The Bombing of Germany
Narrator: : On September 1, 1939, the first day of the war in Europe, President Franklin Roosevelt issued an urgent appeal.
旁白： 1939年9月1日，欧洲战争爆发的第一天，富兰克林·罗斯福总统发出紧急呼吁。
He called on all combatants to “under no circumstances undertake the bombardment from the air of civilian populations.” By the time Hitler was finally defeated six years later, Allied bombs had killed thousands of civilians.
他呼吁所有战斗人员“在任何情况下都不要对平民进行空中轰炸”。六年后，当希特勒最终被击败时，盟军的炸弹已经杀死了数千名平民。
And both enemy cities and America’s lofty ideals were in ruins.
敌方城市和美国的崇高理想都化为废墟。
The United States Eighth Air Force arrived in England with confidence high.
美国第八空军满怀信心抵达英国。
The Americans believed that airpower had revolutionized modern warfare.
美国人相信空中力量彻底改变了现代战争。
And that their new heavy bomber fleet, flown by well-trained American pilots and crews, would prove decisive against the thus-far unstoppable Nazis.
他们的新型重型轰炸机机队由训练有素的美国飞行员和机组人员驾驶，将证明对迄今为止势不可挡的纳粹分子具有决定性作用。
On August 17th, 1942, in their first action of the war, a small fleet of American bombers set out to bomb a railroad yard 200 miles away in occupied France.
1942 年 8 月 17 日，在战争的第一次行动中，一小群美国轰炸机出发轰炸了 200 英里外被占领法国的一个铁路站场。
It would be the first combat test of the American bombing strategy precisely targeting military and industrial objectives and avoiding civilian populations.
这将是美国精确瞄准军事和工业目标、避开平民的轰炸战略的首次实战测试。
The specially designed bombers — B-17 Flying Fortresses — bristled with machine guns, fending off German fighters along the way.
这些专门设计的轰炸机——B-17 飞行堡垒——配备机枪，沿途抵御德国战斗机。
The Americans flew in daylight — despite the risks — to enable the bombardiers, with state-of-the-art bombsites, to aim with unprecedented precision.
尽管存在风险，美国人还是在白天飞行，让拥有最先进炸弹点的轰炸机能够以前所未有的精确度进行瞄准。
The rail yard was severely damaged.
铁路站场遭到严重破坏。
All of the B-17s returned safely.
所有 B-17 均安全返回。
The Americans deemed their first mission an unqualified success.
美国人认为他们的第一次任务取得了绝对的成功。
General Spaatz (archival): : Today is the first time American heavy bombers have been in action in this theatre.
斯帕茨将军（档案）：：今天是美国重型轰炸机首次在该战区执行任务。
Manned by American crews and American squadrons.
由美国机组人员和美国中队驾驶。
Narrator: : General Carl Spaatz, a flyer since WWI, was commander of all American Air Forces in Britain.
旁白：卡尔·斯帕茨 (Carl Spaatz) 将军自第一次世界大战以来就是一名飞行员，曾任驻英国所有美国空军的指挥官。
Between the wars he had helped develop the theory of precision bombing.
在两次世界大战之间，他帮助发展了精确轰炸理论。
General Spaatz (archival): : General Eaker commanding the bomber command led this flight.
斯帕茨将军（档案）：：指挥轰炸机司令部的埃克将军领导了这次飞行。
Narrator: : General Ira Eaker was charged with putting the theory into practice, convinced that his bombing campaign would bring a belligerent Germany to its knees.
旁白：艾拉·埃克将军负责将这一理论付诸实践，他确信他的轰炸行动将使好战的德国屈服。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : The Americans had developed a theory in the 1930s that was all about finding specific cogs, specific nodes in the enemy war economy, and taking those out, eliminating those, and thereby dismantling the entire enemy war economy.
历史学家塔米·戴维斯·比德尔 (Tami Davis Biddle)：：美国人在 20 世纪 30 年代发展了一种理论，即寻找敌方战争经济中的特定齿轮、特定节点，并将其取出、消除，从而瓦解整个敌方战争经济。
Conrad Crane, Historian: : Precision bombing doctrine was fervently believed by most leaders and most airmen.
历史学家康拉德·克兰 (Conrad Crane)：大多数领导人和大多数飞行员都坚信精确轰炸学说。
They really thought what they were doing was the best way to go about fighting a war.
他们确实认为他们正在做的事情是进行战争的最佳方式。
Narrator: : After the first mission, American reporters attending General Eaker’s briefing trumpeted a great success.
旁白：：第一次任务结束后，参加埃克将军通报会的美国记者大肆宣扬取得了巨大成功。
But their British allies did not think much of the American bombers or the American strategy.
但他们的英国盟友并不太重视美国的轰炸机或美国的战略。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : The British are looking at this with a rather jaded eye, because they’re thinking: First of all, this is a tiny effort.
塔米·戴维斯·比德尔（Tami Davis Biddle），历史学家：：英国人用一种相当疲惫的眼光看待这件事，因为他们在想：首先，这只是一个微小的努力。
Second of all, you’re doing things that we tried and couldn’t do.
其次，你正在做我们尝试过但无法做到的事情。
You’re going to make a lot of the same mistakes we made.
你会犯很多我们犯过的错误。
Narrator: : Like Roosevelt, England’s Prime Minister Winston Churchill had once regarded civilian targets off limits and advocated precision bombing.
旁白：：和罗斯福一样，英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔也曾经禁止民用目标，主张精确轰炸。
Sir Max Hastings, Historian: : Churchill was on record repeatedly between the wars as saying that he believed that the air force which concentrated strictly on attacking military objectives and did not attack civilians would be the side that not only deserved to prevail but would prevail when war came.
历史学家马克斯·黑斯廷斯爵士：丘吉尔在两次战争之间多次公开表示，他相信，专注于攻击军事目标而不攻击平民的空军不仅应该取得胜利，而且在战争到来时也能取得胜利。
Narrator: : On the very first day of war, the Germans bombed civilians in Warsaw and later in Rotterdam.
旁白：在战争的第一天，德国人轰炸了华沙的平民，后来又轰炸了鹿特丹。
Then, in 1940, they hit England.
然后，1940 年，他们袭击了英格兰。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : When some German bombers fly off course at night in late August 1940 and attack a portion of London, Churchill takes this as an opportunity to respond in kind against Berlin.
历史学家塔米·戴维斯·比德尔 (Tami Davis Biddle)： 1940 年 8 月下旬，当一些德国轰炸机在夜间偏离航线并袭击伦敦的部分地区时，丘吉尔以此为契机对柏林做出同样的回应。
Hitler is so upset by that that he then responds by attacking London.
希特勒对此非常不满，于是他以攻击伦敦作为回应。
It moves the war into a new phase.
它将战争带入了一个新的阶段。
It moves the war into bombing of cities, attacks on cities, attacks on civilians.
它将战争转变为轰炸城市、袭击城市、袭击平民。
Jorg Friedrich, Historian: : The strategic intention of the attack on London was to destroy military installations and their harbor but if you read the commentaries which Joseph Goebbels wrote into his diary.
历史学家约尔格·弗里德里希：：袭击伦敦的战略意图是摧毁军事设施及其港口，但如果你读过约瑟夫·戈培尔在日记中写的评论。
He didn’t write “Shit!
他没有写“妈的！
The bombs went astray into the civilians!” No!
炸弹误入了平民！”不！
No. He’s rejoicing.
不，他很高兴。
Hitler says, “Take the harbors” — then the bomb takes the city and Goebbels says, “Fine.
希特勒说，“占领港口”——然后炸弹占领了这座城市，戈培尔说，“好吧。
We make a hell out of it!” So the bomb teaches the bomber what to do.
我们把它搞得一团糟！”所以炸弹教会了轰炸机该做什么。
Narrator: : Commander Arthur Harris, who took over as head of the Royal Air Force’s Bomber Command in 1942, had learned the bomb’s lessons well.
旁白：： 1942 年接任英国皇家空军轰炸机司令部司令的阿瑟·哈里斯 (Arthur Harris) 中校充分吸取了原子弹的教训。
He had studied the Nazi attacks on England, meticulously analyzing the damage inflicted by explosive bombs and incendiaries.
