Test Tube Babies
Narrator: : On September 12, 1973, on the upper east side of Manhattan, a twenty-nine-year-old woman was wheeled into an operating room at New York Hospital.
旁白： 1973年9月12日，在曼哈顿上东区，一名二十九岁的妇女被推进纽约医院的手术室。
A surgeon made an incision into her abdomen and withdrew an egg from her ovary.
外科医生在她的腹部切开一个切口，从她的卵巢中取出一个卵子。
If the procedure went as planned, Doris Del-Zio would become the first woman in the world to conceive a baby through in vitro fertilization or IVF.
如果手术按计划进行，多丽丝·德尔齐奥将成为世界上第一位通过体外受精或 IVF 怀孕的女性。
The surgeon put the egg in a test tube and went to find Doris’ husband.
外科医生将卵子放入试管中，然后去找多丽丝的丈夫。
John Del-Zio: : And I waited until he had-had the egg in the tube, and he had put the nutrients in, and he had sealed it, and he gave it to me.
约翰·德尔齐奥：我一直等到他把鸡蛋放进管子里，把营养物质放进去，然后把它密封起来，然后给了我。
He says, “Get to Dr. Shettles.” I took the test tube, and I put it under my arm to keep it warm, I thought, and I went over to Columbia by cab.
他说：“去找谢特尔斯医生。”我拿起试管，把它放在腋下保暖，我想，然后我乘出租车去了哥伦比亚。
Narrator: : Fifteen minutes later, John Del-Zio arrived at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital.
旁白： ：十五分钟后，约翰·德尔齐奥抵达哥伦比亚长老会医院。
Waiting for him in the lobby near the men’s room was the country’s foremost expert on IVF — Dr. Landrum Shettles.
在男厕所附近的大厅里等待他的是该国最顶尖的试管受精专家——兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯博士。
John Del-Zio: : And he said, “Now, you take this other tube into the men’s room, and get me some sperm.” So that’s what I had to do.
约翰·德尔齐奥：他说，“现在，你把另一根管子带到男厕所，给我一些精子。”所以这就是我必须做的。
And I went and got sperm.
我去取了精子。
Brought it out to him, handed it to him, and he says, “Okay, I’ll call you at the hospital tonight.”
把它拿出来，递给他，他说：“好吧，我今晚在医院给你打电话。”
Narrator: : Shettles headed straight to a lab on the 16th floor.
旁白：：谢特尔直接前往 16 楼的实验室。
After years of frustration and disappointment, he believed he was about to make history.
经过多年的挫折和失望，他相信自己即将创造历史。
Back in the 1930s, Harvard scientists had mastered in vitro fertilization in rabbits.
早在 20 世纪 30 年代，哈佛大学的科学家就已经掌握了兔子体外受精技术。
But the human egg refused to yield its secrets.
但人类的卵子拒绝透露它的秘密。
Lee Silver, Geneticist: : Nobody had seen a human embryo.
Lee Silver，遗传学家：：没有人见过人类胚胎。
In fact, the earliest stages of human embryogenesis had never been seen.
事实上，人类胚胎发生的最早阶段从未被发现。
They were just the figment of our imagination.
它们只是我们想象中的虚构。
We assumed they existed because we assumed that human reproduction was the same as reproduction in other mammals.
我们假设它们存在，因为我们假设人类的繁殖与其他哺乳动物的繁殖相同。
Narrator: : The Harvard experiments attracted the attention of John Rock, one of the nation’s leading fertility specialists.
旁白：哈佛的实验引起了美国领先的生育专家之一约翰·洛克的注意。
Rock was quick to see IVF’s potential to help infertile women.
洛克很快就看到了体外受精在帮助不孕女性方面的潜力。
In 1938, he hired researcher Miriam Menkin — who had experience with IVF in rabbits — to begin experimentation in humans.
1938 年，他聘请了具有兔子体外受精经验的研究员 Miriam Menkin，开始在人类身上进行实验。
Margaret Marsh, Historian: : Several hundred women had agreed to have their eggs used for fertilization.
历史学家玛格丽特·马什：数百名妇女同意将她们的卵子用于受精。
No success.
没有成功。
Week in, week out.
一周又一周。
No success.
没有成功。
Trying all these different techniques.
尝试所有这些不同的技术。
No success.
没有成功。
Narrator: : Over the next six years, she recalled, failure became routine.
旁白：她回忆道，在接下来的六年里，失败成了家常便饭。
Tuesday, Menkin would hunt for eggs in ovaries removed from Rock’s surgical patients.
周二，曼金将在洛克手术患者的卵巢中寻找卵子。
Wednesday, she would mix the egg with sperm donated from medical students.
周三，她将卵子与医学院学生捐赠的精子混合。
On Thursday, she would pray.
周四，她会祈祷。
Then, on Friday — came disappointment — no fertilization.
然后，周五——令人失望的是——没有受精。
On the morning of February 6, 1944, Menkin’s routine was finally broken.
1944 年 2 月 6 日早上，孟金的生活习惯终于被打破了。
Margaret Marsh, Historian: : She had a teething baby at home, she was up for two nights running.
历史学家玛格丽特·马什 (Margaret Marsh)：：她家里有一个长牙的婴儿，她连续两个晚上没睡。
She went into the lab, she did her fertilization, and she was watching the sperm attack the egg.
她走进实验室，进行受精，并观察精子攻击卵子。
She was watching the sperm go round and round and round.
她看着精子转啊转啊转。
And she was tired.
她很累。
She felt like she couldn’t get up.
她感觉自己起不来了。
So she exposed the egg to the sperm for a longer period of time.
因此，她将卵子与精子接触的时间更长。
Narrator: : When Menkin looked into her microscope, she was stunned to see a two-cell fertilized egg.
旁白：：当孟金观察显微镜时，她惊讶地发现了一个两细胞受精卵。
Margaret Marsh, Historian: : Miriam Menkin, when she saw the first fertilized egg, was absolutely awestruck.
历史学家玛格丽特·马什 (Margaret Marsh)：：米里亚姆·曼金 (Miriam Menkin) 当她看到第一个受精卵时，绝对感到惊叹不已。
It was, she said, the most profound sight in the world.
她说，这是世界上最深刻的景象。
She was unable to take her eyes from it.
她的目光无法从它身上移开。
Narrator: : News of the achievement spread quickly and the press coined the term; “test tube baby.” The response shocked John Rock.
旁白： ：这一成就的消息很快传开，媒体创造了这个术语； “试管婴儿。”这个反应震惊了约翰·洛克。
Infertile women inundated him with letters begging for the promising new technology.
不孕妇女向他发出大量信件，乞求这项有前景的新技术。
But just as the path-breaking research was getting off the ground, Rock received devastating news.
但就在这项开创性的研究刚刚起步时，罗克收到了毁灭性的消息。
Miriam Menkin told him she was leaving to follow her husband to his new job in North Carolina.
米里亚姆·曼金 (Miriam Menkin) 告诉他，她要跟随丈夫前往北卡罗来纳州的新工作。
Without Menkin, the project floundered — and John Rock soon abandoned the experiments.
没有门金，该项目陷入困境，约翰·洛克很快就放弃了这些实验。
IVF research came to a standstill.
体外受精研究陷入停滞。
For many Americans in the 1950s, the prospect of “test tube babies” seemed ripped from the pages of science fiction novels.
对于 20 世纪 50 年代的许多美国人来说，“试管婴儿”的前景似乎从科幻小说中被撕下来。
Margaret Marsh, Historian: : Nobody knew what would happen when you put human sperm and a human egg in a dish, and then you grew it and you implanted it in a woman’s uterus.
历史学家玛格丽特·马什：没有人知道当你将人类精子和人类卵子放入培养皿中，然后培育它并将其植入女性子宫时会发生什么。
Nobody knew what would happen.
没有人知道会发生什么。
Robin Marantz Henig, Author: : There was a cadre of people who thought this is just going beyond what is appropriate for scientists, that this is treading on the work that belongs only to God and nature.
Robin Marantz Henig，作者： 有一群人认为这超出了科学家的范围，这是对只属于上帝和自然的工作的践踏。
Narrator: : But Landrum Shettles saw things differently.
旁白：：但兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯却有不同的看法。
He was convinced in vitro fertilization was the next scientific frontier.
他坚信体外受精是下一个科学前沿。
Robin Marantz Henig, Author: : Shettles seemed to have almost an obsession with human eggs.
罗宾·马兰茨·赫尼格 (Robin Marantz Henig)，作者： ：谢特尔斯似乎对人类卵子近乎痴迷。
He actually slept in his office.
他实际上睡在他的办公室里。
He had seven children and a wife in some little apartment on Claremont Avenue in the upper west side of Manhattan.
他有七个孩子和一个妻子，住在曼哈顿上西区克莱蒙特大道的一间小公寓里。
And he chose to stay up on 168th Street in the hospital.
