The Blinding of Isaac Woodard
Orson Welles SOT, Radio: Good morning, this is Orson Welles speaking.
奥逊·威尔斯 SOT，广播：早上好，我是奥逊·威尔斯。
Iíd like to read to you an affidavit.
我想给你读一份宣誓书。
I, Isaac Woodard Jr, being duly sworn do depose and state as follows.
我，小艾萨克·伍达德，正式宣誓就职并声明如下。
I am twenty-seven years old and a veteran of the united states army, having served for fifteen months in the south pacific, and earned one battle star.
我今年二十七岁，是一名美国陆军老兵，在南太平洋服役了十五个月，并获得了一颗战斗之星。
While i was in uniform I purchased a ticket to Winnsboro, South Carolina, and took the bus headed there to pick up my wife to come to New York to see my father and mother.
当我穿着制服时，我买了一张去南卡罗来纳州温斯伯勒的车票，然后乘公共汽车去那里接我的妻子来纽约看望我的父母。
About one hour out of Atlanta, the bus driver got off and went and got the police.
距离亚特兰大大约一小时车程，巴士司机下车去找警察。
The policeman grabbed me by my left arm and twisted it behind my back.
警察抓住我的左臂，把它扭到背后。
I figured he was trying to make me resist.
我想他是想让我反抗。
I did not resist against him.
我没有反抗他。
Another policeman held his gun on me while the other one was beating me.
另一名警察用枪指着我，另一名警察则殴打我。
I started to get up, he started punching me in my eyes.
我刚要站起来，他就开始打我的眼睛。
He knocked me unconscious.
他把我打昏了。
I woke up next morning and could not see.
第二天早上我醒来，什么也看不见了。
They took me to the veteranís hospital in Columbia, South Carolina.
他们带我去了南卡罗来纳州哥伦比亚的退伍军人医院。
They told me i should join a blind school.
他们告诉我我应该加入盲人学校。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: : You have a man wearing a dress uniform.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：：你有一个穿着制服的男人。
He has medals on his chest.
他胸前挂着奖牌。
All the symbols of sacrifice and service are there and it doesn't matter, it just doesn't matter.
所有牺牲和服务的象征都在那里，这并不重要，只是不重要。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: To a white southerner in 1946, nothing is more provocative than a black man in uniform.
卡里·弗雷德里克森 (Kari Frederickson)，历史学家：对于 1946 年的南方白人来说，没有什么比穿着制服的黑人更具挑衅性的了。
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: You have law enforcement coming with the full savagery of southern racism.
雪莉琳·伊菲尔 (Sherrilyn Ifill)，全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：执法部门充满了南方种族主义的野蛮行径。
No one can say that what happened to Isaac Woodard was justified.
没有人能说发生在艾萨克·伍达德身上的事情是合理的。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: It just seemed to be something that shouldn't happen in America.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：这似乎是不应该发生在美国的事情。
Orson Welles SOT, Radio: the officer of the law was just another white man with a stick, who wanted to teach a negro boy a lesson ó to show a negro boy where he belonged: in the darkness.
奥森·威尔斯 SOT，广播：执法人员只是另一个拿着棍子的白人，他想给一个黑人男孩一个教训——让一个黑人男孩知道他属于哪里：在黑暗中。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: Are we going to have people who live in the united states and are less equal than others?
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：我们是否会出现生活在美国并且不如其他人平等的人？
What are we going to do about this?
对此我们该怎么办？
Orson Welles SOT, Radio: You say the north is bullying the south.
奥森·威尔斯 SOT，电台：你说北方欺负南方。
Iím afraid youíre missing the point.
恐怕你没有抓住重点。
This isnít another battlefield of the civil war.
这不是另一个内战战场。
The sides arenít the blue and the gray.
侧面不是蓝色和灰色的。
They are the right and the wrong.
他们是对的，也是错的。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: Who would have guessed that the blinding of a heroic veteran would be the beginning of the end of Jim Crow in America?
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：谁能想到，一位英雄退伍军人的失明会成为美国种族隔离制度终结的开始？
Newsreel SOT: Going home ó thatís the sweetest words a GIs ever heard.
新闻片 SOT：回家——这是大兵听过的最甜蜜的话。
Back to the good old USA where just the formality of mustering out, and then home sweet home.
回到美好的老美国，在那里只是办理了集合手续，然后回到甜蜜的家。
Narrator: For the GIs discharged just hours earlier, the wait inside the greyhound bus terminal was excruciating.
旁白：对于几个小时前刚刚出院的美国大兵来说，在灰狗巴士总站内的等待是极其痛苦的。
They were on the final leg of a journey that had taken them halfway around the world and back.
他们正处于绕了半个地球又回来的旅程的最后一站。
Freedom was so close they could nearly taste it.
自由是如此之近，他们几乎可以尝到它的滋味。
Laura Williams, Woodardís great-niece: The soldiers that were there, they had to have been jubilant and proud.
劳拉·威廉姆斯（Laura Williams），伍达德的曾侄女：在场的士兵们一定是兴高采烈和自豪的。
Happy to return home, on your soil.
很高兴回到家乡，回到自己的土地。
So, it had to have been just an exciting time for all of them to go home and see their families, finally.
因此，对于他们所有人来说，终于可以回家见家人了，这肯定是一个激动人心的时刻。
Narrator: On the eight oíclock Augusta to Columbia coach that night was sergeant Isaac Woodard, heading home to Winnsboro, South Carolina, to see his wife for the first time in several years.
旁白：当晚八点钟，从奥古斯塔到哥伦比亚的长途汽车上，艾萨克·伍达德中士正前往南卡罗来纳州温斯伯勒的家中，几年来第一次见到他的妻子。
Woodard was still in uniform, carrying a battle star for bravery under fire, and a final paycheck from the US army in the extraordinary sum of $695.
伍达德仍然身着军装，佩戴着因在枪林弹雨中表现英勇而获得的战斗之星勋章，以及美国陆军的最后一张高达 695 美元的薪水。
Enough to start the kind of life he hadnít dared dream of before the war.
足以开始他在战前不敢梦想的生活。
Like the other 900,000 African American soldiers returning home from duty, Isaac Woodard had come to see this bright new future as his due.
和其他 90 万非洲裔美国士兵一样，艾萨克·伍达德也开始将这个光明的新未来视为他应得的。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: African Americans had fought in all of the major wars in American history, and there's always been this theme of if we fight and we show our loyalty, then we are going to advance and be recognized as more equal citizens, and that dream had always been frustrated.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：非裔美国人参加了美国历史上所有的重大战争，一直有这样一个主题：如果我们战斗并表现出我们的忠诚，那么我们就会进步并被视为更平等的公民，但这个梦想一直都落空了。
But world war ii was actually quite different from past wars for African Americans because it was a special kind of war.
但对于非裔美国人来说，第二次世界大战实际上与过去的战争有很大不同，因为它是一种特殊的战争。
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: This war, this particular war, crystalizes around the idea of this fight against fascism, and that means that it is a fight against inequality, of suppressing groups of people because of their race.
谢里琳·伊菲尔（Sherrilyn Ifill），全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：这场战争，这场特殊的战争，围绕着反法西斯主义的斗争这一理念而具体化，这意味着这是一场反对不平等、反对因种族而压制人群的斗争。
So you have black soldiers coming home, having been inculcated with the idea that America stands for something different than fascism, something different than racial and ethnic discrimination.
因此，黑人士兵回家后被灌输这样的观念：美国代表着不同于法西斯主义、不同于种族和民族歧视的东西。
Something better.
更好的东西。
Narrator: By 10 o'clock on that February evening, Isaac Woodard was little more than an hour away from his homecoming in Winnsboro.
旁白：二月那个晚上 10 点，艾萨克·伍达德距离回到温斯伯勒的家只有一个多小时了。
Rawn James, Author: The atmosphere on the bus is jovial, filled with the relief that soldiers feel after surviving 15 months at war.
作者拉恩·詹姆斯 (Rawn James)：巴士上的气氛很欢乐，充满了士兵们在战争中幸存 15 个月后所感受到的轻松感。
Black soldiers and white soldiers are talking together, joking together.
黑人士兵和白人士兵在一起聊天，一起开玩笑。
Eventually a bottle of whiskey gets opened and passed around.
最终，一瓶威士忌被打开并传递。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: There were a few non-soldiers on the bus and they were very uncomfortable with the interaction between the white and black soldiers.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：公共汽车上有一些非士兵，他们对白人和黑人士兵之间的互动感到非常不舒服。
There were complaints to the bus driver and the bus driver didn't like it.
有人向公交车司机投诉，公交车司机不喜欢。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: There are, of course in 1946, no bathroom facilities on public buses.
卡里·弗雷德里克森 (Kari Frederickson)，历史学家：当然，在 1946 年，公共巴士上没有卫生间设施。
Isaac Woodard asked the bus driver, um, if at the next stop he could be allowed to disembark and to go to the bathroom.
艾萨克·伍达德问公交车司机，嗯，在下一站是否可以允许他下车并去洗手间。
Rawn James, Author: And the bus driver tells him: "boy, go sit back down."
罗恩·詹姆斯（Rawn James），作者：公交车司机告诉他：“孩子，回去坐下吧。”
Kari Frederickson, Historian: The bus driver cursed him.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：公交车司机咒骂了他。
Isaac Woodard cursed him back.
艾萨克·伍达德也回骂了他。
And proclaimed his manhood.
并宣告了他的男子气概。
Laura Williams, Woodard's great-niece: He just said to the gentleman, you know, you don't have to speak to me in that manner, Iím a man just like you.
劳拉·威廉姆斯，伍达德的曾侄女：他只是对那位先生说，你知道，你不必以那种方式对我说话，我是一个像你一样的人。
In other words, give me respect.
换句话说，给我尊重。
Rawn James, Author: Military training and service turned a black man from the rural deep south with a fifth grade education into a man willing to say words that he knew could put his life at risk.
拉恩·詹姆斯，作家：军事训练和服役使一个来自南方偏远农村、受过五年级教育的黑人变成了一个愿意说出他知道可能会危及生命的话的人。
There is no doubt when he said that, that he was under any illusions about what he was saying, where he was saying it ó on a bus at night, in the deep south.
毫无疑问，当他说这句话时，他对自己所说的内容、说话的地点抱有任何幻想——在南方腹地的夜间公共汽车上。
But he was a veteran.
但他是一位退伍军人。
He was wearing the uniform.
他穿着制服。
He was surrounded by veterans who were wearing the uniforms.
他周围都是穿着制服的退伍军人。
They were returning from a war that they had won.
他们刚刚从一场胜利的战争中归来。
And he was a stronger man because of it.
因此他是一个更坚强的人。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: The bus driver is furious.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：公交车司机非常愤怒。
At the next town he goes looking for a police officer to have Woodard removed from his bus.
在下一个城镇，他去找一名警察，将伍达德从他的公共汽车上带走。
Woodard's kind of perplexed.
伍达德有点困惑。
He steps off the bus and as he's trying to explain himself, the police chief brings out his blackjack, which is like a baton, but it's spring-loaded and it, it has tremendous force, and hits Woodard over the head with it.
他走下公共汽车，正当他试图解释自己时，警察局长拿出了他的二十一点，它就像一根警棍，但它是弹簧加载的，它具有巨大的力量，用它击中了伍达德的头部。
Narrator: A soldier aboard the bus watched as the officer took Woodard by the arm and forced him around the corner and out of sight.
旁白：巴士上的一名士兵看着军官抓住伍达德的手臂，迫使他绕过拐角，离开视线。
"That is the last I saw of him " he would tell investigators a few months later.
“这是我最后一次见到他”几个月后他告诉调查人员。
Robert Young, Woodardís nephew: They started beating him all across the head.
罗伯特·杨，伍达德的侄子：他们开始殴打他的头部。
And they gouge his eyes out.
他们把他的眼睛挖出来。
They didn't beat them out.
他们没有打败他们。
They put the stick in there and twisted it.
他们把棍子放在那里并扭转。
They threw him in jail and he told me they poured whiskey over him to say he was drunk.
他们把他关进监狱，他告诉我他们把威士忌倒在他身上，说他喝醉了。
He was arrested for, supposedly, disorderly conduct, disturbing the peace and being drunk.
据称，他因行为不检、扰乱治安和醉酒而被捕。
He was not drunk.
他没有喝醉。
He was not being disorderly.
他并没有扰乱秩序。
And he did not disturb the peace.
而他也没有扰乱这份平静。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: He spends the night in jail, unable to see.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：他在监狱里过夜，无法看见。
In excruciating pain.
在极度的痛苦中。
The next morning he is taken to the judge.
第二天早上，他被带到法官那里。
He is levied a fine, but he can't see to sign the paperwork that is put before him.
他被处以罚款，但他无法签署摆在他面前的文件。
Ultimately, when Woodard is examined by specialists they determine that he will never see again.
最终，当专家对伍达德进行检查时，他们确定他再也见不到东西了。
The injuries are severe and they are irreversible.
伤害很严重并且是不可逆转的。
He will be blind for life.
他将终生失明。
Robert Young, Woodardís nephew: You spend 42 months in the military, overseas in the Philippines and you come home to this.
伍达德的侄子罗伯特·杨（Robert Young）：你在海外菲律宾的军队服役了 42 个月，回到家后却发现了这一点。
How can you just gouge someone's eyes out?
你怎么能把别人的眼睛挖出来呢？
Anybody how can...you can't do that.
任何人都可以……你不能这样做。
And it hurts me to even think about it, but it happened.
一想到这件事就让我心痛，但它确实发生了。
Itís sad.
很伤心。
Well, that was, Iíd say, a part of ignorance.
嗯，我想说，这是无知的一部分。
You know, that's the bottom line, plain ignorance.
你知道，这就是底线，纯粹的无知。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: As world war II ended, 900,000 African American veterans returned to America—75% of them to the south, most of them to the rural south.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：第二次世界大战结束后，90 万非裔美国退伍军人返回美国，其中 75% 去了南方，其中大部分去了南方农村。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: The war took black soldiers out of communities where they had to adhere to a certain set of social norms in which they were subservient and opened up possibilities.
肯尼思·麦克，历史学家：战争将黑人士兵带出了社区，他们必须遵守一套特定的社会规范，在这些规范中，他们处于顺从状态，并开辟了可能性。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: Even a segregated army gave chances for training and leadership, and advancement and recognition.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：即使是一支种族隔离的军队也提供了训练和领导、晋升和认可的机会。
Those in Europe had been treated very respectfully.
那些在欧洲的人受到了非常尊重的对待。
And for the first time in their lives, the color of their skin was not the predominant characteristic to which they were identified.
这是他们有生以来第一次，他们的肤色不再是他们被识别的主要特征。
They came home feeling like they had done their duty in defense of American democracy and liberty.
他们回家后感觉自己已经履行了捍卫美国民主和自由的职责。
But when they returned home, they largely saw nothing had changed.
但当他们回到家时，他们发现基本上没有任何变化。
White southerners of that era considered the returning soldiers to be potential trouble, not great American citizens.
那个时代的南方白人认为回国的士兵是潜在的麻烦，而不是伟大的美国公民。
As some would say, they no longer knew their place.
正如一些人所说，他们不再知道自己的位置。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: Black soldiers were especially threatening to the racial mores that undermined segregation.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：黑人士兵对破坏种族隔离的种族习俗尤其构成威胁。
Black soldiers were in uniform.
黑人士兵穿着制服。
They wore emblems of authority.
他们佩戴着权威的标志。
They often carried themselves with a sense of authority that the enforcers of white supremacy found particularly threatening.
他们常常表现出一种权威感，白人至上的执行者认为这种权威感特别具有威胁性。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: : Wearing the uniform of the us military grants one the prerogatives of citizenship.
卡里·弗雷德里克森 (Kari Frederickson)，历史学家：：穿着美国军队的制服赋予一个人公民特权。
And black men make no bones about the fact that they feel completely deserving of those prerogatives.
黑人毫不掩饰这样一个事实：他们觉得完全值得这些特权。
And they become the target.
他们成为目标。
So, in 1946, what you see is one incident of racial violence after another.
所以，在1946年，你看到的是一件又一件的种族暴力事件。
Narrator: There was little recourse and little protection for the African American veterans victimized in the south.
旁白：南方受害的非裔美国退伍军人几乎没有求助和保护。
Investigating these hate crimes often fell to a small team of lawyers at the national association for the advancement of colored people, headed by Thurgood Marshall.
调查这些仇恨犯罪的工作通常由瑟古德·马歇尔领导的全国有色人种进步协会的一小群律师负责。
Patricia Sullivan, Historian: The NAACP is just inundated with cases of violence against black soldiers, wrongful court martials, massive riots, slaughter.
历史学家帕特里夏·沙利文：全国有色人种协进会充斥着针对黑人士兵的暴力、错误的军事法庭、大规模骚乱和屠杀的案件。
And Thurgood Marshallís office had files from floor to ceiling of these cases.
瑟古德·马歇尔的办公室从地板到天花板都有这些案件的档案。
Narrator: A harrowing new report landed in the NAACP legal office almost every week in 1946.
