Bombshell
A short time ago, an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy.
不久前，一架美国飞机在广岛投下一枚炸弹，摧毁了它对敌人的用处。
There was such/ delight in the bomb, the atomic bomb and it had ended the war and this would be our major weapon.
炸弹，原子弹，它结束了战争，这将是我们的主要武器。
A number of polls asked Americans, "Do you approve of the use of the atomic bombs?" And the answer was, "Yeah." There was a small number of people who really wished that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan.
多项民意调查询问美国人：“你赞成使用原子弹吗？”答案是：“是的。”有一小部分人真心希望向日本投下更多原子弹。
America’s first impression about the bomb -- no matter the news source -- comes from press releases written by a single journalist working undercover for the War Department.
美国对原子弹的第一印象——无论新闻来源如何——都来自于陆军部一名卧底记者撰写的新闻稿。
I saw a world blow up in a burst of cosmic fire / and a new one, born from its ashes.
我看到一个世界在一阵宇宙之火中被炸毁/一个新的世界从它的灰烬中诞生。
A lot of the coverage was as if it was like a gigantic, gigantic conventional bomb, / just much more powerful than the ones that had been used before.
很多报道都好像它就像一个巨大的常规炸弹，/只是比以前使用过的炸弹威力更大。
/ There was relatively little written about the radiation.
/ 关于辐射的文字相对较少。
As long as we're talking about getting atomic rings in your cereal box or / school mascots, we're not thinking about skin falling off of human beings.
只要我们谈论在麦片盒或/学校吉祥物中加入原子环，我们就不会考虑人类的皮肤脱落。
We're not thinking about / ‘could that happen to us in an arms race?’
我们没有考虑/“在军备竞赛中这会发生在我们身上吗？”
As the U.S. and Soviet Union compete for nuclear supremacy, the Truman administration downplays the weapon’s poisonous radioactive effects to shore up public support for the bomb.
在美国和苏联争夺核霸权之际，杜鲁门政府淡化了这种武器的有毒放射性效应，以支撑公众对原子弹的支持。
You want them to think that nuclear bombs are okay.
你想让他们认为核弹没问题。
A few journalists look beyond the propaganda to raise ethical concerns the government does not acknowledge.
一些记者超越了宣传，提出了政府不承认的道德问题。
I felt staggered by what I’d seen.
我对所看到的感到震惊。
I write this warning to the world.
我向全世界写下这个警告。
But the government fights back, to re-establish its version of the story.
但政府进行了反击，重新建立了自己的故事版本。
More than an end to war, we want an end to the beginnings of all wars.
我们不仅希望结束战争，还希望结束所有战争的开始。
And if the bomb shortens the war, it will save many thousands of American lives.
如果炸弹缩短了战争时间，它将挽救成千上万美国人的生命。
These initial narratives that get set up between 1945 and 1947, these are still the terms in which people, by default, talk about the atomic bomb to the point where if you tell somebody this narrative, they'll say, right, that's the story, right?
这些最初的叙述是在 1945 年至 1947 年间建立的，默认情况下，人们仍然使用这些术语来谈论原子弹，以至于如果你告诉某人这个叙述，他们会说，对，这就是故事，对吧？
And, in many ways, it's not true!
而且，从很多方面来说，这都是不正确的！
By 1938, Adolph Hitler is consolidating Nazi power in Germany, and marshaling the force needed for the Nazis to control all of Europe.
到 1938 年，阿道夫·希特勒正在巩固纳粹在德国的权力，并集结纳粹控制整个欧洲所需的力量。
Hitler’s intentions on the battlefield are clear.
希特勒在战场上的意图是明确的。
Less obvious but just as important, German and Austrian scientists split a uranium atom in two.
不太明显但同样重要的是，德国和奥地利科学家将铀原子一分为二。
The process called Fission, gives Germany a head-start toward a new type of weapon— the atomic bomb.
这种被称为裂变的过程使德国在新型武器——原子弹方面取得了先机。
The nucleus explodes, giving off dangerous radiations and heat.
原子核爆炸，释放出危险的辐射和热量。
When you split atoms you're left with these two half atoms and they are intensely radioactive.
当你分裂原子时，你会留下这两个半原子，它们具有很强的放射性。
/ By the end of the 20’s people know that radiation equals death.
/ 到了 20 世纪 20 年代末，人们知道辐射就等于死亡。
And it's a horrible death.
这是一个可怕的死亡。
It's a wasting death.
这是一种浪费的死亡。
This is the first time an atom has been broken in two.
这是第一次将原子一分为二。
But almost no one paid attention to fission when it happened in December of ‘38.
但当 38 年 12 月发生裂变时，几乎没有人关注它。
This new model, however, the scientists are talking about…
然而，科学家们正在谈论的这个新模型......
One of the few paying close attention is New York Times science writer, William Leonard Laurence.
《纽约时报》科普作家威廉·伦纳德·劳伦斯是少数密切关注的人之一。
It may be said that the Atomic Age is here to say.
或许可以说，原子时代就是在这里说的。
The question is: are we?
问题是：我们是吗？
Laurence is excited when there are reports coming out of Germany that chemists have split the Uranium atom.
当德国传来化学家已经分裂了铀原子的报道时，劳伦斯感到很兴奋。
He makes that front page material for the New York Times.
他为《纽约时报》制作了头版材料。
Laurence thought this is amazing.
劳伦斯认为这太神奇了。
This could be a source of energy.
这可能是一种能源。
But he also thought that maybe it could be used as a weapon.
但他也想，也许它可以用作武器。
The Germans have extremely good scientists, they're on a war footing, and they're very good at organizing large scale projects.
德国人拥有非常优秀的科学家，他们处于战争状态，而且非常擅长组织大型项目。
Afraid of Germany’s nuclear intentions, in August 1939, Hungarian, physicist Leo Szilard visits Albert Einstein on Long Island.
由于担心德国的核意图，1939 年 8 月，匈牙利物理学家利奥·西拉德 (Leo Szilard) 在长岛拜访了阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 (Albert Einstein)。
The leading scientist of his day, Einstein signs Szilard’s letter urging President Franklin D.
作为当时的顶尖科学家，爱因斯坦签署了西拉德敦促富兰克林·D·肯尼迪总统的信。
Roosevelt to create an American atomic weapons program.
罗斯福制定了美国原子武器计划。
The letter convinces Roosevelt to establish a secret Advisory Committee on Uranium.
这封信说服罗斯福建立一个秘密铀咨询委员会。
Though publicly, he pledges the U.S. will stay out of any European conflict.
尽管他在公开场合承诺美国将不介入任何欧洲冲突。
This nation will remain a neutral nation…
这个国家将仍然是一个中立国家......
But even a neutral has a right to take account of facts.
但即使是中立者也有权考虑事实。
Mr. Roosevelt demands that German troops shall not attack the following independent nations: Poland, Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France
罗斯福先生要求德国军队不得攻击下列独立国家：波兰、挪威、丹麦、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡、法国
By 1941, on the opposite side of the globe, Japanese military aggression has led to the takeover of all Manchuria and brutal control of other parts of Asia.
到 1941 年，在地球的另一边，日本的军事侵略已经占领了整个满洲，并对亚洲其他地区进行了残酷的控制。
Hitler welcomes Japan’s foreign minister in Berlin to celebrate the two country’s alliance as Axis powers.
希特勒在柏林欢迎日本外相，庆祝两国作为轴心国结盟。
And in December 1941, / Japan reveals it has designs on more than just Asia.
1941 年 12 月，日本透露它的设计不仅仅局限于亚洲。
We have witnessed this morning the severe bombing of Pearl Harbor.
今天早上我们目睹了珍珠港的严重轰炸。
It is no joke.
这不是玩笑。
It is a real war.
这是一场真正的战争。
December 7th, 1941, a date which will live in infamy.
1941 年 12 月 7 日，一个臭名昭著的日子。
When the U.S. enters the war, the Germans have a 3-year lead in the race to build an atomic bomb.
当美国参战时，德国在制造原子弹的竞赛中领先三年。
Roosevelt gambles $2 billion to build the weapon before the Germans do.
罗斯福豪赌 20 亿美元，抢在德国人之前制造这种武器。
This secret science experiment is known by its code name: The Manhattan Project.
这项秘密科学实验的代号为：曼哈顿计划。
It will be headed by an ambitious officer from the Army’s Corp of Engineers.
该机构将由一位来自陆军工程兵团的雄心勃勃的军官领导。
Leslie Groves is first and foremost an engineer.
莱斯利·格罗夫斯首先是一名工程师。
He made his reputation in building the Pentagon.
他因建造五角大楼而声名鹊起。
He built the Pentagon ahead of schedule and under budget.
他提前并低于预算建造了五角大楼。
Groves had really wanted to join the war effort.
格罗夫斯真的很想加入战争。
And he was disappointed that he never got that.
他对自己从未得到过这一点感到失望。
So when he was asked to lead the bomb project, this was a dream come true for him.
因此，当他被要求领导炸弹项目时，这对他来说是梦想成真。
Leslie Groves saw the Manhattan Project as an industrial project, not a scientific project.
莱斯利·格罗夫斯将曼哈顿计划视为一个工业项目，而不是一个科学项目。
There were scientists involved, but it was really about industry.
有科学家参与其中，但它实际上与工业有关。
To direct the project’s scientific research, Groves chooses a 39-year-old physicist from Berkeley, California, J.
为了指导该项目的科学研究，格罗夫斯选择了一位来自加利福尼亚州伯克利市的 39 岁物理学家 J.
Robert Oppenheimer.
罗伯特·奥本海默。
Groves shocked people when he chose Oppenheimer, but it was a brilliant appointment.
当格罗夫斯选择奥本海默时，人们感到震惊，但这是一个绝妙的任命。
Oppenheimer could keep in his head the incredible complications of the science, but also handle the people.
奥本海默不仅能牢记科学中令人难以置信的复杂性，还能与人打交道。
The biggest tool they had for keeping the Manhattan Project secret was taking all of the scientists who had worked on the subject and putting them under government oaths and secrecy arrangements.
他们为曼哈顿计划保密的最大工具是让所有参与该主题工作的科学家接受政府宣誓和保密安排。
That deprived journalists of stories that they might have written about atomic bombs or something like that.
这使得记者无法撰写有关原子弹或类似内容的报道。
And the journalists noticed this.
记者注意到了这一点。
At the New York Times, William Leonard Lawrence had a very good idea of what was going on.
在《纽约时报》，威廉·伦纳德·劳伦斯 (William Leonard Lawrence) 对正在发生的事情了如指掌。
He had been putting together bits of string for months.
几个月来，他一直在拼凑一些绳子。
Years later, Laurence would recall his early suspicions…
多年后，劳伦斯会回忆起他早期的怀疑……
“I noticed a strange phenomenon.
“我注意到一个奇怪的现象。
I would come to a meeting and a couple of top scientists who had always been there were missing.
我去参加一个会议，但一直在场的几位顶尖科学家却失踪了。
I would call up their universities and I would get evasive answers.
我会给他们的大学打电话，得到的答复却是含糊其辞。
They weren't there, we don't know, or they're not coming back.”
他们不在那里，我们不知道，或者他们不会回来。”
William Leonard Laurence was born in Imperial Russia and then he moves to the United States.
威廉·伦纳德·劳伦斯出生于俄罗斯帝国，后来移居美国。
He talked his way into Harvard, but he was caught up in a cheating scandal and never earned a degree.
他通过谈话进入了哈佛，但他卷入了作弊丑闻，从未获得学位。
He came to New York and fell into a job at the New York World that was very sensationalistic.