他选择在168街的医院里过夜。
And in the middle of the night, he would just sort of be around, be in the hallways with his white coat flapping behind him.
半夜里，他就在走廊里，白大褂在身后飘扬。
Georgianna Jagiello, Geneticist: : I would see him in the hall in his scrub greens, at all hours of the day and night.
乔治安娜·贾吉洛（Georgianna Jagiello），遗传学家：：无论白天还是晚上，我都会在大厅里看到他穿着灌木丛绿植。
He was a sort of mystical figure in the department.
他在部门里是一个神秘人物。
Nobody really seemed to relate to him particularly, nor did he reach out very much to us in the research wing.
似乎没有人真正与他有特别的联系，他也没有与我们研究部门有太多的接触。
Narrator: : In 1955 Life magazine reported that Shettles had managed to fertilize a human egg and keep it alive for three days.
旁白： 1955 年，《生活》杂志报道称，谢特尔斯已成功使人类卵子受精，并使其存活三天。
The 46-year-old scientist made an unlikely public figure.
这位 46 岁的科学家不太可能成为公众人物。
Robin Marantz Henig, Author: : His — Shettles had a thick Mississippi accent from his farm boy days, and he kind of looked like- one of his colleagues called him a large version of Truman Capote.
罗宾·马兰茨·海尼格 (Robin Marantz Henig)，作者：：他的 — 谢特尔斯在农场男孩时代就有浓重的密西西比口音，他看起来有点像——他的一位同事称他为大版的杜鲁门·卡波特。
And his manner was strange because he didn’t look people in the eye, he was awkward.
而且他的态度很奇怪，因为他不看人的眼睛，他很尴尬。
He had some of the earmarks of what you would think of as a genius.
他具有一些你认为的天才的特征。
He couldn’t quite live in this world.
他根本无法生活在这个世界上。
Narrator: : In 1960, Shettles published Ovum Humanum, a photographic atlas showing microscopic human eggs — called oocytes — in early stages of development.
旁白： 1960 年，谢特尔斯出版了《Ovum Humanum》，这是一本摄影图集，展示了处于发育早期阶段的微小人类卵子（称为卵母细胞）。
Georgianna Jagiello, Geneticist: : They were unique.
遗传学家 Georgiaanna Jagiello：：它们是独一无二的。
Here were human oocytes.
这是人类卵母细胞。
Sperm, one had seen.
精子，有人见过。
But many of us had worked with mice and cows and sheep and monkeys and species of that sort, but to see human was very exciting — really thrilling photographs.
但我们中的许多人都曾与老鼠、牛、羊、猴子等物种一起工作过，但看到人类是非常令人兴奋的——真正令人兴奋的照片。
Narrator: : Throughout the 1960s, Shettles struggled to grow an embryo until it was large enough to reinsert into the womb.
旁白： ：整个 20 世纪 60 年代，谢特尔斯一直在努力培育胚胎，直到它足够大，可以重新植入子宫。
Then, in 1969, he was stunned to learn that two British researchers were racing ahead of him.
1969 年，他惊讶地发现两名英国研究人员跑在他前面。
After a series of breakthroughs, physiologist Robert Edwards and gynecologist Patrick Steptoe were ready to implant embryos into women’s bodies.
经过一系列突破后，生理学家罗伯特·爱德华兹和妇科医生帕特里克·斯特普托准备将胚胎植入女性体内。
Test tube babies were no longer a fantasy — they were on the horizon.
试管婴儿不再是一个幻想——它们已经出现在地平线上。
Many Americans were horrified.
许多美国人都被吓坏了。
Lee Silver, Geneticist: : The idea that you could take a human embryo which you’ve created in the Petri dish, which is already very unnatural and abnormal, and then take that embryo and put it back into a woman’s uterus and have a baby born, was appalling to most people.
遗传学家 Lee Silver：：对于大多数人来说，你可以取出在培养皿中创造的人类胚胎（这已经是非常不自然和异常的），然后将其放回女性子宫并生出婴儿，这一想法令大多数人感到震惊。
Even to scientists and most other doctors it felt uncomfortable.
即使对于科学家和大多数其他医生来说，这也感到不舒服。
Robin Marantz Henig, Author: : There was a real belief that if you were going to mess around with eggs and sperm in a Petri dish, and make a baby, that you could do some real chromosomal damage and create monsters.
Robin Marantz Henig，作者：：人们确实相信，如果你要在培养皿中摆弄卵子和精子并生出一个婴儿，你可能会造成一些真正的染色体损伤并创造出怪物。
Robert George, Legal Scholar: : Even testing in animals wouldn’t really, at the end, tell us whether this would be safe in humans.
法律学者罗伯特·乔治：即使在动物身上进行测试，最终也不能真正告诉我们这对人类是否安全。
So there were some people who were warning that we simply shouldn’t go down this road.
所以有人警告我们不应该走这条路。
Many people were concerned will we come to see the technological production of children as in fact superior in the long run because in the new-fangled Brave New World, we will be in a position to ensure that unhealthy or imperfect children are not born.
许多人担心，从长远来看，我们是否会看到儿童的技术生产实际上是优越的，因为在新奇的美丽新世界中，我们将能够确保不健康或不完美的儿童不会出生。
Arthur Caplan, Bioethicist: : Well, I think there was a fear of the slippery slope; that if it would work for infertile couples, then maybe people would start to say: Hey, I’d like to have a smart baby, or an athletic baby, or some other desirable kind of traits in my baby.
亚瑟·卡普兰（Arthur Caplan），生物伦理学家：：嗯，我认为人们对滑坡感到恐惧；如果它对不孕夫妇有效，那么也许人们会开始说：嘿，我想要一个聪明的宝宝，或者一个运动型的宝宝，或者我的宝宝具有其他一些令人向往的特征。
And if you could pick the sperm and the egg, then maybe that’s the way that we’ll all have babies…
如果你能选择精子和卵子，那么也许这就是我们生孩子的方式……
It was about eugenics.
这是关于优生学的。
It was about making super-babies, perfect babies, better babies.
这是为了培育超级婴儿、完美婴儿、更好的婴儿。
Narrator: : In Washington, federal agencies placed an unofficial moratorium on IVF funding.
旁白：：在华盛顿，联邦机构非正式地暂停了 IVF 资助。
Dr. Howard Jones, Fertility Expert: : The progress of IVF in America of course was greatly impeded by the fact that the National Institutes of Health, the greatest granting agency there is, or at least with the greatest amount of money, would not entertain any applications for IVF.
生育专家霍华德·琼斯博士：：当然，美国试管受精的进展受到了很大的阻碍，因为美国最大的资助机构，或者至少是资金最多的国立卫生研究院，不会受理任何试管受精的申请。
It was clear that IVF opponents prevented federal funding for IVF.
很明显，体外受精的反对者阻止了联邦对体外受精的资助。
Narrator: : At Columbia Presbyterian, administrators grew increasingly concerned that Shettle’s research might jeopardize the hospital’s reputation.
旁白：：在哥伦比亚长老会医院，管理人员越来越担心谢特尔的研究可能会损害医院的声誉。
Arthur Caplan, Bioethicist: : This was a very conservative place.
亚瑟·卡普兰（Arthur Caplan），生物伦理学家：：这是一个非常保守的地方。
It prided itself on being -let’s put it this way-not first to get there but maybe second to get there.
它为自己感到自豪——让我们这么说吧——不是第一个到达那里，但也许是第二个到达那里。
But that was okay because the people who got there first didn’t always know what they were doing.
但这没关系，因为最先到达那里的人并不总是知道他们在做什么。
Narrator: : Shettles’ superiors repeatedly warned him not to cross the line into human experimentation.
旁白：：谢特尔斯的上级多次警告他不要越界进行人体实验。
Robin Marantz Henig, Author: : If any one individual does research that goes against some regulation, like does human research without asking for permission, then all the federal grants are endangered.
Robin Marantz Henig，作者：如果任何人进行违反某些法规的研究，就像未经许可进行人类研究一样，那么所有联邦拨款都会受到威胁。
Narrator: : The job of protecting Columbia Presbyterian’s interests fell to Dr. Raymond Vande Wiele, chair of the OB/GYN department.
旁白：：保护哥伦比亚长老会利益的工作落到了妇产科主任 Raymond Vande Wiele 博士的肩上。
Arthur Caplan, Bioethicist: : Ray Vande Wiele was very conservative, strongly oriented toward moral values, particularly religious values.
亚瑟·卡普兰 (Arthur Caplan)，生物伦理学家：雷·范德·维勒 (Ray Vande Wiele) 非常保守，非常注重道德价值观，尤其是宗教价值观。
This is a guy who is the captain of the ship.
这是一个担任这艘船的船长的家伙。
He was a guy who was large and in charge.
他是一个身材高大、负责的人。
Narrator: : Vande Wiele demoted Shettles to a low profile position with few responsibilities.