他研究了纳粹对英国的袭击，仔细分析了爆炸性炸弹和燃烧弹造成的损害。
The deadly work, he concluded, could be done better still.
他总结道，这项致命的工作还可以做得更好。
Sir Arthur Harris (archival): The Nazis entered this war under the rather childish delusion that they were going to bomb everybody else and nobody was going to bomb them.
阿瑟·哈里斯爵士（档案）：纳粹在相当幼稚的幻想下进入了这场战争，他们认为他们要轰炸其他所有人，但没有人会轰炸他们。
At Rotterdam, London, Warsaw and half a hundred other places, they put that rather naïve theory into operation.
在鹿特丹、伦敦、华沙和其他一百多个地方，他们将这一相当幼稚的理论付诸实践。
They sowed the wind and now they are going to reap the whirlwind.
他们播种了风，现在他们将收获旋风。
Narrator: The RAF had initially tried bombing German military targets by day, until unsustainable losses and poor results compelled them to change.
旁白：英国皇家空军最初尝试在白天轰炸德国军事目标，直到不可持续的损失和糟糕的结果迫使他们改变。
The way to inflict maximum harm on the enemy, Harris now insisted, was to bomb hard-to-miss German cities, under cover of darkness.
哈里斯现在坚持认为，对敌人造成最大伤害的方法是在黑暗的掩护下轰炸难以错过的德国城市。
The Americans emphatically disagreed.
美国人坚决不同意。
Conrad Crane, Historian: There was a fervent sense among most Air Force leaders that this was not the way to go.
历史学家康拉德·克兰：大多数空军领导人都强烈意识到这不是正确的出路。
Bombing cities was inefficient.
轰炸城市效率低下。
It was the wrong use of your air assets.
这是对你的航空资产的错误使用。
We felt we had better weapons than the Brits.
我们觉得我们拥有比英国人更好的武器。
We felt our B-17, the B-24, they were better bombers than the British had; we had better bombsights; we had better training.
我们觉得我们的 B-17、B-24 是比英国更好的轰炸机；我们有更好的炸弹瞄准器；我们有更好的训练。
We could do this.
我们可以做到这一点。
Even though they couldn't, we could.
尽管他们做不到，但我们可以。
Narrator: Allied leaders, meeting in January 1943 to plan the war’s next phase, opted to combine the American and British strategies.
旁白：1943 年 1 月，盟军领导人开会规划战争的下一阶段，选择结合美国和英国的战略。
Harris and Eaker were ordered to coordinate a ‘round-the-clock bomber offensive.
哈里斯和埃克奉命协调“全天候轰炸机攻势”。
To undermine “…the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened.” The British would focus on bombing cities at night.
破坏“……德国人民的士气，直至其武装抵抗的能力被致命削弱。”英国人将集中在夜间轰炸城市。
The Americans would do their best to achieve “…the progressive destruction of the German military, industrial and economic system…” bombing by day.
美国人将尽最大努力实现“……逐步摧毁德国军事、工业和经济体系……”白天的轰炸。
Both Air Forces took aim at Hamburg, a shipbuilding center on the Elbe River.
两支空军都瞄准了易北河畔的造船中心汉堡。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: The Americans were interested in it because they wanted to attack the elements of the German war economy that were located in Hamburg.
塔米·戴维斯·比德尔，历史学家：美国人对此感兴趣，因为他们想攻击位于汉堡的德国战时经济要素。
The British were interested in it because they wanted to take it down as a city.
英国人对它很感兴趣，因为他们想把它作为一座城市拆掉。
Keith Lowe, Writer: There was another reason why they chose Hamburg it was because it was close.
Keith Lowe，作家：他们选择汉堡的另一个原因是因为距离很近。
It was just a short hop across the North Sea.
跨越北海只需很短的路程。
So, not only was it a very important target, it was also a very convenient one.
所以，它不仅是一个非常重要的目标，而且还是一个非常方便的目标。
Narrator: Hamburg was the largest port in Germany and the country’s second largest city with over one and-a-half million people.
旁白：汉堡是德国最大的港口，也是德国第二大城市，人口超过五十万。
Among them, 10-year old Ralph Giordano.
其中，就有10岁的拉尔夫·佐丹奴。
Ralph Giordano, Resident of Hamburg: Hamburg was my nest, my home.
Ralph Giordano，汉堡居民：汉堡是我的巢穴，我的家。
I had a wonderful and carefree childhood and a deep feeling of belonging to the city until I was 10 and Hitler came to power.
我有一个美好而无忧无虑的童年，对这座城市有一种深深的归属感，直到我十岁希特勒上台为止。
Hitler was very successful in winning over the masses, including the working people.
希特勒非常成功地赢得了群众，包括劳动人民的支持。
I remember our neighbors who hung the hammer and sickle flag and were Communists.
我记得我们的邻居，他们挂着锤子和镰刀的旗帜，是共产党员。
Then suddenly after 1933, the Swastika was hanging out in front of their house.
1933 年之后，纳粹党徽突然出现在他们家门前。
I remember Hitler coming to Hamburg for the launching of a battleship in the Blohm & Voss shipyards.
我记得希特勒来到汉堡，参加在布洛姆和沃斯造船厂举行的战列舰下水仪式。
I wasn’t standing in the front row, but I clearly remember the cheering people.
我没有站在前排，但我清楚地记得欢呼的人们。
Narrator: The same shipyard was turning out the submarines that were wreaking havoc on Allied shipping in the Atlantic.
旁白：同一个造船厂正在生产对大西洋盟军航运造成严重破坏的潜艇。
And close by were important manufacturing centers for the German aircraft industry.
附近是德国飞机工业的重要制造中心。
Hamburg was exceptionally well defended.
汉堡的防守异常严密。
Air raid shelters, some in massively armored concrete towers, provided protection for nearly a quarter million people.
防空洞（其中一些位于大型装甲混凝土塔内）为近 25 万人提供了保护。
With heavy flak guns on top they could fire shells four miles into the air.
顶部装有重型高射炮，他们可以向四英里的空中发射炮弹。
Outside the city, interceptor bases were scattered along the North Sea, with 1,500 Messerschmitt 109s on constant alert.
城外，北海沿线分布着拦截机基地，有 1,500 架梅塞施密特 109 飞机随时处于戒备状态。
The challenge for the Allies was to evade those formidable defenses, controlled by a string of early warning radar stations.
盟军面临的挑战是躲避由一系列预警雷达站控制的强大防御。
On Saturday, July 24th, 792 RAF bombers readied for a night attack on Hamburg, each loaded with high explosives and incendiary bombs.
7 月 24 日星期六，792 架英国皇家空军轰炸机准备对汉堡发动夜间袭击，每架轰炸机都装载有烈性炸药和燃烧弹。
It was the first of a series of attacks that would continue for an entire week code-named Operation Gomorrah.
这是一系列攻击中的第一次，该攻击将持续整整一周，代号为“蛾摩拉行动”。
Keith Lowe, Writer: It was a hugely complicated operation getting all these 7- or 800 bombers into the sky without causing any collisions.
Keith Lowe，作家：将所有 7 或 800 架轰炸机送上天空而不造成任何碰撞是一项极其复杂的操作。
They would take off one by one from each of the airfields, which lined the coast of Britain.
他们将从英国海岸线的每个机场一一起飞。
Gradually they would assemble over the North Sea into a very long bomber stream.
渐渐地，它们将在北海上空集结成一条很长的轰炸机群。
Tonight for the first time they were using a brand new secret weapon.
今晚他们第一次使用了全新的秘密武器。
The flight engineer would shovel out these silver foil strips.
飞行工程师会把这些银箔条铲掉。
Each would show up on the German radar as a single blip.
每个信号都会以单个光点的形式出现在德国雷达上。
And the German defenses were completely negated.
德国的防御被彻底摧毁。
Narrator: Between one and two am, more than 2,000 tons of high explosive bombs and over 350,000 incendiaries were dropped on the west side of the city.
旁白：凌晨1点到2点之间，2000多吨高爆炸弹和35万多燃烧弹被投向城市西侧。
Ralph Giordano and his mother were in a shelter below.
