The Busing Battleground

巴士战场

September 11, 2023 · American Experience (PBS) · 原文

Phyllis Ellison Feaster: The first day of school desegregation my brother and I had our bus assignments and we collected students and other buses to drive up to South Boston High School.

菲利斯·埃里森·费斯特（Phyllis Ellison Feaster）：学校废除种族隔离的第一天，我和我的兄弟完成了公交车任务，我们收集了学生和其他公交车前往南波士顿高中。

Officer: L-Street Annex, right over here.

警官：L 街附楼，就在这里。

First two buses, please.

请前两辆公共汽车。

Bob Monahan, South Boston Resident: I went up to Southie High.

鲍勃·莫纳汉 (Bob Monahan)，南波士顿居民：我去了南西高中 (Southie High)。

There was staging for the television cameras.

电视摄像机正在布置。

And the first one I noticed was the BBC.

我注意到的第一个是 BBC。

We all knew something was going to happen.

我们都知道将会发生一些事情。

Leon Rock, Student Activist: As the kids were getting out the buses, there was a line of police holding back residents from South Boston screaming at the Black students.

学生活动家莱昂·罗克（Leon Rock）：当孩子们下车时，一队警察拦住了来自南波士顿的居民，他们对黑人学生大喊大叫。

We were fearful for our lives.

我们担心自己的生命安全。

Ruth Batson: We were not pushing for desegregation because of the brotherhood of man concept.

露丝·巴特森：我们并不是因为人类兄弟情谊的概念而推动废除种族隔离。

Where there were white students, that's where the money went.

哪里有白人学生，哪里就有钱。

Bob Monahan, South Boston Resident: How adults in Boston could not have come up with a better plan?

鲍勃·莫纳汉 (Bob Monahan)，南波士顿居民：波士顿的成年人怎么可能想不出更好的计划呢？

It still baffles me.

它仍然让我困惑。

White woman: I’m not for this.

白人妇女：我不赞成这个。

I don’t care.

我不在乎。

My one will not go to school.

我的一个不会去上学。

But it’s tearing them apart.

但这正在撕裂他们。

White Woman: I wouldn’t care if they are green or purple.

白人女士：我不在乎它们是绿色还是紫色。

It’s the idea of putting my kid on the bus when I have a school right across the street from where they should go.

当我的学校就在他们应该去的地方的街对面时，我就让我的孩子上公共汽车。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: White families and some black families felt that the decision of where their children should go to school should be up to them.

作家吉姆·弗拉贝尔：白人家庭和一些黑人家庭认为，他们的孩子应该去哪里上学的决定应该由他们自己决定。

Albert “Dapper” O’Neil: First of all busing will never work in this city never.

Albert “Dapper” O’Neil：首先，公交车在这个城市永远行不通。

They will not take the rights away from these people.

他们不会剥夺这些人的权利。

Leon Rock, Roxbury Resident: Many Black parents were saying, “This is crazy.

Leon Rock，罗克斯伯里居民：许多黑人家长说，“这太疯狂了。

No, we can’t send our kids into the lions’ den.”

不，我们不能把我们的孩子送进狮子窝。”

Black Woman: I don’t want to bus my child to any school.

黑人妇女：我不想送我的孩子去任何学校。

I want to have a good school in my community where my child can go and get just as much good education as anybody else.

我希望在我的社区有一所好学校，我的孩子可以在那里像其他人一样接受良好的教育。

Matt Delmont, Historian: The battle over busing in Boston exposed the important truth that the majority of white Americans didn’t actually support civil rights if it meant they had actually to address racial inequality in their own cities.

马特·德尔蒙特，历史学家：波士顿的公交车之争暴露了一个重要的事实，即大多数美国白人实际上并不支持民权，如果这意味着他们必须真正解决自己城市的种族不平等问题。

Sandra Lynch: The people of Boston elected people to public office who campaigned on deliberately racist platforms.

桑德拉·林奇：波士顿人民选出了在故意种族主义平台上竞选的人担任公职。

Louise Day Hicks: If you ask me, you know where I stand.

路易丝·戴·希克斯：如果你问我，你就会知道我的立场。

You know where I stand.

你知道我的立场。

White man in South Boston: Shoot all the niggers.

南波士顿的白人：射杀所有黑鬼。

Why should they move over here and wreck this city?

他们为什么要搬到这里来破坏这座城市？

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: It was the ugliest that I’ve ever experienced human nature and the most fraught with danger and concern that we were at the precipice of anarchy, civil war, a race riot.

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：这是我经历过的最丑陋的人性，也是最充满危险和担忧的，因为我们正处于无政府状态、内战和种族骚乱的边缘。

Thomas Atkins, NAACP: It's not a question of whether the Constitution can be enforced.

托马斯·阿特金斯（Thomas Atkins），全国有色人种协进会：这不是宪法能否得到执行的问题。

It's only a question of at what cost?

这只是一个代价是什么的问题？

John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Archival: Good evening my fellow citizens

约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪，档案：晚上好，我的同胞们

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: On June 11th, 1963, President John Kennedy calls for a national press conference and all three networks broadcast it.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：1963 年 6 月 11 日，约翰·肯尼迪总统呼吁召开全国新闻发布会，三个电视网都进行了转播。

It rivets the attention of the country.

引起了国家的关注。

John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Archival: The Negro baby born in America today, regardless of the section or the state in which he is born, has about one-half as much chance, of completing a high school as a white baby born in the same place on the same day.

约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪，档案：今天在美国出生的黑人婴儿，无论出生在哪个地区或哪个州，完成高中学业的机会大约是同一天出生在同一地点的白人婴儿的一半。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: I was at home watching him or TV.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：我当时正在家里看他或看电视。

And to hear a president of the United States acknowledge the depth of the racial challenges was just remarkable and uplifting.

听到一位美国总统承认种族挑战的严重性真是令人瞩目和振奋。

In the middle of the struggles that are going on in the South to take a side like that, on our side.

在南方正在进行的斗争中，我们要站在这样的一边。

It was revolutionary.

这是革命性的。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: Earlier in the day, Governor George Wallace stood in the schoolhouse door and said, “In my tenure as governor here, Negroes will never attend the University of Alabama.”

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：当天早些时候，州长乔治·华莱士站在校舍门口说：“在我担任州长期间，黑人永远不会进入阿拉巴马大学。”

Nicholas Katzenbach, US Deputy Attorney General: I am asking of you an unequivocal assurance that you will not bar entry to these students Vivian Malone and James Hood.

美国司法部副部长尼古拉斯·卡岑巴赫（Nicholas Katzenbach）：我请求您明确保证，不会禁止维维安·马龙（Vivian Malone）和詹姆斯·胡德（James Hood）这些学生入境。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: Kennedy finally saw how rigid and devastating the racism in the South had become, that it was no longer possible to stay on the sidelines.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：肯尼迪终于看到了南方的种族主义已经变得多么顽固和具有破坏性，他再也不可能袖手旁观了。

John F Kennedy, Archival: This is not a sectional issue.

约翰·F·肯尼迪（John F Kennedy），《档案》：这不是一个局部问题。

Difficulties over segregation and discrimination exist in every city, in every State of the Union.

美国每个州的每个城市都存在种族隔离和歧视方面的困难。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: Part of the irony of Kennedy’s speech was that in Boston, the NAACP is appearing before the Boston School Committee, an equally dramatic moment, at the same time.

布莱恩特·罗林斯，记者：肯尼迪演讲的部分讽刺之处在于，在波士顿，全国有色人种协进会同时出现在波士顿学校委员会面前，这也是一个同样戏剧性的时刻。

Hubie Jones, Activist: It was a very hot night.

胡比·琼斯（Hubie Jones），活动家：那是一个非常炎热的夜晚。

There was no air conditioning.

没有空调。

The windows were wide open in search of air.

窗户大开着寻找空气。

You could hear downstairs demonstrators, chanting and singing freedom songs.

你可以听到楼下的示威者高喊着自由歌曲。

Inside the school committee headquarters, Ruth Batson presented her case to the all-white school committee.

在学校委员会总部内，露丝·巴特森向全白人学校委员会陈述了她的情况。

Farah Stockman, Journalist: Ruth Batson really is on a mission to get the Boston School Committee to admit that, there was de facto segregation in the schools and to do something about it.

法拉·斯托克曼（Farah Stockman），记者：露丝·巴特森（Ruth Batson）的真正使命是让波士顿学校委员会承认学校中存在事实上的种族隔离，并为此采取行动。

Hubie Jones, Activist: Louise Day Hicks, South Boston lawyer, chairperson of the School Committee, said to Mrs. Batson, “Mrs. Batson, we don’t segregate the schools.

胡比·琼斯（Hubie Jones），积极分子：路易斯·戴·希克斯（Louise Day Hicks），南波士顿律师，学校委员会主席，对巴特森夫人说：“巴特森夫人，我们不实行学校隔离。

We only assign students to schools closest to where they live, so we are not accepting this notion and we are not going to do anything about what you’re talking about.”

我们只把学生分配到离他们居住地最近的学校，所以我们不会接受这个想法，我们不会对你所说的采取任何行动。”

Ruth Batson: We made our presentation, and everything broke loose.

露丝·巴特森（Ruth Batson）：我们做了演示，然后一切就都放松了。

We were completely rejected that night and we left battle-scarred.

那天晚上我们被彻底拒绝了，我们离开时伤痕累累。

John Kennedy, Archival: If an American because his skin is dark cannot eat lunch in a restaurant open to the public, if he cannot send his children to the best public school available, if he cannot vote, who among us would then be content with the counsels of patience and delay?

约翰·肯尼迪，档案：如果一个美国人因为肤色黑而不能在向公众开放的餐厅吃午餐，如果他不能送他的孩子去最好的公立学校，如果他不能投票，那么我们当中谁会满足于耐心和拖延的建议？

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: So here you've got President Kennedy making an impassioned speech to the nation, in this morally rich position that he's taking, juxtaposed with the Boston School Committee, which is presented with this opportunity, and it does exactly the opposite: Dug its heels in.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：肯尼迪总统在这个充满道德的立场上向全国发表了慷慨激昂的演讲，与波士顿学校委员会并列，波士顿学校委员会得到了这个机会，但它却做了完全相反的事情：坚定不移。

Hubie Jones, Activist: This meeting is a turning point.

胡比·琼斯（Hubie Jones），活动人士：这次会议是一个转折点。

It ignited a movement.

它引发了一场运动。

The civil rights movement came to Boston on June 11, 1963.

1963 年 6 月 11 日，民权运动来到波士顿。

Jim Vrabel, Historian: In the 1960s, Boston was a rundown has-been of a city.

Jim Vrabel，历史学家：20 世纪 60 年代，波士顿是一座破败的城市。

The middle class was on its way out.

中产阶级正在退出。

It was left as a place for the poor and working class.

它被留下作为穷人和工人阶级的地方。

It was a city of Waldorf and Hayes-Bickford cafeterias and bookie joints and newspapers blowing down the streets.

这是一座遍布华尔道夫 (Waldorf) 和海耶斯-比克福德 (Hayes-Bickford) 自助餐厅、博彩店和满街报纸的城市。

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: Boston is sort of like the palm of your hand.

威廉·乔伊：波士顿有点像你的手掌。

You have little peninsulas going out into the harbor, whether it’s Dorchester, South Boston, East Boston, North End, Charlestown.

无论是多切斯特、南波士顿、东波士顿、北端还是查尔斯敦，都有小半岛延伸到港口。

They go out into the harbor.

他们出去到港口。

And the downtown area is sort of the back of your hand.

市中心区就在你的手背上。

So you don’t go through the neighborhoods.

所以你不用穿过街区。

The neighborhoods are their own little sort of worlds.

社区是他们自己的小世界。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: East Boston was the Italian neighborhood.

布莱恩特·罗林斯（Bryant Rollins），记者：东波士顿是意大利社区。

Mattapan was the Jewish neighborhood.

马塔潘是犹太社区。

South Boston was the Irish neighborhood.

南波士顿是爱尔兰人的聚居区。

The South End was Hispanic, by and large.

南端总体来说是西班牙裔的。

Right adjacent to the downtown Boston was the Chinese community.

毗邻波士顿市中心的是华人社区。

Roxbury, Lower Roxbury, and Upper Roxbury were Black communities.

罗克斯伯里、下罗克斯伯里和上罗克斯伯里是黑人社区。

Farah Stockman, Journalist: Ten years earlier Boston, had been a very white city.

法拉·斯托克曼（Farah Stockman），记者：十年前，波士顿还是一座非常白人的城市。

In the 1950s, you’re seeing people come up from the Deep South.

在 20 世纪 50 年代，你会看到人们来自南方腹地。

Farah Stockman, Journalist: They're crowding into these neighborhoods where blacks are allowed to live, The South End and Roxbury.

记者法拉·斯托克曼：他们涌入允许黑人居住的南区和罗克斯伯里社区。

They can't move because of racial covenants written into the deeds .

由于契约上写有种族契约，他们无法搬家。

And outside of those black neighborhoods, they faced tremendous discrimination.

在那些黑人社区之外，他们面临着巨大的歧视。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: The conditions were pretty bad and they were deteriorating as more folks came and moved in.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：情况非常糟糕，而且随着越来越多的人搬进来，情况还在恶化。

Hubie Jones, Activist: Boston was like up South.

Hubie Jones，活动家：波士顿就像南方一样。

There were patterns of racial discrimination everywhere.

种族歧视现象随处可见。

Black folks were invisible.

黑人是看不见的。

It was like they didn’t live in the city.

就好像他们不住在城市里一样。

Leon Rock, Roxbury Resident: People from South Boston didn’t come into Roxbury.

Leon Rock，罗克斯伯里居民：来自南波士顿的人没有来到罗克斯伯里。

People from Roxbury didn’t go into South Boston.

来自罗克斯伯里的人没有进入南波士顿。

Al Holland, Roxbury Resident: We used to try to go to the St. Patrick Day parade.

Al Holland，罗克斯伯里居民：我们曾经尝试去参加圣帕特里克节游行。

Once we got to the South Boston side, we realized that, “Hey, we’d better get out of here because people started yelling at us, calling us all kinds of names.

当我们到达南波士顿一侧时，我们意识到，“嘿，我们最好离开这里，因为人们开始对我们大喊大叫，用各种各样的名字称呼我们。

People started chasing us.

人们开始追我们。

Joe Burnieika, Dorchester Resident: The only time I ever saw a black person when I was growing up was when the black Jehovah Witnesses would come down the street.

乔·伯尼卡（Joe Burnieika），多切斯特居民：在我的成长过程中，我唯一一次见到黑人是黑人耶和华见证人走上街头的时候。

My grandmother, who was from County Cork in Ireland, when she would see them coming down, she would say, “Close the blinds!

我的祖母来自爱尔兰科克郡，当她看到它们下来时，她会说：“关上百叶窗！

Don’t answer the door!” And I could never understand what she was so upset about.

别应门！”我永远无法理解她为何如此不安。

But that was the environment that I grew up in.

但这就是我成长的环境。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: Boston’s tradition of education is long and lustrous.

Jim Vrabel，作家：波士顿的教育传统悠久而辉煌。

It had the first school in America, in Boston Latin.

它有美国第一所学校，位于波士顿拉丁语。

Up until the Depression, it was probably one of the best public school systems in the country.

直到大萧条之前，它可能是美国最好的公立学校系统之一。

But then it kind of hit a downturn and became more of a political place.

但后来它陷入了低迷，并变得更像是一个政治场所。

It was all about getting constituents jobs.

这一切都是为了让选民找到工作。

Joe Burnieika, Teacher: Everybody knew that if you wanted to have a promotion, if you wanted to become an assistant principal or God forbid you wanted to be a principal, you had to contribute to the campaigns of the elected school committee.

Joe Burnieika，老师：每个人都知道，如果你想升职，如果你想成为助理校长，或者上帝保佑你想成为校长，你必须为民选学校委员会的活动做出贡献。

It was never based on merit.

它从来不是基于功绩。

Rev.

牧师。

WILLIAM JOY: Boston had literally a two-tiered system of high schools.

威廉·乔伊：波士顿实际上有一个两级高中系统。

There were the district high schools, like, East Boston, South Boston High School, Charlestown High School.

Charlestown High School, you might only have two or three kids that graduated and went to a four-year college.

查尔斯敦高中，您可能只有两三个孩子毕业并进入四年制大学。

Then there were the exam schools, there was Boston Latin for boys, there was Girls Latin and Boston Tech.

然后是考试学校，有男孩拉丁语学校、女子拉丁语学校和波士顿理工学院。

And those schools were elite, and mostly white.

这些学校都是精英学校，而且大部分是白人。

Henry Allen, Teacher: As a student in training to be a teacher and visiting Boston schools and then visiting as well schools in the suburbs, the differences were extreme.

So, in the suburban schools, I would see these beautiful new school buildings, modern science labs, modern auditoriums.

所以，在郊区的学校里，我会看到这些美丽的新校舍、现代化的科学实验室、现代化的礼堂。

And I’d go back to visiting a school in Boston and I’d say like, “Are we in the same world, the same planet, the same state?

我会回去参观波士顿的一所学校，我会说，“我们是在同一个世界、同一个星球、同一个州吗？

Why are schools in Boston underfunded and disgraceful looking?”

Jim Vrabel, Writer: The schools in the African American community were even less well-off.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：非裔美国人社区的学校更不富裕。

The schools buildings were older.

学校的建筑比较旧。

The resources less.

资源少了。

Zebulon Miletsky, Historian: Black schools were located in some of the oldest school buildings in Boston.

泽布隆·米列茨基 (Zebulon Miletsky)，历史学家：黑人学校位于波士顿一些最古老的校舍内。

They were missing basic resources like paper, pencils, pens, but they also didn’t have lunchrooms, and they didn’t have libraries in some cases, or gymnasiums.