他来到纽约，在纽约世界找到了一份非常轰动的工作。
It was a great home for Laurence who had wanted to be a playwright and had a great flair for drama.
对于劳伦斯来说，这里是一个美好的家，他想成为一名剧作家，并且对戏剧有着极高的天赋。
He wrote several stories about a researcher who claimed to have disproven Einstein's theory of relativity.
他写了几篇关于一名声称反驳了爱因斯坦相对论的研究人员的故事。
The New York Times saw this story, hired him away and promoted him publicly as the first daily science writer, which meant that he was under pressure to be constantly producing science stories.
《纽约时报》看到了这个故事，聘用了他，并公开晋升他为第一位每日科学作家，这意味着他面临着不断创作科学故事的压力。
Laurence is part of a group of journalists who collectively win a Pulitzer Prize for creating this field of science journalism.
劳伦斯是一群因开创科学新闻领域而共同获得普利策奖的记者之一。
Laurence had come to Groves’ attention, not in a positive way.
劳伦斯引起了格罗夫斯的注意，但并不是以一种积极的方式。
He came to Groves’ attention because he was writing stories about atomic energy, and Groves didn't like that.
他之所以引起格罗夫斯的注意，是因为他正在写有关原子能的故事，而格罗夫斯不喜欢这样。
Groves didn't want anybody to be writing about these matters.
格罗夫斯不希望任何人写下这些事情。
Laurence ached to write more about atomic science, atomic power.
劳伦斯渴望写更多有关原子科学、原子能的文章。
But he was frequently shut down by the government.
但他经常被政府查封。
But both he and the Times went along with that because they needed to be on the team to promote victory in this total war.
但他和《泰晤士报》都同意这一点，因为他们需要加入团队来推动这场全面战争的胜利。
World War Two was seen as a live or die affair for the United States.
第二次世界大战被视为美国生死攸关的事件。
And given that total commitment, journalists found themselves on the team.
鉴于这种全身心的投入，记者们发现自己加入了这个团队。
They were eating the same food under the same fire, wearing the same clothing and uniforms and helmets as the people they were covering.
他们在同一堆火下吃着同样的食物，穿着和他们所掩护的人一样的衣服、制服和头盔。
They wouldn't do anything that would jeopardize America's chances of winning.
他们不会做任何会危及美国获胜机会的事情。
That meant that they went along with a voluntary code of censorship.
这意味着他们遵守自愿的审查守则。
The press corps in Europe includes 30-year-old freelancer John Hersey…
欧洲的记者团包括 30 岁的自由职业者约翰·赫西……
Hersey was overseas as a war correspondent.
赫西在海外担任战地记者。
He worked both for Time and Life.
他同时为《时代》杂志和《生活》杂志工作。
Hersey had been covering the Italian campaign.
赫西一直在报道意大利的竞选活动。
He'd seen war ruins.
他见过战争废墟。
He had seen terrible destruction, he'd covered war from all different perspectives.
他亲眼目睹了可怕的破坏，他从各个不同的角度报道了战争。
Near the end of the war, he had already covered a lot of combat, and he had published a novel that won him a Pulitzer Prize.
战争临近结束时，他已经报道了很多战斗，并出版了一本小说，为他赢得了普利策奖。
Hersey, under obviously difficult conditions, just did remarkable work.
赫西在明显困难的条件下，却做了出色的工作。
And in the Pacific theater, the Cleveland Call & Post editor, Charles Loeb, embeds with segregated troops as a pool reporter and photographer for the Black Press.
在太平洋战区，《克利夫兰电话报》的编辑查尔斯·勒布 (Charles Loeb) 与隔离部队一起担任黑人媒体的联合记者和摄影师。
Charles Loeb logs more than 4,000 miles.
Charles Loeb 行驶里程超过 4,000 英里。
He goes to Okinawa, to Guam, covering the activities of the 93rd unit, the all-Black unit.
他前往冲绳、关岛，报道第 93 部队（全黑人部队）的活动。
The Black community, they get to see how their son, or their brother, or their husband is doing.
在黑人社区，他们可以看到他们的儿子、兄弟或丈夫的表现。
It gives them a sense of pride.
这给了他们一种自豪感。
One of our functions is to tell the Black side of any story, because the white media still suffers from a lack of believability in the Black community.
我们的职责之一是讲述任何故事的黑人一面，因为白人媒体仍然因黑人社区缺乏可信度而受到困扰。
While journalists like Loeb and Hersey cover the war from the frontlines, at home General Groves makes sure that no word about the bomb leaks, especially to the press or even to Congress.
虽然像勒布和赫西这样的记者在前线报道战争，但在国内，格罗夫斯将军确保没有关于炸弹的消息泄露，特别是向媒体甚至国会泄露。
Groves values secrecy.
格罗夫斯重视保密。
He wants this project controlled, and the basic principle of security is compartmentalization.
他希望这个项目受到控制，安全的基本原则是分区。
Everybody knows what they need to know and not need more than that.
每个人都知道他们需要知道什么，但不需要更多。
At Oak Ridge, Tennessee, at Hanford, Washington, and at Los Alamos, New Mexico.
田纳西州橡树岭、华盛顿州汉福德和新墨西哥州洛斯阿拉莫斯。
…because there are three big aspects of the project.
......因为该项目有三个主要方面。
You need to do it in secret, and you need to do it with a lot of electricity.
你需要秘密地进行，并且需要使用大量的电力。
There aren't that many remote places that have a lot of electricity,
没有那么多偏远的地方有很多电力，
but there is one, which is Tennessee, because the Tennessee Valley Authority, produced a huge amount of electricity, and that electricity gets poured into Oak Ridge.
但有一个地方是田纳西州，因为田纳西河谷管理局生产了大量的电力，这些电力被注入橡树岭。
There's no precedent for something like Oak Ridge.
像橡树岭这样的事情是没有先例的。
This is genuinely a secret city.
这确实是一座秘密城市。
Tens of thousands of people and their families are living there.
数以万计的人和他们的家人住在那里。
They have intramural sports leagues of baseball and football.
他们有棒球和足球的校内体育联盟。
The number of people who at one point worked on the Manhattan Project, is about 500,000 people.
曾经参与曼哈顿计划的人数约为 500,000 人。
So if you were not a soldier or too old or too young to work, there's about a 1 in 100 chance you worked on the Manhattan Project and probably didn't know it.
因此，如果您不是一名士兵或者太老或太年轻而无法工作，那么您有大约百分之一的机会参与了曼哈顿计划，但您可能不知道这一点。
There were 7,000 Black workers at the Oak Ridge Tennessee plant.
田纳西州橡树岭工厂有 7,000 名黑人工人。
They did maintenance work, they did construction work.
他们做维护工作，他们做建筑工作。
And for three years, these workers did not know that they were at a plant that was involved in making the atomic bomb.
三年来，这些工人并不知道他们身处一家参与制造原子弹的工厂。
Then, when plutonium is discovered and people realize that that could power a bomb, for that you need to have a lot of water, and you need to be isolated.
然后，当发现钚时，人们意识到它可以为炸弹提供动力，为此你需要大量的水，并且需要隔离。
So they put it on the Columbia River in Washington state.
所以他们把它放在华盛顿州的哥伦比亚河上。
Then you need a place for your bomb designers, and bomb design requires isolation and a lot of very temperamental scientists.
然后你需要为你的炸弹设计师提供一个位置，而炸弹设计需要隔离和许多脾气暴躁的科学家。
Oppenheimer, who’d spent time in New Mexico, selects a remote spot in the desert outside of Santa Fe in a little town called Los Alamos.
奥本海默曾在新墨西哥州待过一段时间，他选择了圣达菲郊外沙漠中一个名叫洛斯阿拉莫斯的小镇的偏远地点。
More than 5,000 scientists and their families relocate there.
超过 5,000 名科学家及其家人搬迁至此。
Groves had a pretty bad relationship with most of the scientists.
格罗夫斯与大多数科学家的关系都非常糟糕。
He regarded them as prima donnas, over-educated eggheads.
他认为他们是自以为是的、受过过度教育的书呆子。
You didn't want their advice on almost any other thing.
你几乎不需要他们在任何其他事情上的建议。
You didn't want them to think about the politics.
你不想让他们考虑政治。
They were bad at that in his mind.
在他看来，他们在这方面做得很糟糕。
Los Alamos is a bit of a security risk, because you have lots of scientists talking to each other about work that's going on in other groups on the mesa.
洛斯阿拉莫斯存在一定的安全风险，因为有很多科学家在相互讨论台地其他小组正在进行的工作。
Groves tries to restrict that, and Oppenheimer says, “no, we need that.
格罗夫斯试图限制这一点，奥本海默说，“不，我们需要它。
It's important for progress.
这对于进步很重要。
We have to have that kind of thing happen.”
我们必须让这种事情发生。”
It's hard to believe that the secrets didn't come out.
很难相信这些秘密没有被泄露。
Groves is afraid Congress would cancel the project if they knew about it, because they wouldn’t understand that this science fiction thing was a good plan.
格罗夫斯担心国会如果知道的话会取消这个项目，因为他们不会明白这个科幻小说是一个好计划。
That’s why Groves is committed to keeping so much secrecy.
这就是格罗夫斯致力于保守秘密的原因。
General Groves knew that this was going to be, if it happened, a shocking event, and people would have to be prepared for their entrance into a new world, the atomic age.
格罗夫斯将军知道，如果发生的话，这将是一件令人震惊的事件，人们必须为进入一个新世界，即原子时代做好准备。
Starting in spring of 1945, Groves knows he has to manage the public release of it, because the whole point of this bomb is to change the equation.
从 1945 年春天开始，格罗夫斯知道他必须管理好它的公开发布，因为这颗炸弹的全部意义在于改变现状。
What do you tell people about this?
对此你会告诉人们什么？
What should they know?
他们应该知道什么？
What shouldn't they know?
什么是他们不应该知道的？
This becomes a major official goal of the Manhattan Project.
这成为曼哈顿计划的主要官方目标。
And so they are going to have to shift gears from absolute secrecy to an incredible amount of publicity.
因此，他们将不得不从绝对保密转向大量宣传。
There's no way to do the publicity of the bomb without somebody who understands some physics because they need to explain it in a way that is both accurate and obfuscating enough so that you don't reveal anything you don't want to.
如果没有了解一些物理学的人，就没有办法宣传炸弹，因为他们需要以一种既准确又足够令人困惑的方式来解释它，这样你就不会泄露任何你不想透露的东西。
Groves knows the right man for the job.
格罗夫斯知道最适合这份工作的人选。
He goes to the New York Times with hopes of recruiting its science journalist.
他前往《纽约时报》，希望招募其科学记者。
Groves went to William Laurence's editor and behind closed doors asked to use Laurence for a military project of some importance.
格罗夫斯找到了威廉·劳伦斯的编辑，并私下请求让劳伦斯参与一项重要的军事项目。
I was privileged to be tapped on the shoulder by the army and given the assignment that every newspaperman dreams of.
我很荣幸能够被军队拍拍并接受每个新闻记者都梦想的任务。
Laurence is plugged in.
劳伦斯已接通电源。
He knows about the topic.
他知道这个话题。
He knows many of these scientists and so they agreed on this relationship with the New York Times to basically loan them William Laurence as a person who would write press releases.
他认识其中许多科学家，因此他们同意与《纽约时报》建立这种关系，基本上借给他们威廉·劳伦斯作为撰写新闻稿的人。
Journalism was still in the process of developing its ethical code during WWII.
二战期间，新闻业仍在制定其道德准则。
For the publisher of the New York Times, the fact that one of their reporters could help with the war effort seemed to override any potential conflict of interest in this dual role.
