Race for the Superbomb

David McCullough : I'm David McCullough.

大卫·麦卡洛：我是大卫·麦卡洛。

Welcome to The American Experience.

欢迎来到美国体验。

The debate had been intense for months.

争论已经激烈了几个月。

But then on Tuesday, January 31, 1950, after hearing the recommendation of his Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, and the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, Harry S.

但在 1950 年 1 月 31 日星期二，在听取了国务卿、国防部长和原子能委员会主席哈里·S·布什 (Harry S.

Truman made one of the most far reaching decisions of his or any presidency.

杜鲁门做出了他或任何总统任期内影响最深远的决定之一。

As the world learned that same day, the United States was to proceed with "work on all forms of atomic weapons, including the so-called hydrogen or superbomb."

正如全世界在同一天获悉的那样，美国将继续“研究所有形式的原子武器，包括所谓的氢弹或超级炸弹”。

The announcement was one of a chain of startling events, an onrush of bad news, all in less than a year, that left Americans reeling.

这一消息是一系列令人震惊的事件之一，在不到一年的时间里，坏消息如潮水般涌来，让美国人感到震惊。

The previous summer, China was overwhelmed by the Communist forces of Mao Tse-tung.

去年夏天，中国被毛泽东的共产党军队压垮了。

That September came the stunning news that the Russians, too, had an atomic bomb; and after this, the revelation that one of the physicists on the Manhattan Project was in fact a spy for the Russians.

那年九月传来了令人震惊的消息：俄罗斯也拥有了原子弹。此后，曼哈顿计划的一名物理学家被揭露实际上是俄罗斯人的间谍。

And now the arms race of the Cold War was to move to a level of cost and horror dwarfing anything in past experience, even the atomic bomb.

现在，冷战的军备竞赛所付出的代价和恐怖程度使过去的任何经历都相形见绌，甚至连原子弹也相形见绌。

Our film is a chilling drama covering ten years and made especially riveting by the presence of several of the scientists who played key roles.

我们的电影是一部跨越十年的令人毛骨悚然的戏剧，几位扮演关键角色的科学家的出现尤其引人入胜。

It is not often in a documentary film that one senses such a range of intellectual virtuosity and moral struggle, of genius, fallibility, and sheer terror.

在一部纪录片中，人们很少能感受到如此一系列的智力精湛和道德斗争、天才、错误和纯粹的恐怖。

Nor should we let ourselves imagine that the peril at the heart of it all is only a thing of the past.

我们也不应该想象这一切的核心危险已成为过去。

"It is still an unending source of surprise to me to see how a few scribbles on a blackboard could change the course of human affairs." Stanislaw Ulam .

“看到黑板上的几笔涂鸦就能改变人类事务的进程，这仍然让我感到无尽的惊讶。”斯坦尼斯瓦夫·乌拉姆。

Narrator : August, 1945.

旁白：1945 年 8 月。

At an American air base in the Pacific, scientists from Los Alamos - a secret weapons lab - watched closely as an intricate, new device disappeared into the hold of a B-29.

在太平洋的一个美国空军基地，来自秘密武器实验室洛斯阿拉莫斯的科学家们密切关注着一个复杂的新装置消失在一架 B-29 的货舱中。

The following morning, the solitary bomber approached the port city of Hiroshima in Japan.

第二天早上，这架孤独的轰炸机逼近日本港口城市广岛。

Three days later a second atomic bomb destroyed Nagasaki.

三天后，第二颗原子弹摧毁了长崎。

Edward Teller, Physicist: In Los Alamos on the whole it was pure joy.

爱德华·泰勒（Edward Teller），物理学家：总的来说，在洛斯阿拉莫斯是纯粹的快乐。

We succeeded.

我们成功了。

Hans A.

汉斯·A.

Bethe, Physicist: The first impact was: That's beautiful.

物理学家贝特：第一个影响是：那太美了。

We have won the war and we have ended the war.

我们赢得了战争，我们也结束了战争。

And then the second reaction was -- the destruction of Hiroshima which we saw in photographs was so absolutely overwhelming that my conclusion was it must never happen again.

然后第二个反应是——我们在照片中看到的广岛的毁灭是如此绝对压倒性，以至于我的结论是它绝不能再次发生。

Richard Rhodes, Writer: It was a terrible thing to have signed one's name to.

理查德·罗兹（Richard Rhodes），作家：在上面签名是一件可怕的事情。

As one of them said, our beautiful physics, which had seemed like such an almost religious science commitment before the war, should have been put into the deepest and darkest part of human existence, it really horrified them.

正如他们中的一位所说，我们美丽的物理学在战前看起来就像是一种近乎宗教的科学承诺，却应该被放入人类存在的最深处和最黑暗的部分，这确实让他们感到震惊。

Narrator: But before long, scientists in the United States and the Soviet Union would begin a frantic race to build an even more terrible weapon--the hydrogen bomb--a weapon of virtually unlimited power.

旁白：但不久之后，美国和苏联的科学家们将开始疯狂竞赛，打造一种更可怕的武器——氢弹——一种威力几乎无限的武器。

It was a race that would push the world to the edge of a nuclear catastrophe.

这是一场将世界推向核灾难边缘的竞赛。

Narrator: In the fall of 1945, the troops were coming home.

旁白：1945年秋天，部队回国。

Newsreel: "One of three B-29 bombers arrives at Chicago airport after a 5,996 mile, nonstop flight from Japan."

新闻片：“三架 B-29 轰炸机中的一架从日本直飞 5,996 英里后抵达芝加哥机场。”

Narrator : Among the soldiers returning from the Pacific was the architect of the air war against Japan, Major General Curtis LeMay .

旁白：从太平洋归来的士兵中有对日空战的策划者柯蒂斯·勒梅少将。

When he saw his native midwest, LeMay was amazed by the "difference between the bomb-blackened ruins of our enemies' cities and the peaceful Ohio landscape, untouched and unmarred by war." Back home with his family, LeMay considered the lessons of the war: "If you love America," he said in a speech a few weeks later, "do everything you can to make sure that what happened to Germany and Japan will never happen to our country."

当李梅看到自己的家乡中西部时，他对“敌人城市被炸弹熏黑的废墟与未受战争影响和破坏的俄亥俄州宁静风景之间的差异感到惊讶”。回到家中，李梅与家人一起思考战争的教训：“如果你爱美国，”他在几周后的一次演讲中说道，“尽一切努力确保发生在德国和日本的事情永远不会发生在我们的国家。”

In New Mexico, the scientists, too, were ready to go home.

在新墨西哥州，科学家们也准备回家了。

As he prepared to leave Los Alamos, the lab's director, Robert Oppenheimer , addressed his colleagues: "When you come right down to it, the reason that we did this job is because it was an organic necessity.

当他准备离开洛斯阿拉莫斯时，实验室主任罗伯特·奥本海默对他的同事们说：“归根结底，我们做这项工作的原因是因为这是一种有机的需要。

If you are a scientist you cannot stop such a thing."

如果你是一名科学家，你就无法阻止这样的事情。”

Like many of the lab's leading scientists, Hans Bethe was eager to move on: "We all felt that, like soldiers, we had done our duty," he wrote, "and that we deserved to return to the work we had chosen as our life's career, the pursuit of pure science and teaching."

像实验室的许多顶尖科学家一样，汉斯·贝特渴望继续前进：“我们都觉得，就像士兵一样，我们已经履行了我们的职责，”他写道，“我们应该回到我们选择作为我们一生职业的工作，追求纯粹的科学和教学。”

One scientist who did not share in the happy mood was Bethe's colleague and friend Edward Teller.

贝特的同事兼朋友爱德华·泰勒是一位没有分享这种快乐心情的科学家。

Like Bethe, Teller had fled fascist Europe before the war--but growing up in Hungary, he had learned to fear the Soviet Union as much as Hitler's Germany.

和贝特一样，泰勒在战前逃离了法西斯欧洲，但在匈牙利长大，他学会了像害怕希特勒的德国一样害怕苏联。

Rhodes: Underneath it all--and I think this is perhaps the tragedy of Edward Teller--was the deep fear of Russia and of the Soviet Union and of totalitarianism, which he had seen as a child in Hungary destroy his country and nearly destroy his family.

罗兹：在这一切的背后——我认为这也许是爱德华·泰勒的悲剧——是对俄罗斯、苏联和极权主义的深深恐惧，他小时候在匈牙利看到极权主义摧毁了他的国家，几乎摧毁了他的家庭。

Narrator : The threat felt during his youth in Budapest was still on Teller's mind as he argued that the work at Los Alamos should continue.

旁白：当泰勒认为洛斯阿拉莫斯的工作应该继续下去时，他在布达佩斯青年时期感受到的威胁仍然萦绕在他的脑海中。

During the war the goal of the Manhattan Project had been to build the atomic bomb--a bomb based on the fission--the breaking apart of heavy atoms, like uranium.

战争期间，曼哈顿计划的目标是制造原子弹——一种基于裂变的炸弹——裂变重原子，如铀。

But now that the war was over and the bomb built, Teller tried to enlist the help of his colleagues in developing an even more advanced weapon, the hydrogen bomb.

但现在战争已经结束，炸弹也制造出来了，泰勒试图寻求同事的帮助来开发一种更先进的武器——氢弹。

Teller: Practically all of my friends and acquaintances have said: "We have done a lot in 1945, let's do no more." And I knew that at that time, by splitting the uranium nucleus, we have only barely started, that much more could be done in the hydrogen bomb and I was unhappy to stop it.

特勒：几乎我所有的朋友和熟人都说过：“我们在 1945 年做了很多事情，我们不要再做更多的事情了。”我知道当时，通过分裂铀核，我们才刚刚开始，氢弹还可以做更多的事情，而我不高兴阻止它。

It was unnatural to stop it.

阻止它是不自然的。

Rhodes: Teller, at a scientific level, was an intense enthusiast.

罗兹：泰勒在科学层面上是一位狂热的爱好者。

A very emotional man, but also an extremely brilliant man.

一个非常感性的人，同时也是一个极其聪明的人。

But brilliant, as one of his colleagues Stan Ulam would write later, not so much at the basic simple level of the most original work in physics, but more fascinated with more complicated things.

但正如他的一位同事斯坦·乌拉姆（Stan Ulam）后来所写的那样，他的才华横溢，与其说是在物理学中最具原创性的工作的基本简单水平上，不如说是对更复杂的事物着迷。

And here was something that was orders of magnitude more powerful and sophisticated than the atomic bomb.

这是比原子弹更强大、更复杂几个数量级的东西。

Like the sun, the hydrogen bomb would gain its energy from fusion--the melting together of the very smallest of atoms--the atoms of light elements, like hydrogen.

就像太阳一样，氢弹可以从聚变中获得能量——最小的原子——轻元素的原子，比如氢，熔化在一起。

Teller hoped to use the enormous heat of an atomic blast to set off a fusion reaction in hydrogen--and so create a bomb of practically unlimited destructive power.

泰勒希望利用原子爆炸的巨大热量引发氢聚变反应，从而制造出具有几乎无限破坏力的炸弹。

In the spring of 1946, Los Alamos organized a conference to take a closer look at "the super", as Teller's idea had come to be known.

1946 年春天，洛斯阿拉莫斯组织了一次会议，仔细研究“超级”（泰勒的想法后来被广为人知）。

Rhodes : The Super Conference was called at Los Alamos in April of 1946, basically in the spirit of putting away your fur coat in mothballs.

Rhodes：超级会议于 1946 年 4 月在洛斯阿拉莫斯召开，基本上是本着将皮大衣收进樟脑丸的精神。

They had done a certain amount of work.

他们做了一定量的工作。

Everyone was leaving.

每个人都离开了。

Let's get it all down on paper so we can set it away.

让我们把一切都写在纸上，这样我们就可以把它放在一边了。

And this is where we are at this point.

这就是我们目前所处的情况。

There'll be a record.

会有记录的。

Where they were was what has been called the Super--Teller called it the super -- a super bomb--which was essentially a pipe filled with liquid deuterium--which is a kind of hydrogen--with an atomic bomb screwed to one end.

他们所在的地方就是所谓的“超级”——特勒称其为“超级”——一枚超级炸弹——本质上是一根充满液态氘（氢的一种）的管道，一端拧着一颗原子弹。

The idea was that the bomb would heat the deuterium hot enough to start thermonuclear burning--a fusion reaction--and the burning would proceed up the pipe, and you would have a big explosion.

这个想法是，炸弹将把氘加热到足够热以启动热核燃烧——聚变反应——燃烧将沿着管道进行，然后就会发生大爆炸。

It was presumably more complicated than that, but that basically was the design.

它可能比这更复杂，但这基本上就是设计。

Narrator : Among the scientists attending the conference was physicist Klaus Fuchs --he, too, a refugee from Nazi Germany who had worked on the Manhattan Project.

旁白：出席会议的科学家中有物理学家克劳斯·福克斯——他也是纳粹德国的难民，曾参与曼哈顿计划。

Fuchs proposed a complicated new scheme to improve Teller's design.

福克斯提出了一个复杂的新方案来改进泰勒的设计。

For several days the scientists debated the super.

几天来，科学家们一直在争论这个超级。

But no one knew whether the hydrogen bomb would work.

但没有人知道氢弹是否有效。

Like most of the lab's leading scientists, Teller soon left Los Alamos for an academic appointment, and Fuchs returned to Europe to help develop nuclear weapons in England.

与该实验室的大多数顶尖科学家一样，泰勒很快就离开洛斯阿拉莫斯去接受学术任命，而福克斯则返回欧洲，帮助英国开发核武器。

The future of Los Alamos looked uncertain.

洛斯阿拉莫斯的未来看起来充满不确定性。

"Give the place back to the Indians," joked Oppenheimer.

“把这个地方还给印第安人，”奥本海默开玩笑说。

Vladislav Zubok , Historian: Americans ended the war with a bang, so impressively.

历史学家弗拉迪斯拉夫·祖博克：美国人以一声巨响结束了战争，令人印象深刻。

And the bomb, as you know, produced profound depression in Moscow.

正如你所知，这颗炸弹给莫斯科带来了深深的抑郁。

Narrator: The wartime alliance between the Soviet Union and the United States was turning cold.

旁白：苏联和美国之间的战时同盟正在变冷。

In the Kremlin, the atomic bomb was seen as a direct threat.

在克里姆林宫，原子弹被视为直接威胁。

Zubok: The fact that the Americans used the bomb meant a lot.

祖博克：美国人使用炸弹这一事实意义重大。

That meant that they were ready to use it again, perhaps against another enemy, against another target.

这意味着他们准备再次使用它，也许是针对另一个敌人，针对另一个目标。

Narrator: Suddenly, the modest nuclear program already under way in the Soviet Union acquired great importance.

旁白：突然之间，苏联已经在进行的规模不大的核计划变得非常重要。

David Holloway, Historian: In August, 1945, in fact two weeks to the day after Hiroshima , Stalin signs a decree which turns it into a crash program.

历史学家戴维·霍洛威：1945 年 8 月，实际上是广岛原子弹爆炸后两周，斯大林签署了一项法令，将其变成了一项紧急计划。

Laying the basis for a program to build a Soviet bomb as soon as possible.