旁白：范德·维勒将谢特尔斯降职到一个低调的职位，几乎没有什么责任。
But, Landrum Shettles was not easily deterred.
但是，兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯并没有轻易被吓倒。
He still had access to a lab and continued hisIVF research.
他仍然可以进入实验室并继续他的体外受精研究。
Great scientists, he believed, advance science by defying conventional thinking.
他相信，伟大的科学家通过挑战传统思维来推动科学进步。
In January, 1973, the Supreme Court ruled in Roe v.
1973 年 1 月，最高法院对罗伊诉.
Wade to legalize abortion and unleashed one of the most polarizing debates in the nation’s history.
韦德将堕胎合法化，引发了美国历史上最两极分化的辩论之一。
The course of IVF in America would now become entangled with the controversy over the status of the embryo.
美国试管受精的进程现在将与胚胎状态的争议纠缠在一起。
Father Richard McCormick (archival): : It seems that in order to achieve a successful fertilization in vitro in the laboratory, a number of fertilized ova must be there and of course only one is going to go through the process of embryo transfer into the uterus.
理查德·麦考密克神父（档案）： ：似乎为了在实验室中实现成功的体外受精，必须有许多受精卵，当然只有一个要经历胚胎移植到子宫的过程。
Now, what will you do with these discards?
现在，您将如何处理这些丢弃物？
What are they?
这些是什么？
Arthur Caplan, Bioethicist: : So when the subject came up to do in vitro fertilization, you might have to do research on an embryo, that immediately raised the question: Well, what is an embryo?
生物伦理学家阿瑟·卡普兰（Arthur Caplan）：因此，当主题进行体外受精时，您可能必须对胚胎进行研究，这立即提出了一个问题：那么，什么是胚胎？
That immediately raised the question: When does life begin?
这立即提出了一个问题：生命何时开始？
Margaret Marsh, Historian: : You have increasingly vocal anti-abortion forces saying “in order to create an embryo that you might be able to transfer into a woman’s uterus, you have to destroy all these embryos on the way to doing research, and you’re engaging in murder.”
历史学家玛格丽特·马什：越来越多的反堕胎势力说“为了创造一个可以移植到女性子宫中的胚胎，你必须在进行研究的过程中摧毁所有这些胚胎，而你正在参与谋杀。”
Narrator: : Opponents of abortion began pressing the federal government to ban embryo research.
旁白：：堕胎反对者开始向联邦政府施压，要求禁止胚胎研究。
Landrum Shettles, believed, it was now or never.
兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯相信，现在就是这样，机不可失。
If he didn’t act quickly, the government might move to prohibit IVF.
如果他不迅速采取行动，政府可能会采取行动禁止体外受精。
That fall, he agreed to try the procedure on a couple from Florida.
那年秋天，他同意对一对来自佛罗里达州的夫妇进行该手术。
Doris and John Del-Zio had been married for five years.
多丽丝和约翰·德尔齐奥已经结婚五年了。
Doris had a daughter from her first marriage.
多丽丝在第一次婚姻中育有一个女儿。
Still, she wanted a child with John.
尽管如此，她还是想和约翰生个孩子。
John Del-Zio: : I felt that the bad portion of life was behind me, and that we’ve got something ahead that we might look forward to and-and make a future of it for both of us.
约翰·德尔齐奥：我觉得生活中最糟糕的部分已经过去了，我们有一些值得我们期待的事情，并且为我们俩创造一个未来。
We were both divorced.
我们都离婚了。
I thought this might be the time to start fresh.
我想这可能是重新开始的时候了。
Narrator: : But, a ruptured appendix had left her fallopian tubes mangled and scarred — leaving Doris infertile.
旁白：但是，阑尾破裂导致她的输卵管受损并留下疤痕，导致多丽丝无法生育。
Doris Del-Zio: : When they tell you that you are incapable of conceiving a child, it’s horrible.
Doris Del-Zio：：当他们告诉你你无法怀孕时，这太可怕了。
I’m not giving John a child.
我不会给约翰生孩子。
It’s my failure.
这是我的失败。
It’s not John.
这不是约翰。
It’s my failure.
这是我的失败。
Narrator: : Doris underwent three painful surgeries to open her damaged tubes.
旁白：：多丽丝经历了三次痛苦的手术来打开她受损的输卵管。
Each attempt failed.
每次尝试都失败了。
Her surgeon, Dr. William Sweeney, urged her to stop.
她的外科医生威廉·斯威尼医生敦促她停止。
Doris Del-Zio: : He said, “I really think you’re crucifying yourself with all this surgery you’re doing.” He said, “I know you want a baby, but you got to accept the fact that you just can’t have a child.” And I just could not accept that fact.
多丽丝·德尔齐奥（Doris Del-Zio）：他说，“我真的认为你正在做的所有这些手术都在折磨自己。”他说：“我知道你想要一个孩子，但你必须接受你不能生孩子的事实。”我就是无法接受这个事实。
Narrator: : Reluctantly, Sweeney decided to tell Doris about Landrum Shettles and the risky, new procedure he was developing to bypass damaged fallopian tubes.
旁白：斯威尼不情愿地决定告诉多丽丝有关兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯（Landrum Shettles）的事情，以及他正在开发的绕过受损输卵管的危险新手术。
Shettles could take an egg extracted from her ovary, fertilize it in a Petri dish and return it to her uterus.
谢特尔可以从她的卵巢中取出一个卵子，在培养皿中使其受精，然后将其放回她的子宫。
Doris Del-Zio: : As a child I had polio.
Doris Del-Zio：：我小时候患有小儿麻痹症。
And I always believed that because of the doctors helping me overcome the polio, that they were put up on a pedestal, and that they can do anything, and that they were able to help me walk again, and live a normal life, that they were going to help me with this.
我一直相信，因为医生帮助我战胜了小儿麻痹症，他们被奉为神明，他们可以做任何事情，他们能够帮助我再次行走，过上正常的生活，他们会帮助我解决这个问题。
John Del-Zio: : We thought that this guy is the guy, this is the man that’s going to make a success of what we wanted, and we thought nothing about not going ahead with it.
John Del-Zio：我们认为这个人就是那个人，这个人将会取得我们想要的成功，我们没有想过不继续这样做。
Narrator: : Landrum Shettles told no one at Columbia Presbyterian he was proceeding with an experiment in human IVF.
旁白：兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯没有告诉哥伦比亚长老会的任何人他正在进行一项人类体外受精实验。
Alone in a 16th-floor lab, he mixed Doris’ egg and John’s sperm in a test tube — and placed it an incubator set to 98 degrees.
他独自在 16 楼的实验室里，将多丽丝的卵子和约翰的精子混合在试管中，并将其放置在温度设置为 98 度的培养箱中。
Later that day, a young scientist unexpectedly entered the lab.
那天晚些时候，一位年轻的科学家意外地进入了实验室。
Georgianna Jagiello, Geneticist: : She saw this unusual test tube that looked kind of dark brown red, with a red stopper, which meant it was a chemical test tube, non-sterile.
Georgiaanna Jagiello，遗传学家：：她看到这个不寻常的试管，看起来有点深棕红色，有一个红色的塞子，这意味着它是一个化学试管，未消毒。
And she came to my office and said, “I want you to look at this because I don’t know what this is.
她来到我的办公室说：“我想让你看看这个，因为我不知道这是什么。
And perhaps it shouldn’t be there.”
也许它不应该在那里。”
Narrator: : At 8:00am the following morning, Raymond Vande Wiele learned of the experiment taking place down the hall from his office.
旁白： ： 第二天早上 8:00，雷蒙德·范德·维勒 (Raymond Vande Wiele) 从他的办公室得知了走廊里正在进行的实验。
Vande Wiele was enraged.
范德·维勒很生气。
Arthur Caplan, Bioethicist: : I can’t imagine that Vande Wiele wasn’t freaking out that if this experiment hit the papers, that it could adversely impact Columbia’s funding, it could get some sort of legal authorities in there to say, “What are you doing, making this thing in the lab,” and that the PR alone could be damaging to the department.
亚瑟·卡普兰（Arthur Caplan），生物伦理学家：：我无法想象范德·维勒（Vande Wiele）是否会感到害怕，因为如果这个实验登上报纸，它可能会对哥伦比亚大学的资助产生不利影响，它可能会让一些法律权威在那里说，“你在做什么，在实验室里做这个东西”，而且光是公关就可能对该部门造成损害。
Narrator: : Vande Wiele ordered a staff member to remove the test tube from the incubator, knowing it would destroy the specimen.
旁白：：Vande Wiele 命令一名工作人员将试管从培养箱中取出，因为他知道这会破坏标本。
Then, he went searching for Shettles.
然后，他去寻找谢特尔。
Arthur Caplan, Bioethicist: : I happened to be in the hallway up where OB/GYN was, and all of a sudden here comes Landrum Shettles flying down the hallway at almost a run — if not running, then close — and he zooms around the corner.