拉尔夫·佐丹奴和他的母亲在下面的避难所里。
Ralph Giordano, Resident of Hamburg: The people seemed paralyzed.
拉尔夫·佐丹奴（Ralph Giordano），汉堡居民：人们似乎瘫痪了。
Nothing moved; everyone thought it was “lights out” for him or her in a matter of seconds.
什么都没有动；每个人都认为他或她在几秒钟内就“熄灯”了。
The bombs howled down, and there was a gruesome noise…
炸弹呼啸而下，发出令人毛骨悚然的声音……
If you heard the noise, that meant the bomb was hitting someone else; the bombs that hit you were the ones you didn’t hear ahead of time.
如果你听到声音，那就意味着炸弹正在击中其他人；击中你的炸弹是你事先没有听到的。
Narrator: Then that afternoon came the Americans.
旁白：然后那天下午美国人来了。
120 three B-17s, flying in broad daylight.
120 架三架 B-17，光天化日之下飞行。
Once airborne, the fleet assembled into box formations to defend themselves against enemy fighters.
一旦升空，舰队就会集结成箱形编队，以防御敌方战斗机。
Harry Crosby, just out of college in Iowa, was a lead navigator.
哈里·克罗斯比 (Harry Crosby) 刚从爱荷华州大学毕业，是一名领航员。
Harry Crosby, Navigator, 8th Air Force: Hardest part was to get them all in order, because when we flew, we all followed the lead crew, which would be me.
哈里·克罗斯比（Harry Crosby），第八航空队领航员：最困难的部分是让它们全部井然有序，因为当我们飞行时，我们都跟随领头机组，也就是我。
And if I didn’t find that target the work of a million Americans was wasted.
如果我没有找到这个目标，一百万美国人的工作就白费了。
Keith Lowe, Writer: The Americans had a much more difficult job to do than the British did.
基思·洛（Keith Lowe），作家：美国人的工作比英国人要困难得多。
Firstly, they weren’t bombing under cover of darkness and they didn’t have the benefits of this new radar-jamming device.
首先，他们不是在黑暗的掩护下进行轰炸，也没有这种新型雷达干扰装置的好处。
So as soon as they approached German air space the German fighters were on them in a trice.
因此，当他们一接近德国领空，德国战斗机就立刻袭击了他们。
Narrator: The Nazi fighters did their share of damage, then peeled off as the bombers approached the city.
旁白：纳粹战士造成了一定的破坏，然后随着轰炸机逼近这座城市而撤离。
Now the Americans faced an even more fearsome obstacle: the giant flak guns firing at them from below.
现在，美国人面临着更可怕的障碍：巨大的高射炮从下方向他们开火。
Harry Crosby, Navigator, 8 Air Force: When people were shooting at you, you should be able to dodge, but you couldn’t do it.
哈里·克罗斯比，第 8 空军导航员：当人们向你射击时，你应该能够躲闪，但你却做不到。
You just had to go right straight on in.
你只需要直接进去就可以了。
Keith Lowe, Writer: When they arrived over Hamburg, the entire city was completely smothered in smoke.
基思·洛（Keith Lowe），作家：当他们抵达汉堡上空时，整个城市完全被烟雾笼罩。
They couldn’t see anything, let alone their targets.
他们什么也看不见，更别说他们的目标了。
Then, almost by a miracle, a gap appeared and there they could see the Blohm & Voss shipyards.
然后，几乎奇迹般地，出现了一个缺口，在那里他们可以看到布洛姆和沃斯造船厂。
Ralph Giordano, Resident of Hamburg: Midday on the 25th of July, the Americans came, and pelted the harbor.
拉尔夫·佐丹奴，汉堡居民：7 月 25 日中午，美国人来了，并向港口投掷炮弹。
Narrator: Hamburg’s key shipyard was badly damaged.
旁白：汉堡的主要造船厂遭到严重破坏。
Along with an airplane engine factory, and a power station: military targets, rendered all but useless by American precision bombing.
还有飞机发动机工厂和发电站：军事目标，在美国的精确轰炸下几乎毫无用处。
Then, on the fourth night, the RAF returned with more incendiaries.
然后，第四天晚上，英国皇家空军带着更多燃烧弹返回。
One of the pilots was 22-year old Bill McCrea.
其中一名飞行员是 22 岁的比尔·麦克雷 (Bill McCrea)。
Bill McCrea, Pilot, Royal Air Force: This was the big raid, the firestorm raid.
比尔·麦克雷（Bill McCrea），英国皇家空军飞行员：这是一次大突袭，一场猛烈的突袭。
We could see the fires an hour’s flying from Hamburg, but when we got nearer we could see this tower, this pillar of smoke which was rising over 20,000 feet.
从汉堡出发，我们可以在一个小时内看到火势，但当我们走近时，我们可以看到这座塔，以及升起超过 20,000 英尺的烟柱。
It was just like an active volcano.
它就像一座活火山。
The bombers went across dropping their bombs in there, which kept erupting, and shooting up these sparks and flame.
轰炸机在那里投下炸弹，炸弹不断喷发，并喷出火花和火焰。
Ralph Giordano, Resident of Hamburg: Everything was crackling—the fire crackled.
拉尔夫·佐丹奴（Ralph Giordano），汉堡居民：一切都噼啪作响——火噼啪作响。
Within a short time the smell of burning was so strong that one had to leave the basement.
不一会儿，烧焦的气味就变得很浓，人们不得不离开地下室。
It was burning all around, an inferno like no human imagination could picture, everything was ablaze, and constantly the bombs came down.
四周都在燃烧，这是人类无法想象的地狱，一切都在燃烧，炸弹不断落下。
I saw countless dead, burned people...
我看到无数人死去、被烧死……
people who had been burned and baked together like a piece of bread.
像一块面包一样被烧焦并烘烤在一起的人们。
Narrator: : When Operation Gomorrah finally ended, there had been four British attacks on the city and two American raids on the port.
旁白：：当蛾摩拉行动最终结束时，英国对这座城市进行了四次袭击，美国对港口进行了两次袭击。
The toll was 45,000 people killed; 60% of the city utterly destroyed.
死亡人数为 45,000 人； 60%的城市被彻底摧毁。
Bill McCrea, Pilot, Royal Air Force: : I wasn’t thinking about the people on the ground.
比尔·麦克雷（Bill McCrea），英国皇家空军飞行员：：我没有考虑地面上的人们。
I was just thinking about myself and my crew.
我只想着我自己和我的团队。
I had been ordered to do a job.
我被命令去做一项工作。
I’d been ordered to put these bombs in the air and drop them on Hamburg and get back home so you could go again tomorrow night or the night after.
我奉命把这些炸弹放在空中，然后扔到汉堡，然后回家，这样你明天晚上或后天晚上就可以再去。
Harry Crosby, Navigator, 8th Air Force: : There would be a bridge to hit or there would be a factory to hit, or there would be a gun emplacement to hit.
哈里·克罗斯比（Harry Crosby），第八航空队导航员：：将会有一座桥梁需要攻击，或者会有一座工厂需要攻击，或者会有一个炮台需要攻击。
And you never thought about any human beings there.
你从来没有想过那里有任何人。
Keith Lowe, Writer: : In the aftermath of the firestorm, almost a million refugees fled Hamburg and took with them stories of the most terrible horror that they had witnessed.
基思·洛（Keith Lowe），编剧： 大火过后，近百万难民逃离了汉堡，并带走了他们所目睹的最可怕的恐怖故事。
This caused a panic across Germany, which was unlike anything that they’d ever experienced before.
这引起了整个德国的恐慌，这与他们以前经历过的任何事情都不一样。
Narrator: : The panic extended to the highest reaches of the Third Reich.
旁白：：恐慌蔓延到了第三帝国的最高层。
Hitler refused even to visit the devastated city, sending Luftwaffe head Herman Goering in his stead.
希特勒甚至拒绝访问这座被摧毁的城市，并派德国空军司令赫尔曼·戈林代替他。
His minister in charge of armaments warned that a series of similar Allied attacks would bring German war production to a complete halt.
他负责军备的部长警告说，一系列类似的盟军袭击将使德国的战争生产完全停止。
Keith Lowe, Writer: : And there were many who truly believed that the Germans would be forced to capitulate.