Jonathan Kozol, Teacher: The school building which I taught in Boston, was something out of a Charles Dickens novel.

乔纳森·科佐尔（Jonathan Kozol），老师：我在波士顿任教的校舍是查尔斯·狄更斯小说中的建筑。

We taught two, three, four classes in the same non-partitioned, noisy auditorium, day after day.

我们日复一日地在同一个没有隔断、嘈杂的礼堂里教授两、三、四个班级。

Kids there were loaded with substitute teachers, and walls were peeling paint.

那里的孩子们都由代课老师担任，墙壁上的油漆也剥落了。

Blackboards were collapsing.

黑板都倒塌了。

Al Holland, Roxbury Resident: My elementary teachers were all white.

Al Holland，罗克斯伯里居民：我的小学老师都是白人。

There was nothing about Black history or the contributions of other minorities to this country.

没有任何关于黑人历史或其他少数族裔对这个国家的贡献的内容。

I knew all the Irish songs.

我知道所有爱尔兰歌曲。

The basketball coach, he had us saying, “Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord be with…” and we are all Black kids, most of us Baptist.

篮球教练，他让我们说，“万岁玛丽，充满恩典，愿主与我们同在......”我们都是黑人孩子，我们大多数人都是浸信会教徒。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: I remember we read Little Black Sambo out loud—tremendously stereotypical African kid, the object of fun and laughter.

And I saw myself in that kid and I knew other people saw me in that kid.

Later on, I was very angry about it, but when I was in the middle of it, I had to learn how to live in that environment without knowing what was wrong, only knowing that I don’t feel right about this.

Farah Stockman, Journalist: The fight for racial equity in Boston started more than a decade before that school committee meeting in 1963.

It began with Ruth Batson.

这一切始于露丝·巴特森。

Hubie Jones, Activist: Ruth Batson was a Roxbury resident, a mother of three children.

She was fed up with what her children were not getting from the Boston Public Schools.

她厌倦了她的孩子们没有从波士顿公立学校学到的东西。

Ruth Batson: I was living in the Orchard Park Housing Project and two of my children were attending the Dearborn School.

And I was very concerned with their education because I had the feeling from talking with other parents in other parts of the city that the education was different.

我非常关心他们的教育，因为通过与城市其他地方的其他家长交谈，我感觉到教育是不同的。

Lyda Peters, Teacher: Ruth talked to the teachers of her children and asks why is there a difference between what her child is assigned, and what children from predominantly white districts are assigned, such as science.

She gets ridiculed and she is demeaned, so that fires her up.

她被嘲笑、被贬低，这让她很兴奋。

Ruth Batson: I became chairperson of the NAACP public school committee.

露丝·巴特森：我成为全国有色人种协进会公立学校委员会的主席。

I gathered a group of people around me.

我聚集了一群人在我周围。

When we would go to white schools we'd see these lovely classrooms, a small number of children in each class.

当我们去白人学校时，我们会看到这些可爱的教室，每个班级都有少数孩子。

The teachers were permanent.

老师是永久性的。

We would see wonderful materials.

我们会看到很棒的材料。

When we'd go to our schools we would see overcrowded classrooms, children sitting out in the corridors and so forth.

Ruth Batson: We felt if we moved our students to where they were spending the money, we would benefit.

We certainly didn't think that just putting black and white kids together meant that black kids would improve.

我们当然不认为仅仅将黑人和白人孩子放在一起就意味着黑人孩子会进步。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: She ran for school committee in the 1950s and lost, but, as an activist said, “She gave people spine.”

Jim Vrabel，作家：她在 20 世纪 50 年代竞选学校委员会委员，但失败了，但正如一位活动人士所说，“她给了人们勇气。”

Hubie Jones, Activist: She had a tough core of steel.

胡比·琼斯（Hubie Jones），活动家：她有着钢铁般的坚强核心。

You mess with Ruth Batson, you better be ready.

你惹了露丝·巴特森，你最好做好准备。

Announcer: It’s time for the Longines Chronoscope, a television journal of the important issues of the hour.

Larry Lesueur, Journalist: The United States Supreme Court has made a unanimous decision.

It has ruled that Negro and white pupils in our public schools must not be segregated.

它规定公立学校的黑人和白人学生不得隔离。

This will surely have a penetrating significance on all American life.

Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Law Professor: This was a decision that many African-Americans had hoped for for a long time.

富子·布朗-纳金，法学教授：这是许多非裔美国人长期以来所希望的决定。

The lawyers from the NAACP Legal Defense Fund had been litigating this line of cases for several years.

And finally, they had this triumphant opinion that said separate black and white schools were unlawful .

The black schools were invariably inferior.

黑人学校的成绩总是较差。

Zebulon Miletsky, Historian: Ruth Batson felt jubilation.

She thought to herself, now that Brown v.

她心想，既然布朗诉。

Board has been decided this was going to open the doors for all Black children whether in the South or the North.

董事会已决定，这将为所有黑人儿童打开大门，无论是南方还是北方。

Alan Rose, Lawyer: African-American families across the country had a right to expect that their children would no longer be sent to schools that were segregated and that, instead, they would be going to schools that were integrated.

That was their expectation and that was their constitutional right.

Matt Delmont, Historian: For Black activists in Boston, nothing practically changes after the Brown decision in terms of what's actually going on on the ground for Black children, and eventually increases frustration, because they can see with their own eyes that segregation exists in Boston, that their children are receiving second class educations.

Jim Vrabel, Writer: Another group started in 1960, a group called the CBPS (Citizens for Boston Public Schools).

It was started to try and do something about the schools.

The only community that was interested in working with them was the Black community and Ruth Batson.

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: In 1961, the Boston Citizens for Public Schools put together their own slate for the school committee.

One of the primary candidates was Mel King who was a leader in the African American community.

主要候选人之一是梅尔·金（Mel King），他是非裔美国人社区的领导人。

Henry Allen, Activist: They were running a campaign that was based on: We are interested in reforming and building a quality school system in Boston.

Zebulon Miletsky, Historian: Louise Day Hicks is also a candidate for the Boston School Committee.

She bills herself as the only mother in the race.

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: At that time she was soliciting the Black vote and very actively doing so in the community.

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: Mel King didn’t get elected, but Louise Day Hicks did.

Farah Stockman, Journalist: So what the NAACP does is compile a bunch of statistics.

法拉·斯托克曼（Farah Stockman），记者：全国有色人种协进会所做的就是编制一堆统计数据。

They find that 13 schools were predominantly black.

And in those schools there was a terrible case of overcrowding.

在这些学校里，存在着严重的人满为患的情况。

One school was built to hold 600 kids, and there were more than a thousand enrolled.

They were old buildings.

它们是古老的建筑。

Four had been condemned.

The school system spends on average $275 per elementary school kid per year.

学校系统平均每年为每个小学生花费 275 美元。

But in some of these predominantly Black schools, it’s only spending $229.

但在其中一些以黑人为主的学校中，费用仅为 229 美元。

So they compile a very strong case that kids in these predominantly Black schools are suffering.

It’s on the merits of these statistics that they demand a meeting.

Zebulon Miletsky, Historian: At the meeting, Ruth reminded them that they had been talking about these issues for years, that they had been trying to remind them of the plight of Black students in the system, and that no one had listened.

Reporter: Would you care to speculate on why the NAACP has raised this issue in Boston.

Louise Day Hicks: I might say that it is a national problem and they have brought it to Boston where it does not belong.

Reporter: You do not believe then that this agitation originated here in this city.

Ruth Batson: We go prepared to the school system and we were really innocent.

露丝·巴特森：我们对学校系统做好了准备，我们真的很无辜。

We were naive.

我们很天真。

We were insulted.

We were told our kids were stupid and this was why they didn't learn.

我们被告知我们的孩子很愚蠢，这就是他们不学习的原因。

We found out that we had brought to them a wonderful political issue, and that this was an issue that was going to give their political careers stability for a long time to come.

我们发现我们给他们带来了一个美妙的政治问题，这个问题将给他们的政治生涯带来长期的稳定。

Reporter: Today, Boston witnessed the Stay Out for Freedom Day, the so-called boycott by Negro students of junior and senior high schools of Boston .

Jim Vrabel, Writer: When the school committee refused to do anything to respond to the NAACP, the Black community decided that they had to keep the pressure on and act.

Jim Vrabel, Writer: Reverend James Breeden had witnessed a school stay-out in the South, and he suggested doing the same thing in Boston.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：詹姆斯·布里登牧师目睹了南方学校的一次旷课，他建议在波士顿也做同样的事情。

“Let’s get the Black children to stay out of school for a day and to show that we represent a lot of people.”

“让我们让黑人孩子休学一天，以表明我们代表了很多人。”

Edward Crowder, Roxbury Resident: When the stay-out of school for freedom came, there was no question I was going to be there.

I was coming out of a relatively poor family, but even as a child, I had aspirations to do better.

我来自一个相对贫困的家庭，但即使是小时候，我也渴望做得更好。

I didn’t tell my parents.

我没有告诉我的父母。

Dad would be scared that that could impact him.

爸爸会担心这会影响他。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: We identified locations where we set up Freedom Schools, and we filled them with music, with poetry, and with lessons and with speakers who these young people would never have an opportunity to encounter.

We helped to make the connection to the South.

我们帮助建立了与南方的联系。

We helped them to understand that this Freedom School was part of the Civil Rights Movement.

我们帮助他们了解这所自由学校是民权运动的一部分。

Noel Day, Co-Director, Freedom Stay - Out Committee: Most of you came here because you understood that, here in Boston, you are deprived of your rights just as much as people in Birmingham are deprived of their rights.

We've taken the first real step in Boston in beginning the struggle for our freedom here.

我们在波士顿迈出了真正的第一步，开始为这里的自由而奋斗。

Reporter: Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics, you gave a very powerful speech today at this freedom sit-in.

记者：波士顿凯尔特人队的比尔·拉塞尔，你今天在这次自由静坐中发表了非常有力的演讲。

Could you tell us what you feel is the success of this freedom stay-out?

您能告诉我们您对这种自由留守的成功有何看法吗？

Bill Russell: The important thing is that we have taken the first step and we have, as they say, thrown the gauntlet down.

比尔·拉塞尔：重要的是我们已经迈出了第一步，正如他们所说，我们已经发出了挑战。

We're into the fight now, and I think we'll win.

我们现在已经投入战斗了，我想我们会赢。

Matthew Delmont, Historian: In November of 1963, there’s a Boston School Committee election.

马修·德尔蒙特，历史学家：1963 年 11 月，波士顿学校委员会进行了选举。

Farah Stockman, Journalist: Louise Day Hicks is reelected to the School Committee.

Farah Stockman，记者：Louise Day Hicks 再次当选为学校委员会成员。

She wins in a landslide.

She sees that she's been rewarded for fighting against integration of schools.

她发现自己因反对学校合并而获得了奖励。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: Louise, early on, saw that a way of getting more votes and raising her political profile was to oppose these efforts at ending de facto segregation.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：路易丝很早就发现，获得更多选票和提高政治形象的一种方法是反对这些旨在结束事实上的种族隔离的努力。

Farah Stockman, Journalist: People in the black community were frustrated that nothing was happening.

法拉·斯托克曼（Farah Stockman），记者：黑人社区的人们对什么都没有发生感到沮丧。

They didn't win at the ballot box.

他们没有在投票箱中获胜。

They didn't get anywhere with the school committee.

他们与学校委员会没有取得任何进展。

So three black state legislators filed racial imbalance bills to say that if a town or city had racially imbalanced schools, they would have to address it.

因此，三名黑人州立法者提交了种族失衡法案，表示如果一个城镇或城市的学校存在种族失衡，他们就必须解决这个问题。

Those bills went nowhere.

这些账单无处可去。

Matt Delmont, Historian: In February 1964, there’s a second school stay out, and this one is much larger than the first one.

马特·德尔蒙特（Matt Delmont），历史学家：1964 年 2 月，第二次学校留校，这次比第一次规模大得多。

This time you have a number of students from suburban schools outside of Boston who participate as well.

这次也有一些来自波士顿以外郊区学校的学生参加。

Hubie Jones, Activist: I was asked to organize students living in the suburbs to come join the stay-out and to attend freedom schools and get to know kids from Boston and kids who were different from them in race and culture and the response was amazing.

胡比·琼斯（Hubie Jones），活动家：我被要求组织居住在郊区的学生参加留校并参加自由学校，并结识来自波士顿的孩子以及与他们在种族和文化上不同的孩子，反应是惊人的。

Ruth Batson: We have these three musicians and they integrated this room in two minutes.

露丝·巴特森：我们有这三位音乐家，他们在两分钟内整合了这个房间。

They merely said, “You come down here and sit here and you come there and sit there.” And we were integrated weren't we?

他们只是说：“你到这里来，坐到这里，你到那里来，坐到那里。”我们已经融为一体了，不是吗？

I don't feel that this plan needs all that brains, I think it just needs some goodwill and some common sense.

我不觉得这个计划需要那么多脑子，我认为它只需要一些善意和一些常识。

Crowd Sings: “This little light of mine, I’m going make it shine…”

人群唱道：“我的这一点小光，我要让它发光……”

Roy Wilkins, N.A.A.C.P.: Boston seems to be unique in the United States cities in that its school board, as far as we're able to learn, has refused to admit that de facto segregation exists in Boston.

罗伊·威尔金斯（N.A.A.C.P.）：波士顿在美国城市中似乎是独一无二的，因为据我们所知，波士顿的学校董事会拒绝承认波士顿存在事实上的种族隔离。

They won't even talk about it.

他们甚至不会谈论它。

This is the oddest position that any city has taken in the United States.

这是美国任何城市采取的最奇怪的立场。

Hubie Jones, Activist: We saw in 1963 and 1964 an extraordinary amount of energy being used to try to move the Boston Public School system, like you never saw before.

Hubie Jones，活动家：我们在 1963 年和 1964 年看到，人们投入了大量的精力来尝试改变波士顿公立学校系统，这是您以前从未见过的。

It was fierce energy

那是一股猛烈的能量

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: It’s like a tsunami was sitting off the coast.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：就像一场海啸席卷海岸。

And these different events that were happening: Ruth Batson at the School Committee, the Stay Out for Freedom, picketing the school department, the sit ins, demonstrations.

And so the school committee, every time something like this happened, they dug their heels in even more so.

所以学校委员会，每次发生这样的事情，他们就更坚决了。

They acted in ways that provoked more action on our part because they would benefit from it.

他们的行为方式激发了我们采取更多行动，因为他们会从中受益。

Martin Luther King Jr.: What we must have is quality integrated education across the board and we must have it in Boston.

马丁·路德·金：我们必须拥有全面的优质综合教育，而且我们必须在波士顿拥有它。

I want you to know that I'm with you.

我想让你知道我和你在一起。

I come here because you have come to us so often

我来这里是因为你经常来找我们

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: Martin Luther King was invited to come in April of 1965, by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, SCLC, which was his main organization.

布莱恩特·罗林斯（Bryant Rollins），记者：马丁·路德·金于 1965 年 4 月受南方基督教领袖会议 SCLC（他的主要组织）的邀请来到这里。

Zebulon Miletsky, Historian: Martin Luther King’s visit is kind of packed with meaning because he had been a student at Boston University.

历史学家泽布隆·米列茨基：马丁·路德·金的访问颇具意义，因为他曾是波士顿大学的学生。

He had preached and given sermons at Twelfth Baptist Church.

他曾在第十二浸信会教堂讲道。

He met Coretta Scott King in Boston.

他在波士顿遇见了科雷塔·斯科特·金。

Edward Crowder, Roxbury Resident: It was announced that there was going to be a march for freedom.

罗克斯伯里居民爱德华·克劳德（Edward Crowder）：宣布将举行争取自由的游行。

We’re going to meet and greet Martin Luther King.

我们将与马丁·路德·金见面并致意。

Martin Luther King was our leader.

马丁·路德·金是我们的领袖。

He was the one that we were following.

他就是我们所追随的那个人。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: All of my friends were there.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：我所有的朋友都在那里。

These are the people who had put their heart and soul into the activism during Boston’s emerging Civil Rights movement, at great risk to themselves.

这些人在波士顿新兴的民权运动中全心全意地投入到激进主义中，冒着巨大的风险。

Here they were being supported by this icon from out of town.

在这里，他们得到了这个来自城外的偶像的支持。

It was thrilling to feel supported in that way.

感受到这种方式的支持真是令人兴奋。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: We walked singing freedom songs, and then at the Common, he gave one of his big speeches.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：我们边走边唱着自由之歌，然后在公共广场，他发表了一场重要演讲。

Martin Luther King, Archival: It would be demagogic and dishonest for me to say that Boston is a Birmingham or to equate Massachusetts with Mississippi, but it would be morally irresponsible were I to remain blind to the threat to liberty, the denial of opportunity and the crippling poverty that we face in some sections of this community.

马丁·路德·金，《档案》：如果我说波士顿是伯明翰，或者将马萨诸塞州与密西西比州等同起来，那将是煽动性和不诚实的，但如果我对这个社区某些地区面临的自由威胁、机会被剥夺和严重贫困视而不见，那将是道德上不负责任的。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: Martin presented the city with a mirror.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：马丁向这座城市展示了一面镜子。

He made it clear that he saw racism in the North as invidious as racism in the South.

他明确表示，他认为北方的种族主义与南方的种族主义一样令人反感。

When he held up that mirror, he’s showing the city and state leaders a picture that is disconcerting for them.

当他举起镜子时，他向城市和州领导人展示了一幅令他们不安的照片。

It’s disconfirming.

这是不确定的。

Zebulon Miletsky, Historian: King with his national following and entourage and media presence embarrassed many state legislators who moved all of a sudden with great, you know, alacrity and speed toward passage of a Racial Imbalance Act.

