“去你的医生那里做这个测试。
Sure, we might find cancer, but we have something to do about it.” Let’s get cancer out of the closet.
当然，我们可能会发现癌症，但我们必须对此采取行动。”让我们把癌症从柜子里拿出来吧。
Let’s make this a disease that everybody can talk about.
让我们让这种疾病成为每个人都可以谈论的疾病。
WOMAN 1: I have an appointment that I make once a year for my checkup.
女人 1：我预约了每年一次的检查。
WOMAN 2: Of course I go for a Pap Test, every lady should.
女人 2：我当然会去做巴氏检查，每个女士都应该做。
WOMAN 3: My daughter went for a Pap Test and she’s fine.
女人 3：我女儿做了巴氏涂片检查，结果很好。
DEIRDRE COOPER OWENS, HISTORIAN: : The ways that this medical discovery literally changed the globe is incredible.
历史学家迪尔德丽·库珀·欧文斯：这一医学发现确实改变了地球，其方式令人难以置信。
The pap smear educated people about medicine, and preventative healthcare.
子宫颈抹片检查让人们了解医学和预防保健。
And more importantly, it saved people’s lives.
更重要的是，它拯救了人们的生命。
LEAH HAZARD, WRITER: : The Pap smear changed the landscape for cancer, for its detection, its diagnosis, and treatment.
莉亚·哈扎德 (LEAH HAZARD)，作家：子宫颈抹片检查改变了癌症的检测、诊断和治疗面貌。
Suddenly we could envision a time when we could screen healthy people, and we could all be thriving in a new and quite exciting way.
突然间，我们可以想象有一天我们可以筛查健康的人，我们都可以以一种新的、相当令人兴奋的方式蓬勃发展。
BY SOME ESTIMATES, THE PAP SMEAR HAS SAVED MORE THAN ONE MILLION LIVES.
据估计，子宫颈抹片检查已挽救了超过一百万人的生命。
Watch a preview of The Cancer Detectives.
观看《癌症侦探》的预览。
The answer, once you learn the history of the speculum, is a little of both.
一旦你了解了窥器的历史，答案就是两者兼而有之。
Historian Ameenah Shakir and researcher and author Cat Bohannon speak with journalist Pam Belluck about the ways narratives and biases around women's bodies determine and limit our understanding of them.
历史学家 Ameenah Shakir 和研究员兼作家 Cat Bohannon 与记者 Pam Belluck 谈论有关女性身体的叙述和偏见如何决定和限制我们对她们的理解。
Helen Dickens was a crusader whose cancer van saved hundreds of lives.
海伦·狄更斯是一位斗士，她的抗癌车挽救了数百人的生命。
The untold story of the people who fought tirelessly to save women from cervical cancer.
关于那些为拯救女性免受宫颈癌而不懈奋斗的人们的不为人知的故事。
Renowned science illustrator Hashime Murayama's attention to detail saved lives.
著名科学插画家 Hashime Murayama 对细节的关注拯救了生命。