基思·洛（Keith Lowe），作家：：有很多人真正相信德国人将被迫投降。
The British establishment certainly thought that this might be the case, and there was a flurry of memos suggesting that perhaps the war might even be over by Christmas.
英国当局当然认为情况可能如此，并且有一系列备忘录表明战争甚至可能在圣诞节之前结束。
Narrator: : The war would not be over by Christmas; far from it.
旁白：：战争不会在圣诞节之前结束；离它很远。
Allied airmen would still be sent out on missions from which many would not return.
盟军飞行员仍会被派往执行任务，但许多人无法返回。
They would still confront a determined enemy that fought on despite relentless punishment.
他们仍将面对一个顽固的敌人，尽管受到无情的惩罚，他们仍继续战斗。
And the Americans would still insist, that despite the risks, pinpoint daylight bombing would win the war.
美国人仍然坚持认为，尽管存在风险，精确的白天轰炸将赢得战争。
In the aftermath of the Hamburg attacks, the American and British commanders remained committed to their sharply divergent strategies.
汉堡袭击事件发生后，美国和英国指挥官仍然致力于他们截然不同的战略。
Eaker continued to press precision attacks on industrial targets.
埃克继续对工业目标进行精确攻击。
Harris championed the bombing of cities.
哈里斯支持轰炸城市。
And the city he was focused on was the center and symbol of Nazi power: Berlin.
而他关注的城市正是纳粹权力的中心和象征：柏林。
Sir Max Hastings, Historian: : Berlin was almost Harris’ nemesis.
历史学家马克斯·黑斯廷斯爵士：柏林几乎是哈里斯的克星。
He allowed himself to become obsessed with it.
他让自己沉迷其中。
He convinced himself that if he got 4,000 Lancaster sorties to Berlin, he could bring Germany to defeat, to surrender, by April the 1st, 1944.
他说服自己，如果兰开斯特出动 4,000 架次前往柏林，他就能在 1944 年 4 月 1 日之前让德国战败、投降。
He gave an explicit date.
他给出了明确的日期。
He said in another memorandum that attacking Berlin might cost Bomber Command 4- or 500 aircraft, but it would cost Germany the war.
他在另一份备忘录中表示，攻击柏林可能会让轰炸机司令部损失 4 到 500 架飞机，但这会让德国付出战争的代价。
Narrator: : Over six months, the head of Bomber Command sent his planes on 19 mass attacks on the Nazi capital.
旁白： 在六个月的时间里，轰炸机司令部的负责人派出飞机对纳粹首都进行了 19 次大规模袭击。
As many as 800 bombers on a single mission...
多达 800 架轰炸机执行一次任务……
nearly 11,000 bombing sorties.
近11,000架次轰炸。
In the city below, over 10,000 civilians were killed.
在下面的城市，一万多名平民被杀。
Nearly half a million made homeless.
近五十万人无家可归。
All this pain inflicted on Berlin in the hope that the Germans would rise up against Hitler.
所有这些痛苦都加在柏林身上，希望德国人能够起来反抗希特勒。
Jorg Friedrich, Historian: : That’s the method of terror.
历史学家约尔格·弗里德里希：：这就是恐怖手段。
You cannot torture 80 million Germans, but if you torture successfully 7 million in Berlin, the rest of Germany would come to their senses.
你无法折磨8000万德国人，但如果你在柏林成功地折磨了700万德国人，德国其他地方就会醒悟过来。
So you need the theatre of pains.
所以你需要痛苦的戏剧。
All German cities should witness the Hamburgization of Berlin, the great Sodom of modern ages.
所有德国城市都应该见证柏林这座现代伟大的所多玛的汉堡化。
And then afterwards all the sinners would say, “Not me,” and overthrow Hitler.
然后所有的罪人都会说：“不是我”，然后推翻希特勒。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : But in a police state, withdrawing support from the government means death.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：但在警察国家，撤回政府的支持就意味着死亡。
You’re not going to have a mass uprising.
你不会发生大规模起义。
So yes, morale was lowered, but it didn’t matter.
所以，是的，士气下降了，但这并不重要。
People still showed up for work, and they went about their lives — crushed, not believing in victory, but persisting.
人们仍然去上班，继续生活——沮丧，不相信胜利，但坚持下去。
Jorg Friedrich, Historian: : Civilian populations have a special war aim, which is completely different from their leaders’ war aims.
历史学家约尔格·弗里德里希（Jorg Friedrich）：：平民有一个特殊的战争目标，这与他们领导人的战争目标完全不同。
It is a very simple one.
这是一个非常简单的方法。
The war aim of the civilian population is to survive.
平民的战争目的是生存。
Narrator: : Despite the incessant bombing, the Nazis’ hold on Berlin remained firm.
旁白：：尽管轰炸不断，纳粹对柏林的控制依然牢固。
But the RAF took tremendous punishment.
但英国皇家空军却受到了巨大的惩罚。
More than 600 planes downed.
超过 600 架飞机被击落。
Nearly 2,700 fliers killed.
近 2,700 名飞行员丧生。
All with no discernible impact on German morale or productivity.
所有这些都没有对德国的士气或生产力产生明显的影响。
In the midst of Harris’s city-bombing campaign, the American airmen had been preparing for an important test of their own strategy.
在哈里斯的城市轰炸行动中，美国飞行员一直在准备对自己的战略进行一次重要的考验。
On the morning of August 17, 1943, General Eaker’s fliers were briefed on their mission.
1943 年 8 月 17 日上午，埃克将军的飞行员听取了任务简报。
Their primary target: ball bearing factories in the southern German city of Schweinfurt.
他们的主要目标是：德国南部城市施韦因富特的滚珠轴承工厂。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : Schweinfurt kind of crystallizes the entire American theory.
塔米·戴维斯·比德尔（Tami Davis Biddle），历史学家：施韦因富特有点具体化了整个美国理论。
Here are ball bearings, which are essential in virtually all industries — in the working of a modern industrial economy.
这些滚珠轴承几乎在所有行业（现代工业经济的运作）中都至关重要。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : You need ball bearings for everything this is one of these choke point targets, that if you knock that out, without ball bearings, industry starts to break down.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：一切都需要滚珠轴承，这是这些瓶颈目标之一，如果你在没有滚珠轴承的情况下实现这一目标，工业就会开始崩溃。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : They were flying deep into Germany without fighter escort and because they were having to fly across enemy territory for a very long time they could be tracked and intercepted.
塔米·戴维斯·比德尔（Tami Davis Biddle），历史学家：：他们在没有战斗机护航的情况下飞入德国深处，因为他们必须飞越敌方领土很长一段时间，所以他们可能会被跟踪和拦截。
Narrator: : Hundreds of Luftwaffe fighters took dead aim at the unescorted B-17s.
旁白： ：数百架德国空军战斗机瞄准了无护航的 B-17。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : These air battles are absolutely ferocious.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：这些空战绝对是残酷的。
And they’re going in there naked, as it were.
可以说，他们是赤身裸体地进去的。
The plane is not pressurized so the mask is on and it’s freezing, as low as 60 degrees below zero because the rear windows are actually gun portals and they're open to the air.
飞机没有加压，所以戴着面罩，天气很冷，温度低至零下 60 度，因为后窗实际上是枪口，而且是向空气开放的。
So you’re fighting the weather, you’re fighting the Luftwaffe.
所以你是在与天气作斗争，你是在与德国空军作斗争。
And the Germans, you see, flying over their homeland, can land, re-arm, re-fuel, and up again.
你看，德国人飞越他们的祖国，可以着陆、重新武装、补充燃料，然后再次起飞。
They’re just pulverizing them all the way in.
他们只是将它们一路粉碎。
Narrator: : The crews that made it through the fighters were still at great risk.
旁白：：穿过战斗机的机组人员仍然面临着巨大的危险。
To bomb with precision, they had to approach the target flying straight and level through dense flak.
为了精确轰炸，他们必须通过密集的高射炮直线水平飞行接近目标。
They could not take evasive action until their payload was dropped.
在有效载荷落下之前，他们无法采取规避行动。
Even after the bombs were away, the American crews returning from Schweinfurt found themselves under withering fire from enemy fighters.
