The American Diplomat
Narrator: In the fall of 1948, a young African-American lawyer and his wife crossed an ocean to begin a new job.
旁白：1948年秋天，一位年轻的非裔美国律师和他的妻子漂洋过海开始了新的工作。
Edward R.
爱德华·R。
Dudley had just been named the United States Minister to the West African nation of Liberia.
达德利刚刚被任命为美国驻西非国家利比里亚的部长。
Ambassador Edward R.
爱德华·R·大使
Dudley: As the boat docked on that very bright morning, the two of us were standing at the rail, we saw thousands of people.
达德利：在那个阳光明媚的早晨，当船靠岸时，我们两个站在栏杆旁，看到了成千上万的人。
It was rather an exhilarating experience.
这是一次相当令人兴奋的经历。
We could see the new frontiers opening up.
我们可以看到新的领域正在开放。
Narrator: It was a time of titanic struggles between competing ideologies: communism versus capitalism – white supremacy versus Black liberation – colonialism versus self-rule.
旁白：那是一个意识形态相互竞争的巨大斗争的时代：共产主义与资本主义、白人至上与黑人解放、殖民主义与自治。
A racially segregated United States was positioning itself as the leader of a mostly non-white world.
实行种族隔离的美国将自己定位为一个以非白人为主的世界的领导者。
Robeson Taj Frazier, Author: It's difficult for us to fully conceptualize what it meant to be Black in spaces of government during that time period.
罗伯森·泰姬·弗雷泽（Robeson Taj Frazier），作者：我们很难完全概念化那个时期黑人在政府空间中意味着什么。
Then to have to represent U.S. interests and help cultivate the narrative of U.S. democracy for non-U.S. publics.
然后必须代表美国利益并帮助为非美国公众培养美国民主的叙事。
Narrator: In the decades to come, three Black diplomats - Edward R.
旁白：在未来的几十年里，三位黑人外交官——爱德华·R·
Dudley, Terence Todman, and Carl Rowan – would challenge the foundations of American diplomacy and try to change the way America represented itself to the world.
杜德利、特伦斯·托德曼和卡尔·罗文将挑战美国外交的基础，并试图改变美国向世界展示自己的方式。
Ambassador Carl Rowan: Sure, we're going to be criticized.
卡尔·罗文大使：当然，我们会受到批评。
It's because we're talking about the things that the United States stands for, the things that the United States seeks to be.
这是因为我们正在谈论美国所代表的事物、美国寻求成为的事物。
Narrator: They would challenge not only the State Department, but U.S. foreign policy itself.
旁白：他们不仅会挑战国务院，还会挑战美国的外交政策本身。
Ambassador Terence Todman: Washington got accustomed to my taking strong independent stands because the United States had a revolution for our independence and we should be supportive of independence.
特伦斯·托德曼大使：华盛顿已经习惯了我采取坚定的独立立场，因为美国为我们的独立进行了一场革命，我们应该支持独立。
Narrator: These three diplomats would also challenge an unequal system that had long determined who should represent America overseas.
旁白：这三位外交官还将挑战长期以来决定谁应该在海外代表美国的不平等制度。
Ambassador Edward R.
爱德华·R·大使
Dudley: If one was an ambassador, there was a feeling that this man was a true representative of a country.
达德利：如果一个人是大使，就会有一种感觉，这个人是一个国家的真正代表。
Carol Anderson, Historian: For diplomats, you're fighting America so that it can live up to what it says it is, while you're also fighting for America.
历史学家卡罗尔·安德森：对于外交官来说，你正在与美国作战，以便它能够兑现其承诺，同时你也在为美国而战。
That is no easy walk.
这可不是一件容易的事。
Narrator: On March 12th, 1947 President Harry S.
旁白：1947 年 3 月 12 日，哈里·S·总统 (Harry S.
Truman articulated a policy that would come to be known as the Truman Doctrine.
杜鲁门提出了一项后来被称为杜鲁门主义的政策。
Archival Footage - President Harry Truman: At the present moment in world history, nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life.
档案片段 - 哈里·杜鲁门总统：在世界历史的当前时刻，几乎每个国家都必须在不同的生活方式之间做出选择。
If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world, and we shall surely endanger the welfare of this nation.