为尽快制造苏联炸弹的计划奠定基础。

Zubok: And it's amazing, because he didn't even wait for, for a year, for instance, to let the country to lick its wounds just a little bit.

祖博克：这太神奇了，因为他甚至没有等一年，例如，让这个国家舔一下伤口。

He rushed immediately into this project.

他立即投入到这个项目中。

And we know that whole regions in the Urals and Siberia were left without electricity for weeks.

我们知道乌拉尔和西伯利亚的整个地区已经断电数周。

Electricity was cut off.

电力被切断。

To take resources for the atomic project meant to leave people starving, and that's what Stalin did.

为原子项目获取资源意味着让人们挨饿，而这就是斯大林所做的。

Narrator : Stalin was making his quest for the atomic bomb a national priority.

旁白：斯大林把他对原子弹的追求作为国家的优先事项。

To direct the vast new enterprise, he chose Lavrentii Beria , the chief of his all-powerful secret police.

为了领导这个庞大的新事业，他选择了拉夫连季·贝利亚（Lavrentii Beria），他是他的全能秘密警察的负责人。

Holloway: Lavrentii Beria was one of the most sinister and cruelest people in a pretty sinister and cruel leadership.

霍洛威：拉夫连季·贝利亚是一个相当险恶和残酷的领导层中最险恶和最残酷的人之一。

And by virtue of his kind of control or place in the police apparatus he had more effective instruments in his hands for extracting resources from the economy than anyone else.

凭借他在警察机构中的控制权或地位，他手中拥有比其他任何人都更有效的工具来从经济中获取资源。

One, of course, is to make great use of prison labor.

当然，一是充分利用监狱劳动力。

So you have tens of thousands of people involved in construction work and in mining who are prisoners of the Gulag.

因此，有数以万计从事建筑工作和采矿业的人是古拉格的囚犯。

So it was a classic example of what the Soviet State could do quite well, which is to focus on certain very high priorities, and channel resources into those, and at the same time to neglect the welfare of the mass of the population.

因此，这是苏维埃国家可以做得很好的一个典型例子，那就是专注于某些非常重要的优先事项，并将资源投入其中，同时忽视广大人民的福利。

Narrator: To save time, Beria ordered his scientists to build an exact copy of the American atomic bomb; they followed plans supplied by several spies working inside Los Alamos.

旁白：为了节省时间，贝利亚命令他的科学家们精确复制美国原子弹；他们遵循在洛斯阿拉莫斯内部工作的几名间谍提供的计划。

As it turned out, the spy who provided the most useful information was Klaus Fuchs.

事实证明，提供最有用信息的间谍是克劳斯·福克斯。

In 1948--meeting his Soviet contact in a London pub--Fuchs also passed on a detailed description of Teller's idea for the super.

1948 年，福克斯在伦敦一家酒吧会见了他的苏联联系人，他还详细描述了泰勒关于超级的想法。

But Fuchs didn't know, if the Americans were actually building an H-bomb.

但福克斯不知道美国人是否真的在制造氢弹。

In Moscow, Igor Kurchatov --Beria's chief scientist--was sufficiently alarmed to form a new team.

在莫斯科，贝利亚的首席科学家伊戈尔·库尔恰托夫（Igor Kurchatov）非常震惊，组建了一个新团队。

Holloway: Kurchatov brings in people who have not been involved in the atomic project.

霍洛威：库尔恰托夫引进了没有参与过原子能项目的人。

And he turns to Igor Tamm , a very well-known physicist.

他转向伊戈尔·塔姆（Igor Tamm），一位非常著名的物理学家。

Narrator: Tamm quickly assembled a group of his most promising students, including Andrei Sakharov .

旁白：塔姆很快召集了一批最有前途的学生，其中包括安德烈·萨哈罗夫。

Twice before Sakharov had turned down offers to join the nuclear program.

此前萨哈罗夫曾两次拒绝加入核计划的提议。

"But the third time," Sakharov later commented, "nobody bothered to ask my consent." In a matter of months, Sakharov developed a new idea for the hydrogen bomb.

“但第三次，”萨哈罗夫后来评论道，“没有人愿意征求我的同意。”在短短几个月内，萨哈罗夫就提出了氢弹的新想法。

Holloway : Sakharov comes up with an idea for a different kind of design for the thermonuclear bomb, the so-called " Layer Cake ", or sloika in Russian.

霍洛威：萨哈罗夫提出了一种热核炸弹不同设计的想法，即所谓的“千层蛋糕”，或者俄语中的“sloika”。

Vitalii L.

维塔利·L.

Ginzburg, Physicist: So Sakharov came up with the idea for what was called the "Layer Cake." Essentially, he proposed taking a layer of one element--it does not have to be uranium necessarily, you could take lead--but let's use uranium because it's heavier.

金兹堡，物理学家：所以萨哈罗夫提出了所谓的“千层蛋糕”的想法。本质上，他建议采用一种元素的一层——不一定是铀，你可以采用铅——但让我们使用铀，因为它更重。

We take one layer of uranium and then another layer--and between them, we'll place a layer of deuterium.

我们先一层铀，然后再一层——在它们之间，我们将放置一层氘。

Narrator: Sakharov alternated several layers of light and heavy elements.

旁白：萨哈罗夫交替了几层轻元素和重元素。

High explosives surrounding the "Layer Cake" would be used to implode and ignite an atomic bomb at the center of the device.

“层蛋糕”周围的烈性炸药将用于内爆并点燃装置中心的原子弹。

The atomic explosion would then set off a fusion reaction in the deuterium.

然后原子爆炸将引发氘中的聚变反应。

Everyone was impressed with Sakharov's new design; but before they could hope to build the Layer Cake, Soviet scientists had to finish their atomic bomb.

每个人都对萨哈罗夫的新设计印象深刻；但在他们有希望建造千层蛋糕之前，苏联科学家必须完成他们的原子弹。

In the Ural mountains, the first industrial-scale reactor was about to start producing plutonium.

在乌拉尔山脉，第一个工业规模的反应堆即将开始生产钚。

Before long, Stalin would have his bomb...

不久之后，斯大林就会拥有他的炸弹......

By the summer of 1948, the United States and the Soviet Union--allies just three years before--appeared headed for war.

1948 年夏天，美国和苏联——三年前的盟友——似乎即将走向战争。

The crisis erupted in Berlin when Stalin cut all road and rail links to the Western sectors of the divided city.

当斯大林切断了通往分裂城市西部地区的所有公路和铁路时，危机在柏林爆发。

Archival: "The Soviets claimed that technical difficulties caused the stoppage; the truth was that they were trying to force the Western allies to surrender their position in Berlin and the weapon was hunger."

档案：“苏联声称是技术困难造成了停工；事实是他们试图迫使西方盟国放弃在柏林的阵地，而武器就是饥饿。”

Narrator : For more than eight months, the allies supplied the city from the air.

旁白：在八个多月的时间里，盟军一直从空中向这座城市提供补给。

The stand-off in Berlin pushed the U.S. military to get ready to fight a new enemy.

柏林的对峙促使美军做好与新敌人作战的准备。

In the fall of 1948, Curtis LeMay was put in charge of SAC--the Strategic Air Command --with orders to shape up the Air Force unit responsible for atomic attack.

1948 年秋，柯蒂斯·李梅 (Curtis LeMay) 受命负责战略空军司令部 (SAC)，并受命组建负责原子攻击的空军部队。

Lt.

中尉

Gen.

将军

James V.

詹姆斯·V.

Edmundson, Strategic Air Command: The 22 nd , when I first went to it, was a-- was a hodgepodge of people and airplanes.

埃德蒙森，战略空军司令部：当我第一次去 22 空军基地时，那里是人员和飞机的大杂烩。

We could hardly keep the airplanes in commission.

我们几乎无法让飞机保持正常运转。

A lot of my people were untrained.

我的很多人都没有受过训练。

They had been assigned to the outfit, but they'd never been in a B-29 before.

他们被分配到这支部队，但之前从未乘坐过 B-29。

And by the time I left it three years later, it was a-- it was a going Jesse.

三年后，当我离开它时，它已经是一个活生生的杰西了。

Narrator: LeMay believed that in the nuclear age strategic bombing alone would be decisive.

旁白：李梅相信，在核时代，仅战略轰炸就具有决定性作用。

"There must be no ceiling, no boundaries, no limits to our air power," he declared.

他宣称：“我们的空中力量必须没有上限、没有边界、没有限制。”

"The Air Force must be allowed to develop unhindered and unchained."

“必须允许空军不受阻碍、不受束缚地发展。”

Edmundson: He has such a reputation for being an iron-ass, a tough, hard, thoughtless man.

埃德蒙森：他以铁杆、强硬、冷酷、轻率而闻名。

If you really knew him, you knew that he was, inside, he was a real softy.

如果你真正了解他，你就会知道他的内心是一个非常软弱的人。

He -- he loved the guys that worked for him and flew for him.

他——他爱那些为他工作并为他飞行的人。

He suffered deeply when they didn't come back from missions.

当他们没有完成任务回来时，他深受痛苦。

And he knew that incompetence is what killed people.

他知道，无能才是害死人的原因。

Narrator: "My goal," LeMay stated, "was to build a force so professional, so strong, so powerful that we would not have to fight.

旁白：“我的目标，”李梅说，“是建立一支如此专业、如此强大、如此强大的力量，以至于我们不必战斗。

In other words, we had to build a deterrent force.

换句话说，我们必须建立威慑力量。

And it had to be good."

而且它必须是好的。”

Rhodes: LeMay understood that atomic weapons would be decisive, and that therefore you couldn't hold off the enemy while you built the bombs you needed to defend yourself.

罗德：李梅明白原子武器具有决定性作用，因此当你制造自卫所需的炸弹时，你无法抵挡敌人。

You had to have everything in place on day one, because there would only be the first day and the second day, and maybe the third day, and then it would all be over.

你必须在第一天把一切都准备好，因为只有第一天和第二天，也许还有第三天，然后一切就结束了。

Narrator: By 1949, LeMay's first war plan was ready.

旁白：1949年，勒梅的第一个战争计划已经准备就绪。

It called for attacks on 70 Soviet cities using 133 atomic bombs during the first few days of war.

它要求在战争的最初几天内使用 133 颗原子弹袭击 70 个苏联城市。

The concept was dubbed "killing a nation".

这个概念被称为“杀死一个国家”。

Rhodes: It's a truism of people who really understand violence that you hit the enemy with everything you've got, whether you're in a fist fight or whether you're--you're in a war.

罗德：对于那些真正了解暴力的人来说，这是一条不言而喻的真理：无论你是在打架还是在战争中，你都会用尽全力打击敌人。

And you hit them up front and you take them out with overwhelming force before they have a chance to get you.

你从正面攻击他们，在他们有机会抓住你之前，用压倒性的力量干掉他们。

All those basic principles of violence were multiplied a million times over by the fact of nuclear weapons, the fact that one bomb could essentially destroy a city, and 50 bombs, a country.

所有这些暴力的基本原则都因核武器的事实而倍增一百万倍，一颗炸弹基本上可以摧毁一座城市，而 50 枚炸弹则可以摧毁一个国家。

Under those circumstances, you only had one punch.

在那种情况下，你只有一拳。

You only had one chance.

你只有一次机会。

Narrator : But President Harry Truman was skeptical: "This isn't just another weapon, not just another bomb," he said.

旁白：但哈里·杜鲁门总统对此表示怀疑：“这不仅仅是另一种武器，也不仅仅是另一种炸弹，”他说。

"People make a mistake when they talk about it that way; we will never use it again if we can possibly help it.

“当人们以这种方式谈论它时，他们就会犯错误；如果我们可以帮助的话，我们将永远不会再使用它。

But," added the President, "I know the Russians would use it if they had it."

但是，”总统补充道，“我知道如果俄罗斯人拥有它，他们会使用它。”

In the summer of 1949, Igor Kurchatov and his team of scientists traveled to the steppes of Kazakhstan to complete preparations for their first atomic test.

1949 年夏天，伊戈尔·库尔恰托夫 (Igor Kurchatov) 和他的科学家团队前往哈萨克斯坦大草原，完成首次原子试验的准备工作。

A few weeks later, a specially-equipped U.S. weather plane flying off the coast of Siberia brought back alarming evidence.

几周后，一架经过特殊装备的美国气象飞机在西伯利亚海岸飞行时带回了令人震惊的证据。

Air filters on the plane had collected radioactive debris suggesting a recent atomic explosion.

飞机上的空气过滤器收集了放射性碎片，表明最近发生过原子弹爆炸。

President Truman was slow to accept the news.

杜鲁门总统迟迟没有接受这个消息。

As he said later, he simply couldn't bring himself to believe that "those Asiatics" had built something as complicated as an atomic bomb.

正如他后来所说，他根本无法相信“那些亚洲人”制造出了像原子弹这样复杂的东西。

Zubok: It was a shock for Stalin as well.

祖博克：这对斯大林来说也很震惊。

He did not expect Americans to detect this bomb.

他没想到美国人会发现这枚炸弹。

He did not know that such a technology existed.

他不知道有这样的技术存在。

I mean, Americans -- we know that the Americans, almost by chance, created a special squadron with special technology on the planes.

我的意思是，美国人——我们知道美国人几乎是偶然地创建了一个在飞机上配备特殊技术的特殊中队。

So if they hadn't done it in time by, I mean, Stalin would have kept his secret.

因此，如果他们没有及时做到这一点，我的意思是，斯大林就会保守他的秘密。

Which is amazing.

这太棒了。

Laura McEnaney, Historian: The explosion of the atomic bomb really meant that the United States lost its monopoly.

历史学家劳拉·麦克纳尼：原子弹的爆炸确实意味着美国失去了垄断地位。

And that was a very important turning point for foreign policy, but also in the sense of American vulnerability, citizens began to think that they, too, could be attacked by an atomic bomb.

这对外交政策来说是一个非常重要的转折点，但从美国的脆弱性来看，公民开始认为他们也可能受到原子弹的攻击。

Elaine Tyler May, Historian : On the one hand it was: Well, we knew this was going to happen.

历史学家伊莱恩·泰勒·梅：一方面是：嗯，我们知道这会发生。

It was just a matter of time.

这只是时间问题。

On the other hand there was this terror that, well, now the big enemy, the big, powerful enemy now has the same weapons that we have.

另一方面，有一种恐惧，那就是，现在大敌人，大而强大的敌人现在拥有与我们相同的武器。

Now we really have to think about the possibility of war.

现在我们确实必须考虑战争的可能性。

Archival: "Without warning you are startled by an intense flash of light.

档案：“在没有任何警告的情况下，你会被强烈的闪光吓到。

You have seconds before the shock wave will hit you, before the debris starts flying.

在冲击波击中您、碎片开始飞扬之前，您有几秒钟的时间。

Hit the dirt.

击中污垢。

Get behind the nearest and best shelter--a ditch, a depression of any kind--but get down!"

躲到最近、最好的避难所后面——沟渠、任何类型的洼地——但是趴下！”

Narrator: For the first time, Americans could imagine being the target of a nuclear attack.

旁白：美国人第一次想象自己会成为核攻击的目标。

Archival: "Duck and cover!