旁白：1946 年，全国有色人种协进会法律办公室几乎每周都会收到一份令人痛心的新报告。
One black army veteran was murdered on his front porch in Taylor county, Georgia.
佐治亚州泰勒县的一名黑人退伍军人在自家前廊被谋杀。
His offense had been casting a vote in the democratic primary.
他的罪行是在民主初选中投票。
A week later, 120 miles away, a black veteran was kidnapped by a lynch mob along with a friend and their two wives, one of them reportedly seven months pregnant.
一周后，在 120 英里外，一名黑人退伍军人与一名朋友以及他们的两个妻子一起被私刑暴徒绑架，据报道其中一个妻子已经怀孕七个月。
The four were shot roughly sixty times, at close range.
这四人被近距离射击了大约六十次。
Eyewitness accounts reported that the lynching party included local police officers.
目击者称，私刑者包括当地警察。
Narrator: In the middle of what Thurgood Marshall called that "terrible season of 1946".
旁白：正值瑟古德·马歇尔所说的“1946 年可怕的赛季”中期。
Isaac Woodard walked into the New York City offices of NAACP head Walter White.
艾萨克·伍达德走进全国有色人种协进会主席沃尔特·怀特在纽约的办公室。
The 27-year-old South Carolina native struck white as polite and handsome, with the ramrod straight bearing of a soldier.
这位 27 岁的南卡罗来纳州本地人，皮肤白皙，彬彬有礼，英俊潇洒，有着军人般的挺拔挺拔的举止。
"I saw you, Mr. White, when you visited my outfit in the pacific," he said.
“怀特先生，当你在太平洋参观我的部队时，我看到了你，”他说。
"I could see then."
“那时我就能看见了。”
Woodard then sat down and told the story of his blinding—in a sworn affidavit.
伍达德随后坐下来，在一份宣誓证词中讲述了他失明的故事。
Isaac Woodard (VO): The policeman asked me, was I discharged?
艾萨克·伍达德（画外音）：警察问我，我被释放了吗？
And when I said ìyes,î that was when he started beating me with a billy, hitting me across the top of the head.
当我说“是”时，他就开始用比利棍打我，击中我的头顶。
After that, I grabbed his billy, wrung it out of his hands.
之后，我抓住了他的比利，从他手中夺走了它。
Another policeman came up and threw his gun on me and told me to drop the billy or heíd drop me, so I dropped the billy.
另一个警察走过来，用枪指着我，并告诉我放下比利枪，否则他就会放下我，所以我放下了比利枪。
He knocked me unconscious.
他把我打昏了。
He hollered ìget up!î When I started to get up, he started punching me in the eyes with the end of his billy.
他喊道“站起来！”当我准备站起来时，他开始用比利枪的末端打我的眼睛。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: The NAACP officials, they were moved by this, like everyone was moved, by just the tragedy of it.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：全国有色人种协进会的官员们被这件事所感动，就像每个人都被这场悲剧所感动一样。
In addition, the NAACP leadership was always on the lookout for cases of injustice that they could use to really dramatize the nature of the southern racial system ó†for African Americans around the country, to get them to support the NAACP's work, and for white people to make them understand what's really going on.
此外，全国有色人种协进会领导层一直在寻找不公正的案例，他们可以利用这些案例来真正戏剧化南方种族制度的本质——对全国各地的非裔美国人来说，让他们支持全国有色人种协进会的工作，对白人来说，让他们了解到底发生了什么。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: Once Walter White gets ahold of Isaac Woodardís story, he is on fire.
卡里·弗雷德里克森 (Kari Frederickson)，历史学家：沃尔特·怀特 (Walter White) 得知艾萨克·伍达德 (Isaac Woodard) 的故事后，立刻火冒三丈。
He is looking for ways to publicize this story and he's looking for the biggest platform out there.
他正在寻找宣传这个故事的方法，并且正在寻找最大的平台。
Orson Welles SOT: How do you do ladies and gentlemen.
奥森·威尔斯 SOT：女士们、先生们，你们好。
This is Orson Welles.
这是奥森·威尔斯。
Narrator: White and his new press agent reached out to one of the nationís great dramatists ó the boy wonder of stage and cinema: 31-year-old Orson Welles.
旁白：怀特和他的新新闻代理人联系了美国最伟大的戏剧家之一——舞台和电影界的奇迹男孩：31 岁的奥逊·威尔斯。
In the summer of 1946, Welles was hosting a radio show that broadcast nationally every Sunday.
1946 年夏天，威尔斯主持了一个广播节目，每周日在全国范围内播出。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: NAACP goes to him and says, we need your help to share this story.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：全国有色人种协进会去找他说，我们需要你的帮助来分享这个故事。
The story fascinated him, particularly the whodunnit quality.
这个故事让他着迷，尤其是侦探小说的品质。
No one knew who this police officer was.
没有人知道这位警察是谁。
Orson Welles SOT: Now it seems the officer of the law who blinded the young negro boy in the affidavit has not been named.
奥逊·威尔斯 (Orson Welles) SOT：现在看来，在宣誓书中弄瞎黑人男孩的那位执法人员的名字还没有被提及。
ëtil we know more about him, for just now, weíll call the policeman officer x.
在我们对他有更多了解之前，我们暂且称这位警察为 X 警官。
Officer x, Iím talking to you.†We invite you to luxuriate in secrecy, it will be brief.
x警官，我正在跟你说话。†我们邀请您秘密地享受一下，时间会很简短。
Youíre going to be uncovered!
你将会被发现！
Narrator: Welles came back to the Woodard story the next week, and the week after; drawing more listeners each episode.
旁白：威尔斯在下周和下周又回到了伍达德的故事。每集吸引更多听众。
But there were holes in the story.
但这个故事有漏洞。
Three weeks into the radio broadcasts, there were still no real leads about Woodardís assailant, or even about the town where Woodard had been pulled from the bus.
电台广播三周后，仍然没有关于伍达德袭击者的真正线索，甚至没有关于伍达德被从公共汽车上拉下来的城镇的真正线索。
The NAACP legal team was getting nervous.
全国有色人种协进会的法律团队变得紧张起来。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: Marshall says we gotta get this right.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：马歇尔说我们必须把这件事做好。
We've got our friends out on a limb on this thing.
我们已经让我们的朋友在这件事上陷入困境了。
Orson Welles hires private investigators to go throughout the bus route to figure out where this happened.
奥逊·威尔斯聘请私家侦探走遍巴士路线，以查明事件发生的地点。
And the NAACP's national office has its lawyers searching these communities asking does anyone know this story.
全国有色人种协进会的全国办公室派律师搜查这些社区，询问是否有人知道这个故事。
Arriving in, unsolicited, in the national office is a letter from a black soldier who says ìi heard on the radio about the blinding of Sergeant Woodard.
一名黑人士兵不请自来地来到国家办公室，信中写道：“我在广播中听到伍达德中士被致盲的消息。”
I was on the bus.
我在公共汽车上。
It was Batesburg."
那是贝茨堡。”
Orson Welles SOT: I have before me wires and press releases to the effect that a policeman of Batesburg, a man by the name of Shull.
奥逊·威尔斯 (Orson Welles) SOT：我面前有电报和新闻稿，大意是贝茨堡的一名警察，名叫舒尔 (Shull)。
Has admitted that he was the police officer who blinded Isaac Woodard.
承认他是导致艾萨克·伍达德失明的警察。
Officer x, we know your name now.
X警官，我们现在知道你的名字了。
Now that we found you out, weíll never lose you.
既然我们找到了你，我们就永远不会失去你。
You canít get rid of me.
你摆脱不了我。
We have an appointment.
我们有个约会。
Narrator: The Welles broadcast had put the story in the headlines, and a whirlwind began to swirl around Isaac Woodard.
旁白：威尔斯的广播将这个故事列为头条新闻，一股旋风开始围绕着艾萨克·伍达德。
When word got out that the army had denied the young sergeant full disability benefits ó on the grounds that he was blinded a few hours after his discharge, luminaries from New Yorkís black community organized a benefit concert on his behalf.
当有消息称，军队以这位年轻中士退伍后几小时失明为由，拒绝了他的全部伤残福利时，来自纽约黑人社区的杰出人士为他组织了一场慈善音乐会。
Headlined by some of the biggest names in music, stars from Billie Holliday to Woody Guthrie turned up at Lewisohn stadium in Harlem to raise money for "the blind GI."
比莉·霍利迪 (Billie Holliday) 和伍迪·格思里 (Woody Guthrie) 等音乐界大腕云集，出现在哈莱姆区的刘易森体育场 (Lewisohn Stadium)，为“盲人大兵”筹集资金。
Heavyweight champion Joe Louis, hero of black America, stepped forward to co-chair the event.
美国黑人英雄、重量级拳王乔·路易斯挺身而出，共同主持了此次活动。
Robert Young, Woodard's nephew: Joe louis sent a limousine to our house in the Bronx.
罗伯特·杨，伍德德的侄子：乔·路易斯派了一辆豪华轿车到我们在布朗克斯的家。
I was 11 years old.
那年我11岁。
That excited me.
这让我很兴奋。
Narrator: Seated beside his mother, Isaac Woodard, a young man from tiny Winnsboro, South Carolina, was awestruck to learn that nearly 20,000 people had gathered in his honor.
旁白：来自南卡罗来纳州温斯伯勒小镇的年轻人艾萨克·伍达德坐在他母亲旁边，他惊讶地发现有近 20,000 人聚集在一起纪念他。
Ten thousand more were turned away.
还有一万人被拒之门外。
The crowd had been drawn by the all-star performances, but it was Isaac Woodard who turned out to be the headliner.
全明星的表演吸引了观众，但艾萨克·伍达德成为了头条新闻。
One Reporter: noted that applause lasted for five minutes after Isaac Woodard took the stage.
一位记者：注意到艾萨克·伍达德上台后掌声持续了五分钟。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: He spoke a very low voice and people had to go be completely silent to hear him, but it was a powerful account of what happened.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：他说话的声音非常低，人们必须完全安静才能听到他的声音，但这对所发生的事情进行了有力的描述。
Isaac Woodard (VO): I spent three and a half years in service of my country and thought I would be treated as a man when I returned to civilian life but I was mistaken.
艾萨克·伍达德（画外音）：我为祖国服务了三年半，我以为当我回到平民生活后，我会被当作一个男人对待，但我错了。
If the loss of my sight will make people in America get together to prevent what happened to me from ever happening again to any other person, I would be glad.
如果我的失明能让美国人民团结起来，防止发生在我身上的事情再次发生在其他人身上，我会很高兴。
Narrator: The benefit concert netted more than $10,000 for Isaac Woodard—enough to buy a house, but little else.
旁白：这场慈善音乐会为艾萨克·伍达德赚了超过 10,000 美元——足够买一栋房子，但除此之外就没什么了。
One NAACP staffer noted: though Woodard was "riding" high now, "in 10 years no one will remember" his name.
全国有色人种协进会的一名工作人员指出：尽管伍达德现在“风头正劲”，但“十年后没有人会记住”他的名字。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: The NAACP basically adopts a plan to make Isaac Woodard the centerpiece of a campaign for the promotion of the civil rights of all returning veterans.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：全国有色人种协进会基本上通过了一项计划，让艾萨克·伍达德成为促进所有回国退伍军人公民权利运动的核心。
He goes on a multi-city nationwide speaking tour that gathers huge crowds all across the country.
他进行了全国多城市巡回演讲，吸引了全国各地的大量人群。
It's hard to imagine how many other black men would have been as well known in America in 1946 and 1947, than Isaac Woodard.
很难想象 1946 年和 1947 年的美国还有多少黑人能比艾萨克·伍达德更出名。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: So many victims of southern violence are not alive.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：南方暴力事件的许多受害者都已去世。
Their bullet-ridden corpses are in a grave somewhere, but he's alive to talk about his story.
他们遍体鳞伤的尸体埋在某个坟墓里，但他还活着，可以讲述他的故事。
Laura Williams, Woodardís great-niece: My dad told me he remembers when the mailman would arrive daily, he would have a huge duffel bag that he would carry and the letters would just pour out onto the floor.
劳拉·威廉姆斯，伍达德的曾侄女：我父亲告诉我，他记得邮递员每天到达时，他会随身携带一个巨大的行李袋，信件就会倒在地板上。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: How does Isaac Woodard negotiate this new world that he's in.
肯尼思·麦克，历史学家：艾萨克·伍达德如何应对他所处的这个新世界。
Heís blinded, he's got to figure out how to support himself and also being called upon to be a symbol, where he didn't want to be a symbol.
他盲目了，他必须弄清楚如何养活自己，同时也被要求成为一个象征，而他不想成为一个象征。
He just was expecting to be discharged from the army and go back to his family.
他只是期待着退伍，回到家人身边。
Orson Welles SOT: The blind soldier fought for me in this war.
奥森·威尔斯 SOT：盲人士兵在这场战争中为我而战。
The least i can do now is fight for him.
我现在至少能做的就是为他而战。
I have eyes.
我有眼睛。
He hasn't.
他没有。
I was born a white man.
我生来就是一个白人。
And until a colored man is a full citizen, like me, i havenít the leisure to enjoy the freedom that colored man risked his life to maintain for me.
在有色人种像我一样成为正式公民之前，我没有闲暇享受有色人种冒着生命危险为我维护的自由。
I donít own what I have until he owns an equal share of it.
在他拥有同等份额之前，我不拥有我所拥有的东西。
Until somebody beats me and blinds me, I am in his debt.
直到有人殴打我并使我失明之前，我都欠他的情。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: The Welles broadcast generated huge attention.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》的作者：威尔斯的广播引起了巨大的关注。
The NAACP built on that and civil rights groups around the country were writing letters demanding for the prosecution of this police officer for the beating and blinding of Sergeant Woodard
在此基础上的全国有色人种协进会和全国各地的民权组织正在写信，要求起诉这名殴打伍达德中士并致盲的警官
Kari Frederickson, Historian: In terms of getting justice for Isaac Woodard, it's going to be extremely difficult, if not impossible.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：就为艾萨克·伍达德伸张正义而言，即使不是不可能，也将极其困难。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: There are no prosecutions of white police officers by the federal government for excessive force.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：联邦政府没有因过度使用武力而起诉白人警察。
They're getting 1000 to 2000 complaints a year, and they're essentially not doing much.
他们每年收到 1000 到 2000 起投诉，但他们基本上没有采取任何行动。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: Everybody understood that southern state governments did not protect against violence.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：每个人都明白，南方各州政府并没有防范暴力。
In fact, local officials were often the purveyors of violence.
事实上，地方官员常常是暴力的传播者。
So, there'd been calls and calls and calls on the federal government to take some kind of action.†But†the department of justice had largely been unwilling to step up to that task.
因此，人们不断呼吁联邦政府采取某种行动。†但是†司法部基本上不愿意承担这项任务。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: The justice department had endless explanations about why it simply wasn't possible to do this.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：司法部对为什么根本不可能做到这一点有无数的解释。
You had all white juries, all white grand juries.
你们的陪审团都是白人，大陪审团都是白人。
Why are they all white?
为什么他们都是白色的？
Because African Americans are disenfranchised.
因为非裔美国人被剥夺了公民权。
And getting a conviction against a white police officer is not realistic.
对白人警察定罪是不现实的。
It's not going to happen in the south.
这不会发生在南方。
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: Thereís this part of it that is about treating the south as though it is some peculiar, unique, hothouse flower that has to be handled carefully.
Sherrilyn Ifill，全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：这一部分是关于对待南方，就好像它是一种必须小心处理的奇特、独特的温室花朵。
And that, that, that you kind of didnít try to interfere with something that was regarded as kind of cultural, and this really comes out of the idea that southern mores were sufficiently different, that it would do you no good to try to interfere with them.
而且，你并没有试图干涉一些被视为文化的东西，这实际上源于南方的风俗完全不同的想法，试图干涉他们对你没有好处。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: What the NAACP can do is try to channel righteous outrage, try to shine a light on this incredibly heinous incident and perhaps go above the head of local law enforcement to Washington to prick the conscience of the president.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：全国有色人种协进会能做的就是试图表达正义的愤怒，试图揭露这一令人难以置信的令人发指的事件，或许还可以越过当地执法部门前往华盛顿刺痛总统的良心。
And that perhaps through the powers of the presidency, some change can come to the south.
也许通过总统的权力，南方可能会发生一些变化。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: There'd been a long tradition of black leaders meeting with presidents of the united states.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：黑人领袖与美国总统会面有着悠久的传统。
But, there's a lot of suspicion of Truman.
但是，人们对杜鲁门有很多怀疑。
You know how liberal is he?
你知道他有多自由吗？
How sympathetic to the NAACP is he going to be?
他会对全国有色人种协进会有多同情？
Nothing in Trumanís background would lead one to believe that he would act differently than the presidents before him.
杜鲁门的背景不会让人相信他会采取与前任总统不同的行动。
Narrator: Civil rights leaders had good reason to regard Harry Truman as an unlikely champion of black Americans.