即使炸弹消失后，从施韦因富特返回的美国机组人员仍发现自己受到敌方战斗机的猛烈火力攻击。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : And it’s a catastrophe.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：这是一场灾难。
One of the guys in the planes said that he looked down on the ground, and he said, “My God, there’s-there’s haystacks burning all along the ground!” Well, they were B-17s.
飞机上的一个人说，他低头看着地面，说道：“天啊，那里、那里，地面上全是干草堆在燃烧！”嗯，它们是 B-17。
They lose 60 bombers.
他们损失了 60 架轰炸机。
That’s 600 men.
那是600人。
It’s the largest number of Americans lost on a single mission up to this point in the war.
这是迄今为止战争中单次任务中美军损失人数最多的一次。
Staggering blow for the 8th Air Force.
对第8航空队来说是惊人的打击。
Narrator: : Despite the losses, Eaker sent his men on the same dangerous mission two months later.
旁白：：尽管遭受了损失，埃克还是在两个月后派他的手下执行同样危险的任务。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : They went back to Schweinfurt in October of 1943.
历史学家塔米·戴维斯·比德尔 (Tami Davis Biddle)：：他们于 1943 年 10 月返回施韦因富特。
And in that raid the losses were truly devastating: another 60 bombers shot down; 138 damaged.
在那次空袭中，损失确实是毁灭性的：另外 60 架轰炸机被击落； 138 损坏。
You can’t sustain that kind of loss levels over any period of time, and continue to have an offensive.
你无法在任何时间段内维持这种损失水平并继续进攻。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : 77% of the guys who flew in the first months are casualties.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：前几个月飞行的人中有 77% 伤亡。
You have a one in four chance of surviving.
你有四分之一的生存机会。
Harry Crosby, Navigator, 8th Air Force: : You’d go out and come back, and part of your crew would be missing, part of your plane would be missing it was pretty hard on young kids.
哈里·克罗斯比（Harry Crosby），第八空军领航员：：你出去然后回来，你的部分机组人员会失踪，你的飞机的一部分也会失踪，这对小孩子来说非常困难。
Sam Halpert, Navigator, 8th Air Force: : I was afraid, you know.
萨姆·哈尔珀特（Sam Halpert），第八空军领航员：：你知道，我很害怕。
But I just had to do it.
但我不得不这么做。
'Course the worst part was getting up the next day and doing it again.
当然，最糟糕的部分是第二天起床并再次这样做。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : Crews are coming home and looking at empty bunks where their friends and their buddies were the night before.
塔米·戴维斯·比德尔（Tami Davis Biddle），历史学家：：工作人员正在回家，看着他们的朋友和伙伴前一天晚上所在的空铺位。
They’re no longer there.
他们已经不在那儿了。
Maybe they’re alive in a prison camp somewhere, or maybe they’re dead, but they’re not there any longer.
也许他们还活着，在某个战俘营里，或者也许他们已经死了，但他们已经不在那里了。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : The guys start to feel they’re guinea pigs in an experiment that’s not working.
米勒，《空中大师》的作者：：这些人开始觉得自己是一项不起作用的实验中的小白鼠。
Conrad Crane, Historian: : No air force can survive 20% casualties in every mission.
历史学家康拉德·克兰 (Conrad Crane)：：没有哪支空军能够在每次任务中伤亡 20% 的情况下幸存下来。
There’s a growing sense of gloom and doom that they’re not going to be able to win the war with this air weapon; that it’s just becoming too costly and too dangerous.
人们越来越感到悲观和厄运，认为他们无法用这种空中武器赢得战争；它只是变得成本太高而且太危险。
Narrator: : Eaker remained undeterred, his strategy unchanged.
旁白：：埃克没有被吓倒，他的策略没有改变。
Precision bombing, he insisted, conducted by unescorted B-17s, could do the job.
他坚称，由无护航 B-17 进行的精确轰炸可以完成这项任务。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : He’s terrifically stubborn.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：他非常顽固。
And he never, ever gets it out of his mind — out of his belief system, I should say — that this thing won’t work; that unescorted bombers can go into the heart of the Reich, do heavy damage, and not take unsustainable losses.
他从来没有忘记过——我应该说，他的信仰体系里——这件事行不通；这件事根本行不通。无护航轰炸机可以进入帝国的心脏地带，造成严重破坏，并且不会造成不可持续的损失。
And he kept that belief stubbornly to the point where he was relieved of his command.
他顽固地保持着这个信念，直到他被解除了指挥权。
Narrator: : In December, 1943, Spaatz replaced Eaker with a legendary airman, General Jimmy Doolittle.
旁白： 1943 年 12 月，斯帕茨用传奇飞行员吉米·杜利特尔将军取代了埃克。
Jimmy Doolittle (archival): : General Spaatz, distinguished guests, the strategic effort must go on and the better the strategic air effort is carried out, the shorter will be the war and the fewer of our boys will die.
吉米·杜利特尔（档案）：斯帕茨将军，尊敬的各位来宾，战略努力必须继续下去，战略空中努力执行得越好，战争就会越短，我们的男孩会死得越少。
Conrad Crane, Historian: : Jimmy Doolittle is the charismatic combat leader.
康拉德·克兰 (Conrad Crane)，历史学家：吉米·杜立特 (Jimmy Doolittle) 是一位极具魅力的战斗领袖。
The first guy to bomb Tokyo.
第一个轰炸东京的人。
The first guy — he bombs Rome, he bombs Berlin.
第一个人——他轰炸了罗马，他轰炸了柏林。
I mean he has his own fighter plane he flies around in the skies over the 8th Air Force.
我的意思是，他有自己的战斗机，在第八空军上空飞行。
He’s a larger-than-life figure.
他是一个具有传奇色彩的人物。
Narrator: : Doolittle’s arsenal included an agile, new, long-range fighter, the P-51 Mustang.
旁白：：杜立特的武器库中包括一架敏捷的新型远程战斗机：P-51 野马。
Now for the first time, the bombers could be protected deep into Germany and back.
现在，轰炸机第一次可以在深入德国并返回时受到保护。
The Mustangs would prove crucial as Doolittle’s forces prepared the skies for the anticipated Allied land invasion, scheduled for spring: D-Day.
杜立特的部队为预期的盟军陆地入侵（定于春季诺曼底登陆日）做好准备，野马战斗机将发挥至关重要的作用。
Sir Max Hastings, Historian: : The foremost concern of the Allied commanders’ advance of D-Day was to ensure that they possessed absolute air superiority over Northwest France.
历史学家马克斯·黑斯廷斯爵士：盟军指挥官在诺曼底登陆日推进中最关心的问题是确保他们对法国西北部拥有绝对的空中优势。
And in order to achieve that, they set out to attack Germany’s aircraft factories for the first time escorted by the Mustang long-range fighter.
为了实现这一目标，他们在野马远程战斗机的护航下首次出发攻击德国的飞机工厂。
Jimmy Doolittle (archival): : The 8th fighter command will give fighter cover to targets and back from the targets.
吉米·杜立特（Jimmy Doolittle）（档案）：：第 8 战斗机司令部将为目标提供战斗机掩护并从目标返回。
It’s desirable that we peel off as many fighters as possible to come down and strafe ground targets.
我们希望尽可能多地派遣战斗机降落并扫射地面目标。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : The strategy now is: draw up the Luftwaffe by hitting things like aircraft factories that Hitler has to defend.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：现在的策略是：通过打击希特勒必须保卫的飞机工厂等目标来集结德国空军。
He sends his force up, and the Mustangs massacre them.
他派出部队上去，野马队屠杀了他们。
In addition, when you return from missions, you can drop off and fly low and strafe German airfields, destroying German aircraft on the ground.
此外，当你完成任务返回时，你可以降落并低空扫射德国机场，摧毁地面上的德国飞机。
Narrator: : For the Americans, the result was a dramatic change from the disasters at Schweinfurt.
旁白：对于美国人来说，施韦因富特灾难带来的结果是巨大的变化。
The Eighth Air Force destroyed twice as many enemy planes in March 1944 than had been downed in the previous two years.