Jim Vrabel, Writer: The Racial Imbalance bill filed originally in 1964, said that any school district that had schools with more than 50% of its students as minorities had to adopt a racial imbalance plan to address the situation.

I think the impetus for passing it in 1965 was for the state to do something when the Boston School Committee and the city obviously were not doing anything.

我认为 1965 年通过该法案的动力是州政府采取了一些行动，而波士顿学校委员会和市政府显然没有采取任何行动。

Matt Delmont, Historian: In August 1965, Governor John Volpe signs the Racial Imbalance Act which makes Massachusetts the first state in the country to proactively pass legislation to try to address school segregation.

马特·德尔蒙特，历史学家：1965 年 8 月，州长约翰·沃尔普签署了《种族失衡法案》，该法案使马萨诸塞州成为美国第一个主动通过立法试图解决学校种族隔离问题的州。

It was a bit like a state-wide version of the Brown versus Board decision, nearly a decade earlier.

这有点像近十年前布朗诉董事会决定的全州版本。

On paper, it meant that Massachusetts was committing itself to take real action to address segregation.

从纸面上看，这意味着马萨诸塞州承诺采取实际行动解决种族隔离问题。

Alan Rose, Lawyer: It became clear immediately after the passage by the Mass.

艾伦·罗斯（Alan Rose）律师：弥撒通过后，这一点立即变得清晰起来。

Legislature of the Racial Imbalance Act that the Boston School Committee had no intention of integrating the school system.

《种族失衡法案》立法机关表示，波士顿学校委员会无意整合学校系统。

They resisted at every turn.

他们动不动就反抗。

Journalist Peter Berns: Mrs. Hicks, is there a racial imbalance in Boston schools?

记者彼得·伯恩斯：希克斯女士，波士顿学校是否存在种族失衡？

Louise Day Hicks: If you mean predominantly ethnic groupings in our schools.

路易丝·戴·希克斯：如果你指的是我们学校里的主要种族群体。

Yes, there is racial imbalance, which merely reflects the geographic content of the neighborhood.

是的，存在种族不平衡，这仅仅反映了社区的地理内容。

But if you mean by racial imbalance, inferior schools, we do not have racial imbalance in the Boston Public Schools.

但如果你指的是种族不平衡、劣质学校，那么我们波士顿公立学校就没有种族不平衡。

Matt Delmont, Historian: The Boston School Committee saw it as a threat to their control and their power over how schools function in Boston.

马特·德尔蒙特，历史学家：波士顿学校委员会认为这是对他们对波士顿学校运作的控制和权力的威胁。

While the Racial Imbalance Act had recommendations and policies for how the School Committee should address issues of racial imbalance in cities, the Boston School Committee didn’t want to hear it.

虽然《种族不平衡法案》对学校委员会应如何解决城市种族不平衡问题提出了建议和政策，但波士顿学校委员会不想听到这些建议和政策。

It is only the idea of using buses to transport students that really gets the attention of the Boston School Committee.

只有使用公交车来运送学生的想法才真正引起了波士顿学校委员会的关注。

They latch onto the idea of busing.

他们抓住了乘坐公交车的想法。

Louise Day Hicks: I feel that busing has no advantages educationally for our little children.

路易丝·戴·希克斯：我觉得乘坐公交车对于我们的小孩子来说没有任何教育优势。

It will take them far from their neighborhoods and it will bring them into very strange neighborhoods.

这将使他们远离自己的社区，并将他们带入非常陌生的社区。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: The School Committee goes through the motions of filing plans to desegregate the schools that it knows will be rejected.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：学校委员会正在审议提交计划的议案，以取消其知道将被拒绝的学校的种族隔离。

Some of them are silly and farcical.

其中一些是愚蠢和滑稽的。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: The school committee didn’t accept the necessity to file the plans.

Jim Vrabel，作家：学校委员会不认为有必要提交计划。

And the penalty, the withdrawal of aid, wasn’t something that was enough to get them to move.

而惩罚、取消援助并不足以让他们采取行动。

Charles Glenn, Massachusetts Dept.

查尔斯·格伦，马萨诸塞州部门

Of Education: Often, politicians created the impression that, in fact, somehow the obligation to racially integrate the schools would go away.

关于教育：政客们常常给人留下这样的印象：事实上，以某种方式，学校种族融合的义务将会消失。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: Year after year, Mrs. Hicks would get a legislator to file a repeal bill.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：年复一年，希克斯夫人都会让立法者提出废除法案。

John Henning, Reporter: So, you want the complete repeal of the 1965 Racial Imbalance Law?

记者约翰·亨宁：那么，您希望彻底废除 1965 年的《种族失衡法》吗？

Louise Day Hicks: Yes, I do because it is acting to a detriment to the schoolchildren of Boston and it is very costly to the taxpayers.

路易丝·戴·希克斯：是的，我这样做，因为这对波士顿的学童不利，而且对纳税人来说代价非常高昂。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: Year after year, support for repealing the Racial Imbalance Law actually grew.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：年复一年，对废除种族失衡法的支持实际上在增长。

So, they were being rewarded for their intransigence.

因此，他们的不妥协行为得到了回报。

Matt Delmont, Historian: There are a lot of factors at play for those white Bostonians who oppose school desegregation.

马特·德尔蒙特，历史学家：对于那些反对学校废除种族隔离的波士顿白人来说，有很多因素在起作用。

Farah Stockman, Journalist: Some people really didn't want to put their kids on a bus to another neighborhood.

法拉·斯托克曼（Farah Stockman），记者：有些人真的不想让他们的孩子乘坐公共汽车去另一个社区。

They were terrified.

他们很害怕。

They didn't own a car.

他们没有汽车。

If something happened, they would have a hard time getting there.

如果出了什么事，他们就很难到达那里了。

Others were, quite frankly, very racist, and they did not want their child to go to school with someone from another ethnic group.

坦率地说，其他人非常种族主义，他们不希望自己的孩子和其他种族的人一起上学。

That was real.

那是真的。

That was real, too.

那也是真实的。

Moe Gillen, Charlestown Resident: In Charlestown, it was mostly Irish.

Moe Gillen，查尔斯敦居民：在查尔斯敦，主要是爱尔兰人。

Everybody knew everybody.

每个人都认识每个人。

It was mostly townie marrying townie.

大部分都是城镇居民与城镇居民结婚。

Lisa McGoff, Charlestown Resident: We grew up in the projects.

Lisa McGoff，查尔斯敦居民：我们是在项目中长大的。

A lot of divorced parents, a lot of alcoholic parents.

很多离婚的父母，很多酗酒的父母。

When my dad died and my mother had to get a real job, she said, she worked for the telephone company.

她说，当我父亲去世后，我母亲必须找到一份真正的工作，她在电话公司工作。

She wasn’t on welfare.

她没有领取福利。

She worked hard and these are her children and no one is going to tell her what to do with them.

她努力工作，这些都是她的孩子，没有人会告诉她如何处置他们。

She thought it was wrong that they could take a whole bunch of poor kids from one community and stick them into another school, not giving them anything else.

White South Boston Mother: if I had to bus my child, I’d keep her home.

南波士顿白人母亲：如果我必须用公交车送我的孩子，我会让她留在家里。

As I said before, I’ll go to court.

正如我之前所说，我会上法庭。

I’ll fight it.

我会对抗它。

I will not let her be bused anywhere.

我不会让她在任何地方乘坐公共汽车。

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: The whole sense of the integration was a challenge to people.

William Joy：整合的整体感觉对人们来说是一个挑战。

“I don’t think it’s going to be better for my kids to go across the city to Dorchester or Roxbury or wherever.

“我认为对我的孩子来说，穿过城市去多切斯特、罗克斯伯里或其他地方不会更好。

I know if they stay here in Charlestown that they’re going to have an education, they’re going to have a job and they’re going to have friends around them for life.”

Michael Patrick Macdonald, Author: The people behind the racial imbalance law were people from wealthier leafy suburbs communities with schools that were 100% white.

Therefore, the racial imbalance law wouldn't apply to them

因此，种族失衡法不适用于他们

Hubie Jones, Activist: In 1965, a white school committee man from suburban Brookline, Leon Trilling, comes up the idea of, why don’t we have a program that buses black young people from Roxbury to suburban schools.

He brings this idea to Ruth Batson who embraced the idea.

他把这个想法带给露丝·巴特森，后者接受了这个想法。

Hubie Jones, Activist: In September 1966, 220 Black students from Boston go to seven suburban school districts and that is the start of the METCO program.

Farah Stockman, Journalist: Ruth Batson was a huge force behind the creation of METCO and ended up working for it, recruiting the kids, working with the schools.

She said: “I want the best the white people have to offer.

她说：“我想要白人所能提供的最好的东西。

I don't want the worst.” The suburbs had all kinds of equipment that schools in the city didn't have.

我不想看到最坏的结果。”郊区有城里学校没有的各种设备。

And she wanted that for black children.

她希望黑人孩子也能这样。

NBC Reporter: Seven transportation companies were hired to pick up 220 Negro children in the METCO program.

NBC 记者：METCO 计划聘请了 7 家运输公司接载 220 名黑人儿童。

Most of the stops are in Roxbury.

大部分站点都在罗克斯伯里。

Some are in neighboring North Dorchester, another Negro community in Boston.

其中一些位于邻近的北多切斯特，这是波士顿的另一个黑人社区。

The ride on a METCO bus takes up to an hour and five minutes.

乘坐 METCO 巴士最多需要 1 小时 5 分钟。

The integration program is hardly massive this year.

今年的整合计划规模并不大。

At Braintree's East Junior High School, for example, there were ten Negro students to about 1,200 whites.

例如，在布伦特里东部初中，有 10 名黑人学生和大约 1,200 名白人学生。

Matt Delmont, Historian: The METCO program was quite limited.

马特·德尔蒙特（Matt Delmont），历史学家：METCO 计划非常有限。

The other issue is, that these suburban communities, they’re doing everything they can to oppose affordable housing that would actually have meaningful integration in their suburbs.

Jim Vrabel, Writer: Louise Day Hicks had always been politically ambitious.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），编剧：路易丝·戴·希克斯（Louise Day Hicks）一直在政治上雄心勃勃。

She had always wanted to be mayor of Boston.

她一直想成为波士顿市长。

1967 seemed to be a perfect time for it.

1967 年似乎是一个完美的时机。

Louise Day Hicks: Let me give you a stick.

路易丝·戴·希克斯：让我给你一根棍子。

Now when you use it, you have to say, “Stick with Hicks on the 26 th , okay.”

现在，当你使用它时，你必须说：“26号坚持希克斯，好吧。”

Jim Vrabel, Writer: She ran against Kevin White who was Massachusetts Secretary of State.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔，作家：她与马萨诸塞州国务卿凯文·怀特竞选。

Kevin White: That’s right.

凯文·怀特：没错。

Chivalry isn’t dead.

骑士精神并没有消亡。

That means men are still polite.

这意味着男人仍然有礼貌。

What’s your name?

你叫什么名字？

Jim Vrabel, Writer: He was the candidate that liberals would vote for.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：他是自由派会投票支持的候选人。

Ira Jackson, Kevin White, Chief of Staff: Kevin White had a big vision that Boston could be a world class city.

艾拉·杰克逊 (Ira Jackson)、凯文·怀特 (Kevin White)，幕僚长：凯文·怀特 (Kevin White) 有一个宏伟的愿景，即波士顿可以成为一座世界级城市。

He ran against Louise Day Hicks in a very racially charged election.

他在一场充满种族歧视的选举中与路易丝·戴·希克斯（Louise Day Hicks）竞争。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: The motto of her campaign was “You know where I stand.”

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：她竞选活动的座右铭是“你知道我的立场。”

Hubie Jones, Activist: And that meant: “I stand with you, the white community, in opposition to the interest and demands of the black community.”

Louise Day Hicks: You know, it doesn't matter what the color of her mother’s skin is.

路易丝·戴·希克斯：你知道，她母亲的肤色是什么并不重要。

She wants her little child in the neighborhood school.

她希望她的小孩在附近的学校上学。

If you ask me, you know where I stand.

如果你问我，你就知道我的立场。

You know where I stand.

你知道我的立场。

I stand on behalf of all the people of Boston.

我代表波士顿全体人民。

Black citizen: As a very serious citizen of Roxbury, I’d like to know exactly what are you going to do…

黑人公民：作为罗克斯伯里一名非常严肃的公民，我想确切地知道你要做什么……

Louise Hicks [to white passerby]: Good Morning.

路易丝·希克斯（Louise Hicks）[对白人路人]：早上好。

Black citizen: If you intend to be the mayor of Boston, I think you should talk to everybody.

黑人公民：如果你想成为波士顿市长，我认为你应该和每个人谈谈。

Black citizen: Right now, here, just like you talked to everybody else at the station.

黑人公民：现在，在这里，就像你在车站与其他人交谈一样。

Why ignore me?

为什么不理我？

Ruth Batson: I feel that the people of Boston have found their leader.

露丝·巴特森：我觉得波士顿人民已经找到了他们的领袖。

As history records her, she'll be only recorded as a person that created bigotry, created division, created hate..

正如历史记录她一样，她只会被记录为一个制造偏执、制造分裂、制造仇恨的人。

Hubie Jones, Activist: Mrs. Hicks scared the hell out of Kevin White because she was doing pretty well.

胡比·琼斯（Hubie Jones），活动家：希克斯夫人把凯文·怀特吓坏了，因为她做得很好。

And then Kevin White went to the Black community to get the Black vote.

然后凯文·怀特（Kevin White）前往黑人社区争取黑人选票。

So they rallied and they voted.

所以他们集会并投票。

Campaign official: White has won the election with 100, 820 votes.

竞选官员：怀特以100票、820票赢得选举。

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff : White prevailed because people were disgusted with Boston’s parochialism.

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：怀特获胜是因为人们厌恶波士顿的狭隘主义。

They knew that there needed to be a spark or Boston was going to be a historical footnote.

他们知道需要产生火花，否则波士顿将成为历史的脚注。

So, people were desperate for change.

因此，人们迫切希望改变。

It was a narrow fight and I think it was for the soul of the city.

这是一场势均力敌的战斗，我认为这是为了这座城市的灵魂。

Kevin White: Are you happy?

凯文·怀特：你快乐吗？

Tonight is a night of celebration for all of us.

今晚对我们所有人来说都是一个值得庆祝的夜晚。

Announcer: This is a CBS News special report.

播音员：这是哥伦比亚广播公司新闻特别报道。

Walter Cronkite, Archival: Dr. Martin Luther King, the apostle of nonviolence in the Civil Rights movement, has been shot to death in Memphis, Tennessee.

Police have issued an all-points bulletin for a well-dressed young white man seen running from the scene.

警方已针对一名衣着考究的年轻白人男子从现场逃跑发出了全面通报。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: I remember somebody came in and said that they killed King, Dr. King.

布莱恩特·罗林斯，记者：我记得有人进来说他们杀了金，金博士。

You could feel the floor drop out from under people.

你可以感觉到地板从人下面掉下来。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: Martin was more than a preacher and a leader.

布莱恩特·罗林斯，记者：马丁不仅仅是一位传教士和领导者。

We were all ennobled by him.

我们都因他而变得高贵。

We were all raised up by him.

我们都是他养大的。

He said, “The moral act of the universe is long, but it bends toward justice.

Have faith.

有信心。

We’ll get there.” And suddenly that’s gone.

我们会到达那里。”突然间，一切都消失了。

When he died as a leader in the way that he died, it was devastating.

当他以领袖的身份死去时，这是毁灭性的。

I felt devastated by it.

我对此感到沮丧。

[Cries] And, so, I’m still mourning.

[哭泣]所以，我还在哀悼。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: After Dr. King was assassinated, it was very personal for all of us.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：金博士被暗杀后，这对我们所有人来说都是非常私人的事情。

We were saying to ourselves, “If this country can’t take care of us, we need to figure out how to take care of ourselves.”

我们对自己说：“如果这个国家不能照顾我们，我们就需要想办法照顾自己。”

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: Well, it’s my feeling that the main problem is there is irrelevant and racist education in the schools.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：嗯，我觉得主要问题是学校里存在无关紧要的种族主义教育。

And that young people are fed up with it.

年轻人已经厌倦了它。

Reporter: Excuse me, but what do you mean by racist education?

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: They have no instruction in Afro-American history.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：他们没有接受过美国黑人历史方面的指导。

The orientation is all around European and Western cultures.

方向围绕欧洲和西方文化。

The music is called or referred to as classical or important music.

该音乐被称为或称为古典音乐或重要音乐。

It’s Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms.

是巴赫、贝多芬和勃拉姆斯。

It’s not James Brown and Otis Redding.

这不是詹姆斯·布朗和奥蒂斯·雷丁。

And that’s kind of that institutional kind of racism.

In addition to that, we have a history of problems with individual teachers, who are prejudiced, and it’s nothing to be ashamed of.

除此之外，我们与个别教师之间存在问题，他们有偏见，这没什么可羞耻的。

It’s something that needs to be dealt with.

这是需要处理的事情。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: The movement towards more community control of the schools resulted in getting a Black principal in the King School, ultimately.

It was a big victory.

这是一次巨大的胜利。

Then community momentum shifted to the Gibson School.

然后社区的势头转移到了吉布森学校。

Sandie Fenton, Teacher: The Gibson School was an old building in an African-American community primarily.

桑迪·芬顿（Sandie Fenton），老师：吉布森学校是一栋老建筑，主要是非裔美国人社区。

It was under-resourced, very few materials.

那里资源匮乏，材料很少。

There was a certain fear of children really in the school, but also locked doors.

They were a symbol of keeping parents out.

它们是把父母拒之门外的象征。

Sandie Fenton, Teacher: As the first day of school neared, we were aware of this building tension in the community.