如果我们的领导能力动摇，我们可能会危及世界的和平，也必将危及这个国家的福祉。
Narrator: This was the cornerstone of American foreign policy in the Cold War with the Soviet Union-- the idea that undemocratic regimes anywhere were a threat to freedom everywhere.
旁白：这是美国在与苏联冷战期间外交政策的基石——任何地方的不民主政权都是对各地自由的威胁。
Truman promised that the United States would do everything in its power to stop the spread of communism in any nation in the world.
杜鲁门承诺，美国将竭尽全力阻止共产主义在世界上任何国家的蔓延。
Archival Footage - Announcer: Already An Iron Curtain Had Dropped Around Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria - menace to the security and institutions of democratic government.
档案片段 - 播音员：波兰、匈牙利、南斯拉夫、保加利亚周围已经落下铁幕 - 对民主政府的安全和机构构成威胁。
This is truly a war of ideas.
这确实是一场思想之战。
Narrator: The post-war world was now a chessboard in a high-stakes match between democracy and communism.
旁白：战后世界现在是民主与共产主义之间一场高风险比赛的棋盘。
The United States and the Soviet Union battled to win the hearts and minds of neutral nations all over the globe.
美国和苏联为赢得全球中立国家的民心而进行了斗争。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: In nations that are becoming independent, how do they maneuver in a world in which the U.S. and the Soviet Union have demanded that people choose sides.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：在美国和苏联要求人们选边站的世界中，正在走向独立的国家如何应对。
Robeson Taj Frazier, Author: At the heart of the Cold War were struggles over narrative.
罗伯逊·泰姬·弗雷泽（Robeson Taj Frazier），作者：冷战的核心是叙事之争。
And the Achilles heel for the United States is its history of racialized violence, oppression, and injustice against people of color in the United States and elsewhere.
美国的致命弱点是其在美国和其他地方针对有色人种的种族暴力、压迫和不公正的历史。
Mary Dudziak, Historian: How the United States treated its own citizens mattered diplomatically in a way that it hadn't before.
历史学家玛丽·杜齐亚克（Mary Dudziak）：美国如何对待本国公民在外交上的重要性是前所未有的。
Carol Anderson, Historian: Black veterans were coming back from the Second World War, and they were demanding the democracy that they had fought so hard for.
卡罗尔·安德森，历史学家：黑人退伍军人从第二次世界大战中归来，他们要求他们为之奋斗的民主。
There were a series of horrific lynchings in 1946 and Truman is just absolutely horrified.
1946 年发生了一系列可怕的私刑，杜鲁门绝对感到震惊。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Truman understood that if the U.S. wanted the world to believe them when they said that they were offering a democracy that would benefit all, then they needed to show that they could offer that democracy at home.
阿德里安·伦茨·史密斯，历史学家：杜鲁门明白，如果美国希望世界相信他们正在提供造福所有人的民主，那么他们就需要表明他们可以在国内提供这种民主。
Narrator: In 1948, President Truman made a bold step: he issued executive orders to desegregate the military and the civil service.
旁白：1948年，杜鲁门总统迈出了大胆的一步：他发布行政命令，取消军队和公务员的种族隔离。
With a tough re-election looming, he looked to strengthen his ties to the African American community.
随着艰难的连任临近，他希望加强与非裔美国人社区的联系。
When the post of Minister to Liberia became available, Truman’s team asked Walter White, the head of the NAACP, the nation’s most influential civil rights organization, to recommend a candidate.
当驻利比里亚部长职位空缺时，杜鲁门的团队请全国有色人种协进会（全国最有影响力的民权组织）主席沃尔特·怀特推荐一名候选人。
White suggested a sharp NAACP lawyer: Edward R.
怀特推荐了一位敏锐的全国有色人种协进会律师：Edward R.
Dudley.
达德利。
Narrator: At 37, Edward Dudley of Roanoke, Virginia, had already had a storied career.
旁白：来自弗吉尼亚州罗阿诺克的爱德华·达德利 (Edward Dudley) 37 岁时就已经拥有了传奇的职业生涯。
Ambassador Edward R.
爱德华·R·大使
Dudley: I was 23 years old.
达德利：我当时23岁。
I came to New York, bright and fresh and full of vinegar.