亚瑟·卡普兰（Arthur Caplan），生物伦理学家：：我碰巧在妇产科所在的走廊里，突然，兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯（Landrum Shettles）沿着走廊飞奔而过——如果不是跑，那就很近了——然后他迅速绕过拐角。
And I’m sort of, “Whoa, what was that?” And he’s trailed within 30 seconds by Raymond Vande Wiele, who’s a much bigger guy, and this is more like a large semi coming down the hallway at a pretty fast clip.
我有点想，“哇，那是什么？”不到 30 秒，他就被雷蒙德·范德·维勒 (Raymond Vande Wiele) 追赶，后者个头大得多，这更像是一辆大型半挂车以相当快的速度从走廊上驶来。
And he’s red-faced, and he’s mad, and he’s muttering.
他脸红了，他很生气，他在嘀咕。
And he goes whipping around the corner, clearly after Shettles.
他从拐角处疾驰而去，显然是在追随谢特尔斯。
Narrator: : When Vande Wiele caught up with him, Shettles knew his career at the hospital was over.
旁白：：当范德·维勒追上他时，谢特尔斯知道他在医院的职业生涯结束了。
The maverick scientist was forced to resign.
这位特立独行的科学家被迫辞职。
Several hours later, John Del-Zio was called away from his wife’s bedside to take a phone call from Dr. Sweeney.
几个小时后，约翰·德尔齐奥被叫到妻子床边去接斯威尼医生的电话。
John Del-Zio: : And Dr. Sweeney says, “Somebody at Columbia removed the test tube from the incubator, and we had to abort the whole thing.” I said …
约翰·德尔齐奥：斯威尼博士说，“哥伦比亚有人从培养箱中取出了试管，我们不得不中止整个事情。”我说……
I asked him, “No part could be salvaged?” He said, “No, no. It’s …
我问他：“没有部分可以挽救吗？”他说：“不，不。这是……
just forget about the whole thing.” And we were both stunned.
忘记整件事吧。”我们都惊呆了。
And he said to me, Dr. Sweeney said to me, “I don’t know what to tell her.”
他对我说，斯威尼博士对我说，“我不知道该告诉她什么。”
Narrator: : As evening settled over the city, Doris lay alone in her hospital room.
旁白： 夜幕降临在这座城市时，多丽丝独自躺在病房里。
The phone rang.
电话响了。
It was Landrum Shettles.
那是兰德鲁姆·谢特尔。
Doris Del-Zio: : He said, “I’m so sorry, Doris.” He said, “I can’t believe they did this.” And I said, “Who did what?” He said, “You don’t know?” And I said, “No. What are you talking about?” He said, “Dr. Vande Wiele destroyed the specimens.” And I said, “No!
多丽丝·德尔齐奥：：他说，“我很抱歉，多丽丝。”他说：“我不敢相信他们竟然这么做了。”我说：“谁做了什么？”他说：“你不知道？”我说：“不。你在说什么？”他说：“范德·维勒博士毁掉了这些标本。”我说：“不！
No, it could- it couldn’t- it- they couldn’t.” And I just lay there all night.
不，它可以——它不能——它——他们不能。”我就这样躺了整整一夜。
And I couldn’t sleep.
我无法入睡。
And I’m just laying there and crying.
我只是躺在那里哭泣。
And early the next morning before daybreak, the door opened and Dr. Sweeney walked in.
第二天一早，天还没亮，门就开了，斯威尼医生走了进来。
And he came over and he just held me, and just let me cry.
他过来了，他只是抱着我，让我哭。
That was the end of my—my dream.
那是我的——我的梦想的终结。
And it was a beginning of a nightmare.
这是噩梦的开始。
Narrator: : Back home in Florida, Doris Del-Zio could not let go of the past.
旁白：：回到佛罗里达州的家中，多丽丝·德尔齐奥 (Doris Del-Zio) 无法释怀过去。
John Del-Zio: : She was aloof, didn’t want to even have anything to do sexually, you know.
约翰·德尔齐奥（John Del-Zio）：她很冷漠，甚至不想做任何与性有关的事情，你知道。
And for a long period of time, she was affected in that way.
并且在很长一段时间里，她都受到了这样的影响。
She felt that she wasn’t a woman anymore.
她觉得自己不再是一个女人了。
Narrator: : Then, John received a call from Landrum Shettles.
旁白：：然后，约翰接到了兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯的电话。
John Del-Zio: : And Dr. Shettles explained to me that if we don’t do something to show that we had opposed the actions of Dr. Vande Wiele, then perhaps experimentation on procedures like this could not go on in the United States in the future.
约翰·德尔齐奥：谢特尔斯博士向我解释说，如果我们不采取行动来表明我们反对范德·维勒博士的行为，那么类似这样的程序的实验将来可能无法在美国进行。
Doris Del-Zio: : And I was really upset about this at this point, because I didn’t want to go to a lawsuit.
Doris Del-Zio：：此时我对此感到非常沮丧，因为我不想提起诉讼。
I said, “John, I can’t face it.” And he said, “We have a lawsuit.” But they couldn’t do it without me.
我说：“约翰，我无法面对它。”他说：“我们有一个诉讼。”但没有我他们就做不到。
Narrator: : The Del-Zios sued Columbia Presbyterian for a million and a half dollars, accusing Raymond Vande Wiele of inflicting severe mental pain and anguish.
旁白：德尔齐奥斯夫妇起诉哥伦比亚长老会医院，索赔一百万半美元，指控雷蒙德·范德·维勒造成严重的精神痛苦和痛苦。
The progress of IVF in America was about to shift from the lab to the courtroom.
美国试管受精的进展即将从实验室转向法庭。
In England, Edwards and Steptoe were transferring fertilized eggs back into the mother’s body.
在英国，爱德华兹和斯特普托正在将受精卵转移回母亲体内。
But, the embryos wouldn’t take.
但是，胚胎无法接受。
One, two, 10, a hundred transfers — and no pregnancies.
一次、两次、十次、一百次移植——但没有怀孕。
Dr. Howard Jones, Fertility Expert: : The problem was many times you changed two or three things, and then if you got a little inkling that something was working, you weren’t sure which one it was.
生育专家霍华德·琼斯博士：问题是很多时候你改变了两三件事，然后如果你有一点迹象表明某件事正在发挥作用，你就不确定是哪件事。
So that it became a very troublesome trial-and-error sort of thing to get all these little technical details right.
因此，要让所有这些小技术细节都正确，就变成了一件非常麻烦的反复试验的事情。
Narrator: : For nearly a decade, the pair persevered without government funding.
旁白：：近十年来，两人在没有政府资助的情况下坚持了下来。
Then in November 1977, they achieved a successful pregnancy for a factory worker named Lesley Brown.
1977 年 11 月，他们让一位名叫莱斯利·布朗 (Lesley Brown) 的工厂工人成功怀孕。
The fate of IVF would rest on the health of this baby.
试管受精的命运将取决于这个婴儿的健康。
While the world waited for the arrival of the first test tube baby, the Del-Zios’s lawsuit finally came to trial.
当全世界都在等待第一个试管婴儿的到来时，德尔齐奥斯夫妇的诉讼终于开庭审理。
Doris Del-Zio: : I was stunned.
多丽丝·德尔齐奥：：我惊呆了。
The whole street was closed off.
整条街都被封锁了。
There were TV trucks and cameras all over the place.
到处都是电视转播车和摄像机。
There were people running after me.
有人追赶我。
I didn’t know where they were coming from.
我不知道他们从哪里来。
It was like a mob scene.
这就像一个暴徒场景。
And they were all running at me with-with microphones.
他们都拿着麦克风向我跑来。
The court was completely packed with people from all over the world: from South America, from China, from Japan.
法庭上挤满了来自世界各地的人：来自南美的、来自中国的、来自日本的。
I couldn’t believe it!
我简直不敢相信！
I could not believe it.
我简直不敢相信。
I sat there completely stunned.
我坐在那里完全惊呆了。
Narrator: : The press dubbed the Del-Zio case the “test-tube baby death trial.”
旁白：：媒体将德尔齐奥案称为“试管婴儿死亡审判”。
Reporter (archival): : “The Defense — the defense is saying that this procedure would have endangered your life.
记者（档案）：“辩方——辩方说这个程序会危及你的生命。
Do you agree with that?”
你同意吗？
Robin Marantz Henig, Author: : The Del Zios said that something had been done to them by Raymond Vande Wiele and Columbia Presbyterian Hospital.
Robin Marantz Henig，作者：：Del Zios 夫妇表示 Raymond Vande Wiele 和哥伦比亚长老会医院对他们做了一些事情。
And the defense chose instead to put on trial Landrum Shettles …
辩方反而选择审判兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯……
Reporter (archival): : “Doctor, how do you feel about the baby?”