1944 年 3 月，第八航空队击落的敌机数量是前两年击落数量的两倍。
Three months later — on the shores of Normandy — the Air Force’s achievements paid off.
三个月后，在诺曼底海岸，空军的成就得到了回报。
The D-Day landing proceeded without interference from the air.
诺曼底登陆在没有空中干扰的情况下进行。
The Luftwaffe was nowhere to be seen.
德国空军无处可见。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : It’s the first great accomplishment of strategic bombing.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：这是战略轰炸的第一个伟大成就。
We were destroying air frame factories, yes.
是的，我们正在摧毁机身工厂。
We destroyed some ball bearing factories.
我们摧毁了一些滚珠轴承工厂。
But when you think of this, this is a world-turning event, D-Day.
但当你想到这一点时，这是一个改变世界的事件，诺曼底登陆日。
This, this is what turned the tide of the entire war in northern Europe.
这,这就是扭转整个北欧战争的局势。
And it wasn’t possible without what the 8th Air Force had done.
如果没有第八空军的努力，这是不可能实现的。
Narrator: : For Allied commanders, it was a crucial time.
旁白：：对于盟军指挥官来说，这是一个关键时刻。
With the right strategy, the end of the war in Europe could be within reach.
如果战略正确，欧洲战争的结束就指日可待。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : There was a lot of excitement about the fact that Germany might be at the precipice; Germany might be on the brink of collapse.
历史学家塔米·戴维斯·比德尔 (Tami Davis Biddle)：：德国可能正处于悬崖边这一事实令人非常兴奋；德国可能正处于崩溃的边缘。
And so ideas were developed for a major attack on the city of Berlin to shock the Germans into surrender.
因此，人们提出了对柏林市发动大规模进攻的想法，以震慑德国人投降。
Narrator: : In the late summer of 1944, the British proposed “Operation Thunderclap” — the total devastation of the center of Berlin.
旁白： 1944年夏末，英国提出“雷霆行动”——彻底摧毁柏林市中心。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : Thunderclap looks distasteful to a number of the American air commanders because it looks like terror bombing.
历史学家塔米·戴维斯·比德尔 (Tami Davis Biddle)：：雷霆一击令许多美国空军指挥官感到厌恶，因为它看起来像是恐怖爆炸。
It looks like bombing for shock effect.
看起来像是为了达到震撼效果而进行的轰炸。
Narrator: : In a letter to the Allied Supreme Commander, General Dwight D.
旁白：：在给盟军最高指挥官德怀特·D.
Eisenhower, Spaatz expressed his objections; “The U.S. Bombing policy, as you know, has been directed against precision military objectives, and not morale.
艾森豪威尔、斯帕茨表达了反对意见； “如你所知，美国的轰炸政策是针对精确的军事目标，而不是士气。
I am opposed to this operation as now planned.” That fall, the plan was tabled.
我反对现在计划的这一行动。”那年秋天，该计划被搁置。
The disagreement between the Allies rendered moot.
同盟国之间的分歧变得毫无意义。
But Eisenhower made it clear that the American Air Force should still be “prepared to take part in anything that gives real promise of ending the war quickly.”
但艾森豪威尔明确表示，美国空军仍应“准备好参与任何真正有希望迅速结束战争的行动”。
In the fall of 1944, American planners sought to hasten Germany’s collapse by bombing targets identified by Allied intelligence as most critical at this stage of the war.
1944 年秋天，美国策划者试图通过轰炸盟军情报部门确定的战争现阶段最关键的目标来加速德国的崩溃。
To deprive the Nazi war machine of its lifeblood, American bombers zeroed in on the synthetic oil facilities spread across the German countryside.
为了剥夺纳粹战争机器的命脉，美国轰炸机瞄准了遍布德国乡村的合成石油设施。
To disrupt the struggling Nazi economy, they targeted key railroad marshalling yards.
为了扰乱陷入困境的纳粹经济，他们瞄准了主要的铁路编组站。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : The Germans have to assemble these gigantic trains with thousands of cars at places called marshalling yards.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：德国人必须在称为编组站的地方组装这些拥有数千节车厢的巨型火车。
So there you have this tremendous massing of economic power in these marshalling yards, these central marshalling yards.
因此，这些编组站、这些中央编组站拥有巨大的经济实力。
Hit them.
打他们。
But they’re inside or close to cities.
但它们位于城市内部或靠近城市。
Narrator: : The marshalling yards were often located near workers’ housing.
旁白：：编组站通常位于工人住房附近。
When visibility was poor, and the Americans had to rely on their primitive radar, known as H2X; civilian casualties were unavoidable.
当能见度很差时，美国人不得不依靠他们的原始雷达，即 H2X；平民伤亡是不可避免的。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : H2X could not allow for precision targeting.
历史学家塔米·戴维斯·比德尔 (Tami Davis Biddle)：：H2X 无法实现精确瞄准。
It could allow for finding an area and bombing an area, but that’s about it.
它可以允许寻找一个区域并轰炸一个区域，但仅此而已。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : You only have a hunch as to where the target is.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：你只有预感目标在哪里。
And you bomb or you don’t bomb.
你要么轰炸，要么不轰炸。
Well, they bombed.
好吧，他们轰炸了。
There was never a question about stopping the bombing.
从来没有人提出过停止轰炸的问题。
It becomes a moral issue because if you continue to bomb like that you are hitting an awful lot of civilian targets -- homes -- and there’s a lot of collateral damage.
这成为一个道德问题，因为如果你继续这样轰炸，你就会击中大量的民用目标——房屋——并且会造成很多附带损害。
So you’re nudging closer to the British concept of area bombing.
所以你正在接近英国的区域轰炸概念。
Narrator: : Even as Allied bombing took its relentless toll, the Germans refused to give up.
旁白：即使盟军的轰炸造成了无情的伤亡，德国人也拒绝放弃。
By the winter of 1944, hopes for a quick end to the war had been replaced by smoldering frustration.
到了 1944 年冬天，战争迅速结束的希望已经被压抑的挫败感所取代。
Nazi resistance had kept Allied troops from crossing into Germany.
纳粹的抵抗阻止了盟军进入德国。
The Russians remained mired in Nazi-occupied Poland.
俄罗斯人仍然深陷纳粹占领的波兰。
Even a badly depleted German Army remained a formidable foe.
即使是严重耗尽的德国军队仍然是一个可怕的敌人。
Jorg Friedrich, Historian: : The Deutsche Wehrmacht was the most terrible, most ruthless, most spirited fighting force which was ever seen on any battleground.
历史学家约尔格·弗里德里希：：德国国防军是战场上最可怕、最残酷、最有活力的战斗力量。
I don’t say it with any pride.
我这么说并没有任何自豪感。
It was a terrible, aggressive machine, but with military capacity beyond any comparison.
这是一架可怕的、具有攻击性的机器，但其军事能力却无与伦比。
Narrator: : The Wehrmacht had launched a massive and unexpected counter-offensive — the Battle of the Bulge — which cost the Americans more lives than any other battle of the war.
旁白：国防军发起了一场大规模且出人意料的反攻——突出部战役——这场战役让美国人丧生，比战争中任何其他战役都多。
They had launched their own aerial terror weapons, the V-1 and V-2 rockets, raining destruction down on London.
他们发射了自己的空中恐怖武器 V-1 和 V-2 火箭，给伦敦带来了毁灭性的打击。
They had shocked the Allied air forces with the sudden appearance of the world’s first jet fighter, the Messerschmitt 262.
世界上第一架喷气式战斗机梅塞施密特 262 的突然出现震惊了盟军空军。
Now there were fears that Hitler might have one more surprise, perhaps big enough to turn the tide of war.
现在人们担心希特勒可能会再出一个意外，也许大到足以扭转战争局势。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : There’s a great deal of pessimism that starts to enter into Allied High Command, they start to think that the war may drag on, well into the summer and into the autumn of 1945.
历史学家塔米·戴维斯·比德尔 (Tami Davis Biddle)：盟军最高指挥部开始出现大量悲观情绪，他们开始认为战争可能会持续到 1945 年夏季和秋季。
And this is a very frightening scenario.
这是一个非常可怕的场景。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : The focus has to be Japan.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：重点必须是日本。
We’ve got to finish off the Germans.