档案：“躲起来！

Duck and cover!"

躲起来并掩护！”

Archival: "You have seconds.

档案：“你还有几秒钟的时间。

Move towards the nearest doorway, corridor, or a stairway.

走向最近的门口、走廊或楼梯。

Or get under a bed or table.

或者躲到床或桌子下面。

Or get behind the couch or other large, heavy object."

或者躲到沙发或其他又大又重的物体后面。”

McEnaney: There was public outcry, political outcry to do something.

麦克纳尼：公众强烈抗议，政治上强烈要求采取行动。

It wasn't clear what, but there was definitely public pressure for Truman to do something, to act.

目前还不清楚具体是什么，但公众肯定有压力要求杜鲁门做点什么、采取行动。

Archival: "Civil defense bulletin: This city has just undergone a surprise atomic attack.

档案：“民防公告：这座城市刚刚遭受了一次突然的原子袭击。

This was an air burst.

这是空气爆炸。

Check for fires."

检查是否有火灾。”

Harold M.

哈罗德·M。

Agnew, Physicist: And there were some of us even advocated that we should go to Russia and just bomb them, just keep doing it to keep them from developing anything.

阿格纽，物理学家：我们中的一些人甚至主张我们应该去俄罗斯轰炸他们，继续这样做以阻止他们开发任何东西。

Narrator: A Pentagon report predicted that the Soviet Union would build an atomic stockpile large enough to attack the United States.

旁白：五角大楼的一份报告预测，苏联将建立足以攻击美国的原子库存。

"They may attack at the earliest opportune moment," the report warned.

报告警告说：“他们可能会在最早的适当时机发起攻击。”

Gen.

将军

Andrew J.

安德鲁·J。

Goodpaster, Eisenhower Aide: We began to see that there could be many hundreds, even several thousands of these weapons and that they could be delivered in ways that would absolutely devastate a targeted country.

艾森豪威尔助手古德帕斯特：我们开始发现，此类武器可能有数百件，甚至数千件，而且它们的投送方式绝对会摧毁目标国家。

Narrator: In Washington--behind closed doors--the administration reviewed its options.

旁白：在华盛顿，政府闭门审查了其选择。

What could be done to stay ahead of the Russians?

怎样才能保持领先于俄罗斯人呢？

On Capitol Hill, Teller's plea for the hydrogen bomb suddenly gained support.

在国会山，泰勒对氢弹的呼吁突然获得了支持。

When the proposal reached the White House it was the first time Truman ever heard of the super.

当该提案到达白宫时，这是杜鲁门第一次听说超级。

Teller: In '49 the question occurred, shall we go ahead with it?

Teller：49 年就出现了这个问题，我们应该继续吗？

And at that time, only a limited number of excellent people were asked.

而且当时只邀请了有限的优秀人才。

And those unanimously said: "No more." I was the only one who said: "It can be done.

那些人异口同声地说：“不再了。”我是唯一一个说：“这是可以做到的。

It should be done."

应该这样做。”

Bethe: Teller was convinced that we must make the hydrogen bomb.

贝特：泰勒确信我们必须制造氢弹。

I was skeptical from the beginning and in the course of conversations with other friends, I became convinced that it was a bad idea.

我从一开始就持怀疑态度，在与其他朋友交谈的过程中，我确信这是一个坏主意。

Narrator : The administration turned to senior scientists for advice.

旁白：政府向资深科学家寻求建议。

In late October, a committee--lead by Robert Oppenheimer --took up the issue of Teller's super.

十月下旬，由罗伯特·奥本海默领导的一个委员会开始讨论泰勒养老金问题。

After two days of intense debate, the scientists' conclusion was unanimous.

经过两天的激烈争论，科学家们得出了一致的结论。

Rhodes: Out of that meeting came a recommendation basically saying: We don't think it's a good idea to--to rush into a hydrogen bomb.

罗德斯：那次会议提出了一项建议，基本上是这样说的：我们认为急于制造氢弹不是一个好主意。

We're not sure we know how to make one.

我们不确定我们是否知道如何制作一个。

Let's instead increase and accelerate our production of atomic bombs, to make sure that we have a sufficient armament and deterrent, now that the Soviets have broken our monopoly.

既然苏联已经打破了我们的垄断，我们就应该增加和加速原子弹的生产，以确保我们拥有足够的军备和威慑力。

Narrator : Two of the committee's most prominent physicists, Isidor Rabi and Enrico Fermi , went even further.

旁白：委员会两位最著名的物理学家伊西多·拉比（Isidor Rabi）和恩里科·费米（Enrico Fermi）走得更远。

Mindful of the devastation seen in Hiroshima, they condemned the very idea of the super: "It is clear that the use of such a weapon cannot be justified on any ethical ground," they wrote.

考虑到广岛所遭受的破坏，他们谴责了超级武器的想法：“很明显，从任何道德角度来看，使用这种武器都是不合理的，”他们写道。

"The fact that no limits exist to the destructiveness of this weapon makes its very existence and the knowledge of its construction a danger to humanity as a whole.

“这种武器的破坏力是无限的，这一事实使得它的存在及其构造知识对整个人类构成了危险。

It is necessarily an evil thing considered in any light."

从任何角度来看，这都必然是一件邪恶的事情。”

Rhodes: It used the word "genocide", a new word, only five years old at that time.

罗德：它使用了“种族灭绝”这个词，这是一个新词，当时只有五年的历史。

That particularly incensed Teller.

这尤其激怒了泰勒。

Here are these people who had built an atomic bomb, who'd used it to destroy two Japanese cities, calling his weapon a genocidal weapon.

这些人制造了原子弹，用它摧毁了日本的两座城市，称他的武器为种族灭绝武器。

Teller: I believe that having argued for the hydrogen bomb in 1949 at an important juncture helped keep the world safe.

泰勒：我相信，1949 年在一个重要时刻争论氢弹有助于维护世界安全。

I'm proud of it.

我为此感到自豪。

Narrator: Through the fall, the pressure on Truman was increasing.

旁白：整个秋天，杜鲁门的压力越来越大。

"If we let the Russians get the super first," warned a prominent Congressman, "catastrophe becomes all but certain." "The United States would be in an intolerable position," insisted the Joint Chiefs of Staff, "if a possible enemy possessed the bomb and the United States did not." In January, 1950, President Truman announced his decision.

一位著名国会议员警告说：“如果我们让俄罗斯人首先获得超级资金，那么灾难几乎肯定会发生。”参谋长联席会议坚称：“如果一个可能的敌人拥有原子弹，而美国却没有，那么美国将处于难以忍受的境地。” 1950 年 1 月，杜鲁门总统宣布了他的决定。

John Lewis Gaddis , Historian: In the end, he goes ahead and does it simply on the grounds that whatever agonies may be involved in building this weapon, there would be worse agonies if the Russians got it and we didn't have it.

约翰·刘易斯·加迪斯（John Lewis Gaddis），历史学家：最后，他继续这样做，只是因为无论制造这种武器可能会遇到什么痛苦，如果俄罗斯人得到了它而我们没有它，那么将会有更严重的痛苦。

Narrator: When the news reached Capitol Hill, Congressmen stood and cheered.

旁白：当消息传到国会山时，国会议员起立欢呼。

In Moscow, the Soviet leadership responded at once.

在莫斯科，苏联领导层立即作出回应。

Holloway: After Truman's announcement at the end of January 1950 Beria gives the final kind of authorization to go ahead to the production and testing of the sloika design in the Soviet Union.

霍洛威：杜鲁门于 1950 年 1 月下旬宣布后，贝利亚给予了在苏联继续生产和测试 sloika 设计的最终授权。

Narrator: To help build the Layer Cake, Sakharov was ordered to leave Moscow and move to a secret weapons lab two hundred and fifty miles east.

旁白：为了帮助建造千层蛋糕，萨哈罗夫奉命离开莫斯科，搬到以东两百五十英里的一个秘密武器实验室。

At Los Alamos , the scientists switched to a wartime schedule--a six-day work week.

在洛斯阿拉莫斯，科学家们改用战时时间表——每周工作六天。

The race for the superbomb was on.

超级炸弹的竞赛已经开始。

Narrator : Just two days after Truman 's decision, the H-bomb was back in the headlines: Klaus Fuchs had been arrested for spying.

旁白：就在杜鲁门做出决定两天后，氢弹再次成为头条新闻：克劳斯·福克斯因间谍罪被捕。

Bethe: I was deeply shocked and astonished.

贝特：我感到非常震惊和惊讶。

Klaus Fuchs had been such a good physicist.

克劳斯·福克斯是一位非常优秀的物理学家。

He made several important discoveries while he was at Los Alamos but he never talked about his private life.

他在洛斯阿拉莫斯期间取得了几项重要发现，但他从未谈论过自己的私生活。

Narrator: Fuchs admitted being a Communist.

旁白：福克斯承认自己是共产党员。

He had joined the party during his student days in Germany to fight against the growing threat of the Nazis.

他在德国求学期间就加入了该党，以对抗纳粹日益增长的威胁。

Rhodes : He and his family had worked helping Jews escape Nazi Germany.

罗德：他和他的家人曾帮助犹太人逃离纳粹德国。

Fuchs' sister had committed suicide by jumping in front of a train when she was being chased by the Gestapo.

福克斯的妹妹在被盖世太保追捕时跳火车自杀了。

So it was a very, very much mixed up with the whole issue of Nazi Germany and fascism.

所以这与纳粹德国和法西斯主义的整个问题非常非常混合。

Narrator: In London, Fuchs was convicted in a trial that lasted less than two hours.

旁白：在伦敦，福克斯在不到两个小时的审判中被定罪。

The British government was reluctant to call witnesses who would reveal the full extent of the damage.

英国政府不愿传唤证人来揭露损失的全部情况。

Rhodes: And that simply added further weight and a terrible sense of dread to the whole dilemma of what to do about the Soviet atomic bomb, because now we knew that they knew what we knew about how you build a hydrogen bomb.

罗兹：这只是进一步增加了如何处理苏联原子弹的整个困境的分量和可怕的恐惧感，因为现在我们知道他们知道我们所知道的如何制造氢弹。

Narrator : At Los Alamos the crash program was making little progress.

旁白：在洛斯阿拉莫斯，紧急计划进展甚微。

Some of the scientists who had argued against the hydrogen bomb, like Hans Bethe , refused to get involved.

一些反对氢弹的科学家，比如汉斯·贝特，拒绝参与其中。

But others agreed to help.

但其他人同意提供帮助。

Enrico Fermi came back for the summer--hoping to prove that the super couldn't be built.

恩里科·费米在夏天回来了——希望证明超级无法建造。

Teller: When, a man like Fermi told me, I hope you won't succeed, that made me feel, to say the least, uncomfortable.

泰勒：当像费米这样的人告诉我，我希望你不会成功时，至少可以说，这让我感到不舒服。

But at the same time I had no question.

但同时我也没有疑问。

As a scientist I had to know what can be done.

作为一名科学家，我必须知道可以做什么。

Rhodes: It had always been a clear necessity with the hydrogen bomb to calculate the progress of the explosion, because if you didn't have a kind of a paper version of what was going to happen, and you tested a design and it was a dud, you wouldn't know whether it was wrong because your design was wrong or whether it was wrong because there was no way to make this happen anyway.

罗德：对于氢弹来说，计算爆炸的进度一直是一个明显的必要性，因为如果你没有一种即将发生的事情的纸质版本，并且你测试了一个设计，但它是一个哑弹，你就不会知道它是否是错误的，因为你的设计是错误的，或者它是否是错误的，因为无论如何都没有办法让它发生。

So they had to simulate it on paper.

所以他们必须在纸上模拟它。

Narrator : The first breakthrough came when Stanislaw Ulam , a Polish-born mathematician, developed a method to simplify the enormously complex calculation.

旁白：第一个突破出现在波兰出生的数学家斯坦尼斯瓦夫·乌拉姆（Stanislaw Ulam）开发出一种方法来简化极其复杂的计算时。

He and Fermi would finally be able to figure out whether Teller's idea for the super would work.

他和费米最终能够弄清楚泰勒的超级想法是否可行。

Richard L.

理查德·L。

Garwin , Physicist: In those days, computers were mostly young women who would take a problem and fill in a spreadsheet with one number after the other, using hand-cranked Marchant or Friden calculators.

Garwin，物理学家：那时候，计算机主要是年轻女性，她们会使用手摇的 Marchant 或 Friden 计算器，在电子表格中一个接一个地填写问题。

And that's how it was with the calculations that Fermi and Stan Ulam were doing.

费米和斯坦·乌拉姆所做的计算就是这样。

So Fermi would look at the data and he and Stan Ulam would talk for a few minutes and then they would think further, and at the end of the day they would have another case or two to calculate.

因此，费米会查看数据，他和斯坦·乌拉姆会聊几分钟，然后他们会进一步思考，最终他们会再计算一两个案例。

Herbert F.

赫伯特·F.

York , Physicist: All of the calculations were showing that the existing ideas about how you would introduce the energy led to a situation in which it fizzled.

约克，物理学家：所有的计算都表明，关于如何引入能量的现有想法导致了它失败的情况。

And not just marginally so but it never got started at all.

不仅是轻微如此，而且根本就没有开始。

Garwin: Although, if you are optimistic, you can hope that the calculations aren't right, that something will save you, and I think that Edward Teller was decidedly optimistic for a long time.

加文：不过，如果你乐观的话，你可以希望计算不正确，有什么东西会拯救你，而且我认为爱德华·泰勒在很长一段时间里都是绝对乐观的。

Narrator : In Princeton the mathematician John von Neumann was trying to run the same set of calculations on a prototype digital computer.

旁白：在普林斯顿，数学家约翰·冯·诺依曼试图在原型数字计算机上运行相同的一组计算。

Von Neumann, an old friend of Teller's, soon confirmed Ulam's results.

泰勒的老朋友冯诺依曼很快证实了乌拉姆的结果。

Rhodes: Teller is divided.

罗德斯：泰勒的看法存在分歧。

He wants to blame Ulam for somehow distorting the calculations.

他想指责乌拉姆以某种方式扭曲了计算结果。

And since they weren't total--they were kind of samples--it was always possible to imagine that some malevolence on Ulam's part was what was really wrong here.

由于它们并不完整——它们只是一些样本——所以我们总是可以想象，乌拉姆方面的一些恶意才是这里真正的问题所在。

But of course there was the computer back in Princeton, spitting out the same numbers.

当然，普林斯顿大学的计算机也输出了相同的数字。

Teller: They cast doubt on a scheme.

Teller：他们对一个计划表示怀疑。

They did not do more.

他们没有做更多的事情。

But I felt that at that time, we must find reliable approaches that were sure to work.

但我当时就觉得，必须找到可靠、肯定有效的办法。

Bethe: I remember very distinctly Teller's attitude during that time.

贝特：我清楚地记得泰勒当时的态度。

He was very desperate and it seemed to most people that Teller's original idea of making a hydrogen bomb would not work.

他非常绝望，在大多数人看来，泰勒最初制造氢弹的想法行不通。

Narrator: The U.S. program to build the hydrogen bomb was clearly in trouble.