记者（档案）：：“医生，您对宝宝的感觉怎么样？”
Shettles’ Attorney (archival): : “We have no opinion on the matter.
谢特尔斯的律师（档案）：“我们对此事没有意见。
Thank you.”
谢谢你。”
Robin Marantz Henig, Author: : He was presented as a once promising scientist who couldn’t do his work anymore, who was taking shortcuts, and who was so inept that he couldn’t possibly have been actually growing an embryo in there.
罗宾·马兰士·赫尼格（Robin Marantz Henig），作者：：他被描绘成一位曾经有前途的科学家，但他无法再继续自己的工作，他正在走捷径，而且他是如此无能，以至于他不可能在那里真正培育胚胎。
Reporter (archival): : “The Defense claims the procedure was a Model T operation.
记者（档案）：“辩方声称该程序是 T 型行动。
How do you defend your handling of it?”
你如何为自己的处理方式辩护？”
Dr. William Sweeney (archival): : “Well, I think that Mr. Lindbergh flew the Atlantic in the Spirit of St. Louis.
威廉·斯威尼博士（档案）：“嗯，我认为林德伯格先生驾驶着圣路易斯精神号飞越了大西洋。
I can’t compare the Spirit of St. Louise with a 707, but he got to Paris.
我无法将圣路易斯精神号与 707 进行比较，但他到达了巴黎。
Now, if Mr. Lindbergh, sitting out there in Long Island, if his airplane had been destroyed before he took off, he couldn’t have gotten to Paris.
现在，如果林德伯格先生坐在长岛，如果他的飞机在起飞前被毁，他就不可能到达巴黎。
That’s exactly what happened to us.
这正是发生在我们身上的事情。
We had an airplane sitting up there, ready to fly to Paris, and somebody destroyed it.”
我们有一架飞机停在那里，准备飞往巴黎，但有人毁掉了它。”
Narrator: : Once the trial began, Vande Wiele’s attorneys called Doris to the stand.
旁白：：审判开始后，范德·维勒的律师传唤多丽丝出庭。
For the next three days, she was grilled by a battery of lawyers.
接下来的三天里，她遭到了一群律师的盘问。
John Del-Zio: : They’re defending Columbia, the giant.
约翰·德尔齐奥：：他们正在捍卫哥伦比亚这个巨人。
And here we were, defending me and Doris.
我们就在这里，保护我和多丽丝。
It was like David and Goliath.
就像大卫和歌利亚一样。
Robin Marantz Henig, Author: : And at one point, one of the lawyers says, “Why did you even file this lawsuit?” She said, “I didn’t want this to happen again.” And he said, “You mean, you-you didn’t want to allow the kind of rash experimentation that Landrum Shettles did?” Which was of course the defense-you know, this was all rash experimentation.
Robin Marantz Henig，作者：：有一次，其中一位律师说：“你为什么要提起这场诉讼？”她说：“我不想再发生这样的事情。”他说：“你的意思是，你——你不想允许兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯那样的鲁莽实验？”这当然是防御——你知道，这都是鲁莽的实验。
And she said, “No. I didn’t want anyone else to have a Dr. Vande Wiele kill their baby.”
她说：“不。我不想让任何人让范德·维勒博士杀死他们的孩子。”
John Del-Zio: : “You know, you killed my baby.
约翰·德尔齐奥：“你知道，你杀了我的孩子。
The- her response all the time was, “That was going to be my baby and you killed my baby.”
她的反应一直是：“那将是我的孩子，但你杀了我的孩子。”
Robin Marantz Henig, Author: : And there was sort of a hush in the courtroom, and-and the lawyer said, “You don’t mean that.
罗宾·马兰士·赫尼格 (Robin Marantz Henig)，作者： 法庭上一片寂静，律师说：“你不是那个意思。
You didn’t think that was a baby.” And she said, “Yes!
你没想到那是个婴儿。”她说：“是的！
It was.
是的。
He killed my baby.”
他杀了我的孩子。”
Doris Del-Zio: : To this day, it was my baby.
Doris Del-Zio：：直到今天，它还是我的孩子。
It’ll always be my baby.
它永远是我的宝贝。
I don’t know which baby it was, but it was my baby.
我不知道那是哪个孩子，但那是我的孩子。
Narrator: : On July 25, 1978, nine days into the trial, the drama in the courtroom was overshadowed by events in England.
旁白： 1978 年 7 月 25 日，审判进行到第 9 天时，法庭上的戏剧性事件被英国发生的事件所掩盖。
David Brinkley (archival): : “Good evening.
大卫·布林克利（档案）：“晚上好。
The first baby ever conceived outside the mother’s body was born in England.
第一个在母体体外受孕的婴儿诞生于英国。
The so-called “test tube baby,” born by cesarean section.
所谓“试管婴儿”，是通过剖腹产出生的。
It is a girl, in excellent health.
这是一个女孩，身体非常健康。
A beautiful, normal baby, the doctors said.
医生说，这是一个美丽、正常的婴儿。
And they said this may open the way for some, though not all, women who cannot have children otherwise.”
他们表示，这可能为一些（尽管不是全部）无法生育的女性开辟道路。”
Narrator: : With the birth of Louise Joy Brown, Edwards and Steptoe had pried open the mystery of human reproduction that had eluded Landrum Shettles.
旁白：随着路易丝·乔伊·布朗的出生，爱德华兹和斯特普托揭开了兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯一直未能解开的人类繁殖之谜。
Doris Del-Zio (archival): : “I guess I’ll always wish that was my baby.
Doris Del-Zio（档案）：“我想我永远希望那是我的孩子。
I’ll always want my child.
我永远想要我的孩子。
And it does hurt a little bit to know that I’ll never be able to have a baby.
知道我永远无法生孩子确实有点伤心。
But it can’t take away from the joy I feel for Mrs. Brown today.”
但这并不能消除我今天对布朗夫人的喜悦。”
John Del-Zio: (archival): “We’re overjoyed- overjoyed for Mrs. Brown of course, and for science, which is what we’re talking about mostly now.”
约翰·德尔齐奥（John Del-Zio）：（档案）：“我们欣喜若狂——当然是为布朗夫人感到欣喜若狂，也为科学感到欣喜，这就是我们现在主要谈论的话题。”
John Del-Zio: : I was very angry.
约翰·德尔齐奥：：我非常生气。
I says, “We didn’t- we’re not the first in this country to do it,” because I was thinking in terms of the United States being the first to do something like this.
我说，“我们没有——我们不是这个国家第一个这样做的”，因为我认为美国是第一个这样做的人。
And I was angry at first, and I said, “Well, I hope that this will show the jury that it’s possible, that we certainly can win this case now.”
一开始我很生气，我说：“好吧，我希望这能让陪审团知道这是可能的，我们现在肯定可以赢得这个案子。”
Narrator: : After a month-long trial, the jury found Raymond Vande Wiele guilty of wrongfully causing emotional distress, but awarded the Del-Zios only $50,000 in damages – a fraction of their request.
旁白：经过长达一个月的审判，陪审团认定 Raymond Vande Wiele 犯有不当造成情绪困扰的罪名，但只判给 Del-Zios 夫妇 50,000 美元的损害赔偿金——只是他们要求的一小部分。
Arthur Caplan, Bioethicist: : I think the court, when it tried to wrestle with the question of what to do, didn’t know how to compensate for a hypothetical.
亚瑟·卡普兰（Arthur Caplan），生物伦理学家：：我认为法院在试图解决该做什么的问题时，不知道如何补偿假设。
Maybe there had been an embryo made.
也许已经制造出了胚胎。
Maybe that embryo could have become a baby.
也许那个胚胎可能会变成婴儿。
Maybe that baby would have been normal.
也许那个婴儿本来就是正常的。
That’s a lot of maybes.
这有很多可能。
And courts don’t like to award a lot of money on the basis of a lot of maybes.
法院不喜欢根据很多可能性判给很多钱。
Narrator: : Shettles never regained his reputation and the Del-Zios never had a baby.
旁白：：谢特尔斯再也没有恢复他的声誉，德尔齐奥斯一家也没有生孩子。
But the trial forced Americans to grapple with their conflicted attitudes toward in vitro fertilization.
但这次试验迫使美国人应对他们对体外受精的矛盾态度。
Johnny Carson (archival, opening monologue): : “How would you like to be the world’s first test tube baby?
约翰尼·卡森（档案，开场独白）：“你想成为世界上第一个试管婴儿吗？
What do you do on Father’s day?
父亲节你做什么？
Do you send a card to the Dupont Corporation?
您是否向杜邦公司寄送卡片？
I understand that after the baby was conceived in the laboratory, a pair of beakers smoked a cigarette and stared at the ceiling!”
我明白，在实验室里怀上孩子后，一对烧杯抽着烟，盯着天花板！”
Robin Marantz Henig, Author: : She was on the cover of every magazine and every newspaper, and she was called the “baby of the century.” And it was an incredible circus around the birth of Louise Brown, because people had been so sure that she was going to be a monster, that when she turned out to be just this chubby-cheeked, blonde newborn who was quite beautiful, there was so much relief.