旁白：民权领袖有充分的理由将哈里·杜鲁门视为美国黑人的不可能的捍卫者。
He had grown up in Independence, Missouri, a town that still celebrated its confederate heritage.
他在密苏里州独立城长大，这座小镇至今仍保留着南方邦联的传统。
Trumanís grandparents on both sides were rebel partisans and slaveowners.
杜鲁门的祖父母都是叛乱游击队员和奴隶主。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: Harry Truman's mother thought John Wilkes Booth was an American hero.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：哈里·杜鲁门的母亲认为约翰·威尔克斯·布斯是美国英雄。
She refused to sleep in the Lincoln bedroom in the white house.
她拒绝睡在白宫的林肯卧室。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: He grew up in a household where belief in white supremacy was simply in the air.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：在他成长的家庭中，空气中弥漫着白人至上的信仰。
People used racial epithets very casually and he continued to use them well into his adult life.
人们非常随意地使用种族绰号，而他在成年后仍然继续使用这些绰号。
Narrator: Despite his background, President Truman was willing to listen to the concerns of civil rights advocates.
旁白：尽管杜鲁门总统有自己的背景，但他愿意倾听民权倡导者的担忧。
On September 19, 1946, Truman invited Walter White and a delegation of religious and labor leaders for a meeting in the oval office.
1946 年 9 月 19 日，杜鲁门邀请沃尔特·怀特和一个由宗教和劳工领袖组成的代表团在椭圆形办公室举行会议。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: The meeting begins and the civil rights leaders are asking the president to pass legislation prohibiting lynching in America.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：会议开始，民权领袖要求总统通过禁止美国私刑的立法。
Harry Truman says to the leaders, i understand your concerns, but there's not the will in this country for new legislation.
哈里·杜鲁门对领导人说，我理解你们的担忧，但这个国家没有意愿制定新的立法。
Walter White is listening to this discussion.
沃尔特·怀特正在听这场讨论。
And he realizes that Harry Truman doesn't get it.
他意识到哈里·杜鲁门不明白这一点。
He stops the discussion and says, Mr. President, I need to tell you the story of the blinding of Isaac Woodard.
他停止了讨论并说，总统先生，我需要告诉你艾萨克·伍达德被致盲的故事。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: People like Harry Truman need to be woken up.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：像哈里·杜鲁门这样的人需要被唤醒。
That was part of the NAACP's job, was to wake people up to injustices that they tolerated, that they ignored, that they were complicit in, and to make them see it.
这是全国有色人种协进会工作的一部分，就是让人们认识到他们所容忍的、他们忽视的、他们参与的不公正现象，并让他们看到这一点。
Rawn James, Author: Harry Truman, decades earlier, after world war i had been a returning veteran.
罗恩·詹姆斯（Rawn James），作者：哈里·杜鲁门（Harry Truman），几十年前，第一次世界大战结束后，他曾是一名回国的退伍军人。
A white returning veteran, to be sure, but the idea that a war veteran wearing his uniform could be pulled off a bus and attacked and beaten by law enforcement officers, surprised Truman and enraged him.
可以肯定的是，他是一位白人归来的退伍军人，但一想到穿着制服的退伍军人可能会被从公共汽车上拉下来并受到执法人员的攻击和殴打，这让杜鲁门感到惊讶并激怒了他。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: Truman became red-faced, extremely agitated, jaw clenched, and then turns to his staff and says, "my god, I didn't know it was as terrible as this.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：杜鲁门脸红了，极度激动，咬紧牙关，然后转向他的工作人员说：“天啊，我不知道事情会这么可怕。
We have got to do something."
我们必须做点什么。”
Narrator: The next day, the president fired off a letter to his attorney general, referencing Isaac Woodard and insisting it would ìrequire the inauguration of some sort of policy to prevent such happenings.î
旁白：第二天，总统给司法部长写了一封信，其中提到了艾萨克·伍达德，并坚称这“需要制定某种政策来防止此类事件发生”。
Five days later, at Trumanís insistence, the attorney general ordered federal prosecutors in South Carolina to initiate criminal proceedings against police chief Lynwood Shull.
五天后，在杜鲁门的坚持下，总检察长命令南卡罗来纳州联邦检察官对警察局长林伍德·舒尔提起刑事诉讼。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: This is unprecedented, for the President of the United States to involve himself in what white southerners see as a local matter.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：美国总统卷入南方白人视为地方事务的事件是史无前例的。
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: This was a way of life for them.
Sherrilyn Ifill，全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：这对他们来说是一种生活方式。
They thought it was perfectly normal for a southern sheriff to get away with blinding a black man.
他们认为南方警长将黑人弄瞎而逃脱惩罚是完全正常的。
And so the mere fact of the federal governmentís attention, and engagement demonstrated that someone was watching.
因此，联邦政府的关注和参与这一事实就表明有人在关注。
It demonstrated that perhaps the south would not be treated as this peculiar region that we won't touch.
这表明，也许南方不会被视为我们不会触及的特殊地区。
It was very, very powerful.
它非常非常强大。
Narrator: President Trumanís resolve to hold Chief Shull accountable was met with predictable resistance, even by the us attorney in charge of the case.
旁白：杜鲁门总统决心追究舒尔局长的责任，这遭到了预料之中的抵制，甚至连负责此案的美国检察官也遭到了抵制。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: It is greeted in South Carolina with shock, anger, revulsion, in the white political leadership.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：南卡罗来纳州的白人政治领导层对此感到震惊、愤怒和厌恶。
The us attorney for South Carolina wanted no part of this case.
南卡罗来纳州的美国律师不想参与此案。
The justice department makes it very clear, this is not a matter of debate, this is an order.
司法部门说得很清楚，这不是争论的问题，这是命令。
You are to bring this case.
你要把这个案子带来。
Narrator: When Isaac Woodard returned to South Carolina for the trial, the NAACP dispatched Franklin Williams, one of their finest attorneys, to accompany him.
旁白：当艾萨克·伍达德返回南卡罗来纳州接受审判时，全国有色人种协进会派出了他们最好的律师之一富兰克林·威廉姆斯陪同他。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: The NAACP sends Franklin Williams to travel with Isaac Woodard for several reasons: he's blind, he needed somebody to navigate around and also they fundamentally don't trust the department of justice.
肯尼思·麦克，历史学家：全国有色人种协进会派富兰克林·威廉姆斯与艾萨克·伍达德一起旅行有几个原因：他是盲人，他需要有人带路，而且他们从根本上不信任司法部。
Gilbert King, Author: Franklin Williams recognizes that the object of this entire thing was to make it almost like a culture war.
吉尔伯特·金（Gilbert King），作者：富兰克林·威廉姆斯（Franklin Williams）认识到，整件事的目的是使其几乎像一场文化战争。
It was going to be the southern way of life versus these northern activists and intruders trying to dictate their way of life on the south
这将是南方的生活方式与这些试图统治南方生活方式的北方活动家和入侵者的对抗
Narrator: Williams offered plenty of assistance to the prosecution at their first and only meeting, less than twenty-four hours before the start of the trial.
旁白：威廉姆斯在审判开始前不到二十四小时的第一次也是唯一一次会议上向检方提供了大量协助。
He had a list of possible witnesses, including bus passengers who had seen Lynnwood Shullís first unprovoked blows to Woodardís head.
他有一份可能的证人名单，其中包括目睹林伍德·舒利第一次无缘无故殴打伍达德头部的公交车乘客。
He also had at the ready a report by NAACP investigators detailing Shullís history of violence against the black citizens in Batesburg.
他还准备好了全国有色人种协进会调查人员的一份报告，详细介绍了舒利在贝茨堡针对黑人公民的暴力历史。
On the morning of November 5th, 1946, the courtroom in Columbia was tense and segregated.
1946 年 11 月 5 日早上，哥伦比亚法庭气氛紧张且隔离。
Shullís supporters occupied one section of the gallery, determined to witness the repudiation of a federal government gone too far; a delegation of anxious black college students took up the other half, hoping to catch the first glimmers of a sea change in southern justice.
舒利的支持者占据了画廊的一部分，决心见证联邦政府的过分否定。一个由焦虑的黑人大学生组成的代表团占据了另一半，希望捕捉到南方司法巨变的第一缕曙光。
A hush fell over the room as Judge J.
当法官 J 发言时，房间里一片寂静。
Waties Waring called the trial to order.
沃蒂斯·韦林宣布审理此案。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: J.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：J.
Waties Waring was an eighth-generation Charlestonian.
沃蒂斯·韦林是第八代查尔斯顿人。
His father was a confederate veteran, multiple generations of his family were slaveholders.
他的父亲是一名联邦退伍军人，他的家族几代人都是奴隶主。
He was no advocate for civil rights.
他并不是公民权利的倡导者。
And he, frankly, early on when he got assigned this case, he had a lot of doubts about the appropriateness of the federal government to prosecute a police officer.
坦率地说，在他接到此案的早期，他对联邦政府起诉一名警察是否合适有很多疑问。
Narrator: Judge Waring, like most in South Carolinaís political class, harbored plenty of suspicions about federal intervention in this case: chiefly that President Truman was motivated more by the coming midterms than a concern for justice.
旁白：韦林法官和南卡罗来纳州政治阶层的大多数人一样，对联邦干预此案抱有很多怀疑：主要是杜鲁门总统的动机更多的是即将到来的中期选举，而不是对正义的关心。
But Waringís skepticism began unraveling as soon as Isaac Woodard rose to testify.
但当艾萨克·伍达德出庭作证时，瓦林的怀疑就开始瓦解。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: He ís wearing a brown suit.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：他穿着一套棕色西装。
He has sunglasses.
他有太阳镜。
He has to be guided to the witness chair by court personnel.
他必须由法庭工作人员引导至证人席。
And he then begins on the direct examination to describe what happened, and the story is just completely credible.
然后他开始直接检查来描述发生的事情，这个故事是完全可信的。
Waring knows itís true.
韦林知道这是真的。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: Waring is face to face with this man who, who bears on his body—the scars of southern racism.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：韦林与这个身上带着南方种族主义伤痕的人面对面。
He cannot look away from this walking, talking tragedy of injustice.
他无法将目光从这场行走、说话的不公正悲剧中移开。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: The crux of the case is whether excessive and unnecessary force was used in regard to Isaac Woodard.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：本案的关键在于是否对艾萨克·伍达德使用了过度和不必要的武力。
The police chief claimed i only hit him once,"Idon't know how he got blinded.
警察局长声称我只打了他一次，“我不知道他是怎么瞎的。
But, how do you crush the globes of both eyes with one strike?"
可是，如何才能一击粉碎双眼球呢？”
Narrator: The government finished presenting its case against Shull after just an hour and twenty-five minutes.
旁白：政府仅用了一个小时二十五分钟就完成了对舒尔的指控。
The prosecutors had not called witnesses who had seen the attack unfold, or presented any evidence about Chief Shullís pattern of violence against the black citizens of Batesburg.
检察官没有传唤目睹袭击发生的证人，也没有提供任何有关舒利酋长对贝茨堡黑人公民实施暴力的证据。
As the prosecution rested, Franklin Williams sat in the courtroom, furiously scrawling notes.
检方休息时，富兰克林·威廉姆斯坐在法庭上，疯狂地写着笔记。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: It was going to be a difficult case to win, but even given that, the department of justice acted with incompetence.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：这将是一个很难打赢的案子，但即便如此，司法部的行为还是无能的。
They failed to call key witnesses.
他们未能传唤关键证人。
They let the defense lawyers examine the jury pool and asked them whether theyíd been members ó†all these white people ó asked them whether they'd been members of the NAACP.
他们让辩护律师检查陪审团成员，并询问他们是否是成员——所有这些白人——询问他们是否是全国有色人种协进会的成员。
I mean they never asked them whether they'd been members of the Ku Klux Klan.
我的意思是他们从来没有问过他们是否是三K党的成员。
They were just sort of incompetent from top to bottom.
他们从上到下都有点无能。
There's a reason for that.
这是有原因的。
This is not a case that the justice department wanted to bring and at trial, they showed that their heart was not in it.
这不是司法部门想要提起的案件，在审判中，他们表明他们的心不在这件事上。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: Judge Waring was horrified that he was made part of this travesty.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：韦林法官对自己成为这场闹剧的一部分感到震惊。
He sends the jury out to deliberate, and he tells his assistant united states marshal, "I'll be back in a few minutes.
他派陪审团出去商议，然后告诉他的助理美国元帅：“我几分钟后就回来。
And the bewildered marshal says, 'your honor, you can't leave.
困惑的元帅说道：“法官大人，您不能离开。”
This jury is going to be back in five minutes." He says, "they're not coming back in five minutes because I won't be here." He was not going†to allow a jury to do a five minute verdict, which he thought would just be the capstone of a great injustice.
陪审团将在五分钟后回来。”他说：“他们五分钟内不会回来，因为我不会在这里。”他不会允许陪审团做出五分钟的裁决，他认为这将是巨大不公正的顶峰。
That part he controlled, and he made them sit in that room and stew in their juices until he got back.
那部分是他控制的，他让他们坐在那个房间里，在他们的果汁里炖，直到他回来。
Judge Waring walks down main street to the state capitol, and when he comes back, 25 minutes later, they're banging on that door.
韦林法官沿着大街走到州议会大厦，25 分钟后他回来时，他们正在敲门。
They've been banging on it for 20 minutes and they come out and they announce the acquittal of Lynwood Shull.
他们已经争论了 20 分钟，最终宣布林伍德·舒尔无罪释放。
Narrator: An exhausted Isaac Woodard had already retreated back to his hotel when he received the news.
旁白：艾萨克·伍达德接到消息时，已经筋疲力尽，已经回到了酒店。
He wept, then collected himself and stepped outside to face Reporter:s.
他哭了，然后镇定下来，走到外面面对记者。
ìIím not mad at anybody,î he told them.
“我不生任何人的气，”他告诉他们。
ìi just feel bad.
ì我只是感觉很糟糕。
Thatís all.
仅此而已。
I just feel bad.î
我只是感觉很糟糕。â
Narrator: Inside the courthouse, Judge Waring hastily packed up his briefcase and then hurried to meet his wife, Elizabeth, who he found badly shaken.
旁白：在法院内，韦林法官匆忙收拾好公文包，然后匆匆去见他的妻子伊丽莎白，他发现她受到了严重的震动。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: She had attended the trial.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：她参加了审判。
And she found the facts of the case astonishing, cruel, vicious.
她发现案件的事实令人震惊、残酷、恶毒。
When the jury came back and acquitted Shull, no one noticed that she slipped out of the back of the courtroom in tears.
当陪审团回来宣判舒尔无罪时，没有人注意到她泪流满面地从法庭后面溜了出来。
Belinda Gergel, Author: She was profoundly moved by the testimony of Isaac Woodard about what had happened to him at the hands of Chief Shull.
贝琳达·格格尔（Belinda Gergel），作者：艾萨克·伍达德关于他在舒尔酋长手中发生的事情的证词深深地感动了她。
She said she had never seen, never appreciated, never understood that these sorts of things could happen.
她说她从未见过、从未欣赏过、也从未理解过这种事情会发生。
Narrator: Elizabeth Avery Waring was from a well-to-do family in Michigan and had only come south late in life.
旁白：伊丽莎白·艾弗里·韦林（Elizabeth Avery Waring）出身于密歇根州的一个富裕家庭，很晚才来到南方。
Like Waties, she had never paid much attention to the racial caste system in and around Charleston.
和沃蒂斯一样，她从来没有过多关注查尔斯顿及其周边地区的种族种姓制度。
Charleston archive SOT: Charleston, a gracious old city where memories and traditions live and thrive in a congenial air.
查尔斯顿 (Charleston) 档案馆 SOT：查尔斯顿 (Charleston) 是一座优雅的古老城市，记忆和传统在宜人的空气中得以延续和繁荣。
Everywhere is an old time, almost an old world charm and quaintness.
到处都是旧时光，几乎是旧世界的魅力和古朴。
And everywhere of course, the negroes.
当然，到处都是黑人。
The real negro quarters in Charleston may not boast classic colonial architecture in all its flower, but it has a quaintness all its own.
查尔斯顿真正的黑人住宅区可能并不拥有华丽的经典殖民建筑，但它有其独特的魅力。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: The southern system of segregation wasn't just some benign system that whites and blacks acceded to and everybody was happy.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：南方的种族隔离制度不仅仅是白人和黑人加入后每个人都感到高兴的良性制度。
It was a violent system.
这是一个暴力的系统。
It was based on violence.
它是基于暴力的。
If you got out of line, there was violent repression, and Woodard exemplified that.
如果你越界，就会遭到暴力镇压，伍达德就是一个例子。
You know for someone like Waring, he'd spent his whole life ignoring that.
你知道，对于像韦林这样的人来说，他一生都在忽视这一点。
Narrator: ": I couldn't take it, at first," Waring would later admit.
旁白：“：一开始我无法接受，”韦林后来承认。
I "used to say it couldnít be true...you grow up in it and the moss gets in your eyes.