桑迪·芬顿（Sandie Fenton），老师：随着开学第一天的临近，我们意识到社区中日益紧张的气氛。

We really didn’t know what was going to happen the first day of school, but we knew something was going to happen.

Sandie Fenton, Teacher: There was an announcement that a number of parents had entered the school and were in the principal’s office.

The community had installed an alternative principal, Ben Scott.

He was a nuclear chemist.

他是一位核化学家。

He had been working with the community activists to try to improve schools.

Bill Owens, Gibson Parent: We went to the office and told the principal that she would no longer operate that school, that we were, as parents, going to take over the school.

We went to the teachers and said that they could stay if they chose to do so.

Connie Egan, Teacher: Mel King came to my room and taught a lesson to my fourth graders.

He just radiated positive energy.

他只是散发着正能量。

He was a community leader who I had seen on television, so, wow when he walked into my room that day, I was so excited, and the kids got it.

他是我在电视上见过的一位社区领袖，所以，哇，那天他走进我的房间时，我非常兴奋，孩子们也明白了。

They were quiet and listening.

他们安静地听着。

Sandie Fenton, Teacher: The next day, there are a number of policemen at the school door.

Connie Egan, Teacher: They would let the teachers in, but nobody else.

Bill Owen, Parent: If we cannot go into the school, we will not allow our children to go in.

So, we left that school and, honestly, I didn’t know where we were going, but I knew we were not going in there, our children were not going to go.

Lyda Peters, Activist: Bill Owens walks out, and grabs the parents and they follow him.

He looks behind him, he finds there’s a bunch of teachers, white teachers, that come with him.

Sandie Fenton, Teacher: We were doing what they felt was right for the kids in the moment.

桑迪·芬顿（Sandie Fenton），老师：我们正在做他们认为当时适合孩子们的事情。

We were trying to make things better in a desperate situation.

And, so, we chose to support the parents.

因此，我们选择支持父母。

Sandie Fenton, Teacher: Everybody goes inside to the Robert Gould Shaw House and the teachers begin trying to organize little classrooms.

Black Activist: The primary purpose for keeping the children out of the Gibson school is that we want community controls school.

We want a principal in the school who is approved by the parents of the Gibson School.

Sandie Fenton, Teacher: Our firing by the head of the Boston School committee was pretty immediate.

No hearing.

没有听力。

No anything.

什么都没有。

Male Reporter: What do you plan to do now?

男记者：那你现在打算做什么？

Sandie Fenton, Teacher: We don’t really know.

桑迪·芬顿（Sandie Fenton），老师：我们真的不知道。

Teacher: We’ll still be teaching, of course, any children from the school district who will be available to us.

Female reporter: You will be teaching Monday morning then?

Teacher: We will be with the Gibson children wherever they are Monday morning.

Sandie Fenton, Teacher: The decision was made by the parents and others to set up the Gibson Liberation School.

桑迪·芬顿（Sandie Fenton），老师：成立吉布森解放学校是家长和其他人做出的决定。

And, so, a lot of people descended immediately to help us.

There were people who brought materials, books about Black kids and Black families that were relevant to the kids.

Reporter: Upon inspecting the school tomorrow morning, if you do, in fact, find that there are no police there, will you then be ready to negotiate with the school committee without any other preconditions?

Ben Scott, Parent-Appointed Principal: Yes, we would be.

We would be ready.

我们会准备好的。

Yes.

是的。

William G.

威廉·G.

Tobin, Deputy Superintendent: You have no right to enter this building.

Ben Scott: I've been authorized to enter this building by the parents.

本·斯科特：父母授权我进入这栋大楼。

William G.

威廉·G.

Tobin, Deputy Superintendent: The parents have no right to give you any authorization to enter this building.

托宾，副警监：家长无权授权您进入这栋大楼。

If you enter this building, I am telling you you are trespassing.

如果你进入这栋大楼，我就告诉你你正在非法侵入。

I'm warning you now.

我现在警告你。

You are on school property right now and you have to remove yourself from school property or we will have you removed.

您现在在学校财产内，您必须离开学校财产，否则我们将把您带走。

Connie Egan, Teacher: People called the parents on the phone and said they were going to cut off their welfare.

康妮·伊根（Connie Egan），老师：人们打电话给父母，说他们将切断他们的福利。

They were going to be evicted if they didn’t send their kids back to school.

The parents were afraid.

父母很害怕。

Sandie Fenton, Teacher: On election day, the parents decided to close the Liberation School, go back to continue the fight at the Gibson School.

The kids all lined up, and they sang at the top of their voices “Lift every voice,” right from Robert Gould Shaw all the way, right back to the Gibson School and went inside and the doors closed.

孩子们都排成一排，他们一路高声唱着罗伯特·古尔德·肖的《举起每个声音》，一直回到吉布森学校，然后走进去，门关上了。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: After Louise Day Hicks ran for mayor and lost, she was no longer a member of the School Committee.

The School Committee finally agreed to use desegregation money to build new schools.

Charles Glenn, Massachusetts Dept of Education: The Lee School was one of a number of new schools built between black and white neighborhoods.

The School Department had a plan to assign students from neighboring white schools and neighboring Black schools into this beautiful new facility with everything you can imagine, but began to encounter a great deal of resistance from parents whose children attended the Fifield or the O’Hearn school, which were both predominantly white.

学校部门计划将邻近白人学校和邻近黑人学校的学生分配到这座美丽的新设施中，这里配备了你能想象到的一切，但开始遇到孩子就读于费菲尔德学校或奥赫恩学校的家长的强烈抵制，这两所学校均以白人为主。

Reporter, Mike Leavitt: Approximately 200 children continue to come to the Fifield School today, even though they were assigned to the Lee, and the same held true at the Patrick O'Hearn a few blocks away.

Jim Vrabel, Writer: A turning point in the whole desegregation saga took place after school had started.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：整个废除种族隔离传奇的转折点发生在开学后。

There was a meeting at the O’Hearn School, and the School Committee was deciding whether to reconsider its vote to open the school as a racially-balanced school or not.

奥赫恩学校召开了一次会议，学校委员会正在决定是否重新考虑将学校作为种族平衡学校开放的投票。

John Craven: I am making the motion that parents of the children in the former O’Hearn and Fifield schools districts be allowed to make their own decisions.

约翰·克雷文：我提出动议，允许前奥赫恩学区和费菲尔德学区的孩子的家长做出自己的决定。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: John Craven decided to reverse his vote, to vote not to open the school as a racially balanced school and to kind of acquiesce to the demands of the parents to not bus their children there.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：约翰·克雷文（John Craven）决定推翻他的投票，投票不将学校作为一所种族平衡的学校开放，并默认家长们不让孩子乘坐校车去那里的要求。

Farah Stockman, Journalist: So at this point, the black community in Boston has tried everything.

法拉·斯托克曼（Farah Stockman），记者：所以在这一点上，波士顿的黑人社区已经尝试了一切。

They've tried the ballot box, they've tried direct action, they've tried the state house.

他们尝试过投票箱，他们尝试过直接行动，他们尝试过州议会。

And really it hasn’t worked.

事实上它并没有发挥作用。

None of it has worked.

这些都没有奏效。

And so some of them felt it was time to do the last option, which was the court system.

因此，他们中的一些人认为是时候采取最后一个选择了，即法院系统。

Hubie Jones, Activist: In March 1972, lawyers for the NAACP on behalf of plaintiffs, 14 parents and 44 children, file suit charging the Boston Public Schools with de jure segregation, that you have intentionally segregated the schools.

Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Professor Of Constitutional Law: After the NAACP achieves its monumental victory in Brown versus Board of Education, it's clear that the principle should apply in the North.

宪法学教授富子·布朗-纳金（Tomiko Brown-Nagin）：全国有色人种协进会在布朗诉教育委员会案中取得巨大胜利后，很明显该原则应该适用于北方。

The reality was that schools were segregated by race nationwide.

现实情况是，全国范围内的学校都按种族隔离。

So those lawyers litigate a series of cases in Northern cities that seek to establish that schools that are in fact segregated by race in Northern cities should be desegregated just the same as those in Southern cities .

因此，这些律师在北方城市提起了一系列诉讼，试图证明北方城市实际上实行种族隔离的学校应该像南方城市的学校一样取消种族隔离。

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: The judge in the Boston School desegregation case was W.

Eric Van Loon，原告律师：波士顿学校废除种族隔离案的法官是 W.

Arthur Garrity.

阿瑟·加里蒂.

He was very different from the typical personality of a federal judge as sort of bang the gavel, take charge, forceful.

他与联邦法官的典型性格非常不同，他的性格有点敲木槌、负责、强势。

He was a thoughtful, reflective person.

他是一个有思想、善于思考的人。

Alan Rose, Garrity Law Clerk: Plaintiffs had to prove that the segregation of the Boston Public Schools, which was basically an undisputed fact, was the result of deliberate policies by the Boston School Committee.

艾伦·罗斯（Garrity Law Clerk）：原告必须证明波士顿公立学校的种族隔离是波士顿学校委员会故意政策的结果，这基本上是一个无可争议的事实。

Alan Rose, Lawyer: It was very easy after Brown versus the Board of Education for plaintiffs in Southern cities to prove their case.

艾伦·罗斯，律师：在布朗诉教育委员会案后，南方城市的原告很容易证明自己的案子。

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: Across the Southern states, there were laws that said officially Black kids will go to this school, white kids would go to that school.

In the North there were not statutes of that nature.

在北方没有这种性质的法规。

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: A lot of the proof for the trial ended up being easier than we had anticipated.

埃里克·范龙（Eric Van Loon），原告律师：审判的许多证据最终比我们预期的要容易。

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: One of the most amazing things about the Boston School Committee was that they literally had a stenographer that would take down every single word that was said in their public meetings, so we had verbatim transcripts of exactly the thoughts that they were thinking.

原告律师埃里克·范龙（Eric Van Loon）：波士顿学校委员会最令人惊奇的事情之一是，他们实际上有一名速记员，可以记下他们在公开会议上所说的每一个字，所以我们有他们所想想法的逐字记录。

Alan Rose, Lawyer: Those transcripts became very, very important evidence during the trial.

艾伦·罗斯，律师：这些笔录在审判过程中成为非常非常重要的证据。

There were numerous comments made by individual school committee members, which revealed their true intentions.

个别学校委员会成员发表的许多言论，暴露了他们的真实意图。

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: What was probably the most surprising was all of the fiendishly clever different kinds of arrangements that they made to create and to promote segregation.

原告律师埃里克·范龙（Eric Van Loon）：最令人惊讶的可能是他们为创造和促进种族隔离而做出的各种极其聪明的安排。

One was the feeder pattern for schools.

其中之一是学校的支线模式。

You had this literal dual school system where Black kids would go elementary to middle school and a four-year high school; whites would go elementary to junior high and a three-year high school.

你有真正的双元制学校制度，黑人孩子可以上小学到初中，然后再上四年制高中；白人要上小学、初中和三年制高中。

A Black student would be finished with middle school, but there’d be no white school high school with a ninth grade for him to go to.

黑人学生会读完初中，但不会有白人高中可供他上九年级。

Alan Rose, Lawyer: There were many instances where the black population in a particular area increased dramatically.

艾伦·罗斯（Alan Rose）律师：在很多情况下，特定地区的黑人人口急剧增加。

And what did the school committee do?

学校委员会做了什么？

They would build some fairly small schools adjacent to these African American areas, which virtually ensured that those schools would quickly become filled up with African American students.

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: Another major device that the school department used was called open enrollment.

埃里克·范龙（Eric Van Loon），原告律师：学校部门使用的另一个主要手段称为公开招生。

The right of any student to go to any other school “so long as there was space available.

“只要有空位，任何学生都有权去任何其他学校。”

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: Very frequently white students in an overcrowded school, would be bused past a nearby predominantly Black school that had space available in order to go further away to an overcrowded white school where they would add portable classrooms.

Thirty thousand students every day were bused or used other transportation for segregation.

每天有三万名学生乘坐公共汽车或使用其他交通工具进行隔离。

Alan Rose, Lawyer: There were decisions that were constantly being made, which only made sense from a racial standpoint.

艾伦·罗斯（Alan Rose），律师：不断做出一些决定，只有从种族的角度来看才有意义。

And when you added into that mix pejorative comments, it just became very clear that the Boston School Committee had deliberately maintained a dual school system.

Reporter Lem Tucker: The question of racial imbalance in Boston schools is now before a federal court.

记者莱姆·塔克：波士顿学校的种族失衡问题现已提交联邦法院审理。

If you had to guess at this point, what do you think that court will say?

如果此时你必须猜测，你认为法庭会说什么？

Ruth Batson: Well, I would hope and I would believe that the court would uphold the feelings of many of us that schools should be desegregated in Boston.

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: There was a long period of time between the trial and Judge Garrity’s ultimate ruling.

原告律师埃里克·范龙（Eric Van Loon）：审判与加里蒂法官的最终裁决之间有很长一段时间。

It was over a year.

已经一年多了。

Alan Rose, Lawyer: He was under a tremendous amount of pressure, including from Mayor White, to come out with his decision.

艾伦·罗斯（Alan Rose），律师：他承受着巨大的压力，包括来自怀特市长的压力，要求他做出决定。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: On June 21st 1974, Judge Garrity ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, and he found that the School Committee was guilty of maintaining a dual school system, one for Black students and one for whites, that was unconstitutionally segregated.

Alan Rose, Lawyer: The opinion was extraordinary in its detail.

艾伦·罗斯（Alan Rose）律师：该意见的细节非常丰富。

Garrity wanted to make sure that anybody who took the time to read the opinion would agree with the result.

加里蒂希望确保任何花时间阅读该意见的人都会同意这个结果。

Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Professor Of Constitutional Law: The facts that the judge points to as unlawful, the using of feeder schools, transfer policies, school assignment policies to segregate the schools are observable in many school systems in the country.

That would mean that many school systems are segregated following the logic of Morgan.

这意味着许多学校系统都遵循摩根的逻辑进行隔离。

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: After a judge has found that a school system is unconstitutionally segregated, that situation has to be remedied.

Many people felt that the city schools should be integrated along with suburban schools.

许多人认为城市学校应该与郊区学校合并。

Kathleen Sullivan, School Committee Member: We prefer a metropolitan solution for the problem, and in terms of every kind of social fairness, a metropolitan solution would be, would be much, much better.

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: That’s what had happened in Detroit.

埃里克·范龙（Eric Van Loon），原告律师：这就是底特律发生的事情。

The black parents had said, we’ve been discriminated against, but the Detroit schools are nearly a 100% black already so that the only effective way to have desegregation is to bring in the suburbs.

That case, Milliken against Bradley, was at the United States Supreme Court and being argued at, essentially, the exact same time.

美利肯诉布拉德利案在美国最高法院审理，并且基本上是在同一时间进行辩论。

Alan Rose, Lawyer: Early in July of 1974, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that, in the absence of involvement by surrounding towns in a constitutional violation, there was simply no legal basis for including them in the remedy phase of the case.

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: Tragically Milliken went down to defeat 5-4.

艾拉·杰克逊 (Ira Jackson)，凯文·怀特 (Kevin White) 的幕僚长：美利肯不幸以 5-4 落败。

If Milliken had been affirmed, Detroit and Boston would have ended up with a suburban metropolitan solution.

如果美利肯得到确认，底特律和波士顿最终将得到郊区大都市的解决方案。

We would have had a pooling of resources.

我们本来可以汇集资源。

If we want to do something fundamentally about educational opportunity and integration, we have to involve more than just the inner city.

如果我们想从根本上对教育机会和融合做一些事情，我们就不能仅仅让内城参与进来。

Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Professor of Constitutional Law: In his dissent, Justice Thurgood Marshall—who had been the chief lawyer who represented the black plaintiffs in Brown versus Board of Education—makes the point that the court had taken a giant step backwards from Brown.

宪法学教授富子·布朗-纳金：曾在布朗诉教育委员会案中代表黑人原告的首席律师瑟古德·马歇尔法官在他的异议中指出，法院与布朗相比向后退了一大步。

It was deciding a constitutional law case based not on logic and legal precedent, but based on white resistance.

它不是根据逻辑和法律先例来决定宪法案件，而是根据白人的抵抗。

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: There was a state desegregation plan, which was already ordered by the state court to be put into effect that year.

Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Professor of Constitutional Law: As an interim measure, Judge Garrity commanded that the Boston School Committee comply with the order that had been issued by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts.

宪法学教授 Tomiko Brown-Nagin：作为一项临时措施，加里蒂法官命令波士顿学校委员会遵守马萨诸塞州最高法院发布的命令。

It really was an effort by him to have the city of Boston comply with an order that it already should have been complying with.

这确实是他努力让波士顿市遵守它本来应该遵守的命令。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: The plan, which would affect 40% of the city, called for the busing of 19,000 junior high school and high school students.

作家吉姆·弗拉贝尔 (Jim Vrabel)：该计划将影响该市 40% 的地区，要求 19,000 名初中生和高中生乘坐校车。

It was just what all these busing opponents who had been fighting all these years were afraid of.

这正是这些打了多年仗的对手们所害怕的。

Farah Stockman, Journalist: Many people were very hopeful that something would actually change now.

法拉·斯托克曼（Farah Stockman），记者：很多人都非常希望事情现在能真正发生改变。

Others were scared about what was going to happen because there was going to be resistance.

其他人则担心将会发生什么，因为会出现阻力。

Henry Allen, Activist: I think there was a sense of euphoria, relief, excitement, vindication, jubilation, combined with a sense of, now what do we do?

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: We mobilized the A-team.

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：我们动员了 A 团队。

We had a boiler room.

我们有一个锅炉房。

We hired hundreds of new employees as school crossing guards, as bus monitors, as school room aides.

我们雇用了数百名新员工作为学校路口警卫、公交车监视器和教室助手。

Kevin White had a hundred coffee klatches.