Robin Marantz Henig，作者：：她出现在每本杂志和报纸的封面上，她被称为“世纪宝贝”。围绕路易丝·布朗的诞生，这是一场令人难以置信的马戏表演，因为人们非常确定她将成为一个怪物，当她原来只是这个脸颊胖乎乎、金发碧眼、非常漂亮的新生儿时，人们松了一口气。
Phil Donahue (archival): : “We clearly have a beautiful, beautiful and normal baby.
Phil Donahue（档案）：“我们显然有一个漂亮、美丽且正常的宝宝。
You couldn’t get in your home when you came home from the hospital with the baby, right?”
当你带着孩子从医院回家时，你不能回家，对吧？”
John Brown (archival): : “Press.
约翰·布朗（档案）：“按。
People wanting to see Louise because everyone got the wrong impression.”
人们想见路易丝，因为每个人都有错误的印象。”
Phil Donahue (archival): : “What was the wrong impression Mr. Brown?”
菲尔·多纳休（档案）：“布朗先生的错误印象是什么？”
John Brown (archival): : “Well when they say 'test tube baby,’ everybody had the impression that she was gonna be nine feet tall and 1/4 inch wide.
约翰·布朗（档案）：“当他们说‘试管婴儿’时，每个人的印象都是她会高 9 英尺，宽 1/4 英寸。
You know, something kinda out of a comic strip sort of thing.
你知道，有点像漫画里的东西。
And they were very very surprised when they seen her.”
当他们看到她时，他们感到非常非常惊讶。”
Arthur Caplan, Bioethicist: : Who knew whether the next ten babies were going to turn out to have birth defects and be stillborn and have all kinds of problems?
亚瑟·卡普兰（Arthur Caplan），生物伦理学家：谁知道接下来的十个婴儿是否会出现出生缺陷、死产以及各种问题？
Nobody.
没有人。
But the appearance of this clearly healthy, happy kid basically silenced the critics.
但这个明显健康、快乐的孩子的出现基本上让批评者闭嘴了。
Narrator: : In America, attitudes shifted quickly.
旁白：：在美国，人们的态度转变得很快。
Across the country, infertile couples began to clamor for in vitro fertilization.
全国范围内，不孕夫妇开始叫嚣体外受精。
In response, critics of IVF stepped up pressure on Washington.
作为回应，体外受精的批评者加大了对华盛顿的压力。
Lee Silver, Geneticist: : The idea of IVF started to spread in 1980.
Lee Silver，遗传学家：：IVF 的想法于 1980 年开始传播。
1980 is the year that Ronald Reagan became President, and one of Reagan’s constituencies was the conservative religious Republicans.
1980年是罗纳德·里根就任总统的一年，里根的选区之一是保守的宗教共和党人。
And so Reagan made sure that there would be no federal funding for any research on human embryos.
因此，里根确保不会为任何人类胚胎研究提供联邦资助。
Narrator: : Politicians scrambled to placate both sides.
旁白：：政治家们争先恐后地安抚双方。
Arthur Caplan, Bioethicist: : If it could move forward without federal involvement, I think most people in Congress and the state legislatures were ready to say, “God bless it.
生物伦理学家阿瑟·卡普兰（Arthur Caplan）：如果它能够在没有联邦政府参与的情况下向前推进，我认为国会和州立法机构中的大多数人都准备好说：“上帝保佑它。
It’s off my desk.”
它不在我的办公桌上。”
Lee Silver, Geneticist: : It wasn’t that IVF was banned; it was just that federal funds couldn’t be used.
Lee Silver，遗传学家：：并不是IVF被禁止；而是IVF被禁止了。只是联邦资金不能动用。
So it’s a very clever political ploy in the United States.
所以这对美国来说是一个非常聪明的政治策略。
It would be done freely in private enterprise, but we weren’t going to use any government funds and so the government was being more ethical that way.
这将在私营企业中自由进行，但我们不会使用任何政府资金，因此政府在这种方式上更加道德。
And that’s the way the entire history of IVF began in the United States.
这就是美国试管受精的整个历史的开始。
Narrator: : IVF in America would start up again with two physicians on the verge of retirement.
旁白：：美国的试管受精将重新启动，两位医生即将退休。
Drs.
博士。
Howard and Georgeanna Jones were leading experts in reproductive medicine at Johns Hopkins.
霍华德·琼斯和乔治安娜·琼斯是约翰霍普金斯大学生殖医学领域的顶尖专家。
Even Robert Edwards had sought the couple’s advice.
甚至罗伯特·爱德华兹也征求了这对夫妇的建议。
All that was behind them.
一切都在他们身后。
Dr. Howard Jones, Fertility Expert: : Now, when Georgeanna and I had to retire, the question was: What do we do?
霍华德·琼斯博士，生育专家： 现在，当我和乔治安娜不得不退休时，问题是：我们该怎么办？
Do we go fishing?
我们去钓鱼吗？
We consulted our children.
我们咨询了我们的孩子。
And we have three children, and they unanimously voted that we should go fishing.
我们有三个孩子，他们一致投票决定我们应该去钓鱼。
Narrator: : The Joneses were ready to settle into a quiet academic life in Norfolk, Virginia, when their plans were upended by the birth of Louise Brown.
旁白：：琼斯一家准备在弗吉尼亚州诺福克过上平静的学术生活，但路易丝·布朗的出生打乱了他们的计划。
Dr. Howard Jones, Fertility Expert: : The reporter from the local newspaper came to our home on the day that Louise Brown had been born.
生育专家霍华德·琼斯博士： ：路易丝·布朗出生的那天，当地报纸的记者来到我们家。
While we were moving in, she interviewed us about this nice thing had happened.
当我们搬进来的时候，她采访了我们，告诉我们发生了这件好事。
We gave her all sorts of good information about that, and then as she was leaving she said, “Could this be done in Norfolk?” And it sounded like a flip question, and I gave her a flip answer.
我们向她提供了有关这方面的各种有用信息，然后当她离开时，她说：“这可以在诺福克完成吗？”这听起来像是一个轻率的问题，我给了她一个轻率的答案。
I said, “Of course.” And she said, “What would it take?” And I said, “It would take some money.” And as a result of that, a former patient called up, and said, “I see by the paper you need some money.
我说：“当然。”她说：“需要什么？”我说：“这需要一些钱。”结果，一位以前的病人打电话说：“我从报纸上看到你需要一些钱。
How much do you need?” And I had never been asked that question before, and I don’t think I’ve ever been asked that question since.
你需要多少钱？我以前从未被问过这个问题，而且我想从那以后我也没有被问过这个问题。
Narrator: : The Joneses soon announced their plan to open an IVF clinic.
旁白：：琼斯夫妇很快宣布了他们开设试管受精诊所的计划。
Anti-abortion activists in Norfolk immediately rallied their forces to stop them.
诺福克的反堕胎活动人士立即集结力量予以制止。
Reporter (archival): : “Charles Dean is the President of Tidewater Chapter of the Virginia Society for Human Life.
记者（档案）：“查尔斯·迪恩是弗吉尼亚人类生命协会潮水分会的主席。
Dean claims that fertilized eggs have and will be destroyed by doctors in the clinic.”
迪恩声称受精卵已经并将被诊所的医生摧毁。”
Charles Dean (archival): : “Basically, the manipulation in destruction of human beings — tiny human beings at their earliest stage is — has to be unacceptable to any civilized society.”
查尔斯·迪恩（档案）：“基本上，任何文明社会都不能接受操纵人类——最早阶段的微小人类——的毁灭行为。”
Reporter (archival): : “Dr. Howard Jones who heads up the in vitro clinic says that doctors plan to re-implant all fertilized eggs, not destroy them.
记者（档案）：：“博士。体外诊所负责人霍华德·琼斯表示，医生计划重新植入所有受精卵，而不是破坏它们。
But fertilization, whether natural or in vitro, isn’t perfect he says, and in those cases, abortion will be offered as an alternative.”
但他说，无论是自然受精还是体外受精，都不完美，在这种情况下，将提供堕胎作为替代方案。”
Dr. Howard Jones, Fertility Expert(archival): : “It seems to me that it would be unwise and indeed even malpractice not to offer these women the same opportunity that patients who are normally pregnant have.”
生育专家霍华德·琼斯博士（档案）：“在我看来，不为这些女性提供与正常怀孕患者相同的机会是不明智的，甚至是渎职。”
Narrator: : Anti-abortion groups found it hard to fight a technology that enabled couples to have a baby.
旁白：：反堕胎团体发现很难对抗一项使夫妇能够生育孩子的技术。
The momentum was now on the side of IVF.