我“曾经说过这不可能是真的……你在其中长大，青苔会进入你的眼睛。
You learn to rationalize away the evil and filth and you see magnolias instead."
当你学会理性地消除邪恶和污秽时，你就会看到木兰花。”
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: There is a willful blindness, frankly, among most white people about the truth of racism and white supremacy in this country.
雪莉琳·伊菲尔（Sherrilyn Ifill），全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：坦率地说，大多数白人对这个国家种族主义和白人至上的真相故意视而不见。
There is some ignorance because, of course, we live very segregated lives, but itís right to say how could he possibly not have known?
当然，这其中存在一些无知，因为我们过着非常隔离的生活，但可以说他怎么可能不知道呢？
He could not have known because to be a comfortable middle-class white person in this country generally involves refusing to see what is hiding in plain sight.
他不可能知道，因为在这个国家成为一个舒适的中产阶级白人通常意味着拒绝看到隐藏在视线中的东西。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: The trial shattered their illusion about the benign nature of southern life and once shattered, where do they go?
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：这次审判粉碎了他们对南方生活善良本性的幻想，一旦破碎，他们会去哪里？
There was just no tolerance in southern society of that day, to any honest discussion about race.
当时的南方社会根本不容忍任何关于种族的诚实讨论。
Any questioning of Jim Crow was viewed by the segregationists as an existential threat.
任何对种族隔离主义者的质疑都被种族隔离主义者视为生存威胁。
Belinda Gergel, Author: There was no course on this.
Belinda Gergel，作者：没有这方面的课程。
They certainly didn't know of anyone in Charleston that could help them better understand, so the two of them begin a series of studies on race relations in the south.
他们当然不知道查尔斯顿有谁可以帮助他们更好地理解，所以他们两人开始了一系列关于南方种族关系的研究。
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: They take in books every night, they read them and then they have sessions after dinner where they ask each other questions, and they basically create their own personal seminar to try to understand racism in America.
Sherrilyn Ifill，全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：他们每天晚上都会读书，阅读书籍，然后在晚饭后举行会议，互相提问，他们基本上创建了自己的个人研讨会，试图了解美国的种族主义。
Narrator: The Warings started with two groundbreaking new works that examined the origins and the impact of white supremacy in the south: W.J.
旁白：沃林夫妇以两部开创性的新作品开始，探讨了南方白人至上主义的起源和影响：W.J.
cashís book, the mind of the south and Gunnar Myrdalís an American dilemma.
现金的书，南方的思想和冈纳·米尔达斯是美国的困境。
Both books destroyed the comforting story white southerners liked to tell themselves: that slavery and Jim Crow had always been paternal institutions and that the ìnegroî had long lived under the protections of a benevolent master race.
这两本书都摧毁了南方白人喜欢告诉自己的令人安慰的故事：奴隶制和吉姆·克劳一直是父系制度，“黑人”长期以来生活在仁慈的优等种族的保护下。
Both made plain that white moderates, like Waring himself, were complicit in this racist, violent system.
两人都明确表示，像韦林本人一样的白人温和派是这个种族主义暴力体系的同谋。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: These are important books, they're complicated books, they're challenging books.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：这些都是重要的书，它们是复杂的书，它们是具有挑战性的书。
Judge Waring described them as tough medicine for him.
韦林法官称它们对他来说是一剂苦药。
Belinda Gergel, Author: They rode through different neighborhoods and began to see the different ways that white Charlestonians and black Charlestonians experienced life in the city.
贝琳达·格格尔（Belinda Gergel），作者：他们骑行穿过不同的社区，开始看到白人查尔斯顿人和黑人查尔斯顿人在城市中体验生活的不同方式。
As they began to read and understand and question all that they've thought about race in the past, it becomes clear to both of them that the road ahead is going to be a rocky road, but that this just may be the road that they are uniquely prepared to follow.
当他们开始阅读、理解和质疑他们过去对种族的所有思考时，他们俩都清楚地意识到，前面的路将是一条崎岖的道路，但这可能是他们唯一准备走的路。
Narrator: looking askance at Charleston society wasnít such a great leap for either of the Warings, who had been increasingly feeling like outsiders in their own hometown.
旁白：斜视查尔斯顿社会对于沃林夫妇来说并不是一个巨大的飞跃，他们在自己的家乡越来越感觉自己是局外人。
Just the previous year, Judge Waring had scandalized his friends and neighbors by abruptly announcing to his first wife, Annie, that heíd fallen in love with their bridge partner, Elizabeth.
就在前一年，韦林法官突然向他的第一任妻子安妮宣布，他爱上了他们的桥牌搭档伊丽莎白，这让他的朋友和邻居感到震惊。
Divorce was not only frowned upon in South Carolina; it was illegal.
离婚不仅在南卡罗来纳州不受欢迎，在南卡罗来纳州也是如此。这是非法的。
But Waring devised a plan to send Annie to Florida, where she could legally petition for divorce.
但沃林制定了一项计划，将安妮送往佛罗里达，在那里她可以合法申请离婚。
A week after the dissolution of his marriage to Annie, Waties and Elizabeth were wed.
在他与安妮解除婚姻一周后，瓦蒂斯和伊丽莎白结婚了。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: Their friends in Charleston ó weíre talking about a couple of hundred people, the sort of social set in Charleston ó they blame Elizabeth for the breakup of the marriage.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：他们在查尔斯顿的朋友——我们谈论的是查尔斯顿的几百人——他们把婚姻的破裂归咎于伊丽莎白。
Narrator: Elizabeth, a northerner now on her third marriage, was an easy target for Charlestonís society dames, who branded her a "floozie" and told their children, "you may be polite if the new mrs. Waring speaks to you, but never address her." The judge noted that even his oldest friends crossed the street to avoid him.
旁白：伊丽莎白是北方人，现在已经第三次结婚了，她很容易成为查尔斯顿上流社会贵妇们的目标，她们给她贴上“浪荡子”的标签，并告诉她们的孩子，“如果新的韦林夫人跟你说话，你可以有礼貌，但永远不要称呼她。”法官指出，即使是他最老的朋友也会过马路来避开他。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: They clearly were surprised by their treatment because they both had been very engaged in the social life in Charleston and having been read out of Charleston's high society.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：他们显然对自己的待遇感到惊讶，因为他们都非常热衷于查尔斯顿的社交生活，并且被排除在查尔斯顿的上流社会之外。
He was prepared to look more critically at the world in which he had previously lived and accepted unquestionably.
他准备更加批判性地审视他之前生活并毫无疑问地接受的世界。
Narrator: By the end of 1946, a racial reckoning in the united states seemed inevitable.
旁白：1946年底，美国的种族清算似乎不可避免。
Like the Warings, President Harry Truman felt called to respond to the blinding of Isaac Woodard and the mockery it made of the principles America had just defended in a long and brutal war.
和沃林家族一样，哈里·杜鲁门总统也感到有必要对艾萨克·伍达德的蒙蔽行为及其对美国在一场漫长而残酷的战争中刚刚捍卫的原则进行的嘲讽做出回应。
But political forces had left Truman with limited power to take action against white supremacy.
但政治力量使杜鲁门采取行动反对白人至上的权力有限。
On the same day Woodardís assailant walked free, November 5th, 1946, the president absorbed a stunning repudiation at the polls.
1946 年 11 月 5 日，袭击伍德达德的凶手逍遥法外，就在同一天，总统在民意调查中遭到了令人震惊的否决。
Democrats lost both the house and the senate for the first time in a generation.
民主党一代人以来首次同时失去众议院和参议院。
Forcing the question of civil rights, Truman understood, was likely to weaken the party further.
杜鲁门明白，强行提出民权问题可能会进一步削弱该党。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: Harry Truman has to deal with political realities, and the realities are that the democratic party is an unwieldy coalition: including white southerners, who are staunchly segregationist and supporters of white supremacy, and this new and growing group of African American voters.
卡里·弗雷德里克森，历史学家：哈里·杜鲁门必须面对政治现实，而现实是民主党是一个笨拙的联盟：包括坚定的种族隔离主义者和白人至上的支持者的南方白人，以及这个新的、不断增长的非裔美国选民群体。
Truman knows that any move that he makes on civil rights, he risks alienating southern white democrats.
杜鲁门知道，他在民权方面采取的任何举措都有可能疏远南方白人民主党人。
But at this moment, when he sees a representative of the united states, a soldier in uniform, Isaac Woodard, who is maimed ó†it sounds simplistic, but i think something just kind of clicks in him, that this simply cannot stand.
但此时此刻，当他看到美国代表、身着制服的士兵艾萨克·伍达德（Isaac Woodard），他受伤了——这听起来很简单，但我认为他心里有某种东西在点击，这根本无法忍受。
We hold ourselves up as the beacon of democracy, we hold ourselves up as moral leaders.
我们将自己视为民主的灯塔，我们将自己视为道德领袖。
Moral leaders do not blind their own servicemen.
道德领袖不会蒙蔽自己的军人。
Narrator: On December 5th, 1946, one month after the acquittal of Isaac Woodardís attacker, Harry Truman signed an executive order establishing the presidentís committee on civil rights.
旁白：1946 年 12 月 5 日，艾萨克·伍达德的袭击者被无罪释放一个月后，哈里·杜鲁门签署了一项行政命令，成立总统民权委员会。
The president charged his new committee with laying bare hard truths about the intimidation and violence used to enforce racial segregation, and with recommending concrete measures to ìsafeguardî the rights of every American, regardless of race, creed or religion.
总统责成他的新委员会揭露用于强制种族隔离的恐吓和暴力的严酷事实，并建议采取具体措施“保护”每个美国人的权利，无论其种族、信仰或宗教如何。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: Harry Truman is a politician, and political considerations are never far from the ambit of a politician's decisions, but there were certain actions he took which could not be explained on the basis of political advantage.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：哈里·杜鲁门是一名政治家，政治考虑永远不会远离政治家的决策范围，但他采取的某些行动无法用政治优势来解释。
He appointed the president's committee on civil rights, i think, probably more for moral reasons than anything else.
我认为，他任命总统民权委员会可能更多是出于道德原因而不是其他原因。
He saw injustice.
他看到了不公正。
He was outraged by it.
他对此感到愤怒。
He thought that he should do something.
他认为他应该做点什么。
And given Trumanís background, it undoubtedly was a surprise to civil rights advocates
考虑到杜鲁门的背景，这无疑让民权倡导者感到惊讶
Rawn James, Author: Truman said many things that were absolutely racist and indefensible.
罗恩·詹姆斯（Rawn James），作者：杜鲁门说了很多绝对是种族主义和站不住脚的话。
They were what we would consider of the time for a white man from Missouri.
对于一个来自密苏里州的白人来说，他们就是我们所认为的那个时代。
Truman saw no contradiction between these personal views and what he saw as America's legal obligations to its citizens.
杜鲁门认为这些个人观点与他所认为的美国对其公民的法律义务之间并不矛盾。
That it does not matter what you personally feel, whom you would have to your home for dinner, whom you would have a glass of bourbon with at the end of the day.
你个人的感受是什么，你会邀请谁来家里吃晚饭，你会在一天结束时和谁一起喝一杯波本威士忌，这些都不重要。
What matters is that these people have rights under the constitution because this is the united states of America.
重要的是这些人享有宪法规定的权利，因为这是美利坚合众国。
Narrator: On a brutally hot, humid day at the end of June, 1947 an audience of ten thousand—many of them African-American—gathered on the capitol mall, in a state of high anticipation.
旁白：1947 年 6 月底，一个炎热潮湿的日子，一万名观众（其中许多是非裔美国人）满怀期待地聚集在国会大厦购物中心。
Harry Truman was about to do what no united states president had ever done.
哈里·杜鲁门即将做美国总统从未做过的事情。
He had accepted an invitation from Walter White to address the annual convention of the NAACP, at the base of the Lincoln memorial.
他接受了沃尔特·怀特的邀请，在林肯纪念堂基地举行的全国有色人种协进会年度大会上发表讲话。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: The NAACP was considered a radical organization.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：全国有色人种协进会被认为是一个激进组织。
Some southern politicians considered it a communist front organization.
一些南方政客认为它是一个共产主义阵线组织。
I mean, if you were a member of the NAACP in the south and you were a school teacher, you were probably going to get fired.
我的意思是，如果你是南方有色人种协进会的成员，并且你是一名学校老师，你可能会被解雇。
And to have Harry Truman go in front and speak to the NAACP was a remarkable moment.
让哈里·杜鲁门走在前面向全国有色人种协进会发表讲话是一个非凡的时刻。
He had multiple drafts of the speech done.
他已经完成了演讲稿的多份草稿。
He was editing it himself and he wrote a letter to his sister and he says, "Iím getting ready to give a speech that mama isn't going to like.î
他自己编辑它，给他妹妹写了一封信，他说：“我正准备发表一场妈妈不喜欢的演讲。”
President Truman SOT: Mrs. Roosevelt, Senator Morris, distinguished guests, ladies & gentlemen.
杜鲁门总统：罗斯福夫人、莫里斯参议员、尊敬的来宾、女士们、先生们。
I should like to talk to you briefly about civil rights and human freedom.
我想和大家简单谈谈公民权利和人类自由。
It is more important today than ever before to ensure that all Americans enjoy these rights.
今天确保所有美国人都享有这些权利比以往任何时候都更加重要。
When I say all Americans I mean all Americans.
当我说所有美国人时，我指的是所有美国人。
Rawn James, Author: The theme can be summed up in two words that Truman used several times in the speech, which was only twelve minutes long.
作者拉恩·詹姆斯：这个主题可以用杜鲁门在短短十二分钟的演讲中多次使用的两个词来概括。
And those two words are ìall Americans.î He kept repeating the phrase, ìall Americans.î
这两个词是“所有美国人”。他不断重复这句话，“所有美国人。”
President Truman SOT: There is no justifiable reason for discrimination because of ancestry, or religion, or race, or color.
杜鲁门总统：没有正当理由因血统、宗教、种族或肤色而受到歧视。
We cannot any longer await the growth of a will to action in the slowest state or the most backward community.
我们不能再等待最缓慢的国家或最落后的社区的行动意愿的增长。
Our national government must show the way.
我们的国家政府必须指明道路。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: It was a stunning speech.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：这是一次令人惊叹的演讲。
And when he sat down, Walter White, sitting next to him, is in disbelief.
当他坐下时，坐在他旁边的沃尔特·怀特（Walter White）难以置信。
And he said, uh, "Mr. President, I just, I can't believe what you just said.î And he said, "Walter, I meant every word of it."
他说，呃，“先生。总统先生，我只是，我简直不敢相信你刚才说的话。”他说，“沃尔特，我说的每一个字都是认真的。”
Narrator: Judge J.
旁白：J法官
Waties Waring had become increasingly convinced that a bitter fight over racism was coming to South Carolina.
沃蒂斯·韦林越来越相信，一场针对种族主义的激烈斗争即将在南卡罗来纳州展开。
He would later remember that he was faced with two choices: ìeither you were going to be governed by the white supremacy doctrine and just shut your eyes and bowl this thing through, or you were going to be a federal judge and decide the law.
他后来记得，他面临着两个选择：“要么你将受到白人至上主义的统治，闭上眼睛让这件事通过，要么你将成为一名联邦法官并决定法律。”
That was the issue.î
这就是问题所在。â
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: A judge doesn't normally go and pick his cases, but Judge Waring tells his clerk, ìkeep an eye open for new civil rights cases.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：法官通常不会去挑选案件，但韦林法官告诉他的书记员，“密切关注新的民权案件。”
Let me know when they have occurred.î
当它们发生时请告诉我。î
Narrator: That evening, Waties told Elizabeth about an explosive new case he was considering for his trial docket.
旁白：那天晚上，沃蒂斯告诉伊丽莎白他正在考虑将一个爆炸性的新案件列入审判名单。
The case, Elmore v.
案件，埃尔莫尔诉。
Rice , had originated when George Elmore, a prosperous black businessman, had been told by the South Carolina democratic party that he was ineligible to vote in the upcoming primary.
赖斯起源于乔治·埃尔莫尔（George Elmore），一位富有的黑人商人，被南卡罗来纳州民主党告知他没有资格在即将到来的初选中投票。
Denying Elmore the right to vote was in direct violation of the supreme courtís 1944 ruling in smith v.
剥夺埃尔莫尔的投票权直接违反了最高法院 1944 年在史密斯诉美国最高法院一案中的裁决。
Allwright, which banned the whites only primary.
奥尔赖特仅禁止白人参加初选。
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: When you win a supreme court case like that, what is supposed to happen is everyone is supposed to comply with the judgment of the court.
Sherrilyn Ifill，全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：当你赢得最高法院这样的案件时，应该发生的事情是每个人都应该遵守法院的判决。
South Carolina doesnít.
南卡罗来纳州没有。
The South Carolina democratic party says, well.
南卡罗来纳州民主党说，好吧。
You know, that may be what the supreme court said but they mustíve been talking to Texas.
你知道，这可能是最高法院所说的，但他们一定是在与德克萨斯州交谈。
They couldnítíve been talking to us.