对于《纽约时报》的出版商来说，他们的一名记者可以为战争工作提供帮助这一事实似乎超越了这一双重角色中任何潜在的利益冲突。
Laurence didn't need any prodding to picture it in the most positive way.
劳伦斯不需要任何刺激就能以最积极的方式描绘它。
The Times got a really good deal.
《泰晤士报》得到了一笔非常划算的交易。
Their star science reporter got sole access to all sorts of information that he was able to use for years afterward.
他们的明星科学记者独家获得了他在多年后能够使用的各种信息。
What he did not get was a lot of money.
他没有得到的是很多钱。
And it remains a source of debate exactly how he was supposed to be compensated, but the bottom line is he largely worked for the Manhattan Project for free.
关于他到底应该如何获得报酬仍然是一个争论的焦点，但底线是他基本上免费为曼哈顿计划工作。
Laurence's main task was to write press releases in the months before the bomb was dropped.
劳伦斯的主要任务是在炸弹投下前几个月撰写新闻稿。
They didn't really know when the bomb would be ready to be used and so the need for all these background articles was profound.
他们并不真正知道炸弹何时可以使用，因此非常需要所有这些背景文章。
Groves gave Laurence great license to go virtually anywhere he wanted to.
格罗夫斯给了劳伦斯很大的许可，可以让他几乎可以去任何他想去的地方。
Doors were unlocked for him that weren't unlocked for other reporters because they knew that he would produce the story that they wanted.
为他打开的大门没有为其他记者打开，因为他们知道他会制作他们想要的故事。
He describes Hanford as Atom-land-on-Mars.
他将汉福德描述为火星上的原子之地。
It's so alien it's not even on this planet and that's good.
它是如此陌生，甚至不在这个星球上，这很好。
That's progress.
这就是进步。
Laurence was effusive, perhaps more effusive than they wanted him to be.
劳伦斯热情洋溢，也许比他们希望的更热情。
These stories they're wild and wooly and enthusiastic and that is not what these army lawyers who are reviewing them want to see.
这些故事狂野、毛茸茸的、充满热情，这不是这些正在审查这些故事的军队律师想看到的。
They tone them way way way down.
他们把声音调得很低。
But for him this is the story of the century.
但对他来说，这就是本世纪的故事。
He is the one built to write this story.
他就是为写这个故事而生的人。
In the spring of 1945, the U.S. suffers a staggering loss: the sudden death of its commander in chief, president Roosevelt.
1945年春天，美国遭受了惊人的损失：总司令罗斯福总统突然去世。
His successor is the little-known Vice President, Harry S.
他的继任者是鲜为人知的副总统哈里·S·
Truman.
杜鲁门。
Truman was succeeding this historically transformative president, Franklin Roosevelt, who had reshaped the country in so many ways.
杜鲁门接替了这位具有历史意义的变革性总统富兰克林·罗斯福，他在很多方面重塑了这个国家。
And Truman was basically a machine politician from Kansas City, Missouri, whose only foreign policy experience was being a GI in World War I.
杜鲁门基本上是一位来自密苏里州堪萨斯城的机器政治家，他唯一的外交政策经验是在第一次世界大战中担任大兵。
As Vice-President, Truman had not even been told of the existence of the Manhattan Project.
作为副总统，杜鲁门甚至没有被告知曼哈顿计划的存在。
He first learns of it 2 weeks after taking his new oath.
他在宣誓新誓言两周后才得知这一消息。
In Europe, the Allies from the West and Soviets from the East keep advancing on the German capital.
在欧洲，西方的盟军和东方的苏联不断向德国首都挺进。
When the Soviets take Berlin, the Nazis surrender.
当苏联占领柏林时，纳粹投降。
But Truman warns them not to celebrate too soon…
但杜鲁门警告他们不要庆祝得太早......
…as US forces fight their way from island to island toward Japan.
……美军从一个岛屿杀向另一个岛屿，直扑日本。
Much remains to be done.
还有很多工作要做。
The victory won in the West must now be won in the East.
西方赢得的胜利现在必须在东方赢得。
With the surrender of Germany, suddenly Japan becomes a potential target for the atomic bomb.
随着德国投降，日本突然成为原子弹的潜在目标。
The Germans quit, but that doesn't mean the war is over.
德国人退出了，但这并不意味着战争结束了。
By the time the Marine Corps got to Iwo Jima, a lot of blood had been spilled.
当海军陆战队到达硫磺岛时，已经流了很多血。
We were going one island at a time at considerable cost in lives.
我们一次只去一个岛，付出了相当大的生命代价。
And there was talk that Japan was not going to surrender, that we would have to invade Japan itself.
有人说日本不会投降，我们必须入侵日本本土。
I think it's hard for people today to project back what it is like after four years of bone-crushing total war, what people are used to in terms of violence and the violence they read about, the violence they hear about.
我认为今天的人们很难回想起经历了四年令人心碎的全面战争之后的情况，人们已经习惯了暴力以及他们读到的暴力和他们听到的暴力。
You have a very battle-weary home population.
你们的家乡人口非常厌倦战斗。
MY JAPAN – U.S. Propaganda Film (archival):
我的日本 – 美国宣传片（档案）：
We await eagerly and passionately the sacred honor of dying to halt you.
我们热切而热情地等待着以死来阻止你的神圣荣誉。
We will stop at nothing to crush you.
我们会不择手段地粉碎你。
The Japanese were represented in American media as a savage horde.
美国媒体将日本人描述为野蛮的部落。
They committed plenty of atrocities.
他们犯下了许多暴行。
There's no question about that.
毫无疑问。
But it was almost cartoonish, racist, an often-dehumanizing enemy.
但它几乎是卡通化的、种族主义的，是一个经常非人化的敌人。
And a terrifying one.
而且是一个可怕的。
People were very nervous about the invasion of Japan.
人们对日本的入侵感到非常紧张。
This was going to be a long and bitter struggle.
这将是一场漫长而痛苦的斗争。
When is it going to end?
什么时候结束？
So that was the mood of the country, you know.
你知道，这就是这个国家的情绪。
Glad that victory was in sight.
很高兴胜利就在眼前。
But what were you going to have to do to get your hands on that victory?
但是你需要做什么才能获得胜利呢？
In the closing stages of World War II, a historic conference was called between the leaders of The Big 3 nations of the allies.
在第二次世界大战的最后阶段，三大盟国领导人召开了一次历史性会议。
Harry S.
哈里·S。
Truman arrived aboard the cruiser Augusta as the replacement for the late Franklin D.
杜鲁门登上奥古斯塔号巡洋舰，接替已故的富兰克林·D·杜鲁门。
Roosevelt.
罗斯福。
Two months after the Nazis surrender, President Truman sails to Potsdam, Germany to meet with his allies and divide up the spoils of Europe between the communist East and the capitalist West.
纳粹投降两个月后，杜鲁门总统乘船前往德国波茨坦与他的盟友会面，并在共产主义东方和资本主义西方之间瓜分欧洲的战利品。
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin wants to gain full control of all Eastern Europe.
苏联领导人约瑟夫·斯大林希望完全控制整个东欧。
Truman wants to avoid a similar outcome in Asia.
杜鲁门希望避免在亚洲出现类似的结果。
Truman was in a very difficult place in 1945.
1945 年，杜鲁门处境非常困难。
He's in charge of negotiating with Joseph Stalin who has been controlling the Soviet Union for almost as long as Truman has been aware of the Soviet Union.
他负责与约瑟夫·斯大林进行谈判，斯大林几乎从杜鲁门认识苏联以来就一直控制着苏联。
Truman doesn't quite know where he is.
杜鲁门不太知道自己在哪里。
But he knows one thing, which is, he's a person who makes decisions.
但他知道一件事，那就是，他是一个做决定的人。
Publicly, Truman asks Stalin to join the invasion of Japan.
杜鲁门公开请求斯大林加入入侵日本的行列。
Privately, he hopes the war ends before the Soviets invade.
私下里，他希望战争在苏联入侵之前结束。
The Russians were going to sweep in and decimate the Japanese troops and Truman knew that.
俄罗斯人将席卷并消灭日本军队，杜鲁门知道这一点。
He wanted to end the war before the Russians got into the war in a big way.
他想在俄罗斯大规模卷入战争之前结束战争。
Meanwhile, the first test of America's $2 billion superweapon is unfolding in the New Mexico desert.
与此同时，美国耗资 20 亿美元的超级武器的首次测试正在新墨西哥沙漠进行。
The Trinity nuclear test was to take place in Alamogordo, New Mexico.
三位一体核试验将在新墨西哥州阿拉莫戈多进行。
Truman needs the results quickly to gain leverage over Stalin— if the science works…
杜鲁门需要尽快得到结果，以便对斯大林产生影响力——如果科学有效的话……
This was a very tense period.
这是一个非常紧张的时期。
They did not know whether this thing was going to work.
他们不知道这东西是否有效。
Every time we tested some component that had to do with the test it would fail.
每次我们测试一些与测试有关的组件时，它都会失败。
There had been some speculation that it might be possible to explode the atmosphere in which case the world disappears.
有人猜测，大气层可能会爆炸，这样世界就会消失。
Groves is worried about what happens if there's publicity.
格罗夫斯担心如果公开的话会发生什么。
He needs to have some kind of account.
他需要有某种帐户。
This is where Laurence is useful.
这就是劳伦斯的用处。
So, Laurence wrote a series of press releases of increasing level of mistruth.
因此，劳伦斯撰写了一系列越来越不实的新闻稿。
Release A was an ammunitions dump exploded.
释放A是弹药库爆炸。
There were no problems, no casualties.
没有出现任何问题，也没有人员伤亡。
Move on.
继续前行。
And if you go down B, C, D, increasingly things had gone wrong.
如果你沿着 B、C、D 往下走，事情就会越来越出错。
And some of them had to be spaces for here's a list of people who are now dead because this was actually a scientific experiment gone awry.
其中一些必须是现在已经死亡的人名单的空间，因为这实际上是一个出了差错的科学实验。
The test releases energy equal to 21 tons of TNT -- more than four times the power of what had been predicted.
此次试验释放的能量相当于 21 吨 TNT 炸药，是预测威力的四倍多。
It felt like an earthquake.
感觉就像地震一样。
He got out of bed and he says, "I want you to come look.
他从床上起来，说道：“我想让你过来看看。
The sun's rising in the wrong direction."
太阳从错误的方向升起。”
We were headed up to Albuquerque when we saw this great big flash of light.
当我们看到这巨大的闪光时，我们正前往阿尔伯克基。
And my sister, she said, "What happened?"
我姐姐说：“发生了什么事？”
Reporter: “Was there anything odd about your sister asking about the light?”
记者：“你姐姐问起光有什么奇怪的地方吗？”
Some of these local people from dozens of miles away called their newspapers and said, "What happened?"
这些当地人中有的从几十里外给报纸打电话说：“发生了什么事？”
The local papers asked the press office ‘what was going on last night?’ And they provided them with Laurence's lowest level story.
当地报纸询问新闻办公室“昨晚发生了什么？”他们向他们提供了劳伦斯最底层的故事。
And the local media just accepted that and that's what they wrote.
当地媒体刚刚接受了这一点，这就是他们所写的。
Laurence does exactly what Groves wants.
劳伦斯所做的正是格罗夫斯想要的。
And he is perfectly happy to work within those constraints.
他非常乐意在这些限制下工作。
Laurence's first act of loyalty was an act of lying, an act of mistruth, which is a cardinal sin for a journalist.
劳伦斯的第一个忠诚行为就是撒谎、失实，这对记者来说是一大罪过。
It was known from the beginning that atomic energy posed risks of radiation.