我们必须消灭德国人。
There’s this idea of an enemy they can’t understand.
他们有一个他们无法理解的敌人的想法。
An enemy that is beaten but won’t surrender.
一个被打败但不投降的敌人。
Narrator: : There is intense pressure coming from the highest levels of command to bring the war in Europe to an end.
旁白：：来自最高指挥层的巨大压力要求结束欧洲战争。
Even Roosevelt, who had long decried the bombing of civilians, was now prepared to accept massive aerial bombardment.
就连长期以来一直谴责对平民的轰炸的罗斯福现在也准备接受大规模的空中轰炸。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : And so what Allied planners do at this moment in time, this crucial moment in December and January of 1944-1945 is to look around and say: What instruments do we have to end this thing?
历史学家塔米·戴维斯·比德尔 (Tami Davis Biddle)： 因此，盟军计划者在 1944-1945 年 12 月和 1 月的这个关键时刻所做的就是环顾四周并说：我们需要什么手段来结束这件事？
To get this over with?
为了结束这一切？
And they recognized that if the war’s going to end the Soviet winter offensive has got to make progress.
他们认识到，如果战争要结束苏联的冬季攻势就必须取得进展。
Narrator: : That January, with the backing of Eisenhower, Spaatz revived Operation Thunderclap, the all-out assault on German morale he had once vehemently opposed.
旁白：那年一月，在艾森豪威尔的支持下，斯帕茨恢复了雷霆行动，这是他曾经强烈反对的全面打击德国士气的行动。
This time it would include attacks on transportation hubs in Leipzig and Dresden, to put pressure on German defenses on the Russian front.
这一次将包括对莱比锡和德累斯顿的交通枢纽的袭击，以对德国在俄罗斯前线的防御施加压力。
But the centerpiece of the operation, reversing years of American strategic policy, would be a massive air assault on Berlin.
但此次行动的核心内容是对柏林进行大规模空袭，这将扭转美国多年来的战略政策。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : Doolittle is told that he will bomb the city of Berlin.
塔米·戴维斯·比德尔（Tami Davis Biddle），历史学家：：杜立特被告知他将轰炸柏林市。
This is different language.
这是不同的语言。
He’s very uncomfortable with it.
他对此感到非常不舒服。
He’s not comfortable with designating an entire city as a target.
他不愿意将整个城市指定为目标。
He protests to Spaatz and he says, “This is not what we do.
他向斯帕茨提出抗议，并说：“这不是我们所做的。
We attack specific locations within cities.
我们攻击城市内的特定地点。
We may attack cities, but we’re looking for marshalling yards, we’re looking for factories, we’re looking for specific sites within those.”
我们可能会攻击城市，但我们正在寻找编组站，我们正在寻找工厂，我们正在寻找其中的特定地点。”
Conrad Crane, Historian: : And Spaatz says, “No. For this raid we have to bomb the- we’re bombing the center of the city.
历史学家康拉德·克兰 (Conrad Crane)：：斯帕茨说：“不。对于这次袭击，我们必须轰炸——我们正在轰炸市中心。
This is an attack on the center of Berlin.”
这是对柏林市中心的袭击。”
Narrator: : Doolittle sent a hard-edged memo to his commanding officer.
旁白：：杜立特向他的指挥官发送了一份尖锐的备忘录。
The Berlin attack, he wrote Spaatz, would “violate the basic American principle of precision bombing of targets of strictly military significance.” Spaatz was unmoved.
他在斯帕茨的信中写道，柏林袭击将“违反美国对具有严格军事意义的目标进行精确轰炸的基本原则”。斯帕茨不为所动。
Operation Thunderclap — the all out attack on Berlin — would proceed as planned.
雷霆行动——对柏林的全面进攻——将按计划进行。
Conrad Crane, Historian: : The Thunderclap raid is important in that it can clearly identify where the American Air Force says, “Yeah, we’re going to destroy a city.” And that’s one of the things that made Doolittle so disturbed about it, because he says, 'We’re really moving completely away from everything that makes us different, makes us unique, makes us more humane.” But he did it.
历史学家康拉德·克兰 (Conrad Crane)：“雷霆一击”袭击很重要，因为它可以清楚地识别美国空军所说的“是的，我们要摧毁一座城市”。这就是让杜立特感到如此不安的原因之一，因为他说，“我们真的正在完全远离一切让我们与众不同、让我们独特、让我们更加人性化的东西。”但他做到了。
He followed his orders and he did it.
他听从了他的命令，并且做到了。
And you can argue that once you’ve done that once, it makes it easier to do again.
你可以说，一旦你这样做了一次，再做一次就会变得更容易。
Narrator: : On February 3rd 1945, 1,003 bomber crews were briefed for the largest American air mission of the war: an attack on Berlin — a city of nearly four million people.
旁白：1945 年 2 月 3 日，1,003 名轰炸机机组人员接到简报，执行美国在战争期间最大规模的空中任务：袭击柏林——这座拥有近 400 万人口的城市。
Sam Halpert was a navigator with the 91st bomber group.
萨姆·哈尔珀特 (Sam Halpert) 是第 91 轰炸机大队的领航员。
Sam Halpert, Navigator, 8th Air Force: : We were briefed to go to Berlin.
萨姆·哈尔珀特（Sam Halpert），第八航空队导航员：：我们接到通知要前往柏林。
The map of northern Europe was up there, and there was a ribbon going across, which was our route.
上面有北欧地图，有一条丝带横过，那就是我们的路线。
Narrator: : Although the target designated by Spaatz was the city of Berlin, Doolittle did his best to give the crews aiming points with clear military value: train stations, marshalling yards, and Goering’s air ministry, just 500 meters from Hitler’s fortified bunker.
旁白：虽然斯帕茨指定的目标是柏林市，但杜立特尽最大努力为机组人员提供具有明显军事价值的瞄准点：火车站、编组站和戈林的空军部，距离希特勒的强化掩体仅 500 米。
The bombers, and their escorts, headed east.
轰炸机及其护航飞机向东飞行。
Sam Halpert, Navigator, 8th Air Force: : By then, the Luftwaffe had been pretty well beat up but they still had quite a bit of planes in force.
萨姆·哈尔珀特（Sam Halpert），第八航空队领航员： ：那时，德国空军已经被打败了，但他们仍然拥有相当多的飞机。
As a matter of fact, they started sending up jet planes against us.
事实上，他们开始派出喷气式飞机攻击我们。
Narrator: : After four hours flying time, the squadrons approached their target.
旁白：： 经过四个小时的飞行，中队接近了目标。
Horst Sinske, a 15-year-old apprentice in an aircraft parts factory, studied the skies above.
霍斯特·辛斯克 (Horst Sinske) 是一家飞机零部件工厂的 15 岁学徒，他正在研究上方的天空。
Horst Sinske, Resident of Berlin: : We saw the first lines of attack and thought, “this will have no end.” You could look over the roofs and see the flak tower of Friedrichshain.
柏林居民霍斯特·辛斯克 (Horst Sinske)：：我们看到了第一道攻击线，并想：“这将没有尽头。”你可以从屋顶上看到弗里德里希斯海因的高射炮塔。
When the guns were pointed up, you knew that an attack was only 30 or 40 minutes away.
当枪口指向上方时，你就知道距离攻击只有 30 或 40 分钟了。
Sam Halpert, Navigator, 8th Air Force: : When we approached the target, we’d start seeing the flak bursts come out.
第 8 空军领航员萨姆·哈尔珀特：：当我们接近目标时，我们会开始看到高射炮射出。
The closer you got, the more flak there was.
距离越近，炮轰就越多。
And the pilots just had to ignore that and head right into it, when everything in their body was telling them, “Turn that plane around and get the heck out of there.” I don’t know what the geese feel like when the hunters are shooting at geese, you know, as they’re flying over a pond.
当飞行员们身体里的一切都在告诉他们：“把飞机掉头，然后离开那里时，他们必须忽略这一点，直接冲进去。”我不知道当猎人射鹅飞过池塘时，鹅的感觉如何。
What I kept in mind one thing, was that a lot of geese get shot but most of the geese get through.