他们不可能一直在和我们说话。
Narrator: South Carolinaís segregationist democrats adopted the strategy of willful ignorance for a reason.
旁白：南卡罗来纳州的种族隔离民主党采取故意无知的策略是有原因的。
The black population in South Carolina stood at roughly 40 percent, second only to Mississippiís.
南卡罗来纳州的黑人人口约占 40%，仅次于密西西比州。
And that was a lot of potential voters who might start demanding equal rights.
许多潜在选民可能会开始要求平等权利。
So even though the supreme court had left no wiggle room in striking down the all-white primary, the white power structure in the state executed a spectacular end run around the ruling.
因此，尽管最高法院在推翻全白人初选方面没有留下任何回旋余地，但该州的白人权力结构却对这一裁决进行了一场壮观的终结。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: It repealed every law on the books relating to the primary and then claimed the 14th amendment did not apply to the democratic party of South Carolina, because there was no state action.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：它废除了与初选有关的所有法律，然后声称第 14 修正案不适用于南卡罗来纳州民主党，因为没有州采取行动。
This was a private club having an election.
这是一个正在举行选举的私人俱乐部。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: Voting is really the lynchpin of the rest of the system.
历史学家 Kenneth Mack：投票实际上是系统其余部分的关键。
Whites have to be in power to control the mechanisms of the state.
白人必须掌权才能控制国家机制。
To do that, they have to suppress black voting.
为此，他们必须压制黑人投票。
So, Elmore, for judge Waring, is going to involve a direct challenge to the system of southern repression, domination, and segregation, unlike almost all of the cases that came before it.
因此，韦林法官认为，埃尔莫尔将直接挑战南方的镇压、统治和种族隔离制度，这与此前审理的几乎所有案件不同。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: So Judge Waring said to Elizabeth, ìI need to tell you Iíve taken this case.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：所以韦林法官对伊丽莎白说：“我需要告诉你我已经接手了这个案子。”
And we, up to this point, we've been doing this kind of privately.
到目前为止，我们一直在私下这样做。
We haven't really been discussing our views with others.
我们还没有真正与其他人讨论过我们的观点。
But if I rule for Mr. Elmore, our lives will never be the same.î
但如果我支持埃尔莫尔先生，我们的生活将永远不一样。”
Belinda Gergel, Author: : And Elizabeth looked at him and said, ìyou go for it.
贝琳达·格格尔（Belinda Gergel），作者：：伊丽莎白看着他说：“你就去做吧。”
It's the right thing to do.
这是正确的做法。
I will be with you every step of the way.î
我会一路陪伴着你。â
Narrator: I: n June of 1947, J.
旁白：I：1947 年 6 月，J.
Waties Waring headed back to the same courtroom where Isaac Woodardís testimony had so shaken him just eight months earlier.
沃蒂斯·韦林回到了八个月前艾萨克·伍达德的证词令他震惊的法庭。
This time to hear Elmore v.
这次听埃尔莫尔诉。
Rice.
米饭。
Representing George Elmore were the NAACPís top attorneys, Thurgood Marshall and Robert Carter.
代表乔治·埃尔莫尔的是全国有色人种协进会的顶级律师瑟古德·马歇尔和罗伯特·卡特。
In court, attorneys for the South Carolina democrats expounded their novel argument: the democratic party was a private club, and enjoyed the right to restrict its membership as it saw fit.
在法庭上，南卡罗来纳州民主党的律师阐述了他们的新颖论点：民主党是一个私人俱乐部，享有在其认为合适的情况下限制其成员资格的权利。
The federal court had no more business directing their elections than it did directing a ladies sewing circle.
联邦法院指导他们的选举并不比指导女裁缝界更重要。
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: If you are a judge, and a judge whoís now awakening to the reality of white supremacy and racial discrimination, as Waties Waring is, you understand that this case actually constitutes an opportunity to talk about the role of the supreme court in relationship to southern states, the way in which political power is harnessed and controlled as part of white supremacy, and as a way to talk about what the power of local judges are to stop white supremacists in the south from carrying out their plans.
全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席雪莉琳·伊菲尔：如果你是一名法官，并且像沃蒂斯·韦林一样，现在正在觉醒到白人至上和种族歧视的现实，那么你就会明白，本案实际上是一个机会来讨论最高法院在与南方各州的关系中的作用，政治权力作为白人至上的一部分被利用和控制的方式，以及作为讨论当地法官阻止白人的权力的一种方式。南方的至上主义者无法实施他们的计划。
Narrator: Waring issued his ruling on July 12, 1947, just two weeks after Trumanís appearance at the national convention of the NAACP.
旁白：1947 年 7 月 12 日，即杜鲁门出席全国有色人种协进会全国代表大会两周后，韦林发布了他的裁决。
He found for Elmore, quoting directly from Trumanís speech: ìwe can no longer afford the luxury of a leisurely attack upon prejudice and discrimination.
他直接引用了杜鲁门的演讲，为埃尔莫尔找到了答案：“我们再也不能奢侈地悠闲地攻击偏见和歧视了。”
We cannot, any longer, await the growth of a will to action in the slowest state or the most backward community.î
我们不能再等待最缓慢的国家或最落后的社区的行动意愿的增长。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: He says, it's a joke.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：他说，这是一个笑话。
It's a ridiculous argument.
这是一个荒谬的论点。
Private clubs do not elect the President of the United States.
私人俱乐部不选举美国总统。
And he finished the order with a resounding call for his South Carolinians: he said, ìit is time for South Carolina to rejoin the union and to adopt the American way of conducting elections.î
在命令结束时，他向南卡罗来纳州人民发出了响亮的呼吁：他说，“现在是南卡罗来纳州重新加入联邦并采用美国方式进行选举的时候了。”
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: There was no effort to uphold the nobility of southern white supremacy, right?
Sherrilyn Ifill，全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：没有努力维护南方白人至上的高贵，对吧？
Heís calling it out for what it is.
他正在呼唤它的本质。
For judge Waring, standing as a figure alone in a deeply entrenched southern community, it is his farewell.
对于韦林法官来说，作为一个在根深蒂固的南方社区中独自站立的人物，这是他的告别。
Itís his farewell to the society in which he grew up and it marks an articulation of his decision to go it alone with his wife in that community.
这是他对自己成长的社会的告别，也标志着他决定与妻子在那个社区独自生活。
Newsreel SOT: The southern revolt against President Truman reaches its climax at Birmingham, under the statesí rights banner.
新闻片 SOT：南方反对杜鲁门总统的反抗在伯明翰在各州权利的旗帜下达到了高潮。
More than six thousand flock to the rump convention to select the presidential ticket.
六千多人涌向尾部大会来选举总统候选人。
Thirteen southern states are represented in the uproarious session which precedes the nomination of governors Thurmond, of South Carolina, and fielding wright of Mississippi as party standard bearers.
在提名南卡罗来纳州州长瑟蒙德和密西西比州赖特作为党旗手之前，南方十三个州派代表参加了这场喧闹的会议。
Narrator: By the time the next election season arrived, a huge swath of southern democrats had had enough of what they called "federal intrusion."
旁白：到下一个选举季节到来时，大批南方民主党人已经受够了他们所谓的“联邦入侵”。
Segregationists had held sway in local politics for decades, and they didnít intend to be pushed around by the united states supreme court, or federal district judges like J.
几十年来，种族隔离主义者一直在当地政治中占据主导地位，他们并不打算被美国最高法院或像 J·特朗普这样的联邦地区法官摆布。
Waties Waring, or even the president.
沃蒂斯·韦林，甚至是总统。
Newsreel SOT: Good-bye Harry, goodbye Harry!
新闻短片 SOT：再见哈利，再见哈利！
Kenneth Mack, Historian: The 1948 democratic national convention, the Dixiecrats walk out over the civil rights plank prompted by President Truman's actions, originally, and Strom Thurmond runs as a presidential candidate on behalf of the Dixiecrats.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：1948 年民主党全国代表大会上，迪克西党最初在杜鲁门总统的行动所推动的民权纲领上退出，斯特罗姆·瑟蒙德代表迪克西党作为总统候选人竞选。
Strom Thurmond SOT: In the words of John Paul Jones ìwe have just begun to fight!î
Strom Thurmond SOT：用约翰·保罗·琼斯的话来说“我们才刚刚开始战斗！”
Kari Frederickson, Historian: There are thousands of white people in attendance.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：有数千名白人参加。
The hall is decorated in red, white, and blue bunting.
大厅装饰有红、白、蓝彩旗。
It is festooned with confederate flags.
它挂满了同盟旗帜。
People are holding aloft pictures of Robert E.
人们高举罗伯特·E·罗伯特 (Robert E.
Lee.
李.
There's no question as to sort of the animating spirit of this group, which is to return the south to the past, to maintain the racial status quo, to maintain white supremacy.
毫无疑问，这个群体的精神是让南方回到过去，维持种族现状，维持白人至上。
Strom Thurmond SOT: : It's another effort on the part of this president to dominate the country by force and to put into effect these uncalled for and these damnable proposals he has recommended under the guise of so-called civil rights.
斯特罗姆·瑟蒙德 SOT：这是这位总统以武力统治国家并实施他打着所谓民权幌子提出的这些不必要的和该死的建议的另一项努力。
And i tell you the American people from one side to the other had better wake up and oppose such a program.
我告诉你们，美国人民从一方到另一方最好醒悟并反对这样的计划。
And if they donít, the next thing will be a totalitarian state in these united states.
如果他们不这样做，接下来的事情将是这些美国的极权国家。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: The Dixiecrats, their goal is to be a spoiler, to deny either major party a majority of electoral college votes, thereby throwing the election into the house of representatives, where they can use their power to win concessions on civil rights.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：迪克西克拉特人的目标是成为搅局者，拒绝任何一个主要政党获得选举团多数票，从而将选举权交给众议院，在那里他们可以利用自己的权力赢得民权方面的让步。
Narrator: Truman didnít blink, and he didnít retreat.
旁白：杜鲁门没有眨眼，也没有撤退。
Nine days after the Dixiecrat revolt, he gave the states righters a little primer in presidential power.
迪克西克拉特叛乱九天后，他向各州右翼分子介绍了总统权力。
Truman signed an executive order desegregating the federal workforce and, more shockingly, the entirety of the united states armed forces.
杜鲁门签署了一项行政命令，废除了联邦劳动力的种族隔离，更令人震惊的是，废除了整个美国武装部队的种族隔离。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: Desegregating the military is something that Truman could do with a stroke of a pen.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：杜鲁门大笔一挥就能废除军队种族隔离。
He does it because he's already seen the worst that southerners are going to do, right?
他这样做是因为他已经看到了南方人将要做的最糟糕的事情，对吧？
They've already staged a revolt.
他们已经发动叛乱了。
So why not go all in?
那么为什么不全力以赴呢？
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: A lifelong friend writes him a letter and says, Harry, get off this civil rights thing.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：一位终生的朋友给他写了一封信，说，哈利，别再讨论民权问题了。
If you don't do it, you're going to lose the election.
如果你不这样做，你就会输掉选举。
Truman writes him a letter back: it says, you don't know what i know." he then tells him the story of the blinding of Isaac Woodard.
杜鲁门给他回了一封信：信上说，你不知道我所知道的。”然后他给他讲述了艾萨克·伍达德被弄瞎的故事。
He mentions these other atrocities as well, and he says, "if i lose the election over this issue, it will have been for a good cause."
他还提到了这些其他暴行，他说，“如果我在这个问题上输掉选举，那也是有充分理由的。”
In that way, President Truman and Judge Waring are the same.
从这一点来看，杜鲁门总统和韦林法官是一样的。
Every instinct of political survival should have told both of them to keep their hand off the hotspot of the oven.
政治生存的每一种本能都应该告诉他们不要把手放在烤箱的热点上。
Both of them went to the hotspot.
两人都去了热闹的地方。
Narrator: As the 1948 primary approached, South Carolina democrats were brazenly evading Waringís decision in Elmore, allowing black South Carolinians to register to vote, only after they signed an oath declaring their opposition to racial integration.
旁白：随着 1948 年初选的临近，南卡罗来纳州民主党人公然回避沃林在埃尔莫尔做出的决定，允许南卡罗来纳州黑人在签署反对种族融合的誓言后登记投票。
Waring summoned nearly a hundred officials of the South Carolina democratic party and ordered them to register black citizens without swearing any oath.
韦林召集了南卡罗来纳州民主党近百名官员，命令他们在不宣誓的情况下登记黑人公民。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: He tells them that a federal judge faced with contempt has two choices.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：他告诉他们，面对蔑视的联邦法官有两种选择。
He can impose a fine or a prison sentence.
他可以处以罚款或监禁。
He says, ìif you violate my order again, there will be no fines.î The message that he was prepared to jail white men for depriving African Americans the right to vote, hit the white establishment like a thunderbolt.
他说，“如果你再次违反我的命令，不会被罚款。”他准备因剥夺非裔美国人投票权而监禁白人的消息，像晴天霹雳一样击中了白人机构。
Narrator: Threatening letters began arriving at the courthouse and at judge Waringís home soon after.
旁白：不久之后，威胁性信件开始到达法院和法官沃林的家中。
Obscene calls came into his phone line so frequently that he was forced to disconnect his service.
他的电话线经常接到猥亵电话，以至于他被迫中断服务。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: White southerners, as much as they despise African Americans and despise civil rights, they often level the most venom against people they think are traitors.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：南方白人尽管鄙视非裔美国人和公民权利，但他们常常对他们认为是叛徒的人表现出最恶毒的态度。
And that would be Waring.
那就是韦林。
Narrator: The Warings lived their lives more and more on their own terms.
旁白：沃林一家越来越按照自己的方式生活。
Neighbors were particularly scandalized by the unlikely visitors that were seen calling at 61 meeting street.
邻居们对在会议街 61 号拜访的不太可能的访客感到尤其震惊。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: They became friendly with a number of African American activists.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：他们与一些非裔美国活动家变得友好。
Septima Clark, who was a fiery advocate for civil rights, was very close with the Warings, was a frequent visitor in the house at a time that black people only entered the homes of white people through the back door as maids.
塞普蒂玛·克拉克 (Septima Clark) 是一位热心的民权倡导者，与沃林夫妇关系非常密切，在黑人只能以女仆身份从后门进入白人家的时代，她是这所房子的常客。
Ruby cornwell the matriarch of the civil rights community in Charleston.
鲁比·康威尔是查尔斯顿民权社区的女族长。
She was a frequent visitor and a close friend.
她是一位常客，也是一位亲密的朋友。
But perhaps the most interesting relationship that Judge Waring develops is a close, personal relationship with Walter White ó then the most important civil rights leader in America.
但也许韦林法官发展的最有趣的关系是与当时美国最重要的民权领袖沃尔特·怀特（Walter White）建立的密切的个人关系。
The Waring's just got to the point, they didn't care what other people thought.
韦林一家只是说到重点，他们不在乎别人的想法。
There's a very famous photograph of the Warings, featured in collier's magazine, that showed a dinner party at the Waringsí house.
《科利尔》杂志上刊登了一张非常著名的沃林家族照片，照片中展示了沃林家族在家里举行的晚宴。
The article was titled, ìthe lonesomest man in townî, but he didn't look that lonesome.
这篇文章的标题是“镇上最孤独的人”，但他看起来并不那么孤独。
He had lots of friends at his dinner table.
他的餐桌上有很多朋友。
The only notable part was they were all African American.
唯一值得注意的是他们都是非裔美国人。
Belinda Gergel, Author: They're socializing, they're laughing, they're enjoying each other's friendship as equals, and that was terrifying to white Charlestonians.
贝琳达·格格尔（Belinda Gergel），作者：他们在社交，他们在欢笑，他们平等地享受彼此的友谊，这对查尔斯顿白人来说是可怕的。
Narrator: Elizabethís willingness to flout the social conventions of Charleston society and her candor about southern racism brought unprecedented national attention to the wife of a sitting federal judge.
旁白：伊丽莎白愿意藐视查尔斯顿社会的社会习俗，并对南方种族主义持坦率态度，这让一位现任联邦法官的妻子受到了全国前所未有的关注。
Belinda Gergel, Author: She found her voice and she put white Charlestonians on notice that that was going to be a voice that she would not hesitate to use.
贝琳达·格格尔（Belinda Gergel），作家：她找到了自己的声音，并让查尔斯顿白人注意到她将毫不犹豫地使用这种声音。
She was invited, one of the first women, to come on meet the press.
作为首批女性之一，她被邀请来会见媒体。
Announcer: Tonight from Washington: meet the press, where you'll meet one of the outstanding personalities in today' s news, Mrs. J.
播音员：今晚来自华盛顿：会见新闻界，您将见到今天新闻中的杰出人物之一，J. 夫人。
Waties Waring, who stirred up a hornet's nest in the south by her vigorous attack on white supremacy.
沃蒂斯·韦林对白人至上的猛烈攻击，在南方捅了马蜂窝。
Mary James Cottrell: Mrs. Waring, you charged in your speech before the YWCA group in Charleston that the whites down here are a sick, confused and decadent people and that like all decadent people, they are full of pride and complacency, introverted, morally weak and low.