旁白：美国制造氢弹的计划显然遇到了麻烦。

At the Soviet weapons lab, the program to build Sakharov's "Layer Cake" was making progress.

在苏联武器实验室，建造萨哈罗夫“千层蛋糕”的计划正在取得进展。

Built on the grounds of a former monastery, Arzamas-16 was a top-secret facility that didn't appear on any map.

Arzamas-16 建在一座前修道院的场地上，是一个绝密设施，没有出现在任何地图上。

German A.

德国A.

Goncharov, Physicist: The conditions were fine, but what struck me as very unpleasant and what weighed heavily on me for the first year was the realization that we were not allowed to leave the place even for a vacation.

冈恰洛夫，物理学家：条件很好，但让我感到非常不愉快并且在第一年给我带来沉重压力的是，我意识到即使是度假我们也不允许离开这个地方。

So, even during my vacations I couldn't visit my parents and relatives, you see?

所以，即使在假期期间我也不能去看望我的父母和亲戚，你明白吗？

That was a heavy burden and it simply tormented me at first.

这是一个沉重的负担，一开始它只是折磨我。

But the contact with Sakharov, Tamm , Zel'dovich quickly relieved some of the tension; I got involved in interesting, absorbing work.

但与萨哈罗夫、塔姆、泽尔多维奇的接触很快缓解了一些紧张气氛；我参与了有趣、引人入胜的工作。

Narrator: "We saw ourselves at the center of a great enterprise on which colossal resources were being expanded," Sakharov later wrote.

旁白：“我们看到自己处于一项伟大事业的中心，巨大的资源正在不断扩展，”萨哈罗夫后来写道。

"We never questioned the vital importance of the work.

“我们从未质疑过这项工作的至关重要性。

And there were no distractions.

而且没有任何干扰。

The rest of the world was far, far away, somewhere beyond the two barbed wire fences."

世界其他地方都在很远很远的地方，就在两道铁丝网之外的某个地方。”

Goncharov: Certainly, there were contradictions: On the one hand, we were surrounded by barbed wire and were not allowed to leave; on the other hand, this helped our complete concentration on the work; we understood that it was necessary for the good of the country.

冈察洛夫：当然，矛盾是存在的：一方面，我们被铁丝网包围，不准离开；另一方面，我们被铁丝网包围，不准离开。另一方面，这有助于我们完全专注于工作；我们知道，为了国家的利益，这是必要的。

Zubok: They sacrificed their health and their lives themselves.

祖博克：他们自己牺牲了自己的健康和生命。

It's, it's pointless to talk about their living in luxury while the rest of the country died of famine.

是的，当这个国家的其他人死于饥荒时，谈论他们的奢侈生活是毫无意义的。

No, they, they worked as enthusiasts without sparing themselves.

不，他们，他们热心地工作，不遗余力。

Narrator: On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces--with Stalin's tacit support--launched an all-out attack against South Korea.

旁白：1950年6月25日，朝鲜军队在斯大林的默许下，对韩国发动了全面进攻。

Backed by a U.N.

由联合国支持

coalition, the United States intervened.

美国联军介入。

It was the first war in which both sides faced the risk of atomic attack.

这是双方第一次面临原子弹袭击风险的战争。

Edmundson : In '50, the Korean thing popped.

Edmundson：50 年代，韩国风潮兴起。

I got a call from General LeMay, and he said: "Eddy, is your outfit ready to go?" And I said: "We sure are can go, General LeMay." General LeMay says: "Okay.

我接到勒梅将军的电话，他说：“艾迪，你的装备准备好了吗？”我说：“我们肯定可以走了，李梅将军。”李梅将军说：“好吧。

You got three days."

你还有三天时间。”

Narrator: To his superiors at the Pentagon General LeMay proposed firebombing the principal cities in North Korea.

旁白：李梅将军向五角大楼的上级提议对朝鲜的主要城市进行燃烧弹轰炸。

"Screams of horror arose when I made this suggestion," LeMay remembered.

“当我提出这个建议时，人们发出了恐怖的尖叫声，”勒梅回忆道。

The Truman administration chose a more limited approach.

杜鲁门政府选择了更为有限的方法。

Edmundson: We were flying out of Kadena air base in Okinawa.

埃德蒙森：我们是从冲绳嘉手纳空军基地起飞的。

We bombed around the Pusan perimeter, we bombed Seoul, oil refineries and manufacturing plants, all the way up to the Russian border.

我们轰炸了釜山周边地区，轰炸了首尔、炼油厂和制造工厂，一直到俄罗斯边境。

When we ran out of factories we started in on bridges.

当我们用完工厂后，我们开始在桥梁上。

We bombed everything in North Korea that was worth bombing.

我们轰炸了朝鲜所有值得轰炸的地方。

Narrator: By the fall of 1950, the Communist forces were in full retreat.

旁白：1950年秋，共产党军队全面撤退。

Edmundson: It seemed like the war was over and we were on the way home, when we got word that the Chinese "volunteers"--in quotes--had come across the river and were joining the fight.

埃德蒙森：战争似乎已经结束，我们正在回家的路上，这时我们得知中国“志愿者”（带引号）已经渡河加入战斗。

Narrator: The Chinese intervention caught the allies by surprise.

旁白：中国的干预令盟国措手不及。

Archival: "United Nations troops are obliged to fall back on all fronts in the face of attacks by Chinese Reds estimated to number a half million.

档案：“面对估计有50万中国红军的袭击，联合国部队被迫在各条战线上撤退。

Already casualties among the American members of the UN forces have risen to beyond the 30,000 mark.

联合国部队中美国成员的伤亡已经超过3万人。

Bitter winter weather plus an enemy which outnumbers them more than three to one have taken their toll."

寒冷的冬季天气加上数量超过他们三比一的敌人已经造成了他们的伤亡。”

Tyler May: Many Americans were very, very angry, saying: "Well, you know, we've got these bombs, why don't we use them again?

泰勒·梅：许多美国人非常非常愤怒，他们说：“好吧，你知道，我们已经有了这些炸弹，为什么我们不再使用它们呢？

We used them in World War II and they worked and ended the war.

我们在第二次世界大战中使用了它们，它们发挥了作用并结束了战争。

Why don't we use them now and save American lives and put an end to this conflict?

我们为什么不现在就使用它们来拯救美国人的生命并结束这场冲突呢？

Goodpaster: In the fall of 1950 when I was serving with the joint advanced study committee we actually studied what might be done with the use of nuclear weapons in Korea.

古德帕斯特：1950 年秋天，当我在联合高级研究委员会任职时，我们实际上研究了在朝鲜使用核武器可能带来的后果。

Gaddis : Truman is worrying a great deal about the circumstances in which the United States could use atomic weapons.

加迪斯：杜鲁门非常担心美国可以使用原子武器的情况。

You obviously could blow up a lot of people if you used it.

如果你使用它，显然可以炸掉很多人。

But there are a lot of Chinese.

但中国人也不少。

And what if you use five or six or ten or twelve of them, and the Chinese just keep coming?

如果你用了五个、六个、十个或十二个，而中国人不断地来怎么办？

Then you have not only failed in the immediate context of the Korean War, but you've called into question the entire credibility of the bomb on a worldwide basis.

那么你不仅在朝鲜战争的直接背景下失败了，而且在全世界范围内对原子弹的整体可信度提出了质疑。

Narrator: In a report to the Pentagon, LeMay reached a similar conclusion: The use of atomic weapons in the Far East "would probably not be advisable at this time," he wrote, "unless this action is undertaken as part of an overall atomic campaign against Red China."

旁白：在给五角大楼的一份报告中，勒梅得出了类似的结论：在远东使用原子武器“目前可能并不可取，”他写道，“除非这一行动是针对红色中国的整体原子行动的一部分。”

But Truman did not want to risk a larger conflict.

但杜鲁门不想冒发生更大冲突的风险。

As the fighting wore on, both he and Stalin were careful to avoid any action that might lead to a nuclear confrontation.

随着战斗的进行，他和斯大林都小心翼翼地避免采取任何可能导致核对抗的行动。

Rather than proving decisive, the atomic bomb had helped to produce a stalemate.

原子弹并没有发挥决定性作用，反而促成了僵局。

Narrator : In the Pacific, scientists from Los Alamos were preparing to conduct an experiment.

旁白：在太平洋上，洛斯阿拉莫斯的科学家们正准备进行一项实验。

Almost a year after Truman's decision, the U.S. effort to build the hydrogen bomb was still stuck.

杜鲁门做出决定近一年后，美国制造氢弹的努力仍然陷入困境。

The experiment--nicknamed "George"--that would at least allow them to collect data on a fusion reaction.

这项绰号为“乔治”的实验至少可以让他们收集聚变反应的数据。

Rhodes: It was a physics experiment.

罗德：这是一个物理实验。

But it was also a way of saying: Okay, Washington, this is something we can do.

但这也是一种说法：好吧，华盛顿，这是我们可以做的事情。

We're working on this.

我们正在努力解决这个问题。

Don't think it's a bomb, because it's not.

不要认为这是炸弹，因为它不是。

But at least we're working on this.

但至少我们正在努力解决这个问题。

Narrator : Ironically, it was the process of designing "George" that finally pointed the way to the H-bomb.

旁白：讽刺的是，正是设计“乔治”的过程，最终为氢弹指明了道路。

Teller's concept for "George" was similar to an idea first proposed by the spy Klaus Fuchs.

泰勒对“乔治”的概念与间谍克劳斯·福克斯首先提出的想法相似。

Before leaving Los Alamos, Fuchs had modified Teller's design.

在离开洛斯阿拉莫斯之前，福克斯修改了泰勒的设计。

He placed an atomic bomb inside a heavy shell, close to a capsule of hydrogen fuel.

他将一颗原子弹放入一个沉重的外壳内，靠近氢燃料胶囊。

At the moment of detonation--in a fraction of a second, before the whole assembly blew itself apart--the shell would confine the radiation from the atomic blast long enough to heat and compress the hydrogen fuel, setting off a fusion reaction.

在爆炸的那一刻——不到一秒钟，在整个组件爆炸之前——外壳会将原子爆炸产生的辐射限制足够长的时间，以加热和压缩氢燃料，引发聚变反应。

But George was not a practical design for an H-bomb.

但乔治并不是氢弹的实用设计。

It was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam who came up with a better idea.

数学家斯坦尼斯瓦夫·乌拉姆想出了一个更好的主意。

"Engraved on my memory," Ulam's wife later wrote, "is the day when I found him at noon staring intensely out of a window in our living room with a very strange expression on his face.

“在我的记忆中，”乌拉姆的妻子后来写道，“那天中午，我发现他在我们客厅的窗外凝视着，脸上的表情非常奇怪。

He said: 'I found a way to make it work.' 'What work?' I asked.

他说：“我找到了一种让它发挥作用的方法。” “什么工作？”我问。

'The super,' he replied.

“超级，”他回答道。

'It's a totally different scheme, and it will change the course of history.'"

“这是一个完全不同的计划，它将改变历史的进程。”

Ulam, too, placed the components of his bomb inside a shell, but he proposed using neutrons from an atomic blast to generate enormous pressure on the hydrogen fuel.

乌拉姆也将炸弹的部件放置在弹壳内，但他建议使用原子爆炸中的中子对氢燃料产生巨大的压力。

The key to Ulam's idea was what he called "lenses"--material surrounding the fuel capsule to magnify the energy of the neutrons to achieve extreme compression of the hydrogen.

乌拉姆想法的关键是他所说的“透镜”——燃料舱周围的材料，可以放大中子的能量，从而实现氢的极度压缩。

As soon as he heard Ulam's idea, Teller added the final piece: Neutrons, he realized, were not ideal to implode the hydrogen capsule.

泰勒一听到乌拉姆的想法，就补充了最后一句话：他意识到，中子并不适合使氢胶囊内爆。

Teller suggested using radiation instead--in effect combining Ulam's idea with the design for the "George" experiment.

泰勒建议改用辐射——实际上将乌拉姆的想法与“乔治”实验的设计结合起来。

York: I have this vivid memory of Teller going to the blackboard and just with a few strokes drawing a cartoon that was: "This is how you make a hydrogen bomb." And I remember, either at the time or that evening, getting a little bit of the shivers because I realized: That was it.

约克：我清楚地记得泰勒走到黑板上，只用几笔画了一幅漫画，上面写着：“这就是制造氢弹的方法。”我记得，无论是在当时还是那天晚上，我都有点发抖，因为我意识到：就是这样。

Teller: I think I found the right solution, which then was so clear that when I managed to explain it to the other advanced people they agreed.

Teller：我认为我找到了正确的解决方案，该解决方案非常清晰，当我设法向其他先进人士解释时，他们都同意了。

Bethe: I was convinced, as soon as I heard the Ulam-Teller concept, I was convinced that this was the way to go.

Bethe：我一听到 Ulam-Teller 的概念，就确信这是正确的出路。

Narrator: For almost ten years, Teller had been the most ardent advocate of the super.

旁白：近十年来，泰勒一直是超级市场最热心的倡导者。

Now, at last, his goal seemed within reach.

现在，他的目标似乎终于可以实现了。

Rhodes: Teller, not surprisingly since this was his discovery, felt that he should be in charge of building it.

罗德：泰勒认为他应该负责建造它，这并不奇怪，因为这是他的发现。

The people who did the work at Los Alamos understood that that would be a catastrophe.

在洛斯阿拉莫斯从事这项工作的人们明白，这将是一场灾难。

He would come up with a new idea every day, and want it immediately put into effect.

他每天都会想出一个新想法，并希望立即付诸实施。

Narrator : The first test of the Teller-Ulam design, code-named " Mike ", was scheduled for the fall of 1952--not soon enough for Teller.

旁白：Teller-Ulam 设计的第一次测试（代号为“Mike”）原定于 1952 年秋天进行，但对 Teller 来说还不够早。

Teller: I believe the disagreement was based on the point, that the director of Los Alamos knew that the hydrogen bomb among scientists was unpopular.

泰勒：我认为分歧的基础是洛斯阿拉莫斯研究所所长知道氢弹在科学家中不受欢迎。

He knew, if he did not succeed, it would give Los Alamos a bad name.

他知道，如果他不成功，就会给洛斯阿拉莫斯带来坏名声。

Garwin: Teller accused the leadership of Los Alamos of not working wholeheartedly on the hydrogen bomb, on the "Mike" test...

加文：泰勒指责洛斯阿拉莫斯的领导层没有全心全意地致力于氢弹、“迈克”试验……

and he walked out.

然后他走了出去。

Narrator : In Livermore , California, on the grounds of a former air base, Teller helped set up a rival weapons lab.

旁白：在加利福尼亚州利弗莫尔的一个前空军基地，泰勒帮助建立了一个竞争对手的武器实验室。

The break with Los Alamos would cost Teller a chance to witness the first test of his idea.

与洛斯阿拉莫斯的决裂使泰勒失去了见证他的想法第一次测试的机会。

In the Pacific, the construction of "Mike" was under way--documented in a classified government film.

在太平洋地区，“迈克”号的建造工作正在进行中——政府机密电影对此进行了记录。

Archival: "Twenty-one feet high, eighty inches in diameter, and weighing some eighty tons.