凯文·怀特（Kevin White）有一百次咖啡聚会。

He knew that, at a minimum, white parents needed to be listened to.

他知道，至少需要听取白人父母的意见。

White Woman: I love raising my children here, but, yet I feel that we should be able to solve our own problems and not have outsiders come and do it.

Lyda Peters, Friend of Ruth Batson: Mayor White would have these parent meetings, and he would say things like, this is going to be hard.

露丝·巴特森的朋友莉达·彼得斯：怀特市长会召开家长会，他会说，这会很困难。

It’s going to be like the South, but we can get through this.

这会像南方一样，但我们可以渡过难关。

Kevin White: Secondly, it will be a painful process going through it because the South didn’t just slide through it.

凯文·怀特：其次，这将是一个痛苦的过程，因为南方并没有顺利通过。

It tore them apart as it will help to tear us apart

它撕裂了他们，也同样会撕裂我们

Lyda Peters, Friend of Ruth Batson: That was his message.

莉达·彼得斯，露丝·巴特森的朋友：这就是他的信息。

Ruth Batson always said, not one politician including the mayor of this city ever said this is the right thing to do.

露丝·巴特森总是说，包括这座城市的市长在内的任何政治家都没有说过这是正确的做法。

Ira Jackson, Kevin Whites Chief Of Staff: Kevin White was contemptuous of the scheme that Judge Garrity imposed, but did Kevin White ever once say, “I won’t enforce it”?

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：凯文·怀特蔑视加里蒂法官强加的计划，但凯文·怀特曾经说过“我不会执行它”吗？

No. Now, was he a profile in courage?

不。现在，他是勇气的象征吗？

No. And I don’t recall any other elected officials being profiles in courage during busing.

不。而且我不记得有任何其他民选官员在乘坐公交车时表现出勇气。

They all headed for the hills.

他们都向山上走去。

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: One of the great ironies in this entire busing situation was that it’s likely that most African American parents would have preferred not to bus their kids.

布莱恩特·罗林斯，记者：在整个乘坐公交车的情况中，最大的讽刺之一是，大多数非裔美国父母可能宁愿不乘坐公交车。

They would have preferred to have their kids in schools in the neighborhoods that were high quality.

他们更愿意让孩子就读于高质量社区的学校。

Leon Rock, Roxbury Resident: There was not a unified African American community as it relates to school desegregation.

Leon Rock，罗克斯伯里居民：没有一个统一的非裔美国人社区，因为这与学校废除种族隔离有关。

Many Black parents were saying, “What are you thinking about, NAACP?

许多黑人父母说：“全国有色人种协进会，你在想什么？

This is crazy.

这太疯狂了。

No, we can’t send our kids into the lions’ den.”

不，我们不能把我们的孩子送进狮子窝。”

Lyda Peters, Friend Of Ruth Batson: People were generally afraid for their children.

露丝·巴特森的朋友莉达·彼得斯：人们普遍担心自己的孩子。

The fear going to South Boston, the fear going to Charlestown, the fear going to all white schools where Black people actually didn’t live, made most parents very cautious.

对南波士顿的恐惧，对查尔斯敦的恐惧，对黑人实际上并不居住的所有白人学校的恐惧，让大多数家长非常谨慎。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: Garrity’s decision deepened the opposition to busing.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：加里蒂的决定加深了对乘坐公交车的反对。

They were going to oppose it with every fiber of their being.

他们将竭尽全力反对它。

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: As the busing order became more and more real, people tried to enroll their children into parish schools that weren’t part of their parish.

威廉·乔伊：随着校车令变得越来越现实，人们试图将孩子送入不属于教区的教区学校。

And the Archbishop of Boston, Humberto Cardinal Medeiros says, “No, you can’t do that.” The church’s position was, you know, this is a court order, not only are we going to obey it, but it’s the right thing to do.

波士顿大主教温贝托红衣主教梅代罗斯说：“不，你不能这样做。”教会的立场是，你知道，这是法庭命令，我们不仅要遵守它，而且这是正确的做法。

Lisa Mcgoff Collins, Charlestown Resident: A lot of people had so much to say to tell us what we had to do here in this community, but nothing was happening to them.

丽莎·麦戈夫·柯林斯 (Lisa McGoff Collins)，查尔斯敦居民：很多人有很多话要说，告诉我们在这个社区必须做什么，但他们什么也没发生。

They weren’t being forced.

他们没有被强迫。

It bothered me that people would have a lot to say about us, but they don’t live here.

人们对我们有很多话要说，但他们不住在这里，这让我很困扰。

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: Charlestown was a nitty-gritty place.

威廉·乔伊：查尔斯敦是一个注重细节的地方。

There was the largest housing project in the city, more than a thousand units.

那里有全市最大的住房项目，有一千多套。

It was grimy, it was old.

它很脏，很旧。

The people in Charlestown felt betrayal that after negotiations there were a lot of urban renewal projects, as part of the quid pro quo, as you call it, they had been promised two new schools, the Warren-Prescott School and the Kent School.

查尔斯敦的人们感到被背叛了，因为经过谈判，有很多城市重建项目，作为交换条件的一部分，正如你所说的，他们被许诺建造两所新学校，沃伦-普雷斯科特学校和肯特学校。

They felt as though they were taken away from them.

他们感觉自己好像被夺走了。

These new schools were no longer their schools.

这些新学校不再是他们的学校。

They were someone else’s schools.

他们是别人的学校。

Moe Gillen, Charlestown Resident: We were told, “No, no, no, no, no. Your kid cannot go to that school.” Wouldn’t you be upset?

Moe Gillen，查尔斯敦居民：我们被告知，“不，不，不，不，不。你的孩子不能去那所学校。”你不会不高兴吗？

Wouldn’t anybody be upset?

没有人会不高兴吗？

Of course, we’re upset.

当然，我们很沮丧。

We’re upset about our rights.

我们对我们的权利感到不安。

Our kids could have gone from pre-kindergarten to community college and never leave the town, and we were very happy with that.

我们的孩子本来可以从学前班进入社区大学，永远不会离开小镇，我们对此感到非常高兴。

Michael Patrick Macdonald, Writer: In phase one of the busing plan, South Boston High School and Roxbury were paired.

迈克尔·帕特里克·麦克唐纳（Michael Patrick Macdonald），作家：在校车计划的第一阶段，南波士顿高中和罗克斯伯里是配对的。

South Boston's lower end, which is where I'm from, held one of the highest concentrations of white poverty in America.

我来自南波士顿的低端地区，那里是美国白人贫困人口最集中的地区之一。

We were not working class.

我们不是工人阶级。

We were poor.

我们很穷。

To focus on a school that had so many students on welfare, that's not really the place to get equity.

专注于一所拥有如此多学生领取福利的学校，这并不是真正获得公平的地方。

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: Black parents were smart enough to know that the education their kids were going to get at South Boston High School was not what they aspired to.

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：黑人父母很聪明，他们知道他们的孩子在南波士顿高中接受的教育并不是他们渴望的。

And the white community knew that their kids were being bused into inferior schools in the black community.

白人社区知道他们的孩子被送到黑人社区的劣质学校。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: The group was formed, ROAR—Restore Our Alienated Rights—by Louise Day Hicks and others in South Boston.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：该组织名为“ROAR”（恢复我们被剥夺的权利），由路易斯·戴·希克斯（Louise Day Hicks）和南波士顿的其他人组成。

Its meetings were held in the Boston City Council Chambers in City Hall that by this time Louise Day Hicks was on.

其会议在市政厅的波士顿市议会会议厅举行，此时路易丝·戴·希克斯 (Louise Day Hicks) 出席了会议。

She posted big letters in the windows that spelled out ROAR, and anyone passing by in City Hall Plaza could look up and see what seemed to be the official endorsement of ROAR by City Hall.

她在窗户上贴了大字，拼出“ROAR”，任何路过市政厅广场的人抬头一看，都会看到市政厅对“ROAR”的官方认可。

Singer: His name is Garrity.

歌手：他的名字叫加里蒂。

You know darn well, he can go to hell.

你很清楚，他可能会下地狱。

We’ll do it ROAR’s way.

我们会按照 ROAR 的方式来做。

Bob Monahan, South Boston Resident: We had motorcades to draw attention and noise through the whole town that we’re against this.

鲍勃·莫纳汉（Bob Monahan），南波士顿居民：我们派车队来吸引整个城镇的注意力和噪音，我们反对这样做。

We drove by Garrity’s house in Wellesley.

我们开车经过加里蒂位于韦尔斯利的房子。

It was exciting.

这很令人兴奋。

How can that be exciting?

这怎么能令人兴奋呢？

You know, but as a teenager, with all that activity, that is one way I would describe the experience.

你知道，但作为一个青少年，经历了这么多的活动，这是我描述这种经历的一种方式。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: It all culminated that fall just before school opened with a 10,000-person demonstration in Government Center.

Jim Vrabel，作家：那年秋天，就在学校开学前夕，政府中心举行了 10,000 人的示威活动，这一切都达到了高潮。

TV Reporter: Today, the people who gathered on City Hall Plaza were angry.

电视台记者：今天聚集在市政厅广场的人们很愤怒。

Their battle against busing has been lost.

他们与公交车的斗争已经失败。

They said they were coming to tell Senators Kennedy and Brooke exactly how the city feels about their consistent support for busing.

他们表示，他们来这里是为了告诉参议员肯尼迪和布鲁克，市政府对他们一贯支持公交车的感受。

Lisa McGoff Collins, Charlestown Resident: I can remember it was an angry, angry time.

丽莎·麦戈夫·柯林斯 (Lisa McGoff Collins)，查尔斯敦居民：我记得那是一个非常非常愤怒的时刻。

No matter what we said, all these people that we looked up to at one time in our lives were turning against us.

无论我们说什么，我们一生中曾经仰慕的所有这些人都在反对我们。

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: Our senior senator, Ted Kennedy, is walking through City Hall Plaza surrounded by a crowd of angry anti-busing activists who confronted him, jostled him.

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：我们的高级参议员特德·肯尼迪正在市政厅广场散步，周围是一群愤怒的反校车活动人士，他们与他对峙，推搡着他。

Kennedy took a punch in the gut.

肯尼迪肚子上挨了一拳。

I was there.

我当时就在那里。

I saw it.

我看到了。

His aides were helping him evade the crowd which was getting angrier and angrier.

他的助手们正在帮助他躲避越来越愤怒的人群。

Bob Monahan, South Boston Resident: Security got the senator into the building safely and a number of folks just started pounding on the glass, and it broke.

南波士顿居民鲍勃·莫纳汉（Bob Monahan）：保安人员将参议员安全带入大楼，但一些人开始敲击玻璃，结果玻璃碎了。

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: If that glass had shattered on Ted Kennedy, he could have been killed.

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：如果那块玻璃砸在特德·肯尼迪身上，他可能会被杀。

Thirty-foot high plate glass shattering is something to behold.

三十英尺高的平板玻璃破碎是值得一看的。

It was a very scary moment.

那是一个非常可怕的时刻。

There was no dialogue during this period.

期间没有任何对话。

There was only historical division and hatred.

只有历史的分裂和仇恨。

This was just as polarized, just as ugly as any place on the earth.

这里和地球上的任何地方一样两极分化，一样丑陋。

Kevin White: Good evening.

凯文·怀特：晚上好。

As we all know, in three days, the city of Boston will face one of her greatest challenges: busing.

众所周知，三天后，波士顿市将面临她最大的挑战之一：公交。

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief Of Staff: That night Kevin White asked for permission from the three major networks to give a live speech.

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：那天晚上，凯文·怀特请求三大电视台允许他进行现场演讲。

I wrote a speech and he delivered it.

我写了一篇演讲稿，他发表了。

Kevin White: To every mother and father, I pledge tonight that your mayor and that your police department will tolerate no threat to the well-being of your children.

凯文·怀特：今晚，我向每一位母亲和父亲保证，你们的市长和警察局不会容忍对你们孩子的福祉构成威胁。

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: Right after Kevin White delivered his speech, the police commissioner informed us that Whitey Bulger, who was then a notorious gangster, was planning to shoot and kill Black children as the buses rolled on what they called opening day.

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：凯文·怀特发表讲话后，警察局长告诉我们，当时是臭名昭著的黑帮成员怀蒂·巴尔杰，计划在他们所谓的开放日公交车行驶时射杀黑人儿童。

We were at the precipice of anarchy, civil war.

我们正处于无政府状态和内战的边缘。

What you could feel was the palpable fear and animosity that just hung over the city like an explosion just waiting for a match to be lit.

Bob Monahan, South Boston Resident: The morning of, you hear the helicopters.

鲍勃·莫纳汉（Bob Monahan），南波士顿居民：早上，你听到直升机的声音。

It started at six.

六点开始。

It just accentuated the tension that was in the community.

它只会加剧社区中的紧张气氛。

Carl Johnson, Teacher: The first day was anticipated to be chaotic and it was.

卡尔·约翰逊（Carl Johnson）老师：预计第一天会很混乱，事实也确实如此。

There were lots of people who were there to watch what was going on.

有很多人在那里观看发生了什么事。

There were truckfuls of cameras and everything else.

那里有很多卡车的相机和其他东西。

The kids hadn’t even come yet.

孩子们还没有来。

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster, Student: I was assigned to South Boston High School.

I had a new outfit for the first day of school because no sophomore could wear clothes that they wore in their freshman year.

I was looking forward to, you know, going to a football or a basketball game.

你知道，我很期待去看一场足球或篮球比赛。

I was looking forward to having friends and some after school activities.

Transportation Official: The first three buses, please.

交通官员：请前三辆巴士。

South Boston High School now loading.

南波士顿高中正在加载。

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: I met the police commissioner and then the superintendent.

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：我会见了警察局长，然后是警司。

We went to South Bay which is where the buses were going to come and basically form a wagon train going up the heights to South Boston High School.

我们去了南湾，那里是公共汽车将要到达的地方，基本上形成了一列马车列车，上高处到达南波士顿高中。

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster, Student: We get to a certain point and all you see is a sea of people with signs and yelling at the students that are on the bus.

菲利斯·埃里森-菲斯特（Phyllis Ellison-Feaster），学生：我们到了某个点，你看到的只是一大群人，他们举着标语，对着车上的学生大喊大叫。

I wondered to myself, why would a person get up that early in the morning to taunt Black students?

我心想，为什么一个人会这么早起床来嘲笑黑人学生呢？

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: They were greeted with an angry crowd, yelling the N word and literally throwing bananas at some of the Black kids.

艾拉·杰克逊（Ira Jackson），凯文·怀特（Kevin White）的幕僚长：迎接他们的是一群愤怒的人群，他们高喊着“N”字，还向一些黑人孩子扔香蕉。

It was the ugliest that I’ve ever experienced human nature.

这是我经历过的最丑陋的人性。

Leon Rock, Activist: As the kids were getting out of the buses, thousands of residents from South Boston were screaming at the Black students, “Nigger, go home, Nigger, go home.”

莱昂·洛克（Leon Rock），活动人士：当孩子们下车时，来自南波士顿的数千名居民向黑人学生尖叫：“黑鬼，回家，黑鬼，回家。”

Jim Vrabel, Writer: There were very few white students going to school that first day because the anti-busing side had called for a boycott of schools.

作家吉姆·弗拉贝尔：第一天去学校的白人学生很少，因为反校车一方呼吁抵制学校。

Carl Johnson, Teacher: I had 35 kids assigned to each class and less than half of those kids came to my class.

Carl Johnson，老师：我有 35 个孩子被分配到每个班级，但只有不到一半的孩子来到了我的班级。

One of the reasons why they boycotted was they were hoping that they would rescind the order and allow their children to go to South Boston High School.

他们抵制的原因之一是希望撤销该命令并允许他们的孩子去南波士顿高中。

It was kind of a waiting game for them.

对他们来说，这是一场等待的游戏。

Ione Malloy, Teacher: The desegregation plan for the first year, the sophomores would be bused from Roxbury to South Boston High School.

The junior class was supposed to go to Roxbury.

初中班本来应该去罗克斯伯里。

And the seniors could choose either South Boston or Roxbury.

Richard Hunt, Reporter: At Roxbury High School in the heart of the Black district, most of the buses sent to bring in white students arrived empty or with only a few passengers.

记者理查德·亨特（Richard Hunt）：在黑人区中心的罗克斯伯里高中，大多数运送白人学生的巴士都空着或只有少数乘客抵达。

Only 234 pupils, 20 whites and 214 Blacks came to school.

只有 234 名学生上学，其中 20 名白人和 214 名黑人。

The student body is supposed to be about 900.

学生人数预计约为900人。

Black Girl: I think it's going to be alright if everybody comes and stops being scared because, shoot, I don't think there's nothing to be scared of.

黑人女孩：我想如果每个人都来了并且不再害怕的话那就没问题了，因为，天哪，我不认为没有什么好害怕的。

Reporter: How do you think things are going to work out here at Roxbury High?

White Girl: I don’t know.

白姑娘：我不知道。

I guess they’ll work out alright.

我想他们会顺利的。

If the parents stay out of it all and let the kids work it out for themselves, it'll be all right.

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster, Student : Most of the teachers and the administrators, they tried to keep us away from the windows because of what was going on outside.

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster，学生：大多数老师和管理人员都试图让我们远离窗户，因为外面发生了什么事。

Richard Hunt, Reporter: At least twice, stones and bottles began to fly and the police charged in a column led by policemen on horseback.

The police charges cleared the way for the buses to pick up the Black students at the end of the day.

警方的指控为巴士在一天结束时接载黑人学生扫清了道路。

Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Professor of Constitutional Law: It’s clear whites who do not want blacks in their schools are acting in just the same way as violent whites in the South.

宪法学教授富子·布朗-纳金（Tomiko Brown-Nagin）：很明显，那些不希望黑人进入学校的白人的行为方式与南方暴力白人的行为方式相同。

Bob Monahan, South Boston Resident: I’m not uncomplicit in this.