玛丽·詹姆斯·科特雷尔：韦林夫人，您在查尔斯顿基督教女青年会的演讲中指责，这里的白人是一群病态、困惑和颓废的人，像所有颓废的人一样，他们充满骄傲和自满，性格内向，道德软弱和低下。
What brought you to this drastic conclusion?
是什么让你得出这个极端的结论？
Elizabeth Waring: Living there and observing them, a very deep study of the subject.
伊丽莎白·沃林（Elizabeth Waring）：住在那里并观察他们，对这个主题进行了非常深入的研究。
Any people who enslave the minds and bodies of another people are bound to destroy their own souls.
任何奴役他人思想和身体的人必然会毁灭自己的灵魂。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: In ordinary circumstances, the spouse of a judge would not do what she did.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：在通常情况下，法官的配偶不会做她所做的事情。
But given the depth of the problem, the importance that somebody speak out, she felt as though she should.
但考虑到问题的严重性以及有人发声的重要性，她觉得自己应该这么做。
May Craig: Are you crusading only for the negroís civil rights, such as the freedom to vote, freedom or safety of his person and freedom from lynching and so forth, or are you for social integration, is that what you want too?
梅·克雷格：你只是为了黑人的公民权利而奋斗，比如投票自由、人身自由或安全以及免受私刑等，还是为了社会融合，这也是你想要的吗？
Elizabeth Waring: I want the whole thing, i want him to go through the same door, and so does the judge.
伊丽莎白·韦林：我想要整件事，我希望他通过同一扇门，法官也是如此。
I want him to be an equal citizen.
我希望他成为一个平等的公民。
Narrator: Reaction in South Carolina was swift and predictable.
旁白：南卡罗来纳州的反应迅速且可预测。
State legislators appropriated $10,000 to fund impeachment of the judge.
州立法者拨款 10,000 美元用于资助弹劾法官。
Then resolved to purchase railroad tickets for the Warings, anywhere they desired, as long as it was out of the state with no-return.
然后决定为沃林一家购买火车票，无论他们想去哪里，只要是离开该州就不能返回。
Two men were seen burning a Ku Klux Klan cross in the Waringsí back garden.
有人看到两名男子在瓦林西后花园焚烧三K党的十字架。
And on a quiet evening, while the Warings were home playing canasta in their drawing room, three shots rang out in front of their home.
在一个安静的夜晚，当沃林一家在客厅里玩卡纳斯塔时，他们家门前响起了三声枪响。
Belinda Gergel, Author: Their home is right on the street and theyíre inside and suddenly two big bricks come through the window.
贝琳达·格格尔（Belinda Gergel），作者：他们的家就在街上，他们在里面，突然有两块大砖从窗户进来。
They donít know if people are coming through the window and through the doors next.
他们不知道是否有人从窗户和旁边的门进来。
But theyíre petrified.
但他们都吓呆了。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: They retreat to their dining room where theyíre hiding behind a wall, believing that they are under fire and within days the united states attorney general provided 24-hour us marshal protection.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：他们撤退到餐厅，躲在墙后，相信自己受到了攻击，几天之内，美国司法部长就为美国法警提供了 24 小时保护。
Literally marshals sleeping out in front of his house, throughout the rest of his service as a United States district judge.
在他担任美国地方法官的余下时间里，执法官们都睡在他家门前。
No federal judge had ever faced such an attack.
还没有联邦法官遭遇过这样的攻击。
Narrator: The judge, seventy years-old and under constant siege, understood his days on the bench were numbered.
旁白：这位法官已经七十岁了，经常受到围攻，他知道自己在法官席上的日子已经屈指可数了。
He confided in Elizabeth that he meant to do one big thing before he retired.
他向伊丽莎白吐露，他打算在退休前做一件大事。
With her support, he fixed his sights on destroying the precedent that had underpinned legalized racism in the south for more than fifty years: the strange doctrine of separate but equal.
在她的支持下，他致力于摧毁五十多年来支撑南方种族主义合法化的先例：分离但平等的奇怪学说。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: They are disgusted by the people who have been their friends and who have sat idly by and and benefited from this oppressive system.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：他们对那些曾经是他们的朋友以及袖手旁观并从这种压迫制度中受益的人感到厌恶。
And they simply can't take it anymore.
他们根本无法再忍受了。
And he is now in this position where he can do something about it
他现在处于可以做点什么的位置
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: What the record now shows us, at the time in which the most intense pressure was being put on judge Waring, he was making the plans of what would become the Briggs v.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：现在的记录向我们展示了，在韦林法官承受最大压力的时候，他正在制定布里格斯诉科特迪瓦案的计划。
Elliott dissent ó the case that changes America.
艾略特的异议——改变美国的案例。
Archive SOT: This is South Carolina.
存档 SOT：这是南卡罗来纳州。
Summerton, South Carolina.
南卡罗来纳州萨默顿。
A country crossroads in the rich soil, isolated in time and space and given to old ways.
一个国家的十字路口，位于肥沃的土壤中，在时间和空间上与世隔绝，并遵循着古老的道路。
Here, perhaps more than elsewhere in the united states, the racial patterns, the social patterns, and the economic patterns are all the same pattern.
在这里，也许比美国其他地方的种族模式、社会模式和经济模式都更加相同。
Narrator: Briggs versus Elliott —the case that would set in motion the demise of legalized segregation -- grew from the unlikeliest soil in the nation.
旁白：布里格斯诉埃利奥特案——这起将导致种族隔离合法化终结的案件——诞生于这个国家最不可能的土壤。
Clarendon county, just ninety odd miles from where Isaac Woodard had been beaten, was a place well known to judge Waring.
克拉伦登县距离艾萨克·伍达德被殴打的地方仅九十多英里，是一个众所周知的审判韦林的地方。
ìitís in what we call the low country,î he said of clarendon.
“这是在我们所说的低地国家，”他谈到克拉伦登时说道。
ìswamp lands and rivers.
ì沼泽地和河流。
One of the most backward counties of the state...
该州最落后的县之一...
The negro schools were just tumbledown, dirty shacks with horrible outdoor toilet facilities.î
黑人学校只是破败不堪，肮脏的棚屋和可怕的室外厕所设施。
J.
J。
A.
A.
Delaine Jr., son of Rev.
小德莱恩 (Delaine Jr.)，牧师的儿子。
Delaine: I lived in Summerton and I cursed the day I was born and had to live there.
德莱恩：我住在萨默顿，我诅咒我出生并不得不住在那里的那一天。
And I vowed that†when I got grown Iíd never see that damn place again.
我发誓，当我长大后，我再也不会看到那个该死的地方了。
Nathaniel Briggs, son of Harry & Eliza Briggs: They have talked about us as being subhuman.
纳撒尼尔·布里格斯，哈利和伊丽莎·布里格斯的儿子：他们说我们是非人类。
I guess, from generation to generation, they couldn't accept the fact that Iím human just, just like them.
我想，一代又一代，他们无法接受我是人类的事实，就像他们一样。
Just like them.
就像他们一样。
J.
J。
A.
A.
Delaine Jr., son of Rev.
小德莱恩 (Delaine Jr.)，牧师的儿子。
Delaine: Most of the schools operated for three to four months out of the year.
Delaine：大多数学校一年中运营三到四个月。
And the reason for that was these kids need to be in, in the fields, plowing cotton or whatever.
原因是这些孩子需要在田里耕种棉花或其他什么。
So we can't have school when they need to work to get our cotton out of the fields.
因此，当他们需要工作以将棉花从地里采摘时，我们就无法上学。
Nathaniel Briggs, son of Harry & Eliza Briggs: Some of the kids in my class didn't show up till around thanksgiving.
纳撒尼尔布里格斯，哈利和伊丽莎布里格斯的儿子：我班上的一些孩子直到感恩节前后才出现。
Instead of being in school they was out working the farm.
他们没有去上学，而是出去农场干活。
Come early april these kids are out of the school, going back to the farm to work.
四月初，这些孩子们离开了学校，回到农场工作。
And the system really didn't care.
而系统也确实不在乎。
It was not meant for us as black folks, but two things: go in somebody's kitchen, or go in somebodyís fields.
它不适合我们黑人，而是为了两件事：进入某人的厨房，或者进入某人的田地。
That happened to us a hundred years or more.
这种事发生在我们身上一百年或更久了。
That's what was geared for us to do.
这就是我们要做的事情。
They didnít expect no more from you.
他们对你不再抱有任何期望。
Narrator: In 1947, local parents in clarendon county decided to do something about the problem of simply getting their children to school.
旁白：1947 年，克拉伦登县的当地家长决定采取一些措施来解决孩子上学的问题。
There was a fleet of buses for the white children in the county.
县里有一群为白人儿童服务的公共汽车。
None for the black children.
对于黑人孩子来说没有。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: Some of the black children in their community have to walk nine miles to school.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：他们社区中的一些黑人儿童必须步行九英里才能上学。
They have to ford a river.
他们必须涉过一条河。
Narrator: A group of Summerton parents were able to raise several hundred dollars to buy a used school bus, but the bus broke down constantly.
旁白：萨默顿的一群家长筹集了几百美元购买了一辆二手校车，但校车经常出故障。
So the parents turned to the Reverend J.A.
于是，父母求助于 J.A. 牧师。
Delaine, a principal and minister with ties to the NAACP.
德莱恩（Delaine），一位与全国有色人种协进会（NAACP）有联系的校长兼部长。
J.
J。
A.
A.
Delaine Jr., son of Rev.
小德莱恩 (Delaine Jr.)，牧师的儿子。
Delaine: He suggested, we'll go in and we'll talk to the superintendent of schools about getting funds for gas money, repair the bus, and pay a salary to who drives the bus.
德莱恩：他建议，我们进去和学校负责人讨论如何获得汽油费、修理公共汽车并向驾驶公共汽车的人支付工资。
It was turned down.
结果被拒绝了。
ìain't got no money for your niggers,î literally is what they, what he was told.
“没有钱给你们的黑鬼”，他们就是这么告诉他的。
Nathaniel Briggs, son of Harry & Eliza Briggs: It was told that black folks didn't pay enough taxes.
纳撒尼尔·布里格斯，哈利和伊丽莎·布里格斯的儿子：据说黑人没有缴纳足够的税款。
You couldn't even vote.
你甚至不能投票。
So there was no black folks on the school board to direct and to address the issues that was at hand.
因此，学校董事会中没有黑人来指导和解决当前的问题。
So what power do you have?
那么你有什么权力呢？
J.
J。
A.
A.
Delaine Jr., son of Rev.
小德莱恩 (Delaine Jr.)，牧师的儿子。
Delaine: My father then said, well, you know, let's file a suit.
德莱恩：我父亲然后说，好吧，你知道，我们提起诉讼吧。
I want to talk with Thurgood Marshall.
我想和瑟古德·马歇尔谈谈。
Narrator: Thurgood Marshall, the 40-year-old chief of the NAACP legal defense fund, reluctantly answered the summons from clarendon county.
旁白：瑟古德·马歇尔，40岁的全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金负责人，不情愿地回应了来自克拉伦登县的传唤。
All through the 1940s, Marshall had been making these trips from New York into the heart of the Jim Crow south.
整个 20 世纪 40 年代，马歇尔一直在从纽约前往种族隔离南部的中心地带。
He had been belittled by judges and opposing counsel who didnít think he could be an attorney, threatened with violence, and nearly lynched.
他受到法官和对方律师的贬低，他们认为他不能成为一名律师，受到暴力威胁，甚至差点被处以私刑。
Rawn James, Author: White Americans who want to maintain segregation recognize that Thurgood Marshall and his legal team are becoming very effective at chipping away at that status quo.
拉恩·詹姆斯，作者：想要维持种族隔离的美国白人认识到，瑟古德·马歇尔和他的法律团队在打破这种现状方面正在变得非常有效。
And that is why his life is in danger whenever he travels, particularly when he travels in the south.
这就是为什么他每次旅行时，尤其是在南方旅行时，都会面临生命危险。
Gilbert King, Author: They would have to move him around from house to house at night during a trial because the Klan was after him, and they didn't want these night riders to find out where Marshall was.
吉尔伯特·金，作者：在审判期间，他们必须在晚上把他从一家搬到另一家，因为三K党在追捕他，他们不想让这些夜间骑手知道马歇尔在哪里。
He was threatened constantly.
他不断受到威胁。
His life was always in danger, and he was terrified, too.
他的生命时刻处于危险之中，他也感到恐惧。
But he also knew that it was important for the African American communities in those Jim Crow balconies to look down and see an African American who was not a defendant, who was in a suit, who was arguing the law with white men.
但他也知道，对于那些吉姆·克劳阳台上的非裔美国人社区来说，低头看到一个不是被告、穿着诉讼、正在与白人争论法律的非裔美国人是很重要的。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: It was often an electric experience for local African American communities to see Thurgood Marshall come to town because he would do something that nobody had ever seen before which was to address white people and to make them answer and state reasons for what they were doing and to sometimes call them liars.
肯尼思·麦克，历史学家：对于当地非裔美国人社区来说，看到瑟古德·马歇尔来到镇上常常是一种震撼的体验，因为他会做一些以前没有人见过的事情，那就是向白人讲话，让他们回答并说明他们所做事情的原因，有时还称他们为骗子。
Narrator: Marshall leveled with the reverend delaine and the parents of clarendon county.
旁白：马歇尔向德莱恩牧师和克拉伦登县的家长们坦白了。
If the NAACP was going to take on their case, it was going to be about more than a school bus.
如果全国有色人种协进会要接手他们的案子，那么问题就不仅仅是校车问题了。
He wanted to sue for total equality with the white schools.
他想起诉要求与白人学校完全平等。
Facilities, teacher salaries, textbooks, buses ó every resource the white schools had, they would demand in equal measure for the black schools.
设施、教师工资、教科书、公共汽车——白人学校拥有的一切资源，他们都会向黑人学校提出同样的要求。
Marshall explained he wouldnít even consider taking the case until he had twenty reliable, credible plaintiffs.
马歇尔解释说，在他拥有二十个可靠、可信的原告之前，他甚至不会考虑接手这个案子。
People who would not cower in the face of certain intimidation from the white supremacists who ruled clarendon county.
面对统治克拉伦登县的白人至上主义者的某些恐吓，人们不会畏缩。
More than twenty black citizens agreed to sign on.
二十多名黑人公民同意签字。
Narrator: On November 17, 1950, Thurgood Marshall hurried along Charlestonís palmetto-lined streets for a pre-trial hearing with judge Waring, unaware that the judge had been closely following events in Summerton.
旁白：1950 年 11 月 17 日，瑟古德·马歇尔匆匆沿着查尔斯顿棕榈树成荫的街道与韦林法官一起参加预审听证会，却没有意识到法官一直在密切关注萨默顿发生的事件。
Neither man harbored any doubts about the strength of Marshallís case: the NAACP was clearly poised to win equal facilities for the black children of clarendon county.
两人都对马歇尔案件的说服力没有任何怀疑：全国有色人种协进会显然准备为克拉伦登县的黑人儿童赢得平等的便利。
Rawn James, Author: The schools for white children were generally the best schools that the tax base could establish and support.
罗恩·詹姆斯（Rawn James），作者：白人儿童的学校通常是税基可以建立和支持的最好的学校。
The schools for black children, even in some middle-class school districts, mocked the very notion of being schools.
即使在一些中产阶级学区，黑人儿童的学校也嘲笑学校这一概念。
They were visibly unequal to the naked eye.
肉眼看来，他们明显不平等。
One did not even need to step inside to see how unequal they were.
人们甚至不需要走进去就能看到他们有多么不平等。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: When Marshall arrives at the courthouse, he is told by court personnel, Judge Waring wants to see you in his chambers.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：当马歇尔到达法院时，法庭工作人员告诉他，韦林法官想在他的办公室见到你。
Lawyers call this ex parte communication.
律师称之为单方沟通。
It happened.
它发生了。
Judge Waring says to Marshall, ìi don't want to try any more equalization cases.
韦林法官对马歇尔说：“我不想再尝试任何均等案件。”
Bring me a frontal challenge to segregation.î
给我带来对种族隔离的正面挑战。î
Kari Frederickson, Historian: Thurgood Marshall is absolutely floored when Waring, essentially, tells him look, i need you to make this case, get rid of segregation altogether.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：当韦林本质上告诉瑟古德·马歇尔，他告诉他，我需要你提出这个理由，完全消除种族隔离时，瑟古德·马歇尔绝对感到震惊。
He basically tells Marshall, look, you need to go for broke here.
他基本上告诉马歇尔，看，你需要在这里全力以赴。
Narrator: Thurgood Marshall had dedicated much of his life to overturning legalized segregation.
旁白：瑟古德·马歇尔一生的大部分时间都致力于推翻合法化的种族隔离。
But he was playing the long game, executing a strategy he had helped to devise fifteen years earlier.
但他正在打一场持久战，执行十五年前他帮助制定的战略。
Segregation had been sanctioned by an 1896 supreme court decision in a case called Plessy v.