档案：“二十一英尺高，八十英寸直径，重约八十吨。

"Mike" was not a weapon, it was far removed from anything resembling one.

“迈克”不是一种武器，它与任何类似武器的东西相去甚远。

"Mike" was purely and simply a laboratory-type experiment."

《迈克》纯粹是一个实验室类型的实验。”

Rhodes: It had 300 or 400 kilograms of liquid deuterium in a big tank and it had to be kept cooled down to minus-whatever, close to absolute zero.

Rhodes：它的一个大罐子里有 300 或 400 公斤液态氘，必须保持冷却至零下，接近绝对零。

It was this immense and very exuberant engineering project.

这是一个巨大且非常活跃的工程项目。

Narrator: "Mike" was surrounded by a battery of diagnostic devices to record the explosion.

旁白：“迈克”被一组诊断设备包围以记录爆炸。

A plywood tunnel packed with helium balloons stretched nine thousand feet to a neighboring island.

一条装满氦气球的胶合板隧道绵延九千英尺，通向邻近的岛屿。

Through the helium, gamma rays and neutrons would streak towards instruments set up to record the beginning of thermonuclear fusion.

穿过氦气，伽马射线和中子将射向记录热核聚变开始的仪器。

From a control room near "Mike," television cameras relayed images of the dials and gauges to the command ship thirty miles south of ground zero.

从“迈克”附近的控制室，电视摄像机将刻度盘和仪表的图像传送到零地以南三十英里的指挥舰上。

Archival: "This is the first full-scale test of a hydrogen device.

档案：“这是氢装置的首次全面测试。

If the reaction goes, we're in the thermonuclear era.

如果反应进行，我们就进入了热核时代。

For the sake of all of us and for the sake of our country I know that you join me in wishing this expedition well."

为了我们所有人，为了我们的国家，我知道你们和我一起祝愿这次探险一切顺利。”

Archival: "It is now 30 seconds to zero time.

档案：“现在距离零时间还有 30 秒。

Put on goggles or turn away.

戴上护目镜或转身离开。

Do not remove goggles or face burst until ten seconds after the first light." "Seven, six, fiver, four, three, two, one ..."

在第一道光亮十秒之前，请勿摘下护目镜或脸部爆裂。” “七、六、五、四、三、二、一……”

Narrator: Back in California, Edward Teller waited to see if Mike was successful.

旁白：回到加利福尼亚，爱德华·泰勒等着看迈克是否成功。

He had found a way to observe the test from afar: In the basement of the Geology Department at Berkeley, he sat in a darkened room, staring intently at a tiny dot of light.

他找到了一种从远处观察测试的方法：在伯克利地质系的地下室里，他坐在一间黑暗的房间里，专心地盯着一个微小的光点。

On a slowly rotating strip of photographic paper a seismograph recorded the slightest movement in the ground below.

地震仪在一条缓慢旋转的相纸上记录了下面地面最轻微的运动。

Teller was waiting for the shock wave from the Pacific to reach California: "At exactly the scheduled time I saw the light point move," Teller remembered.

泰勒正在等待来自太平洋的冲击波到达加利福尼亚州：“恰好在预定的时间，我看到光点移动，”泰勒回忆道。

"It moved so slightly that I was not sure whether I just thought it moved or whether it actually had moved.

“它移动得如此轻微，以至于我不确定我只是认为它移动了还是它真的移动了。

So I stayed around for another ten minutes, lest I miss the real event; then I took the whole film and had it developed.

于是我又在附近呆了十分钟，以免错过真正的事件；然后我拍摄了整部电影并冲洗了它。

There was the signal, just as predicted."

正如预测的那样，信号出现了。”

Teller: I knew it was a success.

Teller：我知道这是成功的。

And I at once wired to a friend a coded message where I have invented the code.

我立即向朋友发送了一条密码，其中我发明了密码。

The total message was: "It's a boy!"

总的信息是：“这是一个男孩！”

Archival: "Charley one, this is Red Leader.

档案：“查理一号，这是红色领袖。

Request here to dog two, over."

请求这里给狗二号，结束。”

Narrator: Two hours after the "Mike" test," Red Leader approached the mushroom cloud.

旁白：“麦克”测试两小时后，“红色领袖”接近了蘑菇云。

When the plane entered the stem of the cloud at 42,000 feet, the radioactivity was so intense that the pilot quickly turned back.

当飞机进入 42,000 英尺高空的云朵时，放射性非常强烈，导致飞行员迅速折返。

Near the test site, a survey team set out to take a look at ground zero.

在测试地点附近，一个调查小组开始考察归零地。

"Two-six approaching ground zero.

“二六点接近零点。

All test islands seem to be swept clean.

所有的测试岛似乎都被清扫干净了。

Elugelab is completely gone.

Elugelab 完全消失了。

Nothing there but water, and what appears to be a deep crater."

那里除了水什么都没有，而且似乎是一个很深的火山口。”

The first hydrogen device exploded with a force of ten megatons--more than eight hundred times the power of the atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima .

第一个氢装置的爆炸威力达到十兆吨——是摧毁广岛的原子弹威力的八百多倍。

While the test in the Pacific remained a tightly-guarded secret, President Truman--who had ordered the strike against Hiroshima--spoke publicly of the dangers that lay ahead: "The war of the future," warned the president, "could extinguish millions of lives at one blow, and destroy the very structure of a civilization that has been slowly and painfully built up through hundreds of generations.

虽然太平洋上的核试验仍然是一个严密保守的秘密，但下令对广岛进行打击的杜鲁门总统公开谈论了未来的危险：“未来的战争”，总统警告说，“可能会一击消灭数百万人的生命，并摧毁数百代人缓慢而痛苦地建立起来的文明的结构。

Such a war is not a possible policy for rational man."

对于理性的人来说，这样的战争不是一个可能的政策。”

The president's words were addressed to Moscow.

总统的话是对莫斯科说的。

But in Washington, no one knew, if the Soviets were building an H-bomb, or, if they had one, what they might do with it.

但在华盛顿，没有人知道苏联是否正在制造氢弹，或者如果他们拥有氢弹，他们会用它做什么。

Narrator: In March 1953, Moscow was thrown into turmoil.

旁白：1953年3月，莫斯科陷入混乱。

Stalin was dead.

斯大林死了。

He had ruled the Soviet Union for almost thirty years.

他统治苏联近三十年。

Zubok : The country was in profound shock and did not know what would happen next.

祖博克：整个国家处于深深的震惊之中，不知道接下来会发生什么。

But there was this perception on many levels that without Stalin other great powers might crush us and might use some chink in the armor to penetrate.

但在很多层面上都有这样的看法：如果没有斯大林，其他大国可能会压垮我们，并可能利用盔甲上的一些缝隙来渗透。

There was an almost paranoid sense.

有一种近乎偏执的感觉。

Narrator: Lavrentii Beria , still in charge of the secret police and the Soviet nuclear program, now assumed a dominant role in the Kremlin.

旁白：拉夫连季·贝利亚仍然负责秘密警察和苏联核计划，现在在克里姆林宫占据主导地位。

But within a few months, a coup lead by Nikita Khrushchev , put an end to Beria's influence.

但几个月后，尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫领导的政变结束了贝利亚的影响力。

To warn its enemies, the new leadership made a dramatic announcement, claiming to possess an H-bomb before the weapon was even tested: "The United States is said to have a monopoly on the hydrogen bomb.

为了警告敌人，新领导层发表了戏剧性的声明，在氢弹测试之前就声称拥有氢弹：“据说美国垄断了氢弹。

Apparently it would be of comfort to them, if that were the truth.

如果这是事实的话，显然这对他们来说会是一种安慰。

But it is not.

但事实并非如此。

The government considers it necessary to announce that the United States does not hold a monopoly in the production of the hydrogen bomb."

政府认为有必要宣布美国不垄断氢弹的生产。”

Zubok: They used this bomb to boost their political position and to boost not only the moral of their people, but their own legitimacy.

祖博克：他们用这颗炸弹来提升自己的政治地位，不仅提高人民的道德，而且提高自己的合法性。

Narrator : The test of Andrei Sakharov's "Layer Cake" was scheduled to take place four days after the hasty proclamation.

旁白：安德烈·萨哈罗夫的“千层蛋糕”的测试定于仓促宣布后四天进行。

A last-minute evacuation of thousands of civilians, made necessary by the expected power of the blast, only added to the tension at the test site in Kazakhstan:

由于预期的爆炸威力，必须在最后一刻疏散数千名平民，这只会加剧哈萨克斯坦试验场的紧张局势：

Holloway : It shows, I think, how focused they were just on the mechanics of the bomb itself, on getting that right, and then only at the last minute does one of the scientists, using in fact, the American publication on nuclear weapons effects point out that, hey look, this could be dangerous for the people living in the area.

霍洛威：我认为，这表明他们是多么专注于炸弹本身的机制，专注于做到正确，然后直到最后一刻，一位科学家实际上利用美国有关核武器影响的出版物指出，嘿，看，这对于生活在该地区的人们来说可能是危险的。

Narrator: "Of course, we worried about the success of the test," wrote Sakharov, "but for me, anxiety about potential casualties was paramount.

旁白：“当然，我们担心测试的成功，”萨哈罗夫写道，“但对我来说，对潜在伤亡的焦虑是最重要的。

Catching a glimpse of myself in a mirror, I was struck by the change--I looked old and gray."

当我在镜子里瞥见自己时，我对自己的变化感到震惊——我看起来又老又灰白。”

Sakharov's Layer Cake worked.

Sakharov's Layer Cake worked.

Though not nearly as powerful as the American breakthrough tested nine months earlier, it had one key advantage: It was a usable weapon, small enough to be dropped from an airplane.

Though not nearly as powerful as the American breakthrough tested nine months earlier, it had one key advantage: It was a usable weapon, small enough to be dropped from an airplane.

Almost immedately, Los Alamos assembled a team to analyze the fallout from the Soviet test.

洛斯阿拉莫斯几乎立即组建了一个团队来分析苏联试验的后果。

Hans Bethe drew a strikingly accurate picture of Sakharov's design: "It was alternating layers of uranium and lithium deuteride compressed by high explosives." The Soviets, Bethe concluded, had yet to discover the true super--the bomb of virtually unlimited power.

Hans Bethe drew a strikingly accurate picture of Sakharov's design: "It was alternating layers of uranium and lithium deuteride compressed by high explosives."贝特总结道，苏联人尚未发现真正的超级炸弹——威力几乎无限的炸弹。

In August 1953, just two weeks after the test of the Layer Cake, newly-elected President Dwight Eisenhower decided to stage his own nuclear show of force.

In August 1953, just two weeks after the test of the Layer Cake, newly-elected President Dwight Eisenhower decided to stage his own nuclear show of force.

In Korea, Stalin's death had broken the stalemate--and both sides finally seemed willing to end the conflict.

在朝鲜，斯大林的去世打破了僵局——双方似乎终于愿意结束冲突。

To keep peace negotiations on track, Eisenhower called on LeMay's bombers.

为了让和平谈判步入正轨，艾森豪威尔呼叫了勒梅的轰炸机。

Edmundson: Our mission called for me to take 20 B-36s with nuclear weapons on board, and go to Okinawa and sit on the alert.

埃德蒙森：我们的任务要求我携带 20 架携带核武器的 B-36 前往冲绳并保持戒备。

Narrator : The mission, code-named "Big Stick", carried an implied threat by placing SAC's newest bomber close to the Soviet and Chinese border.

旁白：这次代号为“大棒”的任务通过将SAC最新的轰炸机部署在苏联和中国边境附近来隐含威胁。

Edmundson: The B-36 really wasn't much fun to fly.

Edmundson：B-36 飞行起来确实没什么乐趣。

It's a gigantic thing.

这是一件巨大的事情。

It's like -- they used to say it was like sitting on your front porch and flying your house around.

就像——他们过去常说，这就像坐在你的前廊上，在你的房子里飞来飞去。

It was big on the outside and small on the inside.

它外面很大，里面很小。

Very cramped for the crews.

Very cramped for the crews.

And the missions were long.

And the missions were long.

It wasn't a pleasurable assignment in a lot of ways.

从很多方面来说，这都不是一项令人愉快的任务。

And yet I was very proud of it, because the B-36s could hit targets within Russia that could be touched in no other way.

但我对此感到非常自豪，因为 B-36 可以击中俄罗斯境内其他方式无法触及的目标。

Gaddis : The idea is that one should use the nuclear capability, the nuclear superiority that we had; make overt and direct threats; be prepared to use atomic bombs to break down this psychological taboo that distinguishes nuclear weapons from other weapons, that we ought to just treat them as being like any other weapon.

加迪斯：我们的想法是，我们应该利用核能力，即我们拥有的核优势； make overt and direct threats; be prepared to use atomic bombs to break down this psychological taboo that distinguishes nuclear weapons from other weapons, that we ought to just treat them as being like any other weapon.

Narrator: LeMay made sure that the mission did not go unnoticed.

旁白：李梅确保这次任务不会被忽视。

When the giant bombers landed at Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, the press was on hand to report the event.

当巨型轰炸机降落在冲绳嘉手纳空军基地时，媒体在场报道了这一事件。

Edmundson: We stayed at Kadena and sat on the alert, crews at the airplanes, while the hostility cessation papers were being signed.

埃德蒙森：我们留在嘉手纳，机组人员在飞机上保持戒备，同时签署停止敌对文件。

And the B-36s being there, with atomic weapons and ready to go, was a warning to the North Koreans and the Russians and the Chinese not to try anything funny when we were sitting around the peace table.

And the B-36s being there, with atomic weapons and ready to go, was a warning to the North Koreans and the Russians and the Chinese not to try anything funny when we were sitting around the peace table.

Gaddis: And the fact that the cease-fire occurs, and the fact that it is not violated, I think, caused Eisenhower to believe that this strategy worked, that it had paid off.

Gaddis: And the fact that the cease-fire occurs, and the fact that it is not violated, I think, caused Eisenhower to believe that this strategy worked, that it had paid off.

Gaddis: And so they make it a general strategy of, in effect, cutting back on the amount of spending for non-nuclear weapons and relying more heavily on the nuclear deterrents to protect American global interests.

Gaddis: And so they make it a general strategy of, in effect, cutting back on the amount of spending for non-nuclear weapons and relying more heavily on the nuclear deterrents to protect American global interests.

Narrator: "Rows of mannequins are set up out in the open, facing the blast.

Narrator: "Rows of mannequins are set up out in the open, facing the blast.

Each item of clothing and each color was carefully selected to give much needed survival information."

每件衣服和每种颜色都经过精心挑选，以提供急需的生存信息。”

With the new emphasis on nuclear arms, smaller atomic tests in the Nevada desert now became public spectacles--as the administration set out to teach the American family survival skills for the nuclear age.

With the new emphasis on nuclear arms, smaller atomic tests in the Nevada desert now became public spectacles--as the administration set out to teach the American family survival skills for the nuclear age.

" Operation Cue ", the atomic test program of the Federal Civil Defense Administration, as seen by June Cowen, reporter: 'I arrived at civil defense headquarters the day before the explosion was scheduled to take place and checked in at once with the official who was to brief me about the test.