鲍勃·莫纳汉 (Bob Monahan)，南波士顿居民：我并非不参与其中。

If you saw it on the television, I was there.

如果你在电视上看到它，我就在那里。

There was a sense that we were going to lose our community.

有一种感觉我们即将失去我们的社区。

I had no interest in throwing bricks or a rock, and most people didn’t.

我对扔砖头或石头没有兴趣，大多数人也没有兴趣。

We weren’t raised that way.

我们不是这样长大的。

But it happened, people throwing bricks and rocks.

但事情确实发生了，人们扔砖头和石头。

Michael Patrick MacDonald, Writer: I was eight years old, but I needed to feel or pretend that I was part of this thing.

迈克尔·帕特里克·麦克唐纳，作家：我当时八岁，但我需要感觉或假装我是这件事的一部分。

Throwing a rock was part of being of the mob, of the us.

扔石头是暴徒、我们的一部分。

Leon Rock, Roxbury Resident: When we got to the staging area, waiting for the buses to come back, we saw that the buses had broken windows.

Leon Rock，罗克斯伯里居民：当我们到达停靠区等待巴士回来时，我们看到巴士的窗户被打破了。

It was painful because the kids were coming out crying.

这很痛苦，因为孩子们哭着出来。

Some parents showed up.

一些家长出现了。

Some of the kids didn’t have their parents to support them.

有些孩子没有父母的支持。

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: When I reported to Kevin White on opening day that no Black child had been killed, we thought that was a victory.

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：当我在开幕当天向凯文·怀特报告没有黑人儿童被杀时，我们认为这是一场胜利。

It was the saddest day in Boston’s history.

这是波士顿历史上最悲伤的一天。

But if a Black children had been killed, there would have been a civil war.

但如果黑人儿童被杀，就会爆发内战。

Hubie Jones, Activist: That night, Black leaders were enraged because the public safety of their kids was in jeopardy.

胡比·琼斯，活动人士：那天晚上，黑人领袖感到愤怒，因为他们孩子的公共安全处于危险之中。

They called a meeting to which they invited Mayor White to make it quite clear to him, we expect you to make sure that our kids are safe.

他们召开了一次会议，邀请怀特市长参加，向他明确表示，我们希望您确保我们孩子的安全。

We are not going to accept anything but that and you are not doing that.

我们不会接受除此之外的任何东西，而你不会这样做。

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: It was a very tough night for Kevin White to face angry, frightened Black parents because he had promised them that their children would be safe and they weren’t.

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：对于凯文·怀特来说，面对愤怒、害怕的黑人父母，这是一个非常艰难的夜晚，因为他向他们保证，他们的孩子会安全，但他们却没有。

He had to admit that he had failed and he asked for their forgiveness, but he wasn’t able to deliver on the first and most important obligation that any leader has, which is to keep his community safe.

他不得不承认自己失败了，并请求他们的原谅，但他无法履行任何领导人的首要也是最重要的义务，即确保社区安全。

Hubie Jones, Activist: Black leaders had to make a tough decision to ask Black parents to stay the course.

胡比·琼斯（Hubie Jones），活动家：黑人领袖必须做出艰难的决定，要求黑人父母坚持到底。

Tough decision.

艰难的决定。

All along the way, Black parents have had to make very difficult decisions in order to assert their rights and to use their kids in the process.

一路走来，黑人父母不得不做出非常艰难的决定，以维护自己的权利并在此过程中利用他们的孩子。

Bus Monitor: We're so proud of you, kids.

巴士班长：孩子们，我们为你们感到骄傲。

I know it, it takes courage.

我知道，这需要勇气。

I know you’re scared when they throw rocks and bottles at you.

我知道当他们向你扔石头和瓶子时你很害怕。

But we're determined.

但我们决心已定。

You kids want education, you're going to get it.

你们孩子想要教育，你们会得到的。

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster, Student: The second day, the black students had to be escorted by Boston police officers because of what had happened on the first day.

菲利斯·埃里森-费斯特（Phyllis Ellison-Feaster），学生：第二天，由于第一天发生的事情，黑人学生不得不由波士顿警察护送。

Robert di Grazia Boston Police Commissioner

罗伯特·迪·格拉齐亚波士顿警察局长

Reporter: How long do you anticipate the need for police protection for the kids going to South Boston?

记者：您预计前往南波士顿的孩子需要警察保护多长时间？

Robert di Grazia: As long as it's necessary.

罗伯特·迪·格拉齐亚：只要有必要。

Reporter: Is it possible that it would continue until next year, until school is out?

记者：有没有可能一直持续到明年，一直到学校放学？

Robert di Grazia: I don't think so.

罗伯特·迪·格拉齐亚：我不这么认为。

Certainly not planning on it, but we'll be here if it's necessary.

当然没有计划，但如果有必要的话我们会在这里。

Garry Armstrong, TV Reporter: We have marching orders to go out and get stories that were forceful, that ignited passion.

加里·阿姆斯特朗（Garry Armstrong），电视记者：我们接到命令，要出去报道强有力的、点燃激情的故事。

If anyboy id yelling, make sure you get that.

如果有男孩大喊大叫，请确保你听到了。

Now if they get angry with you, make sure you share that.

现在，如果他们对你生气，一定要告诉他们。

These were the stories that were picked up by the networks.

这些是被网络转载的故事。

There were people who were more tolerant, who were not being heard from.

有些人比较宽容，但没有被听到。

So a nation saw a city in turmoil, a city about to explode because that’s how we were covering it.

因此，一个国家看到了一座陷入混乱的城市，一座即将爆炸的城市，因为这就是我们报道的方式。

Henry Allen, Activist: When you look at the protest against desegregation, it was mostly at the high school level.

亨利·艾伦（Henry Allen），活动家：当你观察反对废除种族隔离的抗议活动时，你会发现它主要发生在高中阶段。

There was a very small number of schools where there was violence.

只有极少数学校发生过暴力事件。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: There were three geographic enclaves that still had semblances of a neighborhood school system.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：有三个地理飞地仍然具有邻里学校系统的外观。

They were South Boston, Charlestown, and East Boston.

它们是南波士顿、查尔斯敦和东波士顿。

Because they were so geographically isolated, they were still sending their kids to neighborhood schools.

由于地理位置偏僻，他们仍然把孩子送到附近的学校。

Those three neighborhoods fought hardest to keep what they had, and South Boston being the only one involved the first year, fought first.

这三个社区为保住自己所拥有的东西而进行了最激烈的斗争，而南波士顿是第一年唯一参与其中的社区，首先进行了斗争。

Al Holland, Roxbury Resident: I just remember, we got on the van with the Black teachers because it wasn’t safe for white teachers, but it wasn’t safe for Black teachers to drive their cars up there.

Al Holland，罗克斯伯里居民：我只记得，我们和黑人老师一起上了面包车，因为这对白人老师来说不安全，但黑人老师开车去那里也不安全。

We got in the caravan with the school buses, motorcycle escorts, patrol cars and I said, “Wow, this is how you start your day?

我们坐上了校车、摩托车护卫、巡逻车的大篷车，我说：“哇，这就是你开始新的一天的方式吗？

It’s like you’re going to an armed encampment.” By the time kids even got off the bus, they were tense.

这就像你要去一个武装营地。”当孩子们下车时，他们都很紧张。

Each day your stomach would knot up.

每天你的胃都会打结。

Reporter: You've had a chance now to watch for three weeks how this school is going to operate logistically day in and day out.

记者：您现在有机会在三周的时间里观察这所学校如何日复一日地进行后勤运作。

Have you formed an opinion yet on whether or not education can be accomplished, if teaching can go on in this kind of circumstance?

在这种情况下，如果教学能继续下去，教育能不能完成，你有没有一个看法？

Dr. William Reid: I have formed opinions.

William Reid 博士：我已经形成了意见。

Dr. William Reid: I think it's almost self-evident.

William Reid 博士：我认为这几乎是不言而喻的。

Dr. William Reid: Come on!

威廉·里德博士：来吧！

Go to school or go home!

去学校或者回家！

Come on, LaRosa.

来吧，拉罗莎。

Al Holland, Roxbury Resident: Dr. Reid, the principal, really cared about the kids, but was almost powerless to do anything because he had no control.

Al Holland，罗克斯伯里居民：校长里德博士非常关心孩子们，但几乎无能为力，因为他无法控制。

The community outside was controlling the kids.

外面的社区正在控制孩子们。

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster, Student: I woke up in the morning thinking about what’s going to happen inside of the building that day.

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster，学生：我早上醒来，想着那天大楼内会发生什么。

White students would often call Black students a “nigger.” Sometimes they would make like a grunting sound like we were apes.

白人学生经常称黑人学生为“黑鬼”。有时他们会发出咕噜声，就像我们是猿猴一样。

White Teenage Girl: It’s tense.

白人少女：很紧张。

It's always tense in the classroom because you never know when a fight is going to break out.

教室里总是很紧张，因为你永远不知道什么时候会爆发打架。

I mean, you give someone a wrong look and they jump right on your back.

我的意思是，你给某人一个错误的眼神，他们就会跳到你的背上。

Al Holland, Roxbury Resident: The black kids didn’t go over there to start trouble.

罗克斯伯里居民艾尔·霍兰德（Al Holland）：黑人孩子不是去那里制造麻烦的。

Black kids were scared.

黑人孩子很害怕。

So the kids who were initiating a lot of the fighting was white kids.

所以发起很多打斗的孩子都是白人孩子。

When fights occurred, black kids were being jumped, but they were being suspended.

当打架发生时，黑人孩子会被跳起来，但他们会被暂停。

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster, Student: My brother could not take the bullying, the harassment.

菲利斯·埃里森-费斯特（Phyllis Ellison-Feaster），学生：我的兄弟无法忍受欺凌和骚扰。

He eventually stopped attending school.

他最终不再上学。

Black Teenage Girl: Going over there to me is like going to a war Because that's all we do over there is fight.

黑人少女：对我来说去那里就像去打一场战争，因为我们在那里所做的就是战斗。

Black Teenage Boy: You can't get an education and watch your back at the same time.

黑人男孩：你不能一边接受教育，一边小心翼翼。

Al Holland, Roxbury Resident: Black kids went through a heck of a lot to go to South Boston High School, to go and get an education where they weren’t welcome.

Al Holland，罗克斯伯里居民：黑人孩子经历了很多事情才能进入南波士顿高中，去接受不受欢迎的教育。

They paid a heavy price.

他们付出了惨重的代价。

And white kids paid a heavy price because that community used those kids like pawns and sacrificed their education as well.

白人孩子付出了沉重的代价，因为这个社区像棋子一样利用这些孩子，并牺牲了他们的教育。

Carl Johnson, Teacher: At the end of the second period, the bell rang.

卡尔·约翰逊老师：第二节课结束时，上课铃响了。

I went out in the corridor.

我走到走廊里。

I noticed there were a large bunch of white youngsters.

我注意到有一大群白人年轻人。

A bookbag came hurtling out of the crowd towards these two Black boys.

一个书包从人群中飞速冲向这两个黑人男孩。

And as the white kids turned to flee, one of the Black youngsters came forward and stabbed one of the white boys.

当白人孩子转身逃跑时，一名黑人年轻人挺身而出，刺伤了一名白人男孩。

My God!

我的上帝！

I was just in shock.

我只是很震惊。

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster, Student: I was going into the main office.

菲利斯·埃里森·费斯特（Phyllis Ellison-Feaster），学生：我正要去主办公室。

I heard voices saying, “The niggers killed him.

我听到有人说：“黑鬼杀了他。

They killed him.” And then just, you know, chaos inside of the building.

他们杀了他。”然后，你知道，大楼内部一片混乱。

Ione Malloy, Teacher: I went to the office and I told the secretary, call an ambulance.

Ione Malloy，老师：我去了办公室，告诉秘书，叫救护车。

And then there was a communication: “White students leave the building.

然后有一条通讯：“白人学生离开大楼。

All Black students should go to their classrooms.”

所有黑人学生都应该回到自己的教室。”

Bob Monahan, South Boston Resident: When the kids were dismissed and they said, a white kid had got stabbed, of course, that goes through the whole community.

鲍勃·莫纳汉（Bob Monahan），南波士顿居民：当孩子们被解雇时，他们说，一个白人孩子被刺伤了，当然，这件事传遍了整个社区。

And I went up to the high school.

我升入了高中。

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster, Student: The crowd had grown outside and it had grown and grown.

菲利斯·埃里森-费斯特（Phyllis Ellison-Feaster），学生：外面的人群越来越多，而且越来越多。

Bob Monahan, South Boston Resident: There were a number of Black students—a couple hundred maybe—they were trapped.

鲍勃·莫纳汉（Bob Monahan），南波士顿居民：有很多黑人学生——也许有几百人——他们被困住了。

It was an angry crowd saying pretty angry things.

这是一群愤怒的人群，说着非常愤怒的话。

“Bus them back to Africa” and, you know, that stuff.

“用巴士将他们带回非洲”之类的。

Those kids could definitely hear the chants.

那些孩子们肯定能听到圣歌。

I can’t imagine [cries].

我无法想象[哭]。

I can’t imagine how those kids felt.

我无法想象那些孩子们的感受。

Reporter Judy Stoia: The crowd's anger spread to include not only the Black students inside the school, but the policemen outside as well.

记者朱迪·斯托亚：人群的愤怒不仅蔓延到了校内的黑人学生，还蔓延到了校外的警察。

Mounted police rode into the crowd in an effort to split it, but they were met by bricks, bottles, eggs, and verbal abuse.

骑警冲进人群试图驱散人群，但他们遭到了砖头、瓶子、鸡蛋和辱骂。

Missiles flew from the sidewalks, the back of the crowd, and from the rooftops.

导弹从人行道、人群后面和屋顶飞来。

Ione Malloy, Teacher: Louise Day Hicks was on the front steps telling the crowd to let the students go back to Roxbury.

Ione Malloy，老师：Louise Day Hicks 在前面的台阶上告诉人群让学生们回到罗克斯伯里。

Louise Day Hicks: Now there is only one way to get them back to Roxbury, and that is to let them go back by bus.

Louise Day Hicks：现在只有一种方法可以让他们回到罗克斯伯里，那就是让他们坐公交车回去。

I am going to ask you.

我去问你。

Will you please move to the other side of the street so they can go back?

请您搬到街的另一边以便他们可以回去吗？

Ione Malloy, Teacher: She looked frightened because she couldn’t control them.

Ione Malloy，老师：她看起来很害怕，因为她无法控制它们。

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster, Student: We were wondering, like how are we going to get out of here?

菲利斯·埃里森-费斯特（Phyllis Ellison-Feaster），学生：我们想知道，我们要如何离开这里？

There was a sea of people, and, and it was so violent.

人山人海，而且，还很暴力。

Bob Monahan, South Boston Resident: They came up with a brilliant plan.

鲍勃·莫纳汉（Bob Monahan），南波士顿居民：他们想出了一个绝妙的计划。

They sent decoy buses up to the front.

他们派了诱饵巴士到前线。

At the same time they would escort the Black students to buses that were behind the school.

与此同时，他们会护送黑人学生到学校后面的公共汽车上。

We were waiting for the buses, never thinking the buses were already there in the back of the building.

我们在等公共汽车，没想到公共汽车已经在大楼后面了。

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster, Student: The students ran out the back door to get on those buses.

菲利斯·埃里森-费斯特，学生：学生们从后门跑出去登上那些公共汽车。

You could hear the crowd.

你可以听到人群的声音。

All I could think of was what would happen if that crowd had caught me, so I ran as fast as I possibly could to get on the bus and I ducked and I laid on the floor.

我所能想到的就是如果那群人抓住了我会发生什么，所以我尽可能快地跑上公共汽车，然后我躲了起来，躺在地板上。

Black student: And they ran us off the buses, and they ran us off the school.

黑人学生：他们把我们赶出了公共汽车，他们把我们赶出了学校。

Black Student: And parents and everything were up there trying to hurt us.

黑人学生：父母和一切都在那里试图伤害我们。

Ione Malloy, Teacher: The police dispersed the crowd and that was the end of that day.

Ione Malloy，老师：警察驱散了人群，那天就这样结束了。

Teachers went out to the car and I remember a bird flew over.

老师们走到车前，我记得有一只鸟飞过。

We all ducked because everything was so fearful.

我们都躲了起来，因为一切都那么可怕。

Newscaster: South Boston High School reopened today for the first time in almost a month.

新闻播音员：南波士顿高中今天重新开放，这是近一个月来的首次。

Only about one quarter of the students showed up today and at the main building, there were more police than students.

今天只有大约四分之一的学生到场，主楼里的警察比学生还多。

Phyllis Ellison-Feaster, Student: When you walked into the building, there were metal detectors where the students had to go through.

菲利斯·埃里森-费斯特（Phyllis Ellison-Feaster），学生：当你走进大楼时，学生们必须通过金属探测器。

In the hallways, you had state troopers every ten feet or so, so it was almost as if you were in prison.

在走廊里，每隔十英尺左右就有一名州警，所以感觉就像在监狱里一样。

As a student, it was really difficult for learning because of the tension in the building.

作为一名学生，由于教学楼里的紧张气氛，学习确实很困难。

Some of the teachers did try but there was a lot, in my opinion, they just try to get through the day.

有些老师确实尝试过，但在我看来，很多老师只是想度过这一天。

Carl Johnson, Teacher: There were kids who came in every day, basically.

卡尔·约翰逊（Carl Johnson）老师：基本上每天都有孩子进来。

There were some kids who would walk into the classroom and I’d say, “Who are you?

有些孩子走进教室，我会说：“你是谁？

You know.”

你知道。”

Judy Stoia: Many parents are balking at court ordered desegregation.