我记住的一件事是，很多鹅被射杀，但大多数鹅都活了下来。
Horst Sinske, Resident of Berlin: : I heard the flak guns and decided to run.
柏林居民霍斯特·辛斯克 (Horst Sinske)：：我听到高射炮的声音，决定逃跑。
I knew that once a direct attack really got going, the doors to the air raid shelter would no longer be open.
我知道，一旦直接攻击真正开始，防空洞的门就不会再打开了。
I knew that.
我知道这一点。
And when I reached it, indeed, the doors were shut.
当我到达那里时，门确实关着。
I ran to a house nearby and they let me in.
我跑到附近的一所房子，他们让我进去了。
Sam Halpert, Navigator, 8th Air Force: : When we got over Berlin, sure enough, the lead ship was hit right in the middle maybe about five, ten yards beyond our wing.
萨姆·哈尔珀特（Sam Halpert），第八航空队领航员：：当我们飞越柏林时，果然，首舰在我们机翼外大约五、十码处的正中央被击中。
I could see bodies coming out.
我可以看到尸体出来。
That’s what I remember.
这就是我所记得的。
I didn’t see any parachutes I was pretty well shook up by that.
我没有看到任何降落伞，这让我很震惊。
Narrator: : That day, 21 B-17s were shot down over Berlin — but it was only a small fraction of the massive American fleet raining down devastation from above.
旁白： ： 那天，21 架 B-17 在柏林上空被击落 — 但这只是从上空倾泻而下的大规模美国舰队的一小部分。
Horst Sinske, Resident of Berlin: : A high explosive bomb hit directly outside the room was buried under a meter of rubble.
柏林居民霍斯特·辛斯克 (Horst Sinske)：：一枚高爆炸弹直接击中房间外，被埋在一米厚的瓦砾下。
On top was a child’s change purse and a little piece of cloth.
上面是一个孩子的零钱袋和一小块布。
And we thought that someone must have been buried.
我们认为一定有人被埋葬了。
But we found no one.
但我们没有找到任何人。
It was very still in the city after these attacks.
这些袭击发生后，这座城市非常安静。
The concentration camp inmates took the dead way.
集中营的囚犯走上了死路。
These people brought the corpses out quickly.
这些人很快就将尸体抬了出来。
And they threw them on the ruins.
他们把它们扔在废墟上。
And the mountain got higher and higher.
而且山越来越高。
In the end it was two meters high.
最后高度是两米。
They were just thrown onto it.
他们只是被扔到了上面。
Narrator: : The February 3rd raid killed approximately 3,000 civilians.
旁白： : 2 月 3 日的袭击造成约 3,000 名平民死亡。
120,000 Germans lost their homes.
12万德国人失去了家园。
But this attack on Berlin would have a significance far beyond casualty numbers.
但这次对柏林的袭击的意义远远超出了伤亡数字。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : With this raid, the 8th Air Force crosses a moral threshold.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：通过这次袭击，第 8 空军跨越了道德门槛。
And that moral threshold is, we will not deliberately bomb civilians.
这个道德门槛是，我们不会故意轰炸平民。
Usually the moral divide for historians is the Tokyo raid, which took place the next month, where we incinerate the city and kill almost 100,000 people.
通常历史学家的道德分歧是下个月发生的东京袭击，我们烧毁了这座城市并杀死了近 10 万人。
But I think, once we crossed the moral divide in Berlin, it made everything else, including the atomic bomb, a little bit easier.
但我认为，一旦我们跨越了柏林的道德鸿沟，其他一切，包括原子弹，都会变得容易一些。
Narrator: : The war in Germany raged for three more brutal months.
旁白：：德国战争又残酷地进行了三个月。
Months that saw the city of Dresden destroyed in a firestorm just weeks before American bombers burned Tokyo.
就在美国轰炸机轰炸东京的几周前，德累斯顿市在一场大火中被摧毁。
Months that saw 200,000 Russian soldiers killed in the final assault on Berlin — an assault made possible, in no small part, by Allied bombing.
几个月来，20 万俄罗斯士兵在对柏林的最后一次进攻中丧生——这次进攻在很大程度上得益于盟军的轰炸。
In the end, the Nazi surrender that had seemed so close for months finally came, in May.
最终，几个月来一直看似迫在眉睫的纳粹投降终于在五月到来了。
The American air strategists could now devote their full attention to the urgent task of defeating Imperial Japan.
美国空中战略家现在可以将全部注意力集中在击败日本帝国的紧迫任务上。
The war had brought utter destruction to Germany, the nation that began it, and death to more than a hundred thousand British and American airmen.
这场战争给发动战争的国家德国带来了彻底的破坏，并导致十万多名英国和美国飞行员死亡。
Half a million German civilians were killed by Allied bombing campaign, adding to more than 20 million civilian deaths in Europe as a result of this war.
盟军的轰炸行动造成 50 万德国平民丧生，这场战争导致欧洲超过 2000 万平民死亡。
Tami Davis Biddle, Historian: : When democracies go to war and they find themselves in total wars, they have to work through a set of moral choices that are sometimes extremely difficult and extremely painful.
塔米·戴维斯·比德尔（Tami Davis Biddle），历史学家：当民主国家陷入战争并发现自己陷入全面战争时，他们必须做出一系列道德选择，而这些选择有时是极其困难和极其痛苦的。
Fighting Nazi Germany, in the end, meant fighting all out; meant utilizing every resource that we had.
归根结底，与纳粹德国的战斗意味着全力以赴。意味着利用我们拥有的一切资源。
But in order to defeat this enemy we had to make some choices that were in some ways regrettable.
但为了打败这个敌人，我们不得不做出一些在某些方面令人遗憾的选择。
Donald L.
唐纳德·L。
Miller, Author, Masters of the Air: : Wars are uncontrollable and no one knows how and why they get out of control, but they do.
米勒，《空中大师》作者：：战争是无法控制的，没有人知道它们如何以及为何失控，但它们确实失控。
Witness Roosevelt’s first statement about fighting a clean war and not wanting anybody to bomb children or innocents or anything like that.
罗斯福关于打一场干净的战争并且不希望任何人轰炸儿童或无辜者或类似的东西的第一个声明就是见证。
Wars just fly out of control.
战争就失去了控制。
Conrad Crane, Historian: : I see this idea of just killing civilians and targeting civilians as being unethical — though the most unethical act in World War II for the Allies would have been allowing themselves to lose.
历史学家康拉德·克兰 (Conrad Crane)：我认为这种仅仅杀害平民和以平民为目标的想法是不道德的——尽管对于盟军来说，二战中最不道德的行为就是让自己失败。
During the offensive against Germany, Americans faced a moral and strategic dilemma.
在对德国的进攻中，美国人面临着道德和战略困境。
As a civilian living in Berlin, Horst Sinske endured air raids day and night.
作为居住在柏林的平民，霍斯特·辛斯克日夜忍受着空袭。
Heinz Reinhardt was a German teenager training to be a soldier during the waning days of World War II.
海因茨·莱因哈特 (Heinz Reinhardt) 是一名德国少年，在二战末期接受士兵训练。
Hitler first came to power in Germany when Ralph Giordano was 10; when he was 20, he survived the devastating attack that flattened Hamburg.
拉尔夫·佐丹奴 (Ralph Giordano) 10 岁时，希特勒首次在德国掌权。 20 岁时，他在汉堡被夷为平地的毁灭性袭击中幸存下来。
Manfred Gräber was just a young boy during the bombing of Germany.
德国轰炸期间，曼弗雷德·格拉伯（Manfred Gräber）还是个小男孩。
Verne Woods completed his first mission as a pilot in September of 1943 for the 91st Bomber Division.
1943 年 9 月，凡尔纳·伍兹作为第 91 轰炸机师的飞行员完成了他的第一次任务。
What contribution, if any, do you think the bombing campaign had on bringing about the end of the war in Europe?
您认为轰炸行动对欧洲战争的结束有何贡献（如果有的话）？
Selection from the Government film: Combat America
选自政府电影：《打击美国》
Excerpts from a U.S. Government film on the bombing missions of the Memphis Belle.
摘自美国政府关于孟菲斯美女号轰炸任务的电影。