" Operation Cue ", the atomic test program of the Federal Civil Defense Administration, as seen by June Cowen, reporter: 'I arrived at civil defense headquarters the day before the explosion was scheduled to take place and checked in at once with the official who was to brief me about the test.

I need hardly tell you that I was anxious to learn all I could about the various types of houses to be tested.'" "Mannequin families supplied by private industry will represent Mr. and Mrs. America."

I need hardly tell you that I was anxious to learn all I could about the various types of houses to be tested.'" "Mannequin families supplied by private industry will represent Mr. and Mrs. America."

McEnaney : They called them mannequin families and they dressed them up in JC Penney clothing and they positioned them in various rooms of the house.

McEnaney : They called them mannequin families and they dressed them up in JC Penney clothing and they positioned them in various rooms of the house.

And in one room there was a child taking a nap, in another room there was a family dinner party, and one of the things they did they placed families hiding underneath shelters.

And in one room there was a child taking a nap, in another room there was a family dinner party, and one of the things they did they placed families hiding underneath shelters.

June Cowen: "I was especially interested in the food test program.

琼·考恩：“我对食品测试项目特别感兴趣。

As a mother and house wife, this appealed to me.

As a mother and house wife, this appealed to me.

McEnaney: And they equipped each of these homes with refrigerators, typical appliances one would find in a home, the kinds of food one would eat, from baby food to adult food, and they exposed them to blast.

麦克纳尼：他们为每个家庭配备了冰箱、家庭中常见的电器以及人们会吃的各种食物，从婴儿食品到成人食品，然后将它们暴露在爆炸中。

Archival: "Five, four, three, two, one, zero."

Archival: "Five, four, three, two, one, zero."

McEnaney: These were sort of like morality tales.

McEnaney: These were sort of like morality tales.

Each film, each brochure was a morality tale.

Each film, each brochure was a morality tale.

If you didn't prepare you have only yourself to blame for being wounded or killed.

If you didn't prepare you have only yourself to blame for being wounded or killed.

Narrator: "Remember this dining room group?

Narrator: "Remember this dining room group?

Effects of an atomic blast in the house farthest from ground zero.

Effects of an atomic blast in the house farthest from ground zero.

Injury, perhaps death in a tangle of debris--the result of being unprepared.

Injury, perhaps death in a tangle of debris--the result of being unprepared.

House number one nearest ground zero--almost complete destruction, a mass of rubble and debris.

最接近归零地的一号房屋几乎完全被毁，只剩下一堆瓦砾和残骸。

Yet, in the lean-to shelter you discover indications that a human being might have survived the blast with simple protection."

Yet, in the lean-to shelter you discover indications that a human being might have survived the blast with simple protection."

McEnaney: And it asked American families to think about themselves not just as friends, neighborhoods, family members, but as warriors of a cold war.

麦克纳尼：它要求美国家庭不仅将自己视为朋友、邻居、家庭成员，而且将自己视为冷战的战士。

And this really introduced a military purpose and practice into American family life.

And this really introduced a military purpose and practice into American family life.

Narrator : The threat of nuclear war caused some leading scientists to renew their opposition to the H-bomb.

旁白：核战争的威胁使得一些顶尖科学家重新反对氢弹。

In a secret report, Robert Oppenheimer raised serious questions about the wisdom and morality of U.S. nuclear planning.

In a secret report, Robert Oppenheimer raised serious questions about the wisdom and morality of U.S. nuclear planning.

"We are ignorant of the consequences of inflicting massive destruction and heavy civilian casualties in a brief period," he warned.

"We are ignorant of the consequences of inflicting massive destruction and heavy civilian casualties in a brief period," he warned.

Oppenheimer, who had never worked on the super, condemned the idea of aiming hydrogen bombs at enemy cities.

Oppenheimer, who had never worked on the super, condemned the idea of aiming hydrogen bombs at enemy cities.

In Washington Oppenheimer's persistent criticism hit a nerve.

奥本海默持续不断的批评触动了华盛顿的神经。

In the summer of 1953, the newly appointed chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission , Lewis Strauss , decided to act.

In the summer of 1953, the newly appointed chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission , Lewis Strauss , decided to act.

Rhodes: As soon as Strauss became chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, he moved to lift Oppenheimer's security clearance, to find a reason to accuse him of espionage, or at least of bad advice--which is in fact what he was accused of.

Rhodes: As soon as Strauss became chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, he moved to lift Oppenheimer's security clearance, to find a reason to accuse him of espionage, or at least of bad advice--which is in fact what he was accused of.

Agnew : I guess there are politics people in Washington who felt he was getting too big for his britches in a policy advising sense, and they went after him.

Agnew : I guess there are politics people in Washington who felt he was getting too big for his britches in a policy advising sense, and they went after him.

Narrator: In April of 1954, the AEC held secret hearings to review the security clearance of its most prominent scientist.

旁白：1954 年 4 月，AEC 举行秘密听证会，审查其最著名科学家的安全许可。

Oppenheimer stood accused of earlier left-wing sympathies and, more to the point, of opposing the development of the hydrogen bomb.

Oppenheimer stood accused of earlier left-wing sympathies and, more to the point, of opposing the development of the hydrogen bomb.

Rhodes : One by one, all the players in this complex tragic story come back on stage and make their speech and play their part.

Rhodes : One by one, all the players in this complex tragic story come back on stage and make their speech and play their part.

Bethe testified, and Rabi testified, and significantly and really tragically, Teller testified.

Bethe testified, and Rabi testified, and significantly and really tragically, Teller testified.

Bethe: I spent an hour with Edward Teller before his testimony, tried to talk him out of it, but it was to no avail.

Bethe: I spent an hour with Edward Teller before his testimony, tried to talk him out of it, but it was to no avail.

Teller: You know, I was called to testify about Oppenheimer.

泰勒：你知道，我被传唤来为奥本海默作证。

I was under oath.

我曾宣誓。

I took my testimony very seriously.

I took my testimony very seriously.

Narrator: At the hearing Teller said: "In a great number of cases I have seen Dr. Oppenheimer act in a way which for me was exceedingly hard to understand.

Narrator: At the hearing Teller said: "In a great number of cases I have seen Dr. Oppenheimer act in a way which for me was exceedingly hard to understand.

To this extent I feel that I would like to see the vital interests of this country in hands which I understand better, and therefore trust more."

To this extent I feel that I would like to see the vital interests of this country in hands which I understand better, and therefore trust more."

The AEC did not renew Oppenheimer's security clearance, in effect ending his role as an advisor to the government.

澳大利亚经济委员会没有更新奥本海默的安全许可，实际上结束了他作为政府顾问的角色。

Transcripts of the hearings were leaked to the press and Oppenheimer's humiliation became front page news.

Transcripts of the hearings were leaked to the press and Oppenheimer's humiliation became front page news.

Rhodes: He retreated to the Institute for Advanced Study, where he was the director, and became what Yeats once called "a smiling public man." But he was destroyed.

罗德：他退居高等研究院，担任所长，成为叶芝所说的“微笑的公众人物”。但他被毁了。

His friends all say that.

His friends all say that.

Narrator: Oppenheimer wasn't the only one harmed.

旁白：奥本海默并不是唯一受伤的人。

Teller: I lost the cooperation with most of my colleagues in America and for me the profession was more than a profession, it was also my circle of friends.

Teller：我失去了与美国大部分同事的合作，对我来说，这个职业不仅仅是一个职业，它也是我的朋友圈。

Bethe: I thought that Teller would lose a lot of his friends.

贝特：我以为泰勒会失去很多朋友。

I didn't expect that it would go this far.

I didn't expect that it would go this far.

And I am sorry for Edward Teller.

And I am sorry for Edward Teller.

And he made, in this case, a bad decision.

And he made, in this case, a bad decision.

Narrator: At the very moment Robert Oppenheimer stood accused, American scientists headed back to the Pacific.

旁白：就在罗伯特·奥本海默受到指控的那一刻，美国科学家回到了太平洋。

They would now test prototypes of an H-bomb small enough to be dropped from a plane.

他们现在将测试小到可以从飞机上投下的氢弹原型。

The first test--code-named " Bravo "--took place on Bikini Atoll in March, 1954.

第一次测试——代号“Bravo”——于 1954 年 3 月在比基尼环礁进行。

Marshal N.

N元帅

Rosenbluth , Physicist: I think we were about 30 miles away, and it just kept rising and rising.

Rosenbluth，物理学家：我想我们距离我们大约 30 英里，而且它一直在不断上升。

It looked to me like what you might imagine a diseased brain, or a brain of some mad man would look like.

在我看来，它就像你想象的一个患病的大脑，或者某个疯子的大脑会是什么样子。

You know, the surface, with the cortex convolutions, and so on.

你知道，表面、皮质卷积等等。

And it just kept getting bigger and bigger.

And it just kept getting bigger and bigger.

Agnew: And something I'll never forget was the heat.

阿格纽：我永远不会忘记的是炎热。

And you had the feeling that the cloud was on top of you.

你有一种云在你头顶的感觉。

But the heat just kept coming, just kept coming on and on and on.

但热量却不断地袭来，不断地袭来。

And it was really scary, because the heat doesn't go off.

这真的很可怕，因为热量没有消失。

Narrator: The explosion was twice as large as expected--forty times more powerful than Sakharov's Layer Cake.

Narrator: The explosion was twice as large as expected--forty times more powerful than Sakharov's Layer Cake.

200 miles from ground zero, a camera recorded the enormous blast.

距归零地 200 英里处，摄像机记录下了这次巨大的爆炸。

In minutes the mushroom cloud reached an altitude of more than 15 miles.

几分钟之内，蘑菇云的高度就达到了 15 英里以上。

York : It was unprecedented to have an explosion go that high--way up into the stratosphere around 100,000 feet, where we knew very little about the weather.

约克：爆炸发生在 100,000 英尺左右的平流层，爆炸发生的高度是史无前例的，而我们对那里的天气知之甚少。

We ran these balloons up to see which way the wind was blowing, but the knowledge was very sparse in those days.

我们把这些气球放上去看看风向朝哪个方向吹，但当时的知识非常匮乏。

Narrator: A few hours after the "Bravo" test radioactive fallout hit several inhabited islands in the area--but two days passed before the task force took action to rescue the affected population.

旁白：“布拉沃”试验后几个小时，放射性尘埃袭击了该地区的几个有人居住的岛屿，但两天后，特遣部队才采取行动营救受影响的居民。

In a film kept secret for decades, the AEC summarized the effects of the fallout.

AEC 在一部保密了数十年的影片中总结了此次事件的影响。

Archival: 229 Marshall Islanders and 28 American service personnel were evacuated to Kwajalein for survey and treatment.

档案：229 名马绍尔群岛居民和 28 名美国军人被疏散到夸贾林环礁接受调查和治疗。

A majority of those receiving the heaviest radiation reported some transient nausea on the first or second day and some loss of hair was a frequent symptom.

大多数接受最严重辐射的人在第一天或第二天报告有一些短暂的恶心，并且一些头发脱落是常见的症状。

Most of Marshallese in this category developed multiple skin lesions, usually not severe, predominantly on the scalp, back of the neck and feet.

大多数马绍尔人出现了多发性皮肤损伤，通常并不严重，主要集中在头皮、颈后和脚部。

Narrator: The story of "Bravo" and its aftermath began to leak out a few weeks later when the " Lucky Dragon ", a Japanese fishing vessel, returned home from the Pacific.

旁白：几周后，当日本渔船“福龙”号从太平洋回国时，“Bravo”号的故事及其后果开始泄露。

The boat's crew of twenty-three was suffering from severe radiation sickness.

The boat's crew of twenty-three was suffering from severe radiation sickness.

One fisherman later died.

One fisherman later died.

Narrator: At first, the administration maintained its silence.

Narrator: At first, the administration maintained its silence.

York: No other program outside of intelligence ever had the kind of secrecy surrounding it that the nuclear program had, and everybody became used to that.

约克：除了情报之外，没有任何其他项目像核项目那样具有保密性，每个人都已经习惯了。

You know, we don't have to explain what is going on.

你知道，我们不需要解释发生了什么。

It is terribly secret, and if we do explain, somehow the Russians will be able to exploit this and so we are not going to tell you.

It is terribly secret, and if we do explain, somehow the Russians will be able to exploit this and so we are not going to tell you.

"Bravo" broke into that.

“Bravo”打破了这一点。

Newsreel: "Another byproduct of the stupendous mid-pacific blast unfolds in San Francisco where tuna fish supposedly made radioactive during the test are scrutinized by federal agents armed with Geiger counters for signs of contamination.

新闻影片：“太平洋中部那场巨大爆炸的另一个副产品在旧金山上演，联邦特工配备了盖革计数器，对据称在测试过程中产生放射性的金枪鱼进行了仔细检查，以寻找污染迹象。

The fish shipped from Japan must undergo rigid inspection by food and drug officials before being allowed entry.

The fish shipped from Japan must undergo rigid inspection by food and drug officials before being allowed entry.

In this case, the fish are given a clean bill of health."

在这种情况下，鱼就获得了健康证明。”

Narrator: In Washington, AEC chairman Strauss was forced to respond.

旁白：在华盛顿，AEC主席施特劳斯被迫做出回应。

Strauss: "The first shot has been variously described as 'devastating', 'out of control' and with other exaggerated and mistaken characterizations.

施特劳斯：“第一枪被各种各样地描述为‘毁灭性’、‘失控’以及其他夸大和错误的描述。

I would not wish to minimize it.

我不想将其最小化。

It was a very large blast in the megaton range, but at no time was the testing out of control."

这是一次百万吨级的巨大爆炸，但测试从未失控。”

York: I thought some of the stuff coming out of Washington was pretty silly.

York: I thought some of the stuff coming out of Washington was pretty silly.

They began to talk about radiation exposure in terms of sunshine units.

They began to talk about radiation exposure in terms of sunshine units.

One of the dumbest phrases to come down the pike in a long time.

One of the dumbest phrases to come down the pike in a long time.

You know, designed to some how put a happy face on it, on the impossible.

你知道，设计是为了一些如何在不可能的事情上表现出快乐的表情。

Narrator: In the Soviet Union the official news agency downplayed the "Bravo" test, but Russian scientists were stunned by its force.

Narrator: In the Soviet Union the official news agency downplayed the "Bravo" test, but Russian scientists were stunned by its force.

Igor Kurchatov, scientific director of the Soviet nuclear weapons program, warned of the new danger.

Igor Kurchatov, scientific director of the Soviet nuclear weapons program, warned of the new danger.

Holloway : Kurchatov and three of the other leading scientists in the project write a short report for the leadership in which they say, essentially, that a nuclear war, especially a war using thermonuclear weapons, could lead to the end of all life on earth.

霍洛威：库尔恰托夫和该项目的其他三名主要科学家为领导层写了一份简短的报告，他们在报告中说，基本上，核战争，特别是使用热核武器的战争，可能会导致地球上所有生命的终结。

It's a very stark document.

这是一份非常严厉的文件。

Narrator: "The explosion of about 100 large hydrogen bombs", Kurchatov wrote, "will be sufficient to create on the whole globe conditions under which life will be impossible."