1896 年，最高法院在一项名为“普莱西诉美国”的案件中做出了裁决，批准了种族隔离。
Ferguson.
弗格森。
Homer Plessy, a black man from New Orleans, had challenged the segregated accommodations of Louisianaís railroads and lost 8-1.
来自新奥尔良的黑人荷马·普莱西 (Homer Plessy) 曾挑战路易斯安那州铁路的隔离设施，但以 8 比 1 落败。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: Plessy v.
肯尼思·麦克，历史学家：普莱西诉。
Ferguson came to be seen as symbolic of the idea of separate but equal, that segregation was not unconstitutional as long as blacks and whites were given equal facilities.
弗格森被视为分离但平等理念的象征，只要黑人和白人获得平等的便利，种族隔离就不是违宪的。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: The NAACP had adopted this strategy, which is basically turning Plessy v.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：全国有色人种协进会采取了这一策略，这基本上就是将普莱西诉。
Ferguson on its head.
弗格森在头上。
Rawn James, Author: It's a kind of sailing west to arrive east.
罗恩·詹姆斯（Rawn James），作者：这就像向西航行到东方。
Rather than argue against the scourge of Plessy, they argued for the fulfillment of Plessy ó that the constitution is not being satisfied, not because the facilities are segregated, but because they're unequal.
他们没有反对普莱西的祸害，而是支持普莱西的实现——宪法没有得到满足，不是因为设施被隔离，而是因为它们不平等。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: They were winning cases, but the strategy had controversy because every time you use Plessy to support your theory, you were driving another nail into the inferior legal status of African Americans.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：他们赢得了官司，但这一策略存在争议，因为每次你用普莱西来支持你的理论，你就又给非裔美国人的劣等法律地位钉上了一颗钉子。
Rawn James, Author: The question that faced Marshall was, when do we move away from the equalization strategy, and begin to argue against segregation itself separate but equal is unconstitutional?
作者拉恩·詹姆斯：马歇尔面临的问题是，我们什么时候放弃平等战略，并开始反对种族隔离本身，但平等是违宪的？
And Marshall was rightly cautious about when and where to make that claim, because if he chose the wrong case and it went to the supreme court, the worst thing that could happen for black Americans across the country would be for the supreme court to ratify Plessy v.
马歇尔对何时何地提出这一主张非常谨慎，因为如果他选择了错误的案件并将其提交给最高法院，那么对全国黑人来说最糟糕的事情就是最高法院批准《普莱西诉美国黑人案》。
Ferguson ó to confirm it in a new age and say, yes, this is still the law of the land and it satisfies the constitution.
弗格森——在新时代确认这一点，并说，是的，这仍然是这片土地的法律，它符合宪法。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: What Judge Waring was pushing him to do was very risky.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：韦林法官强迫他做的事情非常冒险。
If you launched a concerted effort to overturn Plessy and failed, your years of all that work would have been thrown on the trash heap of history.
如果你们齐心协力推翻普莱西，但失败了，你们多年来的努力就会被扔进历史的垃圾堆。
Thurgood Marshall says, "Judge, it's on our agenda.
瑟古德·马歇尔说：“法官，这已经在我们的议程上了。
It's just not tonight.
只是不是今晚。
This is not the time.
现在还不是时候。
This is not the place." What he wasn't saying explicitly was this is the last place in the world we're going to try to desegregate the schools.
这不是地方。”他没有明确表示的是，这是世界上我们要尝试取消学校种族隔离的最后一个地方。
This is down the end of the road, not the beginning.
这是路的尽头，而不是起点。
Judge Waring said, "This is the time.
韦林法官说：“现在是时候了。
This is the case.
情况就是这样。
You're gonna be challenging the constitutionality of a state law.
你将挑战州法律的合宪性。
You're going to lose, but youíll plant the case directly and automatically onto the docket of the us supreme court." And he said, "Thurgood, that's where you want to be."
你会输，但你会直接把这个案子自动列入美国最高法院的案卷中。”他说：“瑟古德，这就是你想去的地方。”
Narrator: At Waringís urging, Marshall petitioned the court to dismiss the current case and bring a new suit, one alleging that segregation in South Carolinaís public schools was unconstitutional.
旁白：在沃林的敦促下，马歇尔请求法院驳回当前案件并提起新诉讼，指控南卡罗来纳州公立学校的种族隔离违宪。
Marshall and his team spent the next month preparing a new case.
马歇尔和他的团队在接下来的一个月里准备了一个新案件。
But they also needed approval from the plaintiffs to move ahead.
但他们还需要原告的批准才能继续进行。
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: Marshall was always very powerfully conscious of the risks being taken by plaintiffs and if you knew anything about clarendon county in that period you knew that the Briggs and others who stood up to the system in that jurisdiction were going to have hell to pay.
谢里琳·伊菲尔 (Sherrilyn Ifill)，全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：马歇尔始终非常清楚原告所面临的风险，如果您对那个时期的克拉伦登县有所了解，您就会知道布里格斯一家和其他在该司法管辖区反抗该制度的人将付出惨重的代价。
Narrator: The week before Christmas, 1950, dozens of parents, students and teachers filed into St. Mark A.M.E.
旁白：1950 年圣诞节前一周，数十名家长、学生和老师鱼贯来到圣马克 A.M.E. 学校。
church in Summerton, ready to hear an update on their case from Robert Carter, Marshallís key deputy.
萨默顿的教堂，准备听取马歇尔主要副手罗伯特卡特的案件最新情况。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: The place was packed to the rafters.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：这个地方挤满了人。
Mr. Carter explained that the NAACP thought it was time to attack segregation, root and branch, but that anyone who was a plaintiff in the case need to understand they could experience severe retaliation.
卡特先生解释说，全国有色人种协进会认为现在是彻底攻击种族隔离的时候了，但任何作为本案原告的人都需要明白，他们可能会遭受严厉的报复。
He said, ìMr.
他说：“先生。”
Marshall wants you to know that you can withdraw.î
马歇尔想让你知道你可以退出。î
Nathaniel Briggs, son of Harry & Eliza Briggs: That was made clear to the petitioners-- if you think you experiencing retribution now...if this case come from here, thereís gonna probably be more reprisals that will come and don't know what form it would take.
纳撒尼尔布里格斯，哈利和伊丽莎布里格斯的儿子：这已经向请愿者明确表示了——如果你认为你现在正在遭受报复……如果这个案子来自这里，可能会有更多的报复到来，而且不知道会采取什么形式。
Narrator: This was no great revelation to the reverend delaine, or to navy veteran Harry Briggs, whose name was on the legal filing simply because he was first up in the alphabet.
旁白：对于德莱恩牧师或海军老兵哈里·布里格斯来说，这并不是什么大事，他的名字出现在法律文件上只是因为他在字母表中排在第一位。
Or to any of the other petitioners who had signed onto the original lawsuit.
或者签署原始诉讼的任何其他请愿者。
What Marshall had warned about nearly two years earlier had come to pass.
马歇尔近两年前警告的事情已经成为现实。
I nterview with Eliza Briggs, SOT, Reporter: Did your husband sign this petition?
采访 Eliza Briggs，SOT，记者：您丈夫签署了这份请愿书吗？
Eliza Briggs: Well, after he signed the petition, he told him that, unless he take his name off it, he would lose his job.
伊丽莎·布里格斯：嗯，在他签署请愿书后，他告诉他，除非他把自己的名字从上面删除，否则他将失去工作。
Nathaniel Briggs, son of Harry & Eliza Briggs: On Christmas eve, they gave him a carton of cigarettes and said we got somebody to replace him.
纳撒尼尔·布里格斯，哈利和伊丽莎·布里格斯的儿子：圣诞节前夕，他们给了他一盒香烟，并说我们有人来代替他。
Then money dries up.
然后钱就枯竭了。
Couldn't get work.
找不到工作。
He took a pseudonym to get paid.
他化名以获取报酬。
Because they wasnít gonna hire Harry Briggs in the county.
因为他们不会在县里雇佣哈利·布里格斯。
Eliza Briggs: Well I told him we were only doing it for the betterment of the children.
伊丽莎·布里格斯：我告诉他我们这样做只是为了孩子们的进步。
Eliza Briggs: Not only our children but all of the children.
伊丽莎·布里格斯：不仅是我们的孩子，还有所有的孩子。
J.
J。
A.
A.
Delaine Jr., son of Rev.
小德莱恩 (Delaine Jr.)，牧师的儿子。
Delaine: There were a lot of evictions.
德莱恩：有很多人被驱逐。
My father was threatened.
我父亲受到威胁。
The black men in town had formed themselves into a cadre guarding our house at night with guns.
镇上的黑人已经组成了一支干部，晚上持枪守卫我们的房子。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: Reverend delaine, he had his home burned, with volunteer firemen standing out front refusing to provide service.
理查德·格格尔，《无与伦比的勇气》作者：德莱恩牧师，他的家被烧毁，志愿消防员站在前面拒绝提供服务。
Nathaniel Briggs, son of Harry & Eliza Briggs: They did that to send a message, you know.
纳撒尼尔·布里格斯，哈利·布里格斯和伊丽莎·布里格斯的儿子：你知道，他们这样做是为了传递信息。
And when his house caught on fire, we thought ours would be next.
当他的房子着火时，我们以为我们的房子就是下一个。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: They have children.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：他们有孩子。
They have families.
他们有家庭。
They have responsibilities, and they have to think about all that.
他们有责任，他们必须考虑这一切。
You know if I lose my farm, what happens next?
你知道如果我失去了我的农场，接下来会发生什么？
Maybe Iíll be killed, and also, maybe Iím also the breadwinner of my family.
也许我会被杀，而且，也许我也是家里的经济支柱。
It's not just that Iím going to be killed.
不仅仅是我会被杀。
My family is going to be destitute.
我的家人将会陷入贫困。
Narrator: Now here was Robert Carter who didnít have to stay behind and live-in clarendon county ó asking these parents to be the first wave of a frontal attack on the most jagged ramparts of segregation.
旁白：现在罗伯特·卡特不必留在克拉伦登县，他要求这些父母成为对最崎岖的种族隔离壁垒发起正面攻击的第一波进攻者。
There was a pregnant silence when Carter finished his presentation.
当卡特完成他的演讲时，大家陷入了一阵意味深长的沉默。
Patricia Sullivan, Historian: And then an old man in the back of the church raised his hand and he said, we wondered how long it would take you lawyers to get there.
帕特里夏·沙利文，历史学家：然后教堂后面的一位老人举起手说，我们想知道你们律师需要多长时间才能到达那里。
They were ready.
他们准备好了。
Nathaniel Briggs, son of Harry & Eliza Briggs: When you had enough, you just had enough.
纳撒尼尔布里格斯，哈利和伊丽莎布里格斯的儿子：当你受够了，你就受够了。
I mean, you just can't take it anymore.
我的意思是，你再也无法忍受了。
Where can you go?
你能去哪里？
You can't back up.
你无法备份。
You just can't, you gotta go forward.
你就是做不到，你必须往前走。
And that was their mindset.†Not any of those families backed down.
这就是他们的心态。†这些家庭没有一个退缩。
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: Clarendon county is almost like the Isaac Woodard case.
Sherrilyn Ifill，全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：克拉伦登县几乎就像艾萨克·伍达德案一样。
The starkness of the facts, the depth of the racism goes to the very heart of the unfairness and the ugliness of white supremacy, and in that case for Marshall, itís going right into the eye of the storm.
赤裸裸的事实，种族主义的深度，触及了白人至上的不公平和丑陋的核心，在这种情况下，对于马歇尔来说，它正进入风暴的中心。
Narrator: Marshall didnít expect to win Briggs v.
旁白：马歇尔没想到会赢得布里格斯诉。
Elliott in the federal court of South Carolina.
埃利奥特在南卡罗来纳州联邦法院受审。
But his team did need to build a record of evidence, one that would give the united states supreme court a solid rationale for ending segregation in public schools ó and essentially burying its own separate but equal precedent.
但他的团队确实需要建立一份证据记录，为美国最高法院结束公立学校种族隔离提供坚实的理由——并从本质上埋葬其自己的独立但平等的先例。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: Marshall has to show, well, no matter what you did with resources, just the mere fact of a statute that requires segregation is unconstitutional.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：马歇尔必须证明，无论你如何利用资源，仅仅要求种族隔离的法规这一事实就是违宪的。
Why is it unconstitutional?
为何违宪？
Well, for us, it would be easy.
嗯，对我们来说，这很容易。
This is just subordination of black people.
这只是黑人的从属地位。
But for them, it was hard because they didn't question it.
但对他们来说，这很难，因为他们没有质疑。
They weren't thinking that segregation was harmful to black people.
他们并不认为种族隔离对黑人有害。
Rawn James, Author: He said, if you were in an automobile accident, i would have to show how the accident injured you.
拉恩·詹姆斯（Rawn James），作者：他说，如果你遭遇车祸，我就必须展示事故是如何伤害你的。
Here in this case, he has to show how segregation has injured his clients.
在这种情况下，他必须展示种族隔离如何伤害了他的客户。
What harm has it caused?
它造成了什么危害？
Enter 37-year-old psychologist, Kenneth Clark, and his now famous dolls.
37 岁的心理学家肯尼思·克拉克 (Kenneth Clark) 和他现在著名的玩偶登场了。
Narrator: Kenneth and Mamie Clark - the first black Americans to earn PHDs in psychology from Columbia university -- had recently begun conducting a series of research experiments to determine the effect segregation on black children.
旁白：肯尼斯·克拉克和玛米·克拉克是第一批获得哥伦比亚大学心理学博士学位的美国黑人，他们最近开始进行一系列研究实验，以确定种族隔离对黑人儿童的影响。
The tools of the Clarks' experimental trade were breathtakingly simple: a suitcase full of dolls.
克拉克夫妇实验性贸易的工具极其简单：一个装满洋娃娃的手提箱。
Four of them, gender neutral.
其中四人，性别中立。
Identical in every way except for skin color.
除了肤色以外，各方面都一模一样。
Two were white, and two were brown.
两个是白色的，两个是棕色的。
Doctor Kenneth Clark explained their extraordinary findings to NAACP attorney Robert Carter, who lobbied his colleagues to make the Clarksí research central to their legal strategy.
肯尼思·克拉克博士向全国有色人种协进会律师罗伯特·卡特解释了他们的非凡发现，罗伯特·卡特游说他的同事将克拉克的研究作为他们法律策略的核心。
Rawn James, Author: There's a great deal of debate around the table at legal defense headquarters in New York City.
拉恩·詹姆斯（Rawn James），作者：纽约市法律辩护总部的桌子上有很多争论。
They are thinking, what are we going to do with what they call ìthese damn dolls?î Marshall sits at the end of the table, says very little and just smokes, and smokes, and smokes, as the attorneys hash it out, hash it out, until finally Marshall says, ìi have to show injury.
他们在想，我们要如何处理他们所谓的“这些该死的娃娃？”马歇尔坐在桌子的最后，很少说话，只是抽烟，抽烟，抽烟，律师们正在讨论，讨论，直到最后马歇尔说：“我必须表现出伤害。”
The dolls are how Iím going to show the injury to the children.
我将用这些娃娃来向孩子们展示受伤的情况。
We're taking the dolls with us to South Carolina.î
我们要带着娃娃去南卡罗来纳州。î
Narrator: By daybreak, on May 28, 1951, a caravan of cars packed with parents, teachers and children was well on its way from Summerton to Charleston, where they were finally going to get their day in court.
旁白：1951 年 5 月 28 日黎明，一队满载家长、老师和孩子的汽车从萨默顿驶向查尔斯顿，他们终于要在法庭上度过这一天。
As they pulled up to the federal courthouse, the citizens of clarendon county were awed to discover they were not the only ones who had made the journey.
当他们把车停在联邦法院大楼时，克拉伦登县的公民惊讶地发现他们并不是唯一踏上这段旅程的人。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: From across the state, African Americans got up early in the morning, and drove to Charleston.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：来自全州各地的非裔美国人一大早就起床，开车前往查尔斯顿。
And by the time the sun rose that morning, they were lined up as far as the eye could see.
那天早上太阳升起的时候，他们已经排到了目力所及的地方。
Nathaniel Briggs, son of Harry & Eliza Briggs: Out the sidewalk, around the corner.
纳撒尼尔·布里格斯 (Nathaniel Briggs)，哈利·布里格斯 (Harry Briggs) 和伊丽莎·布里格斯 (Eliza Briggs) 的儿子：走出人行道，在拐角处。
And these folks stood out there in hot, hot may weather.
这些人在炎热的五月天气里站在那里。
You ever been to South Carolina in May?
你五月份去过南卡罗来纳州吗？
It is hot.
天气很热。
Sticky hot.
粘热的。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: Thurgood Marshall, arriving that morning for the trial, was amazed.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：瑟古德·马歇尔那天早上到达审判现场时感到很惊讶。
He had never seen such a crowd and he turned to Robert Carter and said, ìbob, it's all over.î Carter, you know, his young associate said, ìThurgood.