现在的势头站在了体外受精一边。
Arthur Caplan, Bioethicist: : If you get babies, and they’re the biological offspring of those couples, and those couples don’t have many other options, I think most Americans say “who cares.” Test tube baby technology is seen by almost every American as pro-life technology.
生物伦理学家阿瑟·卡普兰：如果你生了孩子，而且他们是这些夫妇的亲生后代，而这些夫妇没有太多其他选择，我想大多数美国人都会说“谁在乎呢”。几乎每个美国人都将试管婴儿技术视为反堕胎技术。
Narrator: : On March 1, 1980 the first in vitro fertilization clinic in America opened its doors.
旁白： 1980年3月1日，美国第一家体外受精诊所开业。
Thousands of women flooded the Joneses with letters, phone calls, and telegrams begging for the procedure.
数以千计的妇女纷纷向琼斯夫妇发出信件、电话和电报，乞求接受手术。
In the two years following the birth of Louise Brown, there had been numerous attempts at IVF around the world, but only two more successes.
在路易丝·布朗出生后的两年里，世界各地进行了无数次体外受精的尝试，但仅成功了两次。
The science of in vitro fertilization was still in its infancy.
体外受精科学仍处于起步阶段。
Lucinda Veeck Gosden, Embryologist: : In the beginning, the lab was a bit of a black box.
Lucinda Veeck Gosden，胚胎学家： ：一开始，实验室有点像一个黑匣子。
We didn’t have a manual to follow.
我们没有可遵循的手册。
There hadn’t been a number of published papers to that point, showing us: Do this, push that, collect this, do that.
到目前为止，还没有大量发表的论文向我们展示：做这个，推动那个，收集这个，做那个。
We had to learn very much on our own through trial and error.
我们必须通过反复试验自己学习很多东西。
Narrator: : To start, seven couples arrived in Norfolk from across the country.
旁白：：首先，七对夫妇从全国各地来到诺福克。
Following Robert Edward’s model, the Joneses began tracking the women’s menstrual cycles.
遵循罗伯特·爱德华的模型，琼斯夫妇开始追踪女性的月经周期。
Dr. Howard Jones, Fertility Expert (archival): : “They are all elevated over the normal and we know that the…”
霍华德·琼斯博士，生育专家（档案）：“它们都高于正常值，我们知道......”
Lucinda Veeck Gosden, Embryologist: : In that first year when we were working with natural cycles, we were forced by the patients’ reproductive biology to collect eggs when their bodies said it was appropriate.
Lucinda Veeck Gosden，胚胎学家：：在我们研究自然周期的第一年，我们迫于患者的生殖生物学，在他们的身体认为合适的时候收集卵子。
So quite often we were at the hospital at 1:30 in the morning, four o’clock in the morning.
所以我们经常在凌晨 1 点 30 分、凌晨 4 点到达医院。
Dr. Howard Jones, Fertility Expert: : One of the first things was that we weren’t sure we were going to get the egg, the egg!
霍华德·琼斯博士，生育专家：：首先要做的事情之一是我们不确定我们是否会得到卵子，卵子！
I recall going back to the office after each time, and as I’d walk in the office, the girls in the office said, “Did you get it?” That would be the question.
我记得每次结束后回到办公室，当我走进办公室时，办公室里的女孩说：“你收到了吗？”这就是问题所在。
And most of the time we had to say no.
大多数时候我们不得不说不。
Narrator: : A year later, there were still no pregnancies.
旁白：：一年过去了，仍然没有怀孕。
The Joneses were stymied.
琼斯一家陷入了困境。
Dr. Howard Jones, Fertility Expert: : We sought the advice of everybody we could.
生育专家霍华德·琼斯博士：：我们尽可能地征求了所有人的建议。
One of our colleagues said, “You need to work in the dark.
我们的一位同事说：“你需要在黑暗中工作。
You must remember that the sperm and egg have never seen light.” And therefore, when we began, we did indeed use infrared lights.
你必须记住，精子和卵子从来没有见过光。”因此，当我们开始时，我们确实使用了红外线灯。
Well, that turned out not to be the case.
好吧，事实证明并非如此。
The sperm and egg have no light receptors and they don’t know whether it’s light or dark.
精子和卵子没有光感受器，它们不知道是亮还是暗。
But this is the type of technical thing, and I’m sure I could make a list of 50 of these little technical details that had to be worked out.
但这是技术性的事情，我确信我可以列出 50 个必须解决的小技术细节。
Narrator: : The turning point came when Georgeanna Jones started using hormones to stimulate her patient’s ovaries to produce more eggs.
旁白：当乔治安娜·琼斯开始使用激素刺激患者的卵巢产生更多卵子时，转折点出现了。
Lucinda Veeck Gosden, Embryologist: : Her decision to begin using hormones was a great boon to our patient population, because instead of having a single oocyte that we would hope would become fertilized, we now had two or three we could work with in the laboratory, and thus the chances for our patients were much greater.
Lucinda Veeck Gosden，胚胎学家：她开始使用激素的决定对我们的患者群体来说是一个巨大的福音，因为我们现在有两三个可以在实验室中使用的卵母细胞，而不是我们希望受精的单个卵母细胞，因此我们的患者的机会更大。
Narrator: : A young couple from Massachusetts, Judy and Roger Carr, were among the first to try the new method.
旁白：来自马萨诸塞州的一对年轻夫妇朱迪·卡尔和罗杰·卡尔是第一批尝试这种新方法的人。
Months earlier, Judy had nearly died when an embryo lodged itself outside her uterus.
几个月前，朱迪因胚胎脱出子宫而险些丧命。
During emergency surgery, her fallopian tubes were removed — leaving her infertile.
在紧急手术中，她的输卵管被切除，导致她无法生育。
Judy Carr: : My physician walked into the room with a brochure, waving it, saying, “Well, I don’t know if you’re interested in anything like this, “But,” he said, “it’s some husband and wife, and they’re starting something new for couples that can’t conceive children.
朱迪·卡尔：我的医生拿着一本小册子走进房间，挥舞着它说，“好吧，我不知道你是否对这样的事情感兴趣，”但是，“他说，”这是一对夫妇，他们正在为无法怀孕的夫妇开始一些新的事情。
So you might want to look into it.”
所以你可能想调查一下。”
Narrator: : In March, 1981, Judy began a regimen of three hormone shots a day.
旁白： 1981 年 3 月，朱迪开始每天注射 3 次激素的疗法。
Weeks later, two of her eggs were retrieved and one fertilized.
几周后，她的两个卵子被取出，其中一个受精。
Dr. Jones cautioned the Carrs not to get their hopes up.
琼斯博士警告卡尔一家不要抱太大希望。
Roger Carr: : I remember him asking us specifically, “Are, you know — are you — are you a betting — betting man?” And he essentially said, “You know, you put your money down and you take your chances.”
罗杰·卡尔：我记得他特别问我们，“你知道吗——你是——你是一个打赌的人吗？”他本质上是说，“你知道，你把钱存下来，然后抓住机会。”
Narrator: : Soon the results came in — Judy was pregnant.
旁白：：很快结果就出来了——朱迪怀孕了。
Judy Carr: : We can’t be this lucky.
朱迪·卡尔：：我们不可能这么幸运。
This could not be happening to us.
这不可能发生在我们身上。
This is like winning the lottery.
这就像中了彩票一样。
You know, one in a million, or whatever it is, and we just happened to be that one couple.
你知道，百万分之一，或者不管是什么，而我们恰好是那一对。
Roger Carr (archival): : “Can you tell yet what sex it’s going to be?
罗杰·卡尔（档案）：“你能说出它的性别吗？
Is it still too early?”
现在还太早吗？”
Nurse (archival): : “Right now it’s probably still too early.
护士（档案）：“现在可能还为时过早。
In another three weeks, we might be able to tell.”
再过三周，我们也许就能知道答案。”
Narrator: : Judy’s pregnancy was remarkably ordinary — until a sonogram raised concern.
旁白：朱迪的怀孕过程非常平常——直到超声波检查引起了人们的关注。
Dr. Howard Jones, Fertility Expert: : As she approached term, her head size began to fall to the lower limits of normal.
生育专家霍华德·琼斯博士：：当她接近足月时，她的头部尺寸开始下降到正常的下限。
We were concerned that this …
我们担心这……
slowing of the head growth might be associated with general abnormalities.
头部生长减慢可能与全身异常有关。
Georgeanna kept saying, “Don’t worry.
乔治安娜一直说：“别担心。
Judy’s small and Roger’s small.
朱迪很小，罗杰也很小。
It’s going to be a small baby,” and “Don’t be nervous about it.”
这将是一个小婴儿，”和“别紧张。”
Narrator: : For the next month, Howard Jones could not shake his fear.
旁白：：在接下来的一个月里，霍华德·琼斯无法摆脱他的恐惧。
In the tense hours before the scheduled caesarian birth — he planned for the worst.