旁白：“大约 100 枚大型氢弹的爆炸”，库尔恰托夫写道，“将足以在全球范围内造成生命不可能存在的条件。”

Holloway: What's really interesting about it is that it cuts absolutely against the official Soviet line.

霍洛威：真正有趣的是它完全违背了苏联的官方路线。

Narrator: The Kremlin leadership shelved Kurchatov's report--and the Soviet military soon staged a dramatic exercise that challenged the scientists' conclusion.

旁白：克里姆林宫领导层搁置了库尔恰托夫的报告，苏联军方很快就进行了一场戏剧性的演习，挑战了科学家的结论。

Maj.

少校。

Gen.

将军

Valentin V.

瓦伦丁·V.

Larionov, Soviet Army: In 1954 we conducted a training exercise near the village of Totskoe in the Urals, using an actual atomic bomb.

拉里奥诺夫，苏联陆军：1954 年，我们在乌拉尔托茨科村附近进行了一次训练演习，使用的是真正的原子弹。

30 to 40 minutes later troops, both on foot and in tanks, all of them wearing gas-masks, entered the contaminated zone.

30 to 40 minutes later troops, both on foot and in tanks, all of them wearing gas-masks, entered the contaminated zone.

All the necessary measuring equipment was installed.

All the necessary measuring equipment was installed.

In the discussion that followed, Marshal Bulganin, who was in charge of the exercise, said that the results showed none of the troops who passed through the contaminated zone had been exposed to high enough levels of radiation to warrant fear of this weapon.

在随后的讨论中，负责此次演习的布尔加宁元帅表示，结果显示，穿过污染区的部队都没有受到足够高水平的辐射，以至于没有人担心这种武器。

And so an atomic war was not as frightening as the imperialists would have us believe.

因此，原子战争并不像帝国主义者让我们相信的那么可怕。

At the Nevada test site, the American military also used smaller atomic blasts to learn how to survive a nuclear war.

At the Nevada test site, the American military also used smaller atomic blasts to learn how to survive a nuclear war.

Archival: "Aircraft are instrumented to record the strains and pressures inflicted upon them.

Archival: "Aircraft are instrumented to record the strains and pressures inflicted upon them.

We're trying every angle and every gadget we can to find out what really does happen when an atomic bomb kicks out fiercely at the world around it."

我们正在尝试每一个角度和每一个小工具，以了解当原子弹猛烈撞击周围世界时到底会发生什么。”

Archival: "Shot day.

档案：“拍摄日。

Camp Desert Rock.

沙漠岩营地。

H minus five hours.

H减去五个小时。

Like all too many people both in and out of the military, before these men got their assignment for this operation they had many misconceptions about the bomb and its effects.

就像军队内外的许多人一样，在这些人得到这次行动的任务之前，他们对炸弹及其影响有很多误解。

Some of them thought they would never again be able to have families.

Some of them thought they would never again be able to have families.

Some of them expected to glow for hours after the bomb went off.

其中一些预计在炸弹爆炸后会发光数小时。

Many of them were afraid.

他们中的许多人都很害怕。

They had never taken the time or invested the effort to learn the facts about what to do in case of atomic warfare."

They had never taken the time or invested the effort to learn the facts about what to do in case of atomic warfare."

Archival: "May I have you attention.

档案：“请注意。

Remain in your holes until the command "raise" has been given at H plus three seconds.

留在洞里，直到在 H 处发出“抬起”命令后三秒。

If you stand up too soon, the heat will give you the equivalent of a severe sunburn.

如果你站得太早，高温会让你相当于严重晒伤。

Everyone kneel down in your foxholes, look down and stay down!"

每个人都跪在你们的散兵坑里，往下看，呆在下面！”

Narrator: Like their Soviet counterparts, the American military came to an upbeat conclusion:

旁白：与苏联同行一样，美国军方也得出了乐观的结论：

Archival: "In the minds of many of the men there was doubt and fear before.

档案：“许多人的心中曾经存在过怀疑和恐惧。

Now there is confidence, confidence that comes only with experience.

现在有了信心，只有经验才能带来信心。

Just treat it with respect rather than fear.

只要以尊重而不是恐惧的态度对待它。

Use a little common sense.

使用一点常识。

And observe a few basic precautions.

并遵守一些基本的预防措施。

After the walk through we move back out of the contaminated zone to our parking area.

步行结束后，我们离开污染区回到停车场。

We made it.

我们成功了。

And so can anyone else who goes through this kind of operation.

经历过这种手术的其他人也可以。

Narrator: In the Soviet Union, the success of the Layer Cake brought rich rewards to Andrei Sakharov and several other leading scientists.

旁白：在苏联，千层蛋糕的成功给安德烈·萨哈罗夫和其他几位顶尖科学家带来了丰厚的回报。

Sakharov received the title "Hero of Socialist Labor" as well as the Stalin Prize.

萨哈罗夫荣获“社会主义劳动英雄”称号和斯大林奖。

At the age of 33, he became the head of the theoretical department at the Arzamas weapons lab.

33岁时，他成为阿尔扎马斯武器实验室理论部主任。

But there was little time to celebrate:

但几乎没有时间庆祝：

Goncharov : An absolutely insane task was set for us not to lag behind the United States by one iota.

冈察洛夫：我们为我们设定了一项绝对疯狂的任务，就是不落后美国一丁点。

We had to have everything the Americans had.

我们必须拥有美国人拥有的一切。

There couldn't be the slightest gap.

不能有丝毫的差距。

And so as soon as new information arrived about the work in this or that direction, we absolutely had to do the same thing.

因此，一旦有关这个或那个方向的工作的新信息到来，我们绝对必须做同样的事情。

Narrator: The scientists at Arzamas recognized at once that the enormous force of the "Bravo" explosion signaled a breakthrough.

旁白：阿尔扎马斯的科学家们立即认识到，“布拉沃”爆炸的巨大威力预示着突破。

Sakharov's team had been looking for ways to improve on the Layer Cake.

萨哈罗夫的团队一直在寻找改进千层蛋糕的方法。

Now he enlisted additional help in a frantic effort to catch up.

现在，他疯狂地寻求额外的帮助来追赶。

Only a few weeks after the "Bravo" test, the Soviet scientists hit upon the same idea of radiation implosion--the concept first developed by Teller and Ulam: The Soviet Union now knew how to build the superbomb.

“布拉沃”试验后仅几周，苏联科学家就想到了辐射内爆的相同想法——该概念最初由泰勒和乌拉姆提出：苏联现在知道如何制造超级炸弹。

Teller: We like to believe, and many leading people believe that, if we won't give away our secrets they will remain secrets forever.

Teller：我们愿意相信，而且许多领导人都相信，如果我们不泄露我们的秘密，它们将永远是秘密。

I think we were ahead of the world, not by much.

我认为我们领先于世界，但领先不了太多。

Rhodes : They weren't secrets.

罗德：它们不是秘密。

They were physics.

他们是物理学。

The rest is just the essentially trivial problem of figuring out how to make the physics into machines.

剩下的只是弄清楚如何将物理学变成机器的本质上微不足道的问题。

Narrator: In November 1955--a year and a half after "Bravo"--the Soviet version of the H-bomb was ready.

旁白：1955 年 11 月，也就是“Bravo”之后一年半，苏联版的氢弹已经准备就绪。

Goncharov: Taking part in the test of the two-stage bomb made a greater impression on me than anything else in my entire life.

冈察洛夫：参加两级炸弹的试验给我留下的印象比我一生中的任何事情都深刻。

The plane was flying at the altitude of twelve to fifteen kilometers; you could see the white jet trail in the sky.

飞机飞行高度为十二至十五公里；你可以看到天空中的白色喷气尾迹。

It seemed that it was right above our heads because the angle was quite steep--and that made the situation tense.

看起来它就在我们的头顶上方，因为角度相当陡——这让情况变得紧张。

At the moment of the explosion we were standing and we covered our face with our hands as instructed.

爆炸发生时，我们站着，按照指示用手捂住脸。

Immediately, it felt as if you had put your head into an open oven.

立刻，感觉就像把头放进了一个敞开的烤箱里。

The heat was unbearable.

酷热难耐。

Then we had this impressive view of the fireball, the mushroom cloud, all of it on a huge scale.

然后我们看到了令人印象深刻的火球、蘑菇云，所有这些都是巨大的。

What was shocking was that this great scene was unfolding in absolute silence.

令人震惊的是，这宏大的一幕，竟然是在绝对的寂静中展开的。

And when the shock wave approached us, we dropped to the ground.

当冲击波接近我们时，我们倒在了地上。

Thunder.

雷。

Stones were flying.

石头飞舞着。

Some one was hit by a large rock.

有人被一块大石头砸中。

There were several claps of thunder and the ground was shaking.

几声雷响，大地都在震动。

Narrator: Unusual atmospheric conditions created a powerful shock wave that hit towns more than fifty miles from ground zero.

旁白：异常的大气条件产生了强大的冲击波，袭击了距归零地五十多英里的城镇。

Goncharov: I remember when we arrived back at our hotel, the windows and doors had been blown out.

冈察洛夫：我记得当我们回到酒店时，门窗都被炸飞了。

It felt as if the place had been hit by an air raid.

感觉这个地方好像遭到了空袭。

But our joy was indescribable.

但我们的喜悦是难以形容的。

We started celebrating immediately.

我们立即开始庆祝。

We took out all our supplies.

我们拿出了所有的物资。

Someone brought alcohol.

有人带来了酒。

There was a sense of fulfillment, of having completed our task.

我们有一种完成任务的成就感。

That this beautiful, complex device--and that's what it was from a physicist's point of view--had worked was a triumph of science, of course.

当然，这个美丽而复杂的装置——从物理学家的角度来看它确实如此——的成功是科学的胜利。

We all understood that.

我们都明白这一点。

Narrator: The celebrations were soon overshadowed.

旁白：庆祝活动很快就被掩盖了。

Two people, a soldier and a two-year old girl, had been killed by falling debris.

两人，一名士兵和一名两岁女孩，被坠落的碎片炸死。

Sakharov approached ground zero soon after the blast: "When you see all of this yourself, something in you changes," he wrote.

萨哈罗夫在爆炸发生后不久就接近归零地：“当你亲眼目睹这一切时，你内心的某些东西发生了变化，”他写道。

"When you see the burned birds who are withering on the scorched steppe, when you see how the shock wave blows away buildings like houses of cards, when you feel the reek of splintered bricks, when you sense melted glass, you immediately think of times of war...

“当你看到烧焦的草原上被烧焦的鸟儿枯萎时，当你看到冲击波如何吹走纸牌屋般的建筑物时，当你感受到砖块碎片的臭味时，当你感受到融化的玻璃时，你立刻就会想到战争年代……

All of this triggers an irrational yet very strong emotional impact.

所有这些都会引发非理性但非常强烈的情感影响。

How not to start thinking of one's responsibility at this point?"

这个时候怎么不开始思考自己的责任呢？”

The test left a lasting impression on Sakharov and Kurchatov.

这次测试给萨哈罗夫和库尔恰托夫留下了深刻的印象。

Both men became deeply troubled by the consequences of their work.

两人都对自己工作的后果深感困扰。

Nikita Khrushchev, the new leader in the Kremlin, saw the danger, too: "When I was appointed First Secretary of the Central Committee and learned all the facts of nuclear power I couldn't sleep for several days," he wrote.

克里姆林宫的新领导人尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫也看到了危险：“当我被任命为中央委员会第一书记并了解核电的所有事实时，我好几天无法入睡，”他写道。

"Then I became convinced that we could never possibly use these weapons, and when I realized that I was able to sleep again."

“然后我确信我们永远不可能使用这些武器，当我意识到我能够再次入睡时。”

By 1955, the H-bomb had become a symbol of doom: Hailed just a few years earlier as the weapon to save the world from communism the super was turning into the ultimate nightmare.

到 1955 年，氢弹已成为末日的象征：几年前，氢弹还被誉为拯救世界免于共产主义的武器，但现在它却变成了终极噩梦。

Gaddis : I think it's very important to remember that both the Soviet Union and the United States were countries that had been traumatized by surprise attack: the Americans with Pearl Harbor, and the Russians with the German attack of June 1941.

加迪斯：我认为重要的是要记住，苏联和美国都是因突然袭击而遭受创伤的国家：美国遭受了珍珠港事件，俄罗斯则遭受了 1941 年 6 月德国的袭击。

That experience never leaves them throughout the Cold War.

在整个冷战期间，这种经历从未离开过他们。

That preoccupation with the possibility of surprise attack is always there.

对突然袭击可能性的关注始终存在。

Narrator: To guard against surprise attack, LeMay kept his planes--some now armed with H-bombs--on constant alert.

旁白：为了防止突然袭击，李梅让他的飞机——其中一些现在装备了氢弹——时刻处于戒备状态。

Each crew was trained to attack a specific Soviet target.

每个机组人员都接受过攻击特定苏联目标的训练。

Edmundson : The biggest thing in your life was your wartime mission.

埃德蒙森：你一生中最重要的事情就是你的战时使命。

You lived for it.

你为此而活。

You knew that they might blow the whistle at any time, and when they did, that's where you were going.

你知道他们随时可能会举报，而当他们举报时，你就要去那里。

Unit commanders, group commanders, wing commanders were never permitted to be more than three rings away on the telephone.

部队指挥官、大队指挥官、联队指挥官打电话的距离不得超过三声。

If you wanted to go out for dinner, you had a radio in your car that you'd be on, say, "I'm going to be mobile, and when I come off of mobile, I'll be at such-and-such a number," the number of the restaurant.

如果你想出去吃晚饭，你的车里有一个收音机，你可以打开它，说：“我要使用移动电话，当我不再使用移动电话时，我会拨打某某号码，”餐厅的号码。

When you'd go in, you'd let them know who you were, and the--the possibility that you might get a phone call while you were there.

当你进去时，你会让他们知道你是谁，以及你在那里时可能接到电话的可能性。

It was a way of life.

这是一种生活方式。

Narrator: LeMay's plan was clear: "My determination was to put everyone in SAC into this frame of mind: We are at war now!

旁白：勒梅的计划很明确：“我的决心是让SAC的每个人都陷入这样的心态：我们现在正处于战争之中！

So, if we actually did go to war the very next morning, or even that night, no preliminary motions would be wasted."

因此，如果我们真的在第二天早上甚至那天晚上开战，那么任何初步动议都不会被浪费。”

Rhodes: It was a totally new concept of how to fight a war.

罗德斯：这是一个关于如何打仗的全新概念。

And it required the United States to do something we had never done before, which is to have a huge military establishment in peacetime, to have the whole stockpile in hand.

它要求美国做一些我们以前从未做过的事情，那就是在和平时期拥有庞大的军事设施，掌握全部库存。

All these things that essentially militarized a very peaceful democracy.

所有这些事情本质上使一个非常和平的民主国家军事化。

Narrator: Beginning in 1954, regular alert exercises were held in cities across the U.S. But now that both sides had the H-bomb there was no place to hide.