他从未见过如此多的人群，他转向罗伯特·卡特说：“鲍勃，一切都结束了。”卡特，你知道，他的年轻同事说：“瑟古德。”
What are you talking about?î He said, ìthey're not scared anymore.î
你在说什么？”他说，“他们不再害怕了。”
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: For Marshall to see the throngs, the crowds, coming out for the first day of trial showed him that something had shifted in the south.
谢里琳·伊菲尔（Sherrilyn Ifill），全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：马歇尔看到审判第一天出来的人群，向他表明南方发生了一些变化。
Theyíre not afraid anymore to fight for their full citizenship and to make the statement of how important this is to them.
他们不再害怕为自己的完整公民权而奋斗，并表明这对他们来说有多重要。
Narrator: With the courtroom packed beyond capacity that hot spring morning, Marshall began arguing his case before a panel of three federal judges, one of whom was judge Waties Waring.
旁白：那个春天的早晨，法庭挤满了人，马歇尔开始在三名联邦法官组成的小组面前辩论他的案件，其中一名法官是沃蒂斯·韦林法官。
He sparred with defense witnesses from the school district and presented his own expert testimonies on the egregious disparities between the countyís black and white schools.
他与学区的辩方证人发生争执，并就该县黑人和白人学校之间的巨大差异提出了自己的专家证词。
Marshall did not stop there.
马歇尔并没有就此止步。
He proceeded to show the court that the damage to the black children in clarendon county was real and quantifiable.
他继续向法庭表明，克拉伦登县的黑人儿童受到的伤害是真实且可以量化的。
His key witness took the stand that afternoon.
当天下午，他的关键证人出庭作证。
Dr. Kenneth Clark, described for the court the doll experiments he and his wife had conducted on hundreds of black schoolchildren across the country, asking them to evaluate and compare the virtues of the black and white dolls.
肯尼思·克拉克博士向法庭描述了他和妻子对全国数百名黑人学童进行的娃娃实验，要求他们评估和比较黑白娃娃的优点。
Rawn James, Author: Kenneth and Mamie Clark conduct these studies over a period of months, and it traumatizes them to have to do this over and over again and get the same answers over and over again from different children, attending different schools in different states.†Without fail the black children preferred the white doll.
劳恩·詹姆斯（Rawn James），作者：肯尼思和玛米·克拉克花了几个月的时间进行这些研究，这让他们受到了创伤，因为他们必须一次又一次地这样做，并一次又一次地从不同州的不同学校就读的不同孩子那里得到相同的答案。†毫无疑问，黑人孩子更喜欢白色娃娃。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: Not only does the NAACP have all of the information it needs on the brick-and-mortar issues, now they have evidence that said, look, this is inherently damaging to black children, right?
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：全国有色人种协进会不仅拥有有关实体问题所需的所有信息，现在他们还有证据表明，看，这本质上对黑人儿童有害，对吗？
And this is a stigma, and this is a damage from which they will never recover.
这是一种耻辱，这是他们永远无法挽回的伤害。
Narrator: The trial was shorter than anticipated—just two days.
旁白：审判比预期要短——只有两天。
Marshall had given it his best shot.
马歇尔已经尽了最大努力。
As he joined the throngs streaming out of the courtroom, the three judges retired to Waringís chambers to discuss the case.
当他加入从法庭涌出的人群时，三名法官退到瓦林的房间讨论此案。
The conference went just as expected.
会议如期进行。
Neither of the other two judges had been persuaded by Marshallís arguments.
其他两位法官都没有被马歇尔的论点说服。
Separate but equal would stand in South Carolina.
南卡罗来纳州将保持独立但平等。
Narrator: The Briggs plaintiffs had lost, as Marshall suspected they would, 2-1.
旁白：正如马歇尔所预料的那样，布里格斯原告以 2-1 输了。
But, as Waring had planned, the appeal was headed straight to the supreme court.
但是，正如韦林计划的那样，上诉直接提交至最高法院。
And Waring meant to arm the NAACP attorneys with something for the battle in Washington: a dissenting opinion for the ages.
韦林的目的是为全国有色人种协进会的律师们提供一些可以在华盛顿进行斗争的东西：多年来的不同意见。
He knew he was writing for history.
他知道他正在为历史而写。
He knew this was his moment.
他知道这是属于他的时刻。
And he labored for days carefully constructing and rewriting and revising over and over again, this dissent.
他花了好几天的时间仔细地一遍又一遍地构建、重写和修改这个异议。
He wrote it with care and with precision and with passion.
他用心、精确和热情写下了这本书。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: Waring's dissent is quite remarkable.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：韦林的异议非常引人注目。
It's a direct indictment of segregation, and it's important to say that because so many people were finessing the issue.
这是对种族隔离的直接控诉，这一点很重要，因为很多人都在巧妙地处理这个问题。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: He described the testimony of dr. Clark about the injury to black children.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：他描述了博士的证词。克拉克讲述了黑人儿童受到的伤害。
And he said, "this must end.
他说：“这必须结束。
It must end now.
现在必须结束了。
Segregation is per se inequality."
隔离本身就是不平等。”
Narrator: Waring set off the last sentence in a separate paragraph, for effect.
旁白：韦林将最后一句话放在一个单独的段落中，以达到效果。
And it was, in a way, his final word on the vicious regime of legalized white supremacy in the deep south.
在某种程度上，这是他对南方腹地合法化的白人至上的邪恶政权的最后一句话。
Soon after he filed his dissent in Briggs, Waring wrote President Harry Truman with the news that he was stepping down from his federal judgeship.
在布里格斯提出异议后不久，韦林写信给哈里·杜鲁门总统，宣布他将辞去联邦法官职务。
The Warings left Charleston for good, retiring to a small apartment in New York City.
沃林夫妇永远离开查尔斯顿，退休到纽约市的一间小公寓。
Narrator: Thurgood Marshall was fundraising in Alabama when word reached him: the supreme court had finally ruled on the constitutionality of segregation in public schools.
旁白：瑟古德·马歇尔正在阿拉巴马州筹款，这时他收到消息：最高法院终于就公立学校种族隔离的合宪性做出了裁决。
It had been a long and frustrating wait; three years since the trial in judge Waringís courtroom in Charleston.
这是一个漫长而令人沮丧的等待。距离查尔斯顿瓦林法官法庭的审判已经过去三年了。
The name ìBriggsî had been subsumed by then.
那时，“布里格斯”这个名字已被纳入其中。
The NAACP had brought four similar desegregation cases, in Virginia, Delaware, the district of Columbia, and Kansas.
全国有色人种协进会在弗吉尼亚州、特拉华州、哥伦比亚特区和堪萨斯州提起了四起类似的废除种族隔离案件。
The five cases had been consolidated and filed as brown v.
这五个案件已合并并作为布朗诉.
Board of education of Topeka, Kansas.
堪萨斯州托皮卡教育委员会。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: Briggs was the first case to arrive at the supreme court.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：布里格斯是第一个到达最高法院的案件。
By all accounts it should have been Briggs v.
从各方面来看，应该是布里格斯诉。
Elliott.
埃利奥特。
My personal theory is that the court did not want this case banning school segregation to be focused on a southern case.
我个人的理论是，法院不希望禁止学校隔离的案件集中在南方案件上。
Topeka, Kansas was not in the south.
堪萨斯州托皮卡不在南部。
And the south would claim it was being picked on.
南方会声称它被欺负了。
But how do you say that if the lead defendant is Topeka, Kansas?
但如果主要被告是堪萨斯州托皮卡，你怎么说呢？
Newsreel SOT: The supreme court has rendered a momentous and historic decision saying that education should be equal in this free America.
新闻片 SOT：最高法院做出了一项重大且历史性的决定，称在这个自由的美国，教育应该平等。
Thurgood Marshall, SOT: The fact it was a unanimous decision should set to rest once and for all the problem as to whether or not second-class citizenship, segregation, could be consistent any longer with the law of the country.
瑟古德·马歇尔（SOT）：事实上，这是一个一致的决定，这一事实应该可以一劳永逸地解决二等公民身份、种族隔离是否可以再符合该国法律的问题。
Kenneth Mack, Historian: Marshall and the NAACP had certainly been hopeful.
历史学家肯尼思·麦克：马歇尔和全国有色人种协进会当然充满希望。
I donít think there was any reason for them to expert it to be unanimous.
我认为他们没有任何理由达成一致。
That must have been a surprise.
这一定是一个惊喜。
Rawn James, Author: The decision is written in a manner and at a length such that it could be printed in every newspaper in the country.
作者拉恩·詹姆斯 (Rawn James)：该决定的撰写方式和长度足以在该国每份报纸上刊登。
So that it could be read and understood by any literate person in the united states.
这样美国任何有文化的人都可以阅读和理解它。
It was written so that it could be read to someone who might not be able to read him or herself, and that person would be able to understand why and how the justices had reached this conclusion.
写这本书的目的是为了可以读给那些可能无法阅读自己的人，并且该人能够理解法官为何以及如何得出这一结论。
Narrator: Citing evidence from the Clarkís doll studies, chief justice earl warren was explicit about the very real damage suffered by children segregated by race.
旁白：首席法官厄尔·沃伦援引克拉克娃娃研究的证据，明确指出了因种族隔离的儿童所遭受的真实伤害。
"Any language in Plessy v.
“普莱西诉中的任何语言。
Ferguson contrary to this finding," he wrote, "is rejected."
弗格森与这一发现相反，”他写道，“被拒绝了。”
But Warren steered clear of any mention of Waties Waring, who had been the only federal judge in the five cases to file a dissent arguing that segregation itself was unconstitutional.
但沃伦没有提及沃蒂斯·韦林，他是这五个案件中唯一提出异议的联邦法官，认为种族隔离本身是违宪的。
Richard Gergel, Author, Unexampled Courage: You got to remember at this time Judge Waring is a very polarizing figure.
理查德·格格尔（Richard Gergel），《无与伦比的勇气》作者：此时你必须记住，韦林法官是一个非常两极分化的人物。
He's probably the most reviled white man in the south among white southerners.
他可能是南方白人中最受辱骂的白人。
The court didn't make his dissent the basis of their decision.
法院没有将他的异议作为其决定的依据。
But it is obvious when you read it, it is judge Waring's language.
但读起来很明显，这是韦林法官的语言。
Narrator: Back in New York City, Walter White and other luminaries from New Yorkís civil rights community gathered in the Waringsí parlor to toast the historic milestone and the final triumph of judge Waringís judicial strategy.
旁白：回到纽约市，沃尔特·怀特和纽约民权界的其他杰出人物聚集在瓦林西客厅，庆祝这一历史性里程碑和瓦林法官司法策略的最终胜利。
A few miles away, Thurgood Marshall and his team held their own victory party, allowing themselves only the briefest of revelries.
几英里外，瑟古德·马歇尔和他的团队举行了他们自己的胜利派对，只允许自己进行最短暂的狂欢。
For Marshall, the brown ruling did not mark the end of a hard-fought battle, but the beginning of a new one.
对马歇尔来说，棕色裁决并不标志着一场恶战的结束，而是一场新斗争的开始。
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: Everyone was celebrating in the office and Marshall said you're all a bunch of fools, you know.
Sherrilyn Ifill，全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：每个人都在办公室庆祝，马歇尔说你们都是一群傻瓜，你知道。
We have a lot more work ahead, ok, we have to get back to work.
我们还有很多工作要做，好吧，我们必须回去工作了。
He understood what was to come.
他明白接下来会发生什么。
As a leader, you can barely experience excitement without looking around the corner for whatever is the next challenge or work that has to be done.
作为一名领导者，如果不环顾四周寻找下一个挑战或必须完成的工作，你就很难感受到兴奋。
Gil Noble: Hello, welcome to like it is.
Gil Noble：您好，欢迎喜欢。
Todayís edition features a look back in time into the tragedy of Isaac Woodard.
今天的版本回顾了艾萨克·伍达德的悲剧。
A man whose confrontation with southern racism came to symbolize the brutality in America at the end of world war ii.
他与南方种族主义的对抗成为二战结束时美国暴行的象征。
Narrator: Nearly 40 years after his blinding, Isaac Woodard agreed to revisit the details of his ordeal with a local television journalist.
旁白：艾萨克·伍达德失明近 40 年后，他同意与当地一名电视记者重新审视他的痛苦经历。
Noble: D: o you think back towards those days, to have something like this happen to you while youíre still in uniform?
Noble：D：你回想一下那些日子，当你还穿着制服的时候，这样的事情就发生在你身上吗？
Woodard: A: lot of people ask me, was i bitter with, you know, with the world, with everybody?
伍达德： 答：很多人问我，我是否对这个世界、对每个人都怀有怨恨？
I told them, no!
我告诉他们，不！
I wasnít, i wasnít because, i said well, everybody ainít bad, that i know.
我不是，我不是，因为，我说得好，每个人都不是坏人，我知道。
And the one that Iím really bitter against, the one that really did it to me.
而我真正讨厌的那个人，真正对我造成这种伤害的人。
Woodard: Right, right.
伍达德：对，对。
He kept his job.
他保住了工作。
They didnít even take him off the force.
他们甚至没有让他脱离部队。
You know?
你知道？
Robert Young, Woodard's nephew: For the first few years, he called them names i couldn't even mention, but, uh, he grew out of it.
罗伯特·杨，伍达德的侄子：在最初的几年里，他给他们起的名字我什至都提不起来，但是，呃，他长大了就不再这样了。
Laura Williams, Woodardís great-niece: I saw the part of him after the bitterness, and the anger, and the frustration.
劳拉·威廉姆斯，伍达德的曾侄女：在经历了痛苦、愤怒和沮丧之后，我看到了他的一部分。
Most of the time I saw him, he was smiling.
大多数时候我看到他时，他都在微笑。
He was so well-dressed.
他穿得这么好。
There was a tie clip on the tie, and you could tell how he walked, he was proud of who he was.
领带上有一个领带夹，你可以看出他走路的样子，他为自己感到自豪。
Narrator: In 1962, the us army finally granted Sergeant Woodard the disability benefits they had denied him in the years following his blinding.
旁白：1962 年，美国陆军终于向伍达德中士提供了伤残福利，而在他失明后的几年里，他们一直拒绝给予他福利。
Eventually, he was able to buy several properties throughout the Bronx and provide a comfortable life for himself and his family.
最终，他在布朗克斯区购买了多处房产，为自己和家人提供了舒适的生活。
Noble: W: hat, what do you think that people should learn about, this happened to Isaac Woodard.
Noble：W：帽子，你认为人们应该了解什么，这发生在艾萨克·伍达德身上。
What lesson is there?
有什么教训？
Woodard: Well, i mean, the way i feel about it, you know, that people should learn how to live with one another, and how to treat one another.
伍达德：嗯，我的意思是，我的感受是，人们应该学会如何彼此相处，以及如何彼此对待。
ëcause after all, we all are, weíre human beings, regardless of the color.
因为毕竟，我们都是人类，无论肤色如何。
Everybody should, you know, have some sympathy for one another.
你知道，每个人都应该互相同情。
You know?
你知道？
And donít do cruel things to one another that you donít wanna be did to you.
并且不要对彼此做你不想别人对你做的残忍的事情。
Thatís the way i feel about it.
这就是我的感受。
Narrator: Isaac Woodard died in 1992, at age 73, entirely unaware that his simple request to be treated like a man, and the injustice that followed it had emboldened a federal judge and the President of the United States to pursue the destruction of legalized segregation.
旁白：艾萨克·伍达德 (Isaac Woodard) 于 1992 年去世，享年 73 岁，他完全没有意识到，他简单的要求被视为一个男人，以及随之而来的不公正现象，却让联邦法官和美国总统有勇气追求废除合法化的种族隔离。
Kari Frederickson, Historian: Historians like to talk in terms of grand narratives, but when you look closely, you find that often it is a single person taking a certain action.
卡里·弗雷德里克森（Kari Frederickson），历史学家：历史学家喜欢用宏大的叙事来谈论，但当你仔细观察时，你会发现往往是一个人在采取某种行动。
It's not often sufficient to cause grand change, but it is a spark.
它通常不足以引起巨大的变化，但它是一个火花。
Sherrilyn Ifill, President, NAACP Legal Defense Fund: Every fundamental shift in this country has required the courage of ordinary people to demand that they be respected.
Sherrilyn Ifill，全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金主席：这个国家的每一次根本性转变都需要普通人有勇气要求他们受到尊重。
Exceptional human beings who were willing to put their lives on the line.
愿意冒着生命危险的杰出人物。
The ways in which theyíve changed this country we accept almost like air without ever giving a moment's thought to the individuals who sacrificed themselves for it.
他们改变这个国家的方式，我们几乎像空气一样接受，却没有想到那些为此牺牲自己的个人。
You donít know what the effect of your speaking up and using your voice will be, it may even look like it was nominal.
你不知道你的发言和使用你的声音会产生什么效果，甚至可能看起来只是名义上的。
But in the long course of history, can be earth-shattering, and powerful, and important.
但在历史的长河中，可以是惊天动地的、强大的、重要的。