人们从一开始就知道原子能会带来辐射风险。
Before the Trinity test, there was much discussion about whether people who live nearby should be notified.
在三位一体测试之前，关于是否应该通知住在附近的人存在很多讨论。
To monitor the biochemical dangers of plutonium and uranium, Groves had hired Doctor Stafford Warren, a pioneer in the new field of radiology, to be the project’s Chief Medical Officer.
为了监测钚和铀的生化危险，格罗夫斯聘请了放射学新领域的先驱斯塔福德·沃伦医生担任该项目的首席医疗官。
Stafford Warren is little known, but he was a major medical figure for the Manhattan Project.
斯塔福德·沃伦鲜为人知，但他是曼哈顿计划的重要医学人物。
As Oak Ridge and Hanford were picking up uranium and plutonium production.
橡树岭和汉福德正在开始铀和钚的生产。
They were very concerned but, this sounds so cynical, their concern about the radiation poisoning was to keep the secret of the Manhattan Project.
他们非常担心，但这听起来很愤世嫉俗，他们对辐射中毒的担心是为了保守曼哈顿计划的秘密。
If all of a sudden, this strange sickness began to emerge from these secret sites, some reporter would reveal what was going on.
如果突然之间，这种奇怪的疾病开始从这些秘密地点出现，一些记者就会揭露到底发生了什么。
Warren was good at secrets.
沃伦很擅长保守秘密。
Groves appreciated that.
格罗夫斯对此表示赞赏。
So the two worked pretty well together .
所以两人合作得非常好。
Prior to the Trinity test, Warren's team outlines the dangers of radiation in a memo to Groves.
在三位一体测试之前，沃伦的团队在给格罗夫斯的一份备忘录中概述了辐射的危险。
They wrote some alarming messages that Groves would have seen.
他们写了一些格罗夫斯会看到的令人震惊的信息。
A few days later, Warren sends a second memo, more to Groves' liking.
几天后，沃伦发送了第二份备忘录，这更符合格罗夫斯的喜好。
In the following memo, Warren minimized the danger of radiation on the ground.
在下面的备忘录中，沃伦最大限度地减少了地面辐射的危险。
He said if American combat troops have to be sent into Japan, they're not going to be in danger from radiation.
他说，如果美国作战部队必须被派往日本，他们不会面临辐射的危险。
That's certainly what Groves wanted to hear.
这当然是格罗夫斯想听到的。
Somehow, Warren was able to persuade himself, justify, forget, deny, repress his own fears about the atomic bomb.
不知何故，沃伦能够说服自己，为自己辩解，忘记，否认，压抑自己对原子弹的恐惧。
After Trinity, the scientists went out and tracked the radioactive cloud.
在《三位一体》之后，科学家们出去追踪放射性云。
They were shocked to find it was spreading for many miles and at a higher levels than they had anticipated.
他们震惊地发现病毒已经蔓延了数英里，而且传播的程度比他们预期的还要高。
They soon found farm animals, cattle with hair burned off.
他们很快就发现了农场里的动物，牛的毛都被烧掉了。
An old man, Mac Smith, had a black cat, just as black as the Ace of Spades.
一位名叫麦克·史密斯的老人有一只黑猫，和黑桃 A 一样黑。
That thing had white spots all over it.
那东西浑身都是白点。
By and large, this huge event escaped public commentary.
总的来说，这一重大事件没有受到公众评论。
And I think it speaks to the era.
我认为这与这个时代有关。
This is wartime.
这是战时。
Don't, don’t talk about things.
不要，不要谈论事情。
So Groves knew that the radiation existed and that it was a problem.
所以格罗夫斯知道辐射的存在并且这是一个问题。
But it was not part of the narrative that he wanted to have out there.
但这不是他想要的叙述的一部分。
The radiation is the part that people are generally going to grasp onto as the special nature of the weapon.
辐射是人们普遍认为武器的特殊性的部分。
And it's also the one that's associated with the most horror.
这也是与最恐怖相关的一个。
Because of the unique health effects of radiation, this puts it in a category more like chemical weapons.
由于辐射对健康的独特影响，这使其更像化学武器的类别。
Groves did not want any association with chemical or biological warfare.
格罗夫斯不想与化学或生物战有任何联系。
The Germans used poison gas in World War I.
德国人在第一次世界大战中使用了毒气。
Eventually, the British did too.
最终，英国人也这么做了。
We were frightened by the gas, of course, because we kept spitting it out, and it kept coming up our throats, the yellow stuff, yellow green it was.
当然，我们被气体吓到了，因为我们一直把它吐出来，它不断地进入我们的喉咙，黄色的东西，黄绿色的。
The world was revolted by that kind of warfare.
世界对这种战争感到厌恶。
It somehow didn't fit into what was moral in war.
它在某种程度上不符合战争中的道德准则。
There's a lot of concern about using it in World War II.
人们对在第二次世界大战中使用它有很多担忧。
Hitler doesn't, the British don't, the Soviets don't, the Americans don't, the French don't.
希特勒不会，英国人不会，苏联人不会，美国人不会，法国人不会。
So, Groves did not want the atomic bomb to be seen in that light.
因此，格罗夫斯不希望人们从那样的角度看待原子弹。
Groves could see what was coming down the road.
格罗夫斯可以看到路上发生的事情。
They would have a bomb that they could use in war.
他们将拥有可以在战争中使用的炸弹。
Groves immediately reports to his superiors that the test surpasses all expectations.
格罗夫斯立即向上级报告，测试超出了所有人的预期。
This news went to President Truman at the Potsdam Conference.
这个消息传到了波茨坦会议上的杜鲁门总统。
He suddenly felt like he was in a place of great security.
他突然感觉自己来到了一个非常安全的地方。
This influenced how he thought about Japan and the end of the war.
这影响了他对日本和战争结束的看法。
He made the Potsdam Declaration a harsher thing than he might have otherwise done.
他使《波茨坦宣言》变得比他本来可以做的更加严厉。
And it influenced how he thought about the Soviet Union, how he was going to deal with them in the post-war.
这影响了他对苏联的看法，以及他在战后如何处理苏联问题。
The Americans don't want a divided government.
美国人不想要一个分裂的政府。
It's an American weapon.
这是美国的武器。
It's not a Soviet weapon.
这不是苏联武器。
And that means the post-war settlement in Japan will look like something rather different than Berlin and Vienna, which are carved up into Soviet, British, French, and American sectors.
这意味着日本的战后解决方案将与柏林和维也纳截然不同，后者被划分为苏联、英国、法国和美国部分。
As soon as the Trinity test was a success, there were orders to bring the bomb to Tinian.
三位一体试验一成功，就接到命令将炸弹带到天宁岛。
1500 miles off the coast of Japan, final steps are taken to ready and activate the bomb.
在距离日本海岸 1500 英里的地方，正在采取最后步骤准备并启动炸弹。
Laurence is on the island of Tinian, hoping with all his heart to be on that plane, to be on that mission.
劳伦斯在天宁岛，全心全意地希望能登上那架飞机，执行这项任务。
He wanted to be there to see the use of the bomb, but he was not allowed to go.
他想去那里看看炸弹的使用情况，但不被允许去。
He was almost in tears that he was not allowed to be on.
他几乎哭了，因为他不被允许上场。
But he had watched it take off, and was waiting for it to come back.
但他已经看着它起飞，并等待着它回来。
There was a photographer for Hiroshima's main newspaper named Matsushige, who was not far from where the bomb went off.
广岛主要报纸有一位名叫松重的摄影师，他就在距离原子弹爆炸地点不远的地方。
I pulled my camera out from the rubble and I grabbed my wife’s hand before we dashed out of our crumbling house.
我从废墟中拿出相机，抓住妻子的手，然后冲出了我们摇摇欲坠的房子。
He was so sickened by what he saw that he could only push the shutter about half a dozen times.
他对眼前的景象感到非常恶心，只能按动快门大约六次。
These are the only photos that survived of that day in Hiroshima, and there was only a handful of them.
这些是广岛当天仅存的照片，而且数量屈指可数。
His photos were seized when the Americans arrived.
当美国人到达时，他的照片被没收。
In 1945, Americans were only seeing the mushroom cloud, destroyed buildings, some of the landscape, and not the human effects at all.
1945 年，美国人只看到了蘑菇云、被毁坏的建筑物和一些景观，根本没有看到人类造成的影响。
On August 6th, 1945, the day of the Hiroshima blast, President Truman is returning by ship from the Potsdam Conference.
1945 年 8 月 6 日，广岛爆炸当天，杜鲁门总统从波茨坦会议乘船返回。
His public announcement is filmed on board.
他的公开声明是在船上拍摄的。
We are now prepared to destroy, more rapidly and completely, every productive enterprise the Japanese have in any city.
我们现在准备更迅速、更彻底地摧毁日本人在任何城市拥有的每一个生产性企业。
The release of the information is not neutral.
该信息的发布不具有中立性。
The announcement is hyped up in order to induce the Japanese government to surrender, perhaps before the Soviets enter the war.
这一声明被大肆宣传，目的是促使日本政府投降，也许是在苏联参战之前。
We have spent more than $2 billion on the greatest scientific gamble in history, and we have won.
我们在历史上最伟大的科学赌博上花费了超过 20 亿美元，而且我们赢了。
The goal was to briefly announce the use of the bomb and then describe the existence of the Manhattan Project, which would also be a bombshell for the American public.
目的是简短地宣布炸弹的使用，然后描述曼哈顿计划的存在，这对美国公众来说也是一个重磅炸弹。
What has been done is the greatest achievement of organized science in history.
所做的一切是历史上有组织的科学的最伟大成就。
It was really core that people suddenly know what had happened because that was the sort of propaganda effect.
人们突然知道发生了什么，这确实是核心，因为这就是宣传效应。
That was going to be all the psychological effect.
这就是所有的心理影响。
This was this moment in which they were going to go from total secrecy to partial openness.
这一刻，他们将从完全保密转为部分公开。
William Laurence’s months-long work suddenly hits front pages nationwide,
威廉·劳伦斯长达数月的作品突然登上全国头版，
and would dominate the news for weeks to come.
并将在未来几周占据新闻头条。
Laurence had written 14 press releases that were ready for release in a kind of a publicity blitz.
劳伦斯撰写了 14 份新闻稿，准备以宣传闪电战的形式发布。
Newspapers hungered for these press releases, and they disseminated them mostly verbatim.
报纸渴望获得这些新闻稿，并且大多是逐字逐句地传播它们。
They're military press releases that are being sort of laundered through the press to make it look like it's organic independent reporting.
它们是军事新闻稿，经过媒体的洗白，使其看起来像是有机的独立报道。
Laurence was very upset that many of his press release articles appeared without his byline.
劳伦斯对他的许多新闻稿文章中没有署名感到非常不安。
Part of the PR effort was not just to explain it to people but to control what people learned.
公关工作的一部分不仅是向人们解释，而且是控制人们学到的东西。
So the philosophy was, let's given everything we think it's safe and useful.
所以我们的理念是，让我们提供我们认为安全和有用的一切。
And maybe that will satisfy their appetites and keep them from digging into places we don't want them to.
也许这会满足他们的胃口，并阻止他们挖掘我们不希望他们挖掘的地方。
The editors loved it.
编辑们很喜欢它。
They wanted this information.
他们想要这些信息。
They wanted to get it out.
他们想把它弄出来。
They knew the public wanted it, and so they did not raise any issues about, well, this is government propaganda.
他们知道公众想要它，所以他们没有提出任何问题，嗯，这是政府的宣传。
Where's the other side of the story?