朱迪·斯托亚：许多家长对法院下令废除种族隔离感到犹豫。

In fact, they've taken it a step further and set up their own underground or alternative schools.

事实上，他们更进一步，建立了自己的地下学校或另类学校。

These schools are not accredited and therefore they're not legal.

这些学校未经认可，因此不合法。

Bob Monahan, South Boston Resident: I actually was a volunteer teacher.

鲍勃·莫纳汉（Bob Monahan），南波士顿居民：我实际上是一名志愿教师。

The South Boston information center, where the rallies were planned, in the front room—the same mimeograph, where you would run off the fliers—I would run off my papers for class.

南波士顿信息中心是计划集会的地方，在前厅——同样的油印机，你可以在那里处理传单——我会处理我的课堂论文。

Judy Stoia: There's also an alternative school for black children in Boston set up for many of the same reasons.

朱迪·斯托亚：出于同样的原因，波士顿也有一所为黑人儿童设立的替代学校。

Parents are afraid to send their children into hostile, perhaps dangerous environments and choose instead to set up their own schools.

父母害怕将孩子送入充满敌意甚至危险的环境，因此选择建立自己的学校。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: Cardinal Medeiros had decreed that Catholic schools should not be a refuge for those seeking to leave the public schools and it was widely ignored.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：红衣主教梅代罗斯曾颁布法令，天主教学校不应成为那些寻求离开公立学校的人的避难所，但这一法令被广泛忽视。

Joe Burnieika, Dorchester Resident: If you didn’t like getting bused to Roxbury you just went to your local parish parochial school.

Joe Burnieika，多切斯特居民：如果您不喜欢乘坐巴士去罗克斯伯里，您可以去当地的教区教会学校。

If you work the bingo on Friday night and cleaned up afterwards, x numbers of dollars would be taken off your tuition.

如果你在周五晚上玩宾果游戏并在事后清理干净，你的学费将被扣除 x 美元。

Michael Patrick Macdonald, Writer: Myself, Kevin and Cathy, got into parochial school.

迈克尔·帕特里克·麦克唐纳（Michael Patrick Macdonald），作家：我自己、凯文和凯茜进入了教会学校。

My mother was a hustler.

我的母亲是个骗子。

She started teaching tap dancing in the schools.

她开始在学校教授踢踏舞。

The more volunteer work you did, the less you paid.

您做的志愿者工作越多，您支付的费用就越少。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: By the end of 1974 school year, 10,000 children had been withdrawn from the Boston Public School system.

Jim Vrabel，作家：到 1974 学年结束时，已有 10,000 名儿童从波士顿公立学校系统退学。

Reporter: How do you speak to the frequent allegation that what we're doing is creating and or inciting or urging on this white flight?

记者：经常有人指责我们正在制造和/或煽动或敦促白人逃亡，您对此有何看法？

The argument, as you have said, is probably most often used here that you're going to destroy the city?

正如你所说，这里最常使用的论点可能是你要摧毁这座城市？

Thomas Atkins, President, Boston NAACP: Very simple answer.

波士顿全国有色人种协进会主席托马斯·阿特金斯：答案非常简单。

If the price of whites staying is blacks losing constitutional rights and educational benefits, let them go.

如果白人留下来的代价是黑人失去宪法权利和教育福利，那就让他们走吧。

Simple answer.

简单的回答。

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: Judge Garrity had ordered the state plan into effect in September 1974.

Eric Van Loon，原告律师： Garrity 法官下令该州计划于 1974 年 9 月生效。

It was not a plan that eliminated segregation root and branch, which was the phrase of the supreme court decisions.

这并不是一项彻底消除种族隔离的计划，正如最高法院判决中所说的那样。

So, a more comprehensive plan needed to be developed.

因此，需要制定更全面的计划。

Judge Garrity ordered that the Boston School Committee come up with a plan and gave them a deadline in mid-December to do that.

加里蒂法官命令波士顿学校委员会制定一项计划，并给他们规定了 12 月中旬的最后期限。

Pam Bullard: The committee is under a court order to file a second phase desegregation plan this Monday.

帕姆·布拉德：委员会根据法院命令，将于本周一提交第二阶段废除种族隔离计划。

The question remaining is, will the school committee approve the plan and send it on to Judge Garrity?

剩下的问题是，学校委员会会批准该计划并将其发送给加里蒂法官吗？

John Kerrigan, Chairman, Boston School Committee: People are leaving the city, people are leaving the school system, and I cannot in good conscience add to that bloodshed, add to that racial hatred, and add to the further fleeing of the city from the people of Boston, and I will not vote approval of this plan.

约翰·克里根，波士顿学校委员会主席：人们正在离开这座城市，人们正在离开学校系统，凭良心来说，我不能加剧流血事件，加剧种族仇恨，加剧波士顿人民对这座城市的进一步逃离，我不会投票批准这项计划。

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: When it came time to submit it to the court, the school committee members said, we refuse.

Eric Van Loon，原告律师：当需要将其提交给法院时，学校委员会成员说，我们拒绝。

We won’t do it.

我们不会这样做。

We’ll do nothing to aid or abet forced busing.

我们不会采取任何行动来帮助或教唆强制乘坐公交车。

On behalf of the Black parents, and the Black students, we asked Judge Garrity to find the school committee in criminal and civil contempt.

我们代表黑人家长和黑人学生，要求加里蒂法官判定学校委员会犯有刑事和民事藐视法庭罪。

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: Why didn’t the judge hold them in contempt?

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：为什么法官没有蔑视他们？

I don’t understand why given how they ignored, and abused, and flaunted his orders, they were let off the hook.

我不明白为什么他们无视、辱骂、蔑视他的命令，却被免除了责任。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: Garrity commissioned his experts, Robert Dentler and Marvin Scott, to come up with another plan called Phase Two.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），编剧：加里蒂委托他的专家罗伯特·丹特勒（Robert Dentler）和马文·斯科特（Marvin Scott）提出另一个名为“第二阶段”的计划。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: Phase Two increased the number of students to be bused.

Jim Vrabel，作家：第二阶段增加了乘坐校车的学生数量。

Instead of just junior high school and high school students, it was to be students from grades 1 to 12.

不再只是初中生和高中生，而是1年级到12年级的学生。

Eric Van Loon, Plaintiffs’ Attorney: Garrity, ordered more Black teachers to be hired, more Black administrators to be hired, and for those to be assigned schools on a desegregated basis.

原告律师加里蒂（Eric Van Loon）下令雇用更多的黑人教师，雇用更多的黑人行政人员，并在废除种族隔离的基础上为这些人分配学校。

Henry Allen, Activist: Garrity recognized that there was almost no parent involvement, so the Racial/Ethnic Parent Councils were established.

亨利·艾伦（Henry Allen），活动家：加里蒂认识到几乎没有家长参与，因此成立了种族/民族家长委员会。

It was literally the first time in the history of the city where large numbers of Black and white parents and some Latino and Asian parents sat together.

这实际上是这座城市历史上第一次有大量黑人和白人父母以及一些拉丁裔和亚裔父母坐在一起。

This would be a revolution in the city of Boston.

这将是波士顿市的一场革命。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: We move into the summer of 1975.

Jim Vrabel，编剧：我们进入 1975 年的夏天。

The scene shifts to Charlestown, which is now part of the busing plan for the first time.

场景转移到查尔斯敦，这里现在首次成为公交计划的一部分。

It was now going to lose its neighborhood school system if it adhered to the Phase Two requirements.

如果它遵守第二阶段的要求，它现在将失去其邻里学校系统。

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: There was a sense in Charlestown.

威廉·乔伊：查尔斯敦有一种感觉。

It was like there was a tsunami coming.

就像海啸来袭一样。

It was a foreboding.

这是一种不祥的预感。

It pervaded everything.

它遍及一切。

It’s one thing to read about it in the newspaper, but to walk into it and to feel it and to get a sense that, yeah, it’s not in their best interests in many ways.

在报纸上读到它是一回事，但走进它并感受它并感觉到，是的，这在很多方面都不符合他们的最佳利益。

Pam Bullard: What is the attitude of the parents that you have contact with?

帕姆·布拉德：您接触过的父母的态度如何？

Are many students going to even return to Charlestown High this fall?

今年秋天，许多学生会返回查尔斯顿高中吗？

Frank Power: We've transferred as many as six to eight students each week since June 20th.

Frank Power：自 6 月 20 日以来，我们每周转学多达六到八名学生。

Pam Bullard: Where are these students heading?

帕姆·布拉德：这些学生要去哪里？

Frank Power: Generally, they're moving into what I would call lower middle-class areas in surrounding communities on the north side of the city.

弗兰克·鲍尔：一般来说，他们正在迁移到城市北部周边社区的我所说的中下阶层地区。

Lisa McGoff Collins, Charlestown Resident: My mother joined Powder Keg with all her friends.

丽莎·麦戈夫·柯林斯 (Lisa McGoff Collins)，查尔斯敦居民：我母亲和她所有的朋友都加入了火药桶。

It was an organization of Charlestown mothers that were here to help try to fight forced busing.

这是查尔斯敦母亲们的一个组织，旨在帮助反对强迫乘坐公交车。

My mother said, “If you want to go to school you can go to school.

妈妈说：“如果你想上学，就可以上学。

If you don’t want to, you don’t have to.” I decided to go to school because I really wanted to go to Charlestown High.

如果你不想，那就没必要。”我决定去上学，因为我真的很想去查尔斯敦高中。

It was something I was looking forward to.

这是我很期待的事情。

If I had been assigned to Roxbury, I wouldn’t have gone.

如果我被分配到罗克斯伯里，我就不会去。

I did not want to get on a bus.

我不想上公共汽车。

Reporter: Do you think that the project has been hit particularly hard by busing as opposed to the rest of Charlestown?

记者：您认为与查尔斯敦的其他地区相比，该项目受到公交车的打击是否特别严重？

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: Well, I think you'd find the project has had to bear the brunt of children who have had to leave Charlestown to go to school.

威廉·乔伊：嗯，我想你会发现这个项目首当其冲地受到了那些不得不离开查尔斯敦上学的孩子们的影响。

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: I think that my own experience is that the other sections of Charlestown, that the kids have either gone to parochial schools or have gone to private schools.

威廉·乔伊：我认为我自己的经验是，查尔斯敦其他地区的孩子要么上的是教会学校，要么上的是私立学校。

Father Bill Joy: There were several evenings in the summer, in which parents from Roxbury were bused into Charlestown High School, and I can remember parents black parents coming out, they’re saying, “I don’t want my kid going to this school.

比尔·乔伊神父：夏天的几个晚上，来自罗克斯伯里的家长被送到查尔斯顿高中，我记得黑人家长出来，他们说，“我不想让我的孩子去这所学校。

My kid is getting bused to this school?

我的孩子要坐公交车去这所学校吗？

It’s a dump.”

这是一个垃圾场。”

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief Of Staff: During the first phase of busing, we wanted as light a police presence as possible.

艾拉·杰克逊 (Ira Jackson)，凯文·怀特 (Kevin White) 的参谋长：在公交车的第一阶段，我们希望警察的存在尽可能少。

We didn’t want to antagonize the crowd, but clearly the tactics we adopted that first day were inadequate, so the second year was an entirely different approach, and it was a much more massive physical presence of police.

Reporter: The implementation plan called for 997 police officers.

记者：实施方案要求警力997人。

They were in attendance.

他们出席了。

Also, state police in South Boston had a complement of 499.

此外，南波士顿的州警察人数为 499 人。

The MDC in South Boston, there were 82, this is at South Boston, also the MDC at Charlestown with 215.

南波士顿的 MDC 有 82 个，这是南波士顿的，查尔斯敦的 MDC 也有 215 个。

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: The first day of busing was, everybody was on eggshells.

威廉·乔伊：乘坐巴士的第一天，每个人都如履薄冰。

“What’s going to happen when the buses are going to come?

“当公共汽车来的时候会发生什么？

Which way are they coming?” They went on the streets and figured, “If we’re on the streets, the buses are not going to run us over.

他们从哪个方向过来？”他们走上街头并想：“如果我们在街上，公共汽车就不会碾压我们。

We can stop busing by being on the streets and blocking the buses.” But the police just put up a blockade and the buses went a different route.

我们可以通过在街上封锁公交车来阻止公交车的运行。”但警察只是封锁了巴士，公交车就走了不同的路线。

Moe Gillen, Charlestown Resident: I got out early and the helicopters were overhead.

Moe Gillen，查尔斯敦居民：我很早就出去了，直升机就在头顶上。

There were snipers on the buildings.

建筑物上有狙击手。

The place was ringed with police and it was chaotic.

现场被警察包围，场面一片混乱。

Lisa McGoff Collins, Charlestown Resident: I met up with my two friends.

丽莎·麦戈夫·柯林斯 (Lisa McGoff Collins)，查尔斯敦居民：我和我的两个朋友见面了。

We had on our matching Coca-Cola pants and our little shirts to match.

我们穿着配套的可口可乐裤子和小衬衫。

I just remember motorcycle cops up and down the street.

我只记得街上到处都是摩托车警察。

It sounded like, you know Nazi Germany instead of, you know, your first day of school.

听起来就像是，你了解纳粹德国，而不是，你知道，你第一天上学。

As you got to the square, there were a sea of cameras, cameras everywhere.

到了广场，到处都是摄像机，到处都是摄像机。

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: Charlestown was like the center of the universe.

威廉·乔伊：查尔斯敦就像宇宙的中心。

There were reporters from all over the place.

现场还有来自四面八方的记者。

We had Japanese reporters.

我们有日本记者。

I don’t understand.

我不明白。

What is a Japanese reporter from Tokyo doing here covering busing?

来自东京的日本记者在这里报道公交车做什么？

Lisa Mcgoff Collins, Charlestown Resident: We walked up the hill.

丽莎·麦戈夫·柯林斯 (Lisa McGoff Collins)，查尔斯敦居民：我们步行上山。

There were people who don’t want us to go to school.

有些人不想让我们去上学。

People yelling, you know, calling us names, “You N lover.” You know, “Stay out of the building.” Some people really believed that if everybody stayed out of school and didn’t go, then busing would not be an issue.

人们大喊大叫，你知道，辱骂我们，“你这个情人。”你知道，“远离大楼。”有些人真的相信，如果每个人都不去上学，那么乘坐公交车就不会成为问题。

White Teenage boy: Why am I not going to school?

白人少年：我为什么不去上学？

I’m boycotting.

我正在抵制。

White Teenage boy: How come?

白衣少年：怎么会呢？

Why do you think?

你认为为什么？

The cops are up there.

警察就在上面。

They’re locking the schools from the outside.

他们从外面封锁了学校。

Busing’s busing.

公交车就是公交车。

I don’t want nothing to do with it.

我不想与它有任何关系。

Reporter: How long are you going to stay out?

记者：你打算在外面待多久？

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: During the daytimes, the mothers would march and they’d take the little kids with them and maybe the baby carriages.

威廉·乔伊：白天，母亲们会带着孩子们游行，也许还会带着婴儿车。

Moe Gillen, Charlestown Resident: They protested in the street.

Moe Gillen，查尔斯敦居民：他们在街上抗议。

Sit down.

坐下。

Sit down in the street.

到街上坐下来。

They did it sometimes to aggravate as opposed to expecting any real success in anything.

他们有时这样做是为了激怒别人，而不是期望在任何事情上取得真正的成功。

Ed Baumeister: There were 14 arrests in Boston today, bringing the total since schools opening to 94.

Ed Baumeister：今天波士顿有 14 人被捕，使学校开学以来逮捕总数达到 94 人。

Nine policemen have been injured, mainly in nighttime disturbances.

九名警察受伤，主要是在夜间骚乱中受伤。

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: At night when it got dark, it was a little bit more ugly and there were objects thrown at the police.

威廉·乔伊：晚上天黑的时候，情况有点难看，有人向警察扔东西。

Windows were broken, molotov cocktails, or bottles like that, and it could have just exploded,

窗户被打破了，燃烧弹或者类似的瓶子，它可能会爆炸，

Robert di Grazia: Last night, a mob of several hundred people started stoning civilian cars and setting fires in the streets and then attacked responding firefighters.

罗伯特·迪·格拉齐亚：昨晚，数百人的暴徒开始向民用汽车投掷石块，并在街道上放火，然后袭击了救援的消防员。

It was this mob that then attacked police attempting to protect the citizens and the firefighters.

正是这群暴徒随后袭击了试图保护公民和消防员的警察。

The quickest way we can get the city back to normal is to stop the troublemakers.

让城市恢复正常的最快方法就是阻止麻烦制造者。

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: But the police were very restrained.

威廉·乔伊：但是警察非常克制。

They knew these people.

他们认识这些人。

Joe Burnieika, Dorchester Resident: The police department was trying to police their own people, basically.

Joe Burnieika，多切斯特居民：警察局基本上是在试图监管自己的人民。

I think they were lenient to say the least on some of those issues.

我认为他们在其中一些问题上至少可以说是宽容的。

Some of the district court judges had an umbrage against Judge Garrity.

一些地方法院法官对加里蒂法官很不满。

They were more concerned about the perpetrator than the victim during those days.

那些日子里，他们更关心施暴者而不是受害者。

Reporter: I think the cops, whatever you may else you may say, are doing a first rate job.

记者：我认为，无论你怎么说，警察的工作都是一流的。

Thomas Atkins: Let me ask you a question.

托马斯·阿特金斯：让我问你一个问题。

If the kind of scenes crowd scenes you've encountered in Charlestown, where the crowds were white, was to be taking place in Roxbury, where the crowds were Black, do you for one minute think that we would have a situation like we have today where the total arrests that have been made over there have been less than 20.