旁白：从1954年开始，美国各城市定期举行警戒演习，但现在双方都拥有了氢弹，无处可躲。

McEnaney : The idea was during the early years of the Eisenhower administration that shelter was not going to work, given the advances in technology and given the advent of the hydrogen bomb, that it was silly and sheer folly to expect that shelters could protect people from such powerful weapons.

麦克纳尼：这个想法是在艾森豪威尔政府的早期，考虑到技术的进步和氢弹的出现，避难所不会发挥作用，指望避难所可以保护人们免受如此强大的武器的伤害是愚蠢和完全愚蠢的。

Archival: "Keep your radio tuned to this frequency.

档案：“让你的收音机调到这个频率。

There is a traffic plan for the evacuation of the city."

有一个用于城市疏散的交通计划。”

McEnaney: So instead of "duck and cover", the slogan was "run like the wind".

麦克纳尼：所以口号不是“躲起来躲起来”，而是“像风一样奔跑”。

Archival: "All cars in the downtown area must follow the green lights.

档案：“市中心区域的所有车辆都必须遵循绿灯。

They will lead you out of the danger area by the quickest route."

他们会以最快的路线带你脱离危险区域。”

McEnaney: Basically Operation Alert was a war game.

麦克纳尼：基本上，警报行动是一场战争游戏。

It was a hypothetical attack on a city or, as they referred to them, on a target area.

这是对一座城市的假设攻击，或者正如他们所说的，对目标区域的攻击。

They would decide how many bombs, what the size those bombs were, what the size of the population would be that was killed, the size of the population that would go homeless.

他们将决定有多少炸弹，这些炸弹的尺寸有多大，有多少人被杀，有多少人将无家可归。

Goodpaster : There was concern running all through the Eisenhower administration about the panic effects, the breakdown of law and order that would occur.

古德帕斯特：整个艾森豪威尔政府都对由此产生的恐慌影响以及法律和秩序的崩溃感到担忧。

Who would exercise any kind of control or support for the people?

谁会对人民进行任何形式的控制或支持？

Those were some of the things that we would test out during these exercises.

这些是我们在这些练习中要测试的一些内容。

York: When I finally got dealing with people at the White House level, what I discovered is, it wasn't civil defense per se.

约克：当我最终与白宫层面的人打交道时，我发现这本身并不是民防。

They wanted civil defense in order to make sure that the American people would not be too frightened.

他们想要民防，以确保美国人民不会太害怕。

Not to save lives, but to make people believe that they can survive a nuclear war.

不是为了拯救生命，而是为了让人们相信他们能够在核战争中生存下来。

Tyler May: One of the reasons that people are beginning to protest against the whole civil defense apparatus is the recognition, especially after the hydrogen bomb, that this is pointless; there is no way to imagine surviving, individually or as a nation, in the event of a nuclear holocaust with weapons of this magnitude.

泰勒·梅：人们开始抗议整个民防机构的原因之一是认识到，特别是在氢弹之后，这是毫无意义的；无法想象，在使用如此大规模的武器进行核浩劫的情况下，无论是个人还是作为一个国家，都无法生存。

Narrator: In New York City the protests began with isolated acts of civil disobedience .

旁白：在纽约市，抗议活动始于孤立的公民抗命行为。

Janice Harrison: The sirens were going.

珍妮丝·哈里森：警报响起。

I looked around and there is not a soul around.

我环顾四周，周围没有一个人影。

And the civil defense guys come.

民防人员也来了。

And they said: "You are going to have to take shelter." I said: "No, I am not going anywhere.

他们说：“你必须避难。”我说：“不，我哪儿也不去。

This is my park, I am sitting here with my children.

这是我的公园，我和我的孩子们坐在这里。

No."

不。”

Narrator: The protests made headlines in the New York press.

旁白：抗议活动成为纽约媒体的头条新闻。

The following year, thousands of women brought their children to the same park to demonstrate against the alert exercise.

第二年，数千名妇女带着她们的孩子来到同一个公园，抗议这一警报演习。

Tyler May: It wasn't the first time that women have used the banner of motherhood to protest political realities.

泰勒·梅：这并不是女性第一次打着母性的旗帜来抗议政治现实。

But it had a very important resonance at a time when motherhood was so glorified.

但在母性如此受到荣耀的时代，它产生了非常重要的共鸣。

So when you start to have mothers protesting, it was very powerful.

所以当母亲们开始抗议时，这是非常强烈的。

Narrator: But Operation Alert continued.

旁白：但是警报行动仍在继续。

McEnaney: No matter how many times they studied panic, no matter how many times they tested a communications system, no matter how many times they set up a mass feeding exercise, there was no defense against the hydrogen bomb.

麦克纳尼：无论他们研究了多少次恐慌，无论他们测试了多少次通信系统，无论他们进行了多少次大规模喂食演习，都无法防御氢弹。

Nevertheless, they continued to practice it in this kind of ritualized way.

尽管如此，他们还是继续以这种仪式化的方式进行实践。

And even President Eisenhower would participate.

甚至艾森豪威尔总统也会参加。

Newsreel: "President Eisenhower leads the way in a test evacuation of the entire executive branch.

新闻片：“艾森豪威尔总统带头进行了整个行政部门的测试疏散。

The chief executive heads for a secret retreat.

首席执行官前往秘密静修处。

The first time the government has abandoned the capital since it was burned in the war of 1812."

自 1812 年首都在战争中被烧毁以来，这是政府首次放弃首都。”

Eisenhower: 'We're here to determine whether or not the government is prepared in time of emergency to continue the functions of government, so there shall be no interruption in the business that must be carried on.'

艾森豪威尔：“我们来这里是为了确定政府是否做好了在紧急情况下继续履行政府职能的准备，这样必须进行的事务就不会受到干扰。”

Narrator: In private, Eisenhower admitted the exercise was futile.

旁白：艾森豪威尔私下里承认这次演习是徒劳的。

Goodpaster: Once the hydrogen weapon was available, you began to hear from him that any idea of nuclear war would be, as he said, an absurdity or a form of insanity.

古德帕斯特：一旦氢武器问世，你就开始从他那里听到，正如他所说，任何核战争的想法都是荒谬的或一种疯狂。

That no longer was war an extension of policy by other means, but it was a form of mutual suicide.

战争不再是政策通过其他手段的延伸，而是一种相互自杀的形式。

Narrator: "The United States is piling up armaments which it well knows will never provide for its ultimate safety," the president told his advisors.

旁白：“美国正在堆积军备，它清楚地知道这些军备永远无法为其最终安全提供保障，”总统告诉他的顾问们。

"We are piling up these armaments because we do not know what else to do to provide for our security."

“我们正在堆积这些军备，因为我们不知道还能做些什么来保证我们的安全。”

Holloway: On the American side with the build-up of nuclear forces you see an increasing belief in the possibility of a knockout blow against the Soviet Union, and on the Soviet side you see an increasing fear that the Americans might try a knockout blow.

霍洛威：随着核力量的增强，美国方面越来越相信对苏联进行致命一击的可能性，而苏联方面则越来越担心美国可能会尝试致命一击。

And so the Soviet interest then becomes to try to preempt an American attack.

因此，苏联的利益就变成了试图先发制人，阻止美国的进攻。

Larionov: Of course, technically, the one who strikes first--especially if it is a preemptive strike--gains the advantage over the other side.

拉里奥诺夫：当然，从技术上讲，先发制人的一方——尤其是先发制人的打击——会比对方获得优势。

But the thing is, even if you strike first, you will perish together with the defeated side.

但问题是，即使你先出手，你也会与败方同归于尽。

That is the paradox of our time.

这就是我们这个时代的悖论。

Narrator: Both countries continued to prepare for the worst: By 1960 the SAC war plan called for the launch of more than 3,000 nuclear weapons--including hundreds of hydrogen bombs--from bases around the world to attack in the first few hours of conflict 1,000 separate targets in the Communist Bloc.

旁白：两国继续为最坏的情况做准备：到 1960 年，战略空军司令部的战争计划要求从世界各地的基地发射 3,000 多枚核武器，其中包括数百枚氢弹，以在冲突的最初几个小时内攻击共产主义集团内的 1,000 个不同目标。

Gaddis: This could not be more at odds with Eisenhower's own thinking about the consequences of nuclear weapons.

加迪斯：这与艾森豪威尔自己对核武器后果的看法大相径庭。

And how Eisenhower could sit there and think in those very progressive terms, while at the same time allowing SAC and General LeMay to be piling up thousands up weapons and devising war plans that would involve the use of these weapons simultaneously, is very difficult to fathom.

艾森豪威尔如何坐在那里以非常进步的方式思考，同时允许 SAC 和李梅将军堆积数千件武器并制定涉及同时使用这些武器的战争计划，这是非常难以理解的。

Edmundson: We felt that the only way we could assure that it didn't happen was to have the capability here, in SAC, to deter the Russians from doing that, and having the honor and the American ethics of not doing it yourself.

埃德蒙森：我们认为，我们能够确保这种情况不会发生的唯一方法是在 SAC 拥有阻止俄罗斯人这样做的能力，并拥有自己不这样做的荣誉和美国道德。

Rhodes: But what does it mean that a country that believes in human dignity, even the dignity of the enemy--to the degree that that's possible in war--was preparing to slaughter an entire population of another country?

罗德：但是，一个相信人类尊严，甚至是敌人尊严的国家——在战争中可能发生的程度上——准备屠杀另一个国家的全部人口，这意味着什么？

Never mind the fact that the fallout from this killing of a nation would come back to us and kill most of us as well.

别介意这样一个事实：这场屠杀一个国家的后果会回到我们身上，并杀死我们大多数人。

Edmundson: It was the use of these weapons and the becoming proficient with them and the planning to use them at their maximum capability, that really, we felt, was the one way to avoid an all-out nuclear war.

埃德蒙森：我们认为，正是使用这些武器并熟练使用它们并计划以最大能力使用它们，这确实是避免全面核战争的一种方法。

I know that's anomalous, but we couldn't think of any other way to keep it from happening.

我知道这是不正常的，但我们想不出任何其他方法来阻止这种情况发生。

Narrator: Now that the race to build the super bomb had ended without a clear winner, the focus shifted to a new race to develop faster, more accurate means of delivering nuclear weapons to their targets.

旁白：既然制造超级炸弹的竞赛已经结束，没有明显的赢家，焦点就转移到了新的竞赛，以开发更快、更准确的方式将核武器运送到目标。

In Washington, Edward Teller found strong support for his argument that nuclear superiority held the key to the nation's survival.

在华盛顿，爱德华·泰勒的论点得到了强有力的支持，即核优势是国家生存的关键。

He later became a leading advocate of the Strategic Defense Initiative which promised to protect the United States from the very weapon he had helped invent.

他后来成为战略防御计划的主要倡导者，该计划承诺保护美国免受他帮助发明的武器的侵害。

Andrei Sakharov, like Teller, continued to work on nuclear arms; but increasingly he found himself in conflict with the Soviet regime.

安德烈·萨哈罗夫和泰勒一样，继续致力于核武器研究。但他越来越发现自己与苏联政权发生冲突。

He became the most prominent and outspoken advocate of human rights and democracy in his homeland.

他成为祖国最著名、最直言不讳的人权和民主倡导者。

Curtis LeMay retired from the Air Force in 1965.

柯蒂斯·李梅 (Curtis LeMay) 于 1965 年从空军退役。

He never questioned his belief in large-scale strategic bombing; in his memoirs, he reflected on the unimaginable power of the hydrogen bomb:

他从未质疑过自己对大规模战略轰炸的信念；他在回忆录中反思了氢弹难以想象的威力：

"That beautiful devilish pod underneath, clinging as a fierce child against its mother's belly carries all the conventional bomb explosive force of World War II and everything which came before.

“下面那个美丽而邪恶的豆荚，就像一个凶猛的孩子紧贴在母亲的肚子上，承载着二战时期以及之前发生过的所有常规炸弹的爆炸力。

"One B-58 can load that concentrated firepower and convey it to any place on the globe, and let it sink down, and let it go off, and bruise the stars and planets and satellites listening in."

“一架 B-58 可以装载集中火力并将其传送到地球上的任何地方，然后让它沉没，然后让它爆炸，并摧毁正在监听的恒星、行星和卫星。”

Long after the collapse of the Soviet empire, the United States and Russia continued to maintain several thousand nuclear warheads on constant alert.

苏联帝国崩溃很久之后，美国和俄罗斯仍然保持着数千枚核弹头的持续戒备状态。

Getting rid of the super, it seemed, was even harder than building it.

摆脱超级似乎比建造它还要困难。

One hundred events relating to the bomb's development.

一百个与炸弹研制有关的事件。

Read the interview with Paul Fritz Bugas, the former on-site superintendent of the Greenbrier Bunker, that was designed to house the members of the House of Representatives and Senate in case of nuclear attack.

请阅读对绿蔷薇地堡前现场负责人保罗·弗里茨·布加斯 (Paul Fritz Bugas) 的采访，该地堡旨在为众议院和参议院议员提供以防核攻击的住所。

Learn more about the major players and occurrences that led to the development of the Hydrogen bomb- this feature details U.S. government officials.

了解更多有关导致氢弹发展的主要参与者和事件的信息 - 本专题详细介绍了美国政府官员。

Learn more about the major players and occurrences that led to the development of the Hydrogen bomb- this feature details Russian government officials.

了解更多有关导致氢弹发展的主要参与者和事件的信息 - 本专题详细介绍了俄罗斯政府官员。

Learn more about the major players and occurrences that led to the development of the Hydrogen bomb.

了解更多关于导致氢弹发展的主要参与者和事件。

This feature details scientists and mathematicians who worked in the U.S.

此专题详细介绍了在美国工作的科学家和数学家。

Learn more about the major players and occurrences that led to the development of the Hydrogen bomb.

了解更多关于导致氢弹发展的主要参与者和事件。

This feature details scientists and mathematicians who worked in the U.S.S.R.

本专题详细介绍了在苏联工作的科学家和数学家。

Learn more about the major players and occurrences that led to the development of the Hydrogen bomb.

了解更多关于导致氢弹发展的主要参与者和事件。

This feature details the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, including its formation, activities and the 1953 Oppenheimer hearings.

本专题详细介绍了美国原子能委员会，包括其组建、活动和 1953 年奥本海默听证会。

The blockade of Berlin was the first serious crisis of the Cold War.

对柏林的封锁是冷战时期的第一次严重危机。

Learn more about the major players and occurrences that led to the development of the Hydrogen bomb.

了解更多关于导致氢弹发展的主要参与者和事件。

This feature details the sites used by the U.S. nuclear program, the Manhattan project and the Strategic Air Command.

本专题详细介绍了美国核计划、曼哈顿计划和战略空军司令部使用的地点。

Learn more about three bomb tests conducted by the United States from 1950 to 1954.

了解更多有关美国 1950 年至 1954 年间进行的三次炸弹试验的信息。

Learn about Soviet bomb tests conducted between 1949 and 1955.

了解 1949 年至 1955 年间苏联进行的炸弹试验。

In 1954, the United States Federal Civil Defense Agency instituted an exercise called Operation Alert.

1954年，美国联邦民防局发起了一项名为“警报行动”的演习。

It was a civil defense drill that took place on the same day in scores of major cities.

这是当天在数十个主要城市举行的民防演习。