故事的另一面在哪里？
When you look at white newspapers after the bomb was dropped, they're basically just taking what the war department publishes and publishing that.
当你在炸弹投下后查看白色报纸时，你会发现它们基本上只是采用陆军部发布的内容并将其发布。
So there's very little variety or nuance.
因此，变化或细微差别很少。
The Black Press publishes the official narrative.
Black Press 发布了官方叙述。
But it also discovers stories overlooked by the mainstream press.
但它也发现了被主流媒体忽视的故事。
There's a sense of pride that shows up in those articles about the intelligence of these Black scientists.
在那些关于这些黑人科学家的智力的文章中，流露出一种自豪感。
When the bomb was first dropped, you're going to have stories about Black scientists participating in the research on the bomb and participating in making of the bomb.
当炸弹第一次被投下时，你将会听到关于黑人科学家参与炸弹研究和制造炸弹的故事。
This is a moment where Black Americans are striving to break new boundaries and get entry into different professions.
这是美国黑人努力打破新界限并进入不同职业的时刻。
But what does it mean to integrate a profession that's about causing devastation at this scale?
但是，整合一个会造成如此规模破坏的职业意味着什么呢？
Archival Black woman turning newspaper pages
档案黑人妇女翻报纸页
Shortly after the Hiroshima strike, Black leaders raise their voices.
广岛罢工后不久，黑人领袖发出了他们的声音。
They're going to view the dropping of the bomb through a racial lens.
他们将从种族角度看待炸弹的投下。
And there's no reason why they wouldn't.
他们没有理由不这样做。
If something bad was going to happen, it's going to happen to us first, right?
如果发生不好的事情，首先会发生在我们身上，对吗？
If there's a bomb and it's going to be used, it's going to be used on a person of color first.
如果有炸弹并且要使用它，它首先会用在有色人种身上。
The Japanese were people of color, just like they are.
日本人是有色人种，就像他们一样。
And so there is an understandable skepticism.
因此，存在一种可以理解的怀疑。
One of the first to comment on the bomb was Langston Hughes, the great Black poet and writer.
最先对原子弹发表评论的人之一是伟大的黑人诗人和作家兰斯顿·休斯。
He had a column in Black newspapers called Jesse B.
他在黑人报纸上有一个专栏，名叫杰西·B.
Simple, kind of folk hero character that didn't have traditional education but had kind of folk wisdom.
朴素的、没有受过传统教育但有民间智慧的民间英雄人物。
Jesse B.
杰西·B.
Semple asked the questions that maybe nobody else wants to ask.
森普尔提出了也许没有人想问的问题。
He says, "We didn't want to use this on white folk.
他说：“我们不想在白人身上使用这个。
We used this on colored folks.
我们把它用在有色人种身上。
We used this on Japs."
我们用这个来对付日本人。”
That is the same conversation most likely that's happening in households throughout the Black community.
这很可能是在整个黑人社区的家庭中发生的同样的对话。
Black intellectuals and political leaders are outraged by the dropping of the bomb.
黑人知识分子和政治领导人对原子弹的投下感到愤怒。
Zora Neale Hurston called Truman the butcher of Asia.
佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿称杜鲁门为亚洲屠夫。
And W.E.B.
还有 W.E.B.
Du Bois called Truman one of the greatest killers of our time.
杜波依斯称杜鲁门是我们这个时代最伟大的杀手之一。
W.E.B.
W.E.B.
Du Bois says that the merging of science and technology should be a good thing for the world.
杜波依斯表示，科学与技术的融合对世界来说应该是一件好事。
This is the opposite.
这是相反的。
The government has used science and technology and so it's for the worst thing of mankind.
政府使用了科学技术，所以它是为了人类最糟糕的事情。
And he says, "What we have done will set back the progress of ‘colored nations for decades to come.’”
他说：“我们所做的事情将在未来几十年内阻碍‘有色国家’的进步。”
Black intellectuals are not alone in raising alarms about the bomb’s effects...
黑人知识分子并不是唯一对炸弹的影响发出警报的人……
Harold Jacobson was a junior Manhattan Project scientist at Oak Ridge.
哈罗德·雅各布森 (Harold Jacobson) 是橡树岭曼哈顿计划的初级科学家。
No big deal, no key figure.
没什么大不了的，也没什么关键人物。
But in August, he wrote an article that got a great deal of attention.
但在八月，他写了一篇文章，引起了广泛关注。
Hiroshima to be uninhabitable for 70 years.
广岛将在 70 年内无法居住。
That's not the story the U.S. military wanted out.
这不是美国军方想要的故事。
Groves wants to argue that it's not radioactivity that does the killing.
格罗夫斯想争辩说，造成杀戮的不是放射性。
The killing is caused by a big explosion.
杀戮是由大爆炸引起的。
This is a different kind of big explosion, and it's really special, but it's not repulsively special.
这是一种不同的大爆炸，它确实很特别，但也不是特别令人厌恶。
And here is Jacobson, one of our own scientists, saying Hiroshima would be uninhabitable for 70 years.
我们的一位科学家雅各布森表示，广岛将在 70 年内无法居住。
I'm not quite sure how he arrived at exactly 70, but it made a great headline.
我不太清楚他是如何准确地达到 70 岁的，但这成为了一个很棒的头条新闻。
Jacobson's prediction, which turns out to be inaccurate, doesn't garner nearly as much public attention as the government's heavy-handed response.
雅各布森的预测被证明是不准确的，但它并没有像政府的严厉回应那样引起公众的关注。
They got a statement from Robert Oppenheimer, saying that the lingering radiation would be minor.
他们得到了罗伯特·奥本海默的一份声明，称残留的辐射很小。
Oppenheimer was complicit in tamping down the radiation.
奥本海默是遏制辐射的同谋。
I think he had hopes that atomic weapons could be contained after the war.
我认为他希望战后能够遏制核武器。
I think he was denying the same thing that so many scientists were.
我认为他和许多科学家一样否认同样的事情。
They just didn't want to be connected to chemical warfare.
他们只是不想与化学战联系在一起。
Jacobson was certainly overstepping his knowledge, that's for sure.
雅各布森肯定超出了他的知识范围，这是肯定的。
But the rebuttal, if it had been a little bit more truthful, would have said, “We don't really know, but we're pretty sure that isn't the case.” And they didn't quite do that.
但如果反驳得更真实一点，就会说：“我们真的不知道，但我们很确定事实并非如此。”但他们并没有完全做到这一点。
This is the first real challenge they have to their control over the narrative of the bomb.
这是他们对炸弹叙事的控制所面临的第一个真正的挑战。
Leslie Nakashima was a popular and celebrated Japanese-American journalist in pre-war Hawaii.
莱斯利·中岛是战前夏威夷一位受欢迎且著名的日裔美国记者。
He worked primarily as a sportswriter, but he also covered culture and politics as well.
他主要担任体育记者，但也报道文化和政治。
Nakashima's parents both came from a very small fishing village in Hiroshima prefecture.
中岛的父母都来自广岛县的一个很小的渔村。
And his father was part of the first wave of contract workers to work on Hawaii's sugar plantations.
他的父亲是第一波到夏威夷甘蔗种植园工作的合同工之一。
Many migrant workers had never intended to stay.
许多农民工从未打算留下来。
This is the case for Leslie Nakashima's parents.
莱斯利·中岛的父母就是这种情况。
They moved back to Japan in the 1930s.
他们在 20 世纪 30 年代搬回日本。
And Nakashima gets offered a job working for the United Press in Tokyo.
中岛得到了一份在东京合众社工作的工作。
But when Pearl Harbor is bombed, Nakashima is out of a job and he starts working for the Japanese Press.
但珍珠港遭到轰炸后，中岛失业了，他开始为日本媒体工作。
So, he actually learns about the atomic bombing before the general public does.
所以，他实际上比公众先了解了原子弹爆炸。
And at the time, his mother was still living in Hiroshima.
当时，他的母亲还住在广岛。
He immediately books the first train ticket he can get.
他立即预订了他能买到的第一张火车票。
The first thing he sees when he arrives at Hiroshima Station is a sea of destruction.
当他到达广岛站时，首先看到的是一片毁灭之海。
He finds his mother alive.
他发现他的母亲还活着。
He knows this is a really big story.
他知道这是一个非常大的故事。
He instinctively starts to record what he's seeing.
他本能地开始记录他所看到的。
He's looking out and he sees this city of 300,000 people that, as Nakashima said, had vanished.
他向外望去，看到这座拥有 30 万人口的城市，正如中岛所说，已经消失了。
He also visits a school near his mother's house that had been turned into a makeshift hospital.
他还参观了他母亲家附近的一所学校，该学校已被改建成临时医院。
And he writes that every day there's two or three people that are dying there.
他写道，每天都有两三个人在那里死去。
And not only that, but the majority of the cases that are being treated there are considered to be hopeless.
不仅如此，那里接受治疗的大多数病例都被认为是没有希望的。
Nagasaki, target for the second atomic bomb.
长崎，第二颗原子弹的目标。
Just three days after Hiroshima, this explosion…
广岛爆炸发生仅三天后，这次爆炸......
Before the Japanese leadership in Tokyo and the Emperor had time to learn about and ponder the first one, the plutonium bomb was used against Nagasaki.
东京的日本领导层和天皇还没来得及了解和思考第一颗原子弹，钚弹就被用在了长崎。
So it really was a, as the U.S. press put it at the time, the one-two punch, the one-two knockout blow.
所以，正如美国媒体当时所说的那样，这确实是一打二拳，一打二击倒对手。
William Laurence was on one of the chase planes that followed the bomber over Nagasaki.
威廉·劳伦斯乘坐一架追击机，在长崎上空跟踪轰炸机。
I saw a great city disappear in a mushroom cloud.
我看到一座伟大的城市消失在蘑菇云中。
The New York Times ran his piece about flying to Nagasaki on the mission.
《纽约时报》刊登了他关于飞往长崎执行任务的文章。
The paper proudly advertises Laurence’s role in the Manhattan Project
该报纸自豪地宣传劳伦斯在曼哈顿计划中的作用
He goes from being a chief publicist to almost overnight back at the New York Times and then wins a Pulitzer for writing pieces that are derived from his status at the Manhattan Project.
他从一名首席公关人员几乎一夜之间回到了《纽约时报》，然后因撰写源自他在曼哈顿计划中的地位的文章而获得普利策奖。
Yet the reporter whose first-hand account actually breaks the story, gets overlooked.
然而，真正掌握第一手资料的记者却被忽视了。
Leslie Nakashima's story, Hiroshima as I saw it , gets syndicated but gets sort of lost.
莱斯利·中岛的故事《我所见的广岛》被联合发布，但有点迷失了。
What I think are the most interesting parts of his story.
我认为这是他的故事中最有趣的部分。
The survivors' experiences, many of whom were acquaintances of his from Hawaii, as well as some of the more provocative language about radiation.
幸存者的经历，其中许多人是他在夏威夷的熟人，以及一些有关辐射的更具挑衅性的语言。
Many newspapers choose to excise that out.
许多报纸选择将其删除。
There was a question of credibility.
存在可信度问题。
So much of it has to do with the anti-Japanese racism of the time.
这在很大程度上与当时的反日种族主义有关。
The New York Times , for example, buries it several pages in.
例如，《纽约时报》将其埋藏了好几页。
Beneath Nakashima's article, the Times cites General Groves, who calls all reports out of Japan pure propaganda.
在中岛的文章下面，《泰晤士报》引用了格罗夫斯将军的话，称所有来自日本的报道都是纯粹的宣传。
The battleship Missouri becomes the scene of an unforgettable ceremony.
密苏里号战列舰成为令人难忘的仪式现场。
General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur, supreme allied commander for the occupation of Japan, boards the Missouri.