如果你在查尔斯敦遇到的那种人群场景，那里的人群是白人，如果发生在罗克斯伯里，那里的人群是黑人，你是否会想一想，我们会遇到像今天这样的情况，在那里被捕的总人数不到 20 人。

Do you for one minute think that that would prevail?

您是否认为这会占上风？

That’s the answer to your question.

这就是你问题的答案。

We’re dealing with a double standard of law enforcement.

我们正在应对执法的双重标准。

And as long as that continues, then we're going to continue to have a problem where people will think they can enforce the law on the street with their fists or with the rock or with the bottle.

只要这种情况持续下去，我们就会继续遇到一个问题，人们会认为他们可以用拳头、石头或瓶子在街上执法。

Rev.

牧师。

William Joy: One of the difficulties in the schools was the influence of the adults inciting and plotting and planning for the kids to, you know, “10 o’clock, 10:30 you’re going to walk out.

威廉·乔伊：学校的困难之一是成年人煽动、策划和计划孩子们的影响，你知道，“10点，10点30分，你要走出去。

And we’ll get the press there, okay.”

我们会让媒体报道的，好吧。”

Lisa McGoff Collins, Charlestown Resident: They would plan at Powder Keg the night before and we’d let the kids know, and then say, “Okay, as soon as the bell rings, everybody stay in your seat.

查尔斯敦居民丽莎·麦戈夫·柯林斯 (Lisa McGoff Collins)：他们会在前一天晚上在火药桶进行计划，我们会让孩子们知道，然后说：“好吧，铃声一响，每个人都坐在座位上。

Don’t anybody leave.”

谁都别离开。”

Officer: The children have a series of demands to make.

官员：孩子们有一系列要求。

The school authorities don't want to listen to the demands while they're still seated inside the school.

学校当局不想在他们还坐在学校里时听取这些要求。

Lisa McGoff Collins, Charlestown Resident: I remember being picked up physically by policemen to bring us outside the building.

查尔斯顿居民丽莎·麦戈夫·柯林斯 (Lisa McGoff Collins)：我记得我被警察带走，带我们到大楼外面。

Some kids just did it just so that they could get out of school, you know.

你知道，有些孩子这样做只是为了离开学校。

So, there was a lot of chaos going on and everybody was joining in on it.

因此，发生了很多混乱，每个人都加入其中。

Henry Allen, Activist: Of some 164 schools in Boston, there was a very small number of schools where there was violence.

亨利·艾伦（Henry Allen），活动人士：在波士顿大约 164 所学校中，只有极少数学校存在暴力事件。

The vast majority of public schools in Boston were successfully desegregated.

波士顿绝大多数公立学校成功废除了种族隔离。

In the beginning, a lot of parents kept their kids out of school, Black and white, mostly because, “What does this mean?”

一开始，许多家长不让他们的孩子上学，无论黑人还是白人，主要是因为，“这意味着什么？”

Journalist: You have a child, one child, two child, how many?

记者：您有一个孩子，一个孩子，两个孩子，几个？

White Mother: I have two children, one going to the McKay in East Boston and one going to the Kent in Charlestown.

白人母亲：我有两个孩子，一个去东波士顿的麦凯，一个去查尔斯敦的肯特。

So, I've been going in two directions, you know.

所以，我一直在朝两个方向前进，你知道。

Journalist: Will you still send them in light of what you’ve heard?

记者：根据您的了解，您还会发吗？

White Mother: Yeah.

白妈妈：是啊。

You know, I think when I think it over, I will, but I'll be frightened and I'll be very nervous about it.

你知道，我想当我仔细考虑时，我会的，但我会感到害怕，而且会非常紧张。

But, you know, I think that we have to do it.

但是，你知道，我认为我们必须这样做。

We don't, we don't have a choice and I want Phase Two to work and I just don't think we can boycott.

我们没有，我们没有选择，我希望第二阶段能够发挥作用，但我认为我们不能抵制。

Henry Allen, Activist: You could find these white parents emerging in these white working class communities and saying, “Yes, segregation is wrong.

亨利·艾伦，活动家：你可能会发现这些白人父母出现在这些白人工人阶级社区中，并说：“是的，种族隔离是错误的。

We want something better for Black children and something better for white children.”

我们希望为黑人儿童和白人儿童提供更好的东西。”

Joe Burnieika, Dorchester Resident: Maureen and I both supported public education, but it was a huge decision.

Joe Burnieika，多切斯特居民：莫林和我都支持公共教育，但这是一个重大决定。

We were going to send our kid on a bus as a first grader into Roxbury.

我们打算送一年级的孩子乘公共汽车去罗克斯伯里。

So, it took the summer for us to discuss that.

因此，我们花了整个夏天的时间来讨论这个问题。

All my neighbors, you know, thought we were nuts putting him on a bus, having him get stoned at Savin Hill Ave.

你知道，我所有的邻居都认为我们把他送上了公共汽车，让他在萨文山大街被扔石头。

because there were Black kids on the bus.

因为公共汽车上有黑人孩子。

And then when they got to Roxbury, getting stoned by Black kids because there are white kids on the bus.

然后当他们到达罗克斯伯里时，被黑人孩子用石头砸死，因为公共汽车上有白人孩子。

Unfortunately, it became almost normal.

不幸的是，这几乎变得正常了。

And that’s a sad indictment for a seven or eight-year-old kid.

对于一个七八岁的孩子来说，这是一个悲伤的控诉。

Michael Patrick Macdonald, Writer: There were very rational voices.

迈克尔·帕特里克·麦克唐纳，作家：有非常理性的声音。

People who were opposed to the racism but also opposed to the busing plan and who, once it happened, wanted to make it happen without the violence, wanted their kids to be safe, and wanted other kids from across town who were black to be safe.

人们反对种族主义，但也反对校车计划，一旦计划发生，他们希望在没有暴力的情况下实现这一计划，希望他们的孩子安全，也希望镇上其他黑人孩子安全。

Bob Monanhan: Tracy Amalfitano and Jim lived literally right across the street.

鲍勃·莫南汉：特雷西·阿马尔菲塔诺和吉姆就住在街对面。

She actually joined, biracial council.

她实际上加入了混血委员会。

Tracy and others were deploring the violence and just trying to get folks to calm down.

特雷西和其他人对暴力事件表示谴责，并试图让人们平静下来。

Bob Monanhan: The one incident that is still seared into my memory [cries].

鲍勃·莫南汉（Bob Monanhan）：这一事件至今仍深深地烙印在我的记忆中（哭了）。

My brothers and I are outside.

我和我的兄弟们在外面。

Out of nowhere came a mob.

一群暴民不知从何而来。

They had bats.

他们有蝙蝠。

Tracy’s station wagon got busted up with bats.

特雷西的旅行车被蝙蝠撞坏了。

Bricks or rocks were thrown through the windows of Tracy’s three-decker.

砖块或石块被扔进特雷西三层甲板的窗户。

So we’re just stunned that this happened.

所以我们对发生的事情感到震惊。

And then it got worse in that several cars come down the street slowly and in the cars were some women.

然后情况变得更糟，几辆车慢慢地沿着街道行驶，车里有一些妇女。

One of them had this shit-eating grin.

其中一个露出了吃屎的笑容。

The translation: “This is what happens if you turn traitor on our community.” [Cries] I didn’t go to any more rallies after that.

翻译过来就是：“如果你背叛了我们的社区，就会发生这样的事。” [哭]此后我没有再参加任何集会。

For me, it wasn’t exciting anymore.

对我来说，这不再令人兴奋了。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: The culmination for most people of the violence happened in April of 1976, as Boston—the birthplace of liberty, the hotbed of abolition—was celebrating the bicentennial.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：对于大多数人来说，暴力的高潮发生在 1976 年 4 月，当时波士顿——自由的诞生地、废奴的温床——正在庆祝建国两百周年。

Lisa Mcgoff Collins, Charlestown Resident: We were going to march on City Hall, and I remember walking with my friend and her mom, and we’re singing and you know everybody is all roiled-up.

查尔斯敦居民丽莎·麦戈夫·柯林斯 (Lisa McGoff Collins)：我们本来要在市政厅游行，我记得和我的朋友和她妈妈一起散步，我们唱歌，你知道每个人都兴奋不已。

As we got onto the Plaza, there were a lot of people there.

当我们到达广场时，那里已经有很多人了。

Ted Landsmark, Attorney/Architect: I was walking across City Hall Plaza on my way to attend a meeting in City Hall.

Ted Landsmark，律师/建筑师：我在去市政厅参加会议的路上穿过市政厅广场。

I realized that there was an anti-busing demonstration going on.

我意识到正在进行反公交车示威活动。

Several of them started shouting, “There’s a Nigger, get him.” The first person to attack me knocked my glasses off and that caused me to fall, and then several other young men decided to start kicking me.

他们中的几个人开始喊道：“有一个黑鬼，抓住他。”第一个攻击我的人打翻了我的眼镜，导致我摔倒，然后其他几个年轻人决定开始踢我。

I was able to pick myself up and I could see that someone was swinging an American flag at me, really lunging at me with the flag.

我能够站起来，我可以看到有人正在向我挥舞美国国旗，真的是拿着国旗向我扑来。

Lisa Mcgoff Collins, Charlestown Resident: I see all this happening, and I remember crying and saying, “Why is this happening?” Because when you did these peaceful marches you don’t want people to think of us as, “Here come the troublemakers.”

查尔斯顿居民丽莎·麦戈夫·柯林斯 (Lisa McGoff Collins)：我看到这一切正在发生，我记得我哭着说：“为什么会发生这种事？”因为当你进行这些和平游行时，你不希望人们认为我们是“麻烦制造者来了”。

Ted Landsmark, Lawyer: That evening, I got a call from the Boston Police saying that a photographer had captured the incident and they wanted me to see if I could identify any of the young people.

特德·兰兹马克（Ted Landsmark），律师：那天晚上，我接到波士顿警方的电话，说一名摄影师拍下了这一事件，他们要我看看是否能辨认出这些年轻人的身份。

That was the first moment that I really got to see the expressions on the faces of these teenagers.

那是我第一次真正看到这些青少年脸上的表情。

It was clear that there was manifest hatred that several of the young men felt towards me.

很明显，几个年轻人对我怀有明显的仇恨。

Ira Jackson, Kevin White’s Chief of Staff: The Pulitzer-prize winning photograph became the world-famous emblem of hatred: the American flag, a Black professional architect walking through City Hall Plaza, and the violence that was inflicted upon him as a result of hatred.

艾拉·杰克逊，凯文·怀特的幕僚长：这张获得普利策奖的照片成为世界著名的仇恨象征：美国国旗、走过市政厅广场的黑人专业建筑师，以及因仇恨而对他施加的暴力。

Jim Vrabel, Writer: The violence continued from year to year.

吉姆·弗拉贝尔（Jim Vrabel），作家：暴力事件年复一年地持续。

It was sporadic, hard to anticipate.

这是零星的，很难预料。

Lisa McGoff Collins, Charlestown Resident : People were so angry back then.

丽莎·麦戈夫·柯林斯 (Lisa McGoff Collins)，查尔斯敦居民：当时人们非常愤怒。

The tensions carried over from the school into the streets.

紧张的气氛从学校蔓延到了街头。

I don’t even think it had nothing to do with busing anymore.

我什至不认为这与公交车无关。

Anytime something bad happened to a Black person, something bad would happen to a white person.

每当黑人发生不好的事情时，白人也会发生不好的事情。

News Anchor: At least three more incidents were reported today in the continuing racial violence in Boston.

新闻主播：波士顿持续发生的种族暴力事件今天至少又发生了三起事件。

Lisa McGoff Collins, Charlestown Resident : It was like a retaliation throughout the city for a long time.

丽莎·麦戈夫·柯林斯 (Lisa McGoff Collins)，查尔斯敦居民：很长一段时间以来，这就像整个城市的报复行为。

People being pulled out of cars and beaten up and you know just terrible stuff.

人们被从车里拉出来并遭到殴打，你知道这些都是可怕的事情。

Joe Burnieika, Dorchester Resident: People don’t realize how very close the city came to just completely exploding.

多切斯特居民 Joe Burnieika：人们没有意识到这座城市距离彻底爆炸有多近。

I’m talking about the whole city.

我说的是整个城市。

It came very, very close.

它非常非常接近。

Charles Glenn, Massachusetts Dept Of Education: In the middle of all this chaos, I wrote in my journal, Fiat justitia ruat caelum : Do justice, though the heavens fall.

查尔斯·格伦，马萨诸塞州教育部：在这一切混乱之中，我在我的日记《Fiat justitia ruat caelum》中写道：尽管天塌下来，仍要伸张正义。

I remember reflecting then, “What good will it do to do justice if the heavens fall and what would justice look like among the ruins?”

我记得当时我就想：“如果天塌下来，伸张正义又有什么用呢？废墟中的正义又会是什么样子呢？”

Bryant Rollins, Journalist: If there had been a way for deep dialogue between blacks and whites, a lot of the conflict that arose during the ‘60s and ‘70s was avoidable.

记者布莱恩特·罗林斯：如果黑人和白人之间有一种深入对话的方式，那么 60 年代和 70 年代出现的许多冲突都是可以避免的。

People were in a state of violent agreement.

人们处于一种强烈的同意状态。

What we agreed about was the inefficacy of busing.

我们一致认为公交车的效率低下。

White parents didn’t want it for their kids, and black parents would have preferred not to have to have busing if they had quality schools.

白人父母不希望他们的孩子坐校车，而黑人父母如果有优质学校，则宁愿不用校车。

We did not slow down, take a deep breath, take a step back and ask ourselves what’s possible together.

我们没有放慢脚步，深吸一口气，后退一步，问自己在一起能做什么。

That’s a tragedy.

这是一场悲剧。

Everybody has lost.

每个人都输了。

Judge Arthur Garrity returned control of the Boston Public Schools to the School Committee in 1985.

1985 年，亚瑟·加里蒂 (Arthur Garrity) 法官将波士顿公立学校的控制权归还给学校委员会。

By that time, 36,479 children had left the school system; 72% of students in the system were children of color.

到那时，已有 36,479 名儿童离开学校系统；系统中 72% 的学生是有色人种儿童。

Boston ended busing for desegregation in 1999.

波士顿于 1999 年结束了公交车服务，以废除种族隔离。

Revisit 1970s Boston, when court-mandated school integration unleashed racial unrest.

重温 20 世纪 70 年代的波士顿，当时法院强制实施的学校融合引发了种族骚乱。

In 1974, Boston’s schools were ordered to desegregate.

1974 年，波士顿的学校被勒令废除种族隔离。

Things got ugly, fast.

事情变得丑陋，速度很快。

On June 18, 1963, Boston Celtics star and Civil Rights activist Bill Russell addressed the thousands of students who gathered to protest educational inequality and segregation.

1963 年 6 月 18 日，波士顿凯尔特人队球星兼民权活动家比尔·拉塞尔向聚集在一起抗议教育不平等和种族隔离的数千名学生发表讲话。

In September 1974, Boston schools prepared to integrate via a court-mandated busing plan.

1974 年 9 月，波士顿学校准备通过法院强制执行的校车计划进行整合。

The figures facing the moment - activists, agitators, politicians, and students - each had particular interests in mind, and were preparing for the worst.

此刻面临的人物——活动人士、煽动者、政客和学生——每个人都有特定的利益，并正在为最坏的情况做准备。

Watch a preview of The Busing Battleground.

观看巴士战场的预览。

Twenty years after the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v.

具有里程碑意义的最高法院案件“布朗诉”案二十年后

Board of Education, most schools across the country hadn’t integrated.

教育委员会称，全国大多数学校尚未整合。

Then the courts stepped in, again.

然后法院再次介入。

In this interactive timeline, students explore the roles that everyday citizens, political leaders, and the courts have played in the struggle to integrate public schools throughout the United States.

在这个互动时间轴中，学生们探索普通公民、政治领导人和法院在整合美国公立学校的斗争中所扮演的角色。

Find Classroom Resource at PBS LearningMedia

在 PBS LearningMedia 查找课堂资源

Examine a series of images and a video related to one U.S. city’s school integration history in order to determine where this event occurred and to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the extent to which school integration efforts were similar across the nation.

检查与美国某个城市的学校整合历史相关的一系列图像和视频，以确定该事件发生的地点，并更全面地了解全国范围内学校整合工作的相似程度。

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Discover how Black parents in Boston, faced with White resistance to school integration after the Brown v.

了解波士顿的黑人父母在布朗诉黑人案后如何面对白人对学校融合的抵制。

Board of Education decision, undertook a series of grassroots organizing efforts to advocate for their children’s fair and equal education.

教委决定，开展了一系列基层组织工作，倡导子女公平、平等的教育。

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在 PBS LearningMedia 查找课堂资源

National director of Education Innovation and Research for the NAACP Dr. Ivory Toldson and executive director of the Education and Civil Rights Initiative Dr. Adrienne Dixson speak with professor of education leadership at Teachers College, Columbia University, Sonya Douglass about the state of educational equity in America nearly seventy years after Brown vs Board of Education .

全国有色人种协进会国家教育创新与研究主任 Ivory Toldson 博士和教育与民权倡议执行主任 Adrienne Dixson 博士与哥伦比亚大学师范学院教育领导学教授索尼娅·道格拉斯 (Sonya Douglass) 谈论了布朗诉教育委员会案近七十年后美国教育公平的状况。

Most histories about the integration of Boston’s schools in the 1970s focus on the tension between the city’s Black and white residents—but there’s another narrative that goes beyond black and white.

大多数关于 20 世纪 70 年代波士顿学校一体化的历史都集中在该市黑人和白人居民之间的紧张关系上，但还有另一种超越黑人和白人的叙述。

This is the little-known story of how Latino and Asian activists took on the education system, and won.

这是一个鲜为人知的故事，讲述了拉丁裔和亚洲活动人士如何挑战教育体系并取得胜利。

中文为机器翻译，仅供参考。