在预定的剖腹产前的紧张时间里，他做了最坏的打算。
Dr. Howard Jones, Fertility Expert: : I had written out a press release, which said that the baby had been born, that there was an abnormality, we were distressed about this, we hoped that the privacy of the patient would be regarded.
生育专家霍华德·琼斯博士：：我写了一份新闻稿，说孩子已经出生了，有异常，我们对此感到痛心，希望尊重患者的隐私。
Narrator: : As he entered the delivery room on December 28, 1981, Howard Jones folded the press release into his pocket.
旁白：1981 年 12 月 28 日，当霍华德·琼斯进入产房时，他将新闻稿折进口袋。
At 7:46am, America’s first test tube baby was born.
上午7点46分，美国第一例试管婴儿诞生。
Weighing five lbs.
重五磅。
12 ounces, she was much bigger than the sonogram had indicated — and in perfect health.
她重 12 盎司，比超声波检查显示的要大得多，而且非常健康。
The Carrs named her “Elizabeth.”
卡尔夫妇给她取名“伊丽莎白”。
Roger Carr (archival): : “Alright ladies.
罗杰·卡尔（档案）：“好吧，女士们。
Here she is — Elizabeth!”
她在这里——伊丽莎白！”
Television reporter (archival): : “The announcement itself was made by Dr. Howard Jones.”
电视记者（档案）：：“该公告本身是由霍华德·琼斯博士宣布的。”
Dr. Howard Jones, Fertility Expert(archival): : “This morning at 7:46, a daughter was born to Mrs. Judith Carr, a 28-year-old school teacher.
生育专家霍华德·琼斯博士（档案）：“今天早上 7 点 46 分，28 岁的学校教师朱迪思·卡尔夫人生下了一个女儿。
The father is Mr. Roger Carr, a 30-year-old mechanical engineer.”
父亲是罗杰·卡尔先生，一位30岁的机械工程师。
Judy Carr: : Not only was she perfect and normal.
朱迪·卡尔：：她不仅完美而且正常。
She had full head of hair and you know, healthy, healthy looking and very pink and- and everything you hope for.
她有一头浓密的头发，你知道，健康，看起来很健康，而且非常粉红色——以及你所希望的一切。
Margaret Marsh, Historian: : When Elizabeth Carr was born, it emboldened other medical centers to go ahead and start up their own IVF clinics and to say to the federal government, “We’re not going to worry about getting your money for this.
历史学家玛格丽特·马什 (Margaret Marsh)：伊丽莎白·卡尔 (Elizabeth Carr) 出生时，它鼓励其他医疗中心继续开设自己的试管受精诊所，并向联邦政府说：“我们不会担心为此筹集资金。
We’re going to risk it.”
我们将冒这个险。”
Narrator: : Over the next two decades, Howard and Georgeanna Jones would continue to perfect in vitro fertilization and train the first generation of IVF doctors in the United States.
旁白：在接下来的二十年里，霍华德·琼斯和乔治安娜·琼斯将继续完善体外受精，并培训美国第一代试管受精医生。
By 1985, 115 children owed their existence to the Joneses.
到 1985 年，琼斯一家才有了 115 个孩子。
Judy Carr: : The first baby reunion was perhaps the most special to me.
朱迪·卡尔：：第一次婴儿团聚对我来说可能是最特别的。
The staircase was just filled with parents holding their babies.
楼梯口挤满了抱着孩子的父母。
And to see all those couples with those beautiful babies, that’s the first time it hit me just what had happened over the course of the past five years.
看到所有那些带着漂亮婴儿的夫妇，这是我第一次意识到过去五年里发生的事情。
Robin Marantz Henig, Author: : It was a little surprising how quickly people got used to IVF.
Robin Marantz Henig，作者： ：人们很快就习惯了试管受精，这有点令人惊讶。
But, not really if you think about how people get used to all sorts of new technology.
但是，如果你考虑一下人们如何习惯各种新技术，情况就不是这样了。
That’s sort of the—the pattern that it takes, is that at first it seems like its abhorrent and it’s something that we absolutely shouldn’t do.
这就是它所采取的模式，一开始它看起来令人厌恶，是我们绝对不应该做的事情。
And then for a while it seems kind of miraculous.
然后有一段时间，这似乎有点神奇。
And then after a while, the technology just becomes part of the fabric of daily life.
一段时间后，这项技术就成为日常生活的一部分。
In 1983, ten years after he stopped Landrum Shettles’ experiment, Raymond Vande Wiele becomes the co-director of the first IVF clinic in New York City.
1983 年，雷蒙德·范德·维勒 (Raymond Vande Wiele) 停止兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯 (Landrum Shettles) 的实验十年后，成为纽约市第一家 IVF 诊所的联合主任。
It’s not because he was a hypocrite, or even because he changed that much.
这并不是因为他是一个伪君子，也不是因为他改变了那么多。
It’s because society changed and IVF became just the next thing to do for infertile couples.
这是因为社会发生了变化，试管受精成为不孕夫妇接下来要做的事情。
Arthur Caplan, Bioethicist: : Clinics popped up all over the place.
亚瑟·卡普兰（Arthur Caplan），生物伦理学家：：诊所随处可见。
Some programs would put eight embryos back at a time, to try and get a better success rate.
有些项目会一次放回八个胚胎，以尝试获得更高的成功率。
Other places would say, “That’s immoral.
其他地方会说：“这是不道德的。
We’re only going to use three.” Some people would treat gay people.
我们只会使用三个。”有些人会对待同性恋者。
Some people would treat single moms.
有些人会对待单亲妈妈。
So the whole field wound up being a kind of wild, wild west where the free market reigned.
因此，整个领域最终变成了自由市场占主导地位的狂野西部。
Robert George, Legal Scholar: : The doctor who gave us Louise Brown recalled looking at her in the Petri dish, and said, she was beautiful then and she’s beautiful now.” There are really very deep and fundamental differences between Americans about some fundamental ethical questions: how we regard the human being; how we regard human life.
法律学者罗伯特·乔治：：为我们生下路易丝·布朗的医生回忆起在培养皿中看着她时说，她当时很漂亮，现在也很漂亮。”美国人之间在一些基本的道德问题上确实存在着非常深刻和根本的差异：我们如何看待人类；我们如何看待人类的生命。
We are not united as a people on these questions.
我们作为一个民族在这些问题上并不团结。
Narrator: : Since the birth of Elizabeth Carr, over 400,000 IVF babies have been born in America.
旁白： ：自从伊丽莎白·卡尔出生以来，美国已经诞生了超过 40 万个试管婴儿。
There are now more than two million “test tube” babies in the world.
目前全球有超过200万“试管”婴儿。
Genius and pioneer, a man both unorthodox and eccentric, Landrum Shettles attempted one of the world’s first test tube babies but was never able to achieve success.
兰德鲁姆·谢特尔斯是一位天才和先驱，既非正统又古怪，他尝试了世界上第一个试管婴儿，但从未成功。
Edwards and his wife had befriended a childless couple, and when the couple played with their daughters, Edwards was moved by their predicament.
爱德华兹和他的妻子与一对没有孩子的夫妇成为了朋友，当这对夫妇和他们的女儿玩耍时，爱德华兹被他们的困境所感动。
In 1944 Miriam Menkin performed the first laboratory fertilization of a human egg.
1944 年，Miriam Menkin 首次在实验室对人类卵子进行了受精。
But Menkin would soon be forced to leave the lab she loved, and test tube babies would remain decades away.
但曼金很快就被迫离开她喜爱的实验室，而试管婴儿还要等几十年才能实现。
On December 28, 1981, when Doctor Howard Jones stepped into a Norfolk, Virginia, conference room and uttered three magic words: “It’s a girl.”
1981 年 12 月 28 日，霍华德·琼斯医生走进弗吉尼亚州诺福克的一间会议室，说出了三个神奇的词：“这是一个女孩。”
Drs.
博士。
Howard and Georgeanna Jones postponed their retirement to open an in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinic in Virginia and ended up presiding over the birth of America’s first test tube baby.
霍华德·琼斯和乔治安娜·琼斯推迟退休，在弗吉尼亚州开设了一家体外受精 (IVF) 诊所，最终主持了美国第一个试管婴儿的诞生。
When the first human egg was fertilized in a lab in 1944, the news spread like wildfire.
1944 年，当第一个人类卵子在实验室受精时，消息不胫而走。
Fertility rights advocate and America’s first IVF baby Elizabeth Carr, and university professor at Rutgers University Margaret Marsh speak with historian Monica Muñoz Martinez about the evolution of fertility science—from a niche opportunity to an accepted norm.
生育权倡导者、美国第一个试管婴儿伊丽莎白·卡尔 (Elizabeth Carr) 和罗格斯大学教授玛格丽特·马什 (Margaret Marsh) 与历史学家莫妮卡·穆尼奥斯·马丁内斯 (Monica Muñoz Martinez) 谈论了生育科学的演变——从利基机会到公认的规范。