陆军上将、占领日本的盟军最高指挥官道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟登上密苏里号。
Cameramen and reporters of many countries record this historic moment.
多国摄影师、记者记录下这一历史时刻。
After the surrender, General Douglas McArthur is determined to keep American journalists far away from the so-called Atomic Cities.
投降后，道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军决心让美国记者远离所谓的原子城。
One of the first things MacArthur did was enact a strict press code, which applied to American reporters who had to file their articles through his office.
麦克阿瑟做的第一件事就是制定严格的新闻守则，该守则适用于必须通过他的办公室提交文章的美国记者。
But at least one reporter defies his order.
但至少有一名记者违抗了他的命令。
Chicago Daily Newsman George Weller quietly slips away to Nagasaki to investigate claims of radiation sickness.
芝加哥每日新闻记者乔治·韦勒悄悄溜到长崎调查有关辐射病的说法。
MacArthur didn't want anyone to go there because this would lead to a lot of very compassionate stories.
麦克阿瑟不想让任何人去那里，因为这会导致很多非常富有同情心的故事。
When he got there, he found pitiful conditions and observed dozens of victims who seemed to be wasting away.
当他到达那里时，他发现情况很悲惨，并观察到数十名受害者似乎日渐消瘦。
And so he wrote about it.
所以他写下了这件事。
Weller was very patriotic.
韦勒非常爱国。
Didn't have an agenda.
没有议程。
Weller sent his pieces directly to MacArthur's headquarters in Tokyo.
韦勒将他的作品直接发送到位于东京的麦克阿瑟总部。
MacArthur's office held those stories and they didn't surface for decades.
麦克阿瑟的办公室保存着这些故事，但几十年来它们都没有浮出水面。
I was going to treat MacArthur as a gentleman and have him see the dispatches first.
我打算像绅士一样对待麦克阿瑟，让他先看看电报。
He had no right to stop this story.
他没有权利阻止这个故事。
A month after the blast, Australian journalist Wilfred Burchett catches a train to Hiroshima.
爆炸发生一个月后，澳大利亚记者威尔弗雷德·伯切特搭乘火车前往广岛。
Wilfred Burchett was an extremely enterprising journalist.
威尔弗雷德·伯切特是一位非常有进取心的记者。
He went to places he wasn't supposed to go.
他去了不该去的地方。
Burchett was taken to a leading hospital.
伯切特被送往一家主要医院。
These people are all in various states of physical disintegration.
这些人都处于各种身体崩溃的状态。
Then the flesh started to rot and then gradually bleedings, which they couldn't stop, and then the hair falling out.
然后肉开始腐烂，然后逐渐流血，他们无法阻止，然后头发脱落。
And the hair falling out was more or less the last stage.
头发脱落或多或少是最后阶段。
People were dying in a horrible, painful way that Americans back home were being told wasn't going on.
人们以一种可怕、痛苦的方式死去，而美国人却被告知，这种情况不会发生。
Burchett’s article appeared in the British press and then reprinted around the world with the headline, "The Atomic Plague."
伯切特的文章出现在英国媒体上，然后在世界各地转载，标题为“原子瘟疫”。
Burchett's articles were not published in the U.S. They had to be published overseas in papers that were not subject to the rules that the government was laying down for U.S. journalists.
伯切特的文章没有在美国发表，它们必须在海外发表，不受政府为美国记者制定的规则的约束。
Groves was tremendously concerned about batting down claims of radiation disease.
格罗夫斯非常担心驳斥有关辐射疾病的说法。
Groves calls Dr. Charles Rea, hospital director at Oak Ridge, who has no expertise in radiology.
格罗夫斯给橡树岭医院院长查尔斯·雷医生打电话，他没有放射学方面的专业知识。
And a transcript has emerged, which is horrifying in many ways.
一份笔录已经出现，这在很多方面都令人恐惧。
Groves: "The Japs said that “three days after the bomb fell, there were 30,000 dead, and two weeks after the death toll had mounted to 60,000 and is continuing to rise
格罗夫斯：“日本人说，‘炸弹落下三天后，死亡人数达三万人，两周后死亡人数已上升至六万人，并且还在继续上升
The doctor at Oak Ridge does agree with Groves that the Japanese, no doubt, are exaggerating, that the people really aren't dying from radiation.
橡树岭的医生确实同意格罗夫斯的观点，即日本人毫无疑问地夸大了，人们实际上并没有死于辐射。
It's interesting why Groves did this.
格罗夫斯这样做的原因很有趣。
Rea was not an important part of the Manhattan Project.
雷并不是曼哈顿计划的重要组成部分。
He was not a known radiologist.
他不是一位知名的放射科医生。
It shows how distraught Groves was about the way the bomb was being seen.
这表明格罗夫斯对人们看到炸弹的方式感到多么心烦意乱。
ARCHIVAL ATOMIC BOMB SITE INSPECTED NEWSREEL (archival):
档案原子弹爆炸现场视察新闻片（档案）：
A star-shaped crater marks the New Mexican desert near Alamogordo where the first atomic bomb was tested.
阿拉莫戈多附近的新墨西哥沙漠上有一个星形陨石坑，第一颗原子弹就是在这里进行试验的。
Press representatives get a personally conducted tour by General Groves.
新闻代表接受格罗夫斯将军亲自带领的参观。
Alarmed by the growing accounts of radiation sickness, Groves invites friendly reporters to visit the Trinity site as further proof of no lingering radiation.
格罗夫斯对越来越多的辐射病报道感到震惊，他邀请友好的记者参观三一遗址，以进一步证明没有残留的辐射。
Groves invited a number of journalists, including Laurence, to show that there's no problem.
格罗夫斯邀请了包括劳伦斯在内的多位记者，以证明这没有问题。
Radiation, what do you mean?
辐射，什么意思？
Geiger counters were brought out.
盖革计数器被拿出来。
The readings are relatively low.
读数相对较低。
And so what are the Japanese talking about?
那么日本人在谈论什么呢？
That's how it was reported.
就是这样报道的。
Laurence thinks he is telling you the right story.
劳伦斯认为他正在告诉你正确的故事。
Everything he writes about how amazing this project is, Laurence believes this.
劳伦斯相信他所写的所有关于这个项目有多么神奇的内容。
He is a true believer.
他是一个真正的信徒。
Meanwhile, in Hiroshima, there's a press junket organized by the military to negate what they're calling Japanese propaganda of lingering radiation effects.
与此同时，在广岛，军方组织了一场新闻发布会，以否认他们所谓的日本关于挥之不去的辐射影响的宣传。
After covering the surrender in Tokyo the pioneering African American journalist Charles Loeb turns his attention to Hiroshima.
在报道东京投降事件后，非洲裔美国先锋记者查尔斯·勒布将注意力转向广岛。
After the occupation, I stayed in Japan.
占领后，我留在了日本。
We went all over the islands, we went everywhere.
我们走遍了岛屿，到处都是。
Charles Loeb is born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in 1905.
查尔斯·勒布 (Charles Loeb) 1905 年出生于路易斯安那州巴吞鲁日。
He goes to Howard University and studies pre-med.
他在霍华德大学攻读医学预科课程。
He was not able to complete those studies because of finances, but he studied it long enough to understand science.
由于经济原因，他无法完成这些研究，但他研究了足够长的时间来理解科学。
And so he was able to carry that knowledge with him when he joined the Cleveland Call & Post in 1933.
因此，当他于 1933 年加入克利夫兰邮政电话公司时，他能够随身携带这些知识。
Loeb was in Tokyo for the surrender ceremonies in 1945, and at that time, a number of the other US journalists traveled to Hiroshima to report on the bomb impact.
1945 年，勒布在东京参加投降仪式，当时其他一些美国记者前往广岛报道原子弹的影响。
When they came back, Loeb described them as being completely flabbergasted.
当他们回来时，勒布形容他们完全惊呆了。
He didn't take that trip to Hiroshima himself.
他本人并没有去广岛。
But Loeb starts with reporting on this history as it was unfolding.
但勒布首先报道了这段正在展开的历史。
Loeb approached it clinically, almost as though he was writing a scientific paper.
勒布以冷静的态度对待它，几乎就像他在写一篇科学论文一样。
He understood and recognized the human cost of it, but he was more focused on the long-term impact of radiation.
他理解并认识到辐射对人类造成的代价，但他更关注辐射的长期影响。
Charles Loeb wrote that article in the newspaper in 1945, challenging the official story.
查尔斯·勒布 (Charles Loeb) 于 1945 年在报纸上发表了这篇文章，对官方说法提出了质疑。
And one of the best ways to challenge it was to quote Colonel Stafford Warren, the top physician for the Manhattan Project.
挑战它的最好方法之一就是引用曼哈顿计划的顶级医生斯塔福德·沃伦上校的话。
Warren was responsible for evacuating Japanese wounded and observing their actions.
沃伦负责疏散日本伤员并观察他们的行动。
The best thing he could have done was to say that Warren was the one that was saying, "It's not me, it's not Charles.
他本可以做的最好的事情就是说是沃伦说的，“不是我，不是查尔斯。
I'm just a reporter."
我只是一名记者。”
Colonel Warren actually downplays the potential impact of radiation, but Loeb uses it in a very crafty way.
沃伦上校实际上淡化了辐射的潜在影响，但勒布以一种非常狡猾的方式利用它。
Just by the fact that he quotes Warren on this, he introduces the possibility that radiation is present that's impacting Japanese civilians after the bombing.
仅仅通过他引用沃伦的话，他就介绍了爆炸后存在影响日本平民的辐射的可能性。
And so, Loeb structures the entire article in a way that encourages readers to be reckoning with the long-term impacts of the bomb in ways that are years ahead of their time.
因此，勒布以一种鼓励读者超前于时代数年的方式来思考炸弹的长期影响的方式构建了整篇文章。
By November, a month after Loeb’s story runs, General Groves can no longer deny that radiation from the bomb is killing people.
到了 11 月，即勒布的故事发表一个月后，格罗夫斯将军不再否认炸弹的辐射正在致人死亡。
In November 1945, there were a lot of congressional hearings on the Manhattan Project
1945年11月，国会就曼哈顿计划举行了多次听证会
It’s essential that in the highest national interest that further development in the field of atomic energy be pursued…
为了最高的国家利益，追求原子能领域的进一步发展至关重要……
Groves was being asked in particular about the radiation effects, what actually happened.
格罗夫斯被特别询问了辐射效应以及实际发生的情况。
And he admitted that the Japanese reports of radiation sicknesses were correct.
他承认日本关于放射病的报道是正确的。
But Groves tried to put the most positive spin on that that he could.
但格罗夫斯试图尽其所能地表现出最积极的一面。
And he reported that according to the experts he talked to, it was a “pleasant” way to die.
他报告说，根据与他交谈的专家的说法，这是一种“愉快”的死亡方式。
Many people never forgave him for that.
许多人因此从未原谅他。
And it's colored his reputation.
这也影响了他的声誉。
The New Yorker was known as a light, humorous magazine.
《纽约客》以轻松、幽默而闻名。
But as the war went on, people started to take note of the seriousness and extent of the New Yorker war coverage.
但随着战争的继续，人们开始注意到《纽约客》战争报道的严重性和范围。
In the months following the atomic bombings, the New Yorker commissions an article on Hiroshima.
原子弹爆炸后的几个月里，《纽约客》委托撰写了一篇有关广岛的文章。
Editor William Shawn meets with freelance journalist John Hersey.
编辑威廉·肖恩会见自由记者约翰·赫西。
Everything written about the bomb at that point was focused on the property damage.
当时有关炸弹的所有报道都集中在财产损失上。
That's what they were interested in.
这就是他们感兴趣的。
Well, John Hersey wasn't like that.
嗯，约翰·赫西不是那样的。
When he sat down with William Shawn, he said, "I don't really want to do another piece on the level of destruction.
当他与威廉·肖恩坐下来时，他说：“我真的不想再拍一部破坏性的作品。
I want to do it on how it affects people."
我想研究它如何影响人们。”
John Hersey was a quite remarkable writer with a very long career ahead of him.
约翰·赫西是一位相当出色的作家，他的职业生涯很长。
Hersey was born in 1914.
赫西出生于 1914 年。
He was the son of American missionaries in China.
他是美国在华传教士的儿子。
Being a mish kid, they're a very distinct kind of person, he thinks.
他认为，作为一个混蛋孩子，他们是一种非常独特的人。
Mish kids, as we call ourselves, are a strange lot.
我们称自己为“米什”孩子，他们是一群奇怪的人。
By and large, they turned out either to be very interesting scholars, preachers, doctors, or drunks.
总的来说，他们要么是非常有趣的学者、传教士、医生，要么是酒鬼。
Hersey was an extremely moral person with humanistic principles.
赫西是一个极其道德的人，具有人道主义原则。
He wasn't religious in the in the conventional sense, but deeply, deeply moral
他不是传统意义上的宗教信仰者，而是非常非常道德的人
By the spring of 1946, America's nuclear program is ramping up, with more testing in the Pacific.
到 1946 年春天，美国的核计划不断加强，在太平洋进行了更多的试验。
Hersey is finishing up an assignment in China when he learns of pending nuclear tests in the Bikini Atoll.
赫西即将完成在中国的任务，这时他得知比基尼环礁即将进行核试验。
Hersey was feeling cold feet about the New Yorker article.
赫西对《纽约客》的这篇文章感到临阵退缩。
He thought, "timing is wrong, and there were going to be more nuclear tests on the Bikini Atoll."
他认为，“时机不对，比基尼环礁将会进行更多核试验。”
He wondered and cabled to Shawn whether that might be such an important news peg that writing about Hiroshima would no longer be of interest to people.
他想知道这是否是一个如此重要的新闻挂钩，以至于人们不再对撰写有关广岛的文章感兴趣，并向肖恩发电报。
Shawn cabled him back and said, "The more time that passes, the more convinced we are that piece has wonderful possibilities.
肖恩给他回电说：“时间过去得越久，我们就越相信这件作品有着奇妙的可能性。
Think it best, time it for anniversary."
好好想一想，把它安排在周年纪念日。”
With just four months to go before the anniversary of August 6th, Hersey hops on a naval destroyer for Japan to start his new assignment.
距离 8 月 6 日周年纪念日仅剩四个月，赫西登上一艘海军驱逐舰前往日本，开始他的新任务。
When Hersey was on the ship, he was sort of thinking, "This is Hiroshima thing.
当赫西在船上时，他在想，“这是广岛的事情。
I can't get my mind around how on earth I would do this."
我无法想象我到底该怎么做。”
While I was on the destroyer, I came down with the flu.
当我在驱逐舰上时，我得了流感。
And they brought me some books from the ship's library.
他们从船上的图书馆给我带来了一些书。
One of them was The Bridge of San Luis Rey, which is about five people who are on a rope bridge.
其中之一是《圣路易斯雷伊桥》，讲述了五个人在索桥上的故事。
The novel had just been adapted into a Hollywood film.
这本小说刚刚被改编成好莱坞电影。
The book weaves together each one's story that led them to be randomly on this bridge at the same moment.
这本书将每个人的故事编织在一起，导致他们在同一时刻随机出现在这座桥上。
And a light bulb went off in Hersey's head.
赫西的脑子里突然灵光一闪。
The bomb.
炸弹。
The bomb has a moment when it affects everybody all within a split second.
炸弹有一瞬间会在一瞬间影响到所有人。
And I saw reading, that a way of approaching Hiroshima by settling on a few people and trying to make their lives real to the reader.
我看到阅读是一种了解广岛的方式，通过关注一些人并试图让读者真实地了解他们的生活。
Archival photo John Hersey looking at maps
约翰·赫西查看地图的档案照片
Journalism would be enriched by using the methods of fiction because the reader can identify with the character and almost feel what the character's experiencing.
通过使用小说的方法可以丰富新闻报道，因为读者可以认同角色并几乎感受到角色正在经历的事情。
Shortly after getting to Hiroshima, he met Father Kleinsorge, who proved to be a wonderful subject for interview.
到达广岛后不久，他遇到了克莱因佐格神父，事实证明他是一个很好的采访对象。
One of the things reporters do when they do an interview, they say, who else should I talk to?
他们说，记者在接受采访时所做的一件事是，我还应该和谁交谈？
Father Kleinsorge introduced me to Mr. Tanimoto, the Methodist preacher, and he then introduced me to others.
克莱因佐格神父把我介绍给卫理公会牧师谷本先生，然后他又把我介绍给其他人。
He wanted people whose lives had somehow intersected in those immediate days.
他想要那些在不久的日子里生活有过交集的人。
He found his six subjects.
他找到了他的六个科目。
Without a doubt, they took to Hersey.
毫无疑问，他们选择了赫西。
He doesn't have many of the American prejudices towards East Asians or East Asian societies.
他对东亚人或东亚社会没有太多美国人的偏见。
He sees them as people.
他将他们视为人。
And that's how they appear in the text.
这就是它们在文本中的出现方式。
They appear as people who are confronted by an enormous horror of war.
他们表现为面临战争的巨大恐怖的人们。
He was telling each person's story in their voice just strictly what happened.
他用每个人的声音讲述他们的故事，严格来说是发生了什么。
“At exactly 15 minutes past 8 in the morning on August 6, 1945, Japanese time, at the moment when the atomic bomb flashed above Hiroshima, Miss Toshiko Sasaki, a clerk in the personnel department of the East Asia Tin Works, had just sat down at her place in the plant office and was turning her head to speak to the girl at the next desk.”
“1945年8月6日，日本时间早上8点15分整，原子弹在广岛上空闪过的那一刻，东亚锡厂人事部的职员佐佐木敏子小姐刚刚在工厂办公室的座位上坐下，正转过头去和邻桌的女孩说话。”
He's less interested in how they remember it than in reconstructing the experience of having no idea what was going on.
他对他们如何记住这件事不太感兴趣，而对重建不知道发生了什么的经历更感兴趣。
“As Mrs. Nakamura started frantically to claw her way toward the baby, she could see or hear nothing of her other children.”
“当中村夫人开始疯狂地向婴儿走去时，她看不到也听不到其他孩子的声音。”
You, the reader, are being told for the first time what it's actually like to experience a nuclear bomb blast.
作为读者，您将第一次被告知经历核弹爆炸的实际情况。
“Everything fell and Mrs. Sasaki lost consciousness.
“一切都倒塌了，佐佐木女士失去了知觉。
The bookcases right behind her swooped forward and the contents threw her down with her left leg horribly twisted and breaking underneath her.
她身后的书柜向前猛冲，里面的东西把她摔倒在地，她的左腿在她身下可怕地扭曲和折断。
There in the tin factory, in the first moment of the atomic age, a human being was crushed by books.”
在原子时代的最初时刻，在锡工厂里，一个人被书本压垮了。”
Hersey comes back and then holes himself away, takes about a month to write this piece.
赫西回来后就躲起来，花了大约一个月的时间写这篇文章。
He had originally thought he was writing a standard New Yorker piece of about 7,500 words, which is a decent sized length.
他原本以为自己正在写一篇标准的《纽约客》文章，大约7500字，这个长度还不错。
But when he started typing, he ended up with 30,000 words.
但当他开始打字时，他最终输入了 30,000 个单词。
The editor had the idea that we published it all in one piece.
编辑的想法是我们将所有内容都发表在一篇文章中。
So if it was gonna be in one issue, it would have to be the entire issue, which had never happened before.
因此，如果它出现在某一期中，那么它就必须是整个期，而这是以前从未发生过的。
Harold Ross, who started the whole thing, liked the idea of emptying the magazine and putting in this one thing, but it was also like, is that too at odds with the larger identity of the New Yorker?
整个事情的发起者哈罗德·罗斯（Harold Ross）喜欢清空杂志并放入这一东西的想法，但同时又想，这是否与《纽约客》的更大身份相矛盾？
He went back and looked at the original statement of purpose he had put out when he started the magazine in 1925.
他回顾了 1925 年创办这本杂志时所发表的最初的目标声明。
And it said, “The New Yorker is an undertaking of serious purpose” and he thought, that's it.
它说，“《纽约客》是一项有着严肃目标的事业”，他想，就是这样。
Like, serious is enough for me.
就像，严肃对我来说就足够了。
I can do this.
我可以做到这一点。
The illustration had been commissioned weeks before.
这幅插图是几周前委托制作的。
So Ross and Shawn decided that they would put words on the cover.
So Ross and Shawn decided that they would put words on the cover.
Shawn sent someone to Grand Central Station to see if people were buying it.
肖恩派人去中央车站看看是否有人购买。
He was a little concerned.
他有些担心。
It was people walking past the newsstand and word of mouth within a day sold out the entire newsstand run.
人们走过报摊，口耳相传，一天之内就把整个报摊卖光了。
Everybody at the New Yorker was astonished.
《纽约客》的每个人都感到惊讶。
Nobody expected this.
没有人预料到这一点。
Einstein tried to buy a thousand copies of the magazine and couldn't get any because it sold out the day it hit the stands.
爱因斯坦试图购买一千份该杂志，但一无所获，因为它在上架的当天就被抢购一空。
It was the biggest story of the year.
这是今年最大的故事。
It was written about in all the papers and Time and Newsweek.
所有的报纸、《时代》杂志和《新闻周刊》都报道了这件事。
It got immediately turned into a book.
它立即变成了一本书。
This was the sensation of the season.
这是本赛季的轰动。
The entire article was read over national radio.
整篇文章是通过国家广播电台朗读的。
This chronicle of suffering and destruction is broadcast as a warning that what happened to the people of Hiroshima a year ago could next happen anywhere.
这部有关苦难和破坏的编年史的播出是为了警告人们，一年前发生在广岛人民身上的事情接下来可能会发生在任何地方。
It's written in this very dispassionate way.
它是以一种非常冷静的方式写的。
“And every one of them seemed to be hurt in some way.
“他们每个人似乎都受到了某种程度的伤害。
On some undressed bodies, the burns had made patterns of undershirt straps and suspenders.
On some undressed bodies, the burns had made patterns of undershirt straps and suspenders.
And on the skin of some women, the shapes of flowers they had had on their kimonos.”
在一些女性的皮肤上，还有她们和服上的花朵形状。”
He wanted us to see the Japanese as people, not as monsters.
他希望我们将日本人视为人，而不是怪物。
They're just trying to live their lives and this is the world they happen to live in and then this horrible thing happens to them.
他们只是想过自己的生活，这就是他们碰巧生活的世界，然后可怕的事情发生在他们身上。
To me, that's a profound shift in perspective.
对我来说，这是观念上的深刻转变。
Various things that have been done to keep a lid on images from Hiroshima, radiation sickness.
人们已经采取了各种措施来控制广岛的辐射病图像。
Now in one fell swoop, John Hersey threatened to disrupt that.
现在，约翰·赫西一举威胁要破坏这一局面。
That puts the Truman administration into a bit of a panic and they start to organize a second wave, reinterpreting the narrative of what the bomb means in order to counter Hersey's story.
这让杜鲁门政府陷入了一些恐慌，他们开始组织第二波攻击，重新解释炸弹意味着什么，以反驳赫西的故事。
This was a key moment because U.S. nuclear bomb tests were really ramping up.
这是一个关键时刻，因为美国核弹试验确实在加速进行。
We were on the verge of developing the hydrogen bomb and of course the Soviets were full speed ahead behind us but full speed ahead.
我们正处于研制氢弹的边缘，当然苏联人全速领先于我们，但全速领先。
The audience is the American public that you want not to turn against the nuclear deterrent.
观众是美国公众，他们不想反对核威慑。
If you are at home when a surprise attack occurs, crawl beneath a table if it is very near the window.
If you are at home when a surprise attack occurs, crawl beneath a table if it is very near the window.
If the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had known what we know about civil defense, thousands of lives would have been saved.
如果广岛和长崎人民了解我们对民防的了解，数千人的生命就可以得到拯救。
You want them to think that nuclear bombs are okay, that we should have them, and that nothing untoward happened when they were used to destroy two Japanese cities.
你想让他们认为核弹没问题，我们应该拥有它们，并且当它们被用来摧毁日本的两座城市时，没有发生任何不愉快的事情。
So a number of people associated with the Manhattan Project, James Conant, the president of Harvard, General Groves, Secretary of War Stimson, they collaborate and produce this multiple-authored article that's going to come out under Stimson's name and it's going to be the official why we dropped the atomic bomb.
因此，与曼哈顿计划有关的一些人，哈佛大学校长詹姆斯·科南特，战争部长史汀生格罗夫斯将军，他们合作撰写了这篇多人合着的文章，该文章将以史汀生的名义发表，这将成为我们投下原子弹的官方原因。
The United States built this weapon because it was afraid of the Nazis.
The United States built this weapon because it was afraid of the Nazis.
Didn't really want to use this weapon but Truman had this choice in front of him.
并不是真的想使用这种武器，但杜鲁门摆在他面前有这个选择。
Do we invade Japan?
我们侵略日本吗？
There is a very elaborate narrative that such an invasion would have been enormously destructive of American lives.
有一种非常详尽的叙述称，这样的入侵将对美国人的生活造成巨大破坏。
And even more destructive of Japanese lives.
对日本人的生活造成更大的破坏。
And so the atomic bomb was a merciful way to end the war with the fewest casualties possible.
因此，原子弹是一种以尽可能少的伤亡结束战争的仁慈方式。
And that's a way of trying to erode the moral clarity that Hersey is putting forward.
And that's a way of trying to erode the moral clarity that Hersey is putting forward.
Similar to the Hersey piece, Harper's hyped it heavily and it gained a very wide audience, and newspapers reprinted parts of it.
与赫西的文章类似，《哈珀》杂志对其进行了大力宣传，获得了非常广泛的受众，报纸转载了其中的部分内容。
And a lot of people said, "Well, we've had our doubts, but this settles it."
And a lot of people said, "Well, we've had our doubts, but this settles it."
Now that we understand why the bomb was used, we don't have to hear about people raising moral issues or something.
Now that we understand why the bomb was used, we don't have to hear about people raising moral issues or something.
This becomes the definitive way to attack the criticisms by saying it was the lesser of two evils, we agree it was really cruel, but they put us in that position and there was no alternative.
这成为攻击批评的明确方式，说这是两害相权取其轻，我们同意这确实很残酷，但他们把我们置于这样的境地，别无选择。
So what did we learn from Hiroshima?
那么我们从广岛事件中学到了什么？
We should have been able to see the horrible effects on humans and long-term effects, after effects and so forth.
We should have been able to see the horrible effects on humans and long-term effects, after effects and so forth.
But instead, it was like, “Okay, well, we got away with that.”
But instead, it was like, “Okay, well, we got away with that.”
The constraints on journalism in the mid ‘40s are overwhelming.
The constraints on journalism in the mid ‘40s are overwhelming.
So, it's very hard for me to fault the journalists because they're up against a secrecy apparatus that is brand new.
So, it's very hard for me to fault the journalists because they're up against a secrecy apparatus that is brand new.
So they don't even know what they don't know.
所以他们甚至不知道自己不知道什么。
They don't know where to ask and no one's allowed to talk to them.
They don't know where to ask and no one's allowed to talk to them.
Censorship mostly worked during World War II and after the dropping of the two atomic bombs because General Groves put together a very effective PR effort.
审查制度主要在第二次世界大战期间和两颗原子弹投放后发挥作用，因为格罗夫斯将军开展了非常有效的公关工作。
One of the odd things is after the bombs were dropped, the war ended, and the effort to control information continued.
奇怪的事情之一是，在炸弹投下后，战争结束了，而控制信息的努力仍在继续。
One of the more creative ways to get even more of this narrative out there is Groves worked with MGM to make a movie about the creation and use of the Atomic bombs.
格罗夫斯与米高梅合作制作了一部关于原子弹的制造和使用的电影，这是让更多故事得以呈现的更具创意的方法之一。
General Groves was the key character in the movie.
格罗夫斯将军是这部电影的主角。
Our country must have an atomic bomb.
我们的国家必须拥有原子弹。
This must be the best kept secret in all history.
This must be the best kept secret in all history.
Anyone who saw it would have seen basically pro-bomb propaganda.
Anyone who saw it would have seen basically pro-bomb propaganda.
"Mr. President, your press secretary, Mr. Ross, is here."
“总统先生，您的新闻秘书罗斯先生来了。”
"And all these advisers tell me the bomb will shorten the war by at least a year.”
"And all these advisers tell me the bomb will shorten the war by at least a year.”
“And if the bomb shortens the war, it will save many thousands of American lives."
“如果炸弹缩短了战争时间，它将挽救成千上万美国人的生命。”
The American public took the narrative hook, line, and sinker and said, "Okay, we trust the government that this is what was needed.
The American public took the narrative hook, line, and sinker and said, "Okay, we trust the government that this is what was needed.
Thank God we got it, and it wasn't another country, and that we have this, and it was the right thing to do."
感谢上帝，我们得到了它，而且这不是另一个国家，我们拥有这个，这是正确的事情。”
And this is a remarkably resilient narrative to the point where if you tell somebody this narrative, they'll say, right, that's the story, right?
这是一个非常有弹性的叙述，如果你告诉某人这个叙述，他们会说，对，这就是故事，对吗？
And no, that didn't get really solidified until 1947.
不，这一点直到 1947 年才真正得到巩固。
So like quite a ways after Hiroshima.
就像广岛事件之后的很长一段时间一样。
And in many ways, it's not true.
从很多方面来说，这都是不正确的。
There was no deep deliberation over whether to use the bomb.
对于是否使用炸弹没有进行深入的审议。
There was no deep concern about the Japanese victims.
对于日本受害者并没有深切的关注。
The plan was to bomb and invade, not one or the other.
该计划是轰炸和入侵，而不是两者之一。
The bombs weren’t used to end the war promptly.
这些炸弹没有被用来迅速结束战争。
The bombs were used to scare the Soviet Union into submission.
这些炸弹被用来吓唬苏联屈服。
They were not the last salvos of World War II, but the first salvos of the Cold War.
它们不是第二次世界大战的最后一次齐射，而是冷战的第一次齐射。
America sees itself as taking on the mantle of leading the world into freedom.
美国认为自己肩负着领导世界走向自由的重任。
And the bomb is just an element of that story.
炸弹只是这个故事的一个元素。
In this field of science, what would you say was the most exciting event that you have ever reported?
在这个科学领域，您认为您报道过的最令人兴奋的事件是什么？
MEN AND IDEAS – WILLIAM LAURENCE (archival):
人物与思想——威廉·劳伦斯（档案）：
One night on the desert of New Mexico, July 16, 1945…
1945 年 7 月 16 日，新墨西哥州沙漠的一个夜晚……
Into the early 1950s, Laurence continues to fashion himself as an expert on all things nuclear.
进入 20 世纪 50 年代初期，劳伦斯继续将自己塑造成核领域的专家。
MEN AND IDEAS – WILLIAM LAURENCE (archival):
人物与思想——威廉·劳伦斯（档案）：
There won't be any wars in the second millenium.
第二个千年不会有任何战争。
MEN AND IDEAS – WILLIAM LAURENCE (archival)
人与思想——威廉·劳伦斯（档案）
I think so.
我想是的。
I think science is going to make it unnecessary.
我认为科学会让它变得不必要。
Laurence became known as Atomic Bill.
劳伦斯被称为“原子比尔”。
He did other things for the Times.
他还为《纽约时报》做了其他事情。
He continued to write other science stories, but his brand was the atomic bomb.
他继续写其他科学故事，但他的品牌是原子弹。
In a lot of ways it is a sad legacy.
从很多方面来说，这是一个悲伤的遗产。
He was a journalist who was in a singular moment with singular access and he squandered it.
他是一名记者，在一个独特的时刻拥有独特的接触机会，但他却浪费了它。
After Loeb leaves Japan, he returns to Cleveland where he serves as a managing editor of the Cleveland Call and Post.
勒布离开日本后，返回克利夫兰，担任《克利夫兰电话报》和《邮报》的执行编辑。
He is called the Dean of Black Journalism.
他被称为黑人新闻院长。
Without Charles Loeb, you don't get the Black journalists that you have today.
没有查尔斯·勒布，就没有今天的黑人记者。
You don't get the reporting that you have today.
您不会收到今天的报告。
It's one giant long struggle for freedom.
这是一场为自由而进行的漫长的斗争。
And Charles Loeb is an essential piece of that.
查尔斯·勒布 (Charles Loeb) 就是其中的重要一员。
John Hersey wrote one of the most important pieces of reporting from the war and of a defining new event in world history.
约翰·赫西撰写了关于战争和世界历史上一个决定性新事件的最重要的报道之一。
This was a patriotic American reporting on the horrors that the United States had caused.
这是一位爱国的美国人对美国造成的恐怖的报道。
That's journalism at its most important.
这就是新闻业最重要的一点。
If people knew or could imagine what it was like to be one of the survivors and then on top of that realized that a nuclear weapon.
如果人们知道或能够想象成为幸存者之一是什么样子，然后最重要的是意识到核武器。
2,900 times as powerful as the Hiroshima bomb has been tested.
威力相当于广岛原子弹 2,900 倍的测试已经完成。
Then I think that memory would have moved us much faster toward getting rid of these weapons.
然后我认为记忆会让我们更快地摆脱这些武器。
In 1952, seven years after the atomic bombings, the U.S. occupation of Japan ends and censorship is lifted.
1952 年，即原子弹爆炸七年后，美国结束对日本的占领，审查制度也被解除。
Americans finally get to see what the attacks looked like from the ground, a view they had never seen before.
美国人终于从地面上看到了袭击的样子，这是他们以前从未见过的景象。
LIFE magazine publishes Yoshito Matsushige’s photographs in a special spread.
《LIFE》杂志以特刊形式刊登了松重义人的照片。
One of Matsushige’s most famous photos is a picture of people on a bridge leading into Hiroshima and you can still see this dust cloud down the road.
松重最著名的照片之一是一张人们在通往广岛的桥上的照片，你仍然可以看到路边的尘埃云。
And so the symbolic value to me was always that, ever since that day we've all been on that road to Hiroshima -- this nuclear threat that we’ve lived with since 1945.
因此，对我来说，象征性的价值始终是，从那天起，我们就一直走在通往广岛的路上——我们自 1945 年以来就一直面临这种核威胁。
Inside the headlines and propaganda that shaped America’s view of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - and how the truth finally got out.
在塑造美国对广岛和长崎看法的头条新闻和宣传中，以及真相最终如何浮出水面。