我来到了纽约，明亮、清新、充满醋味。
I applied for a job as an assistant stage manager at the Lafayette Theater in Harlem.
我申请了哈莱姆区拉斐特剧院助理舞台监督的工作。
Orson Welles came to work with us and directed a Haitian Macbeth.
奥森·威尔斯与我们合作并执导了《海地麦克白》。
Ambassador Edward R.
爱德华·R·大使
Dudley: I saw no real future in New York theaters.
达德利：我在纽约剧院看不到真正的未来。
Stagehands were not permitted to work below 125th Street in New York City.
舞台工作人员不得在纽约市 125 街以下工作。
So I decided to go to law school.
所以我决定去法学院。
Narrator: In 1943, Thurgood Marshall, the head of the NAACP’s Legal Defense Fund hired the young lawyer to assist with his strategy of dismantling inequality one case at a time.
旁白：1943 年，全国有色人种协进会法律辩护基金负责人瑟古德·马歇尔聘请了这位年轻律师，协助他实施逐一消除不平等的战略。
For five years, the two men crossed the country, filing--and winning--anti-discrimination lawsuits.
五年来，这两个人走遍全国，提起并赢得了反歧视诉讼。
But now, President Truman was asking Edward Dudley to be the face of America in Liberia.
但现在，杜鲁门总统要求爱德华·达德利成为美国在利比里亚的代表。
Ambassador Edward R.
爱德华·R·大使
Dudley: In Liberia, the staff at the legation welcomed us.
达德利：在利比里亚，使馆工作人员欢迎我们。
Shortly thereafter, we engaged in the task of diplomacy, which means that you get in touch with the other members of the diplomatic corps.
此后不久，我们就从事外交任务，这意味着你要与外交使团的其他成员取得联系。
There's a parade, you view the troops.
有阅兵式，你可以看到军队。
This is big diggins in small countries, and all of a sudden you're catapulted into this kind of thing.
这对小国家来说是件大事，突然之间你就会陷入这种事情。
And then you do the best you can.
然后你就尽力而为。
Edward Dudley, Jr., Son of Edward R.
小爱德华·达德利 (Edward Dudley, Jr.)，爱德华·R·达德利 (Edward R.
Dudley: My father was a risk taker.
达德利：我父亲是一个敢于冒险的人。
I was six when I first joined them in Liberia.
当我第一次在利比里亚加入他们时，我才六岁。
My mother did most of the raising.
大部分的抚养工作都是我母亲承担的。
My father was the disciplinarian.
我的父亲是纪律执行者。
He was a very confident man.
他是一个非常自信的人。
Narrator: Like all political appointees, Dudley served at the pleasure of the president.
旁白：像所有政治任命者一样，达德利在总统的喜悦下任职。
With the 1948 presidential election only a few months away and Truman trailing badly in the polls, Dudley believed his time in Liberia would be short lived.
距离 1948 年总统选举只剩几个月了，杜鲁门在民意调查中严重落后，达德利相信他在利比里亚的日子不会持续太久。
Ambassador Edward R.
爱德华·R·大使
Dudley: And we woke up and Harry Truman was the president.
达德利：我们醒来发现哈里·杜鲁门是总统。
Rather than stay a few months in Africa, we stayed five years.
我们没有在非洲呆几个月，而是呆了五年。
Narrator: Dudley's staff included a small community of African American diplomats.
旁白：达德利的幕僚中包括一小群非裔美国外交官。
Some had been in Liberia for years and experienced more freedom there than they could have in the segregated United States.
有些人已经在利比里亚生活了多年，在那里经历了比在种族隔离的美国更多的自由。
They shared a commitment to institution-building and felt pride in the knowledge that they were part of a pivotal moment in history in a rapidly-changing Africa.
他们共同致力于机构建设，并为自己是快速变化的非洲历史关键时刻的一部分而感到自豪。
Narrator: A vital American ally in World War II, Liberia had provided critical rubber supplies and the site for a military base.
旁白：作为美国在第二次世界大战中的重要盟友，利比里亚提供了重要的橡胶供应和军事基地场地。
But now, American attention had shifted towards African countries on the brink of independence, nations whose loyalties in the Cold War hung in the balance.
但现在，美国的注意力已经转向处于独立边缘的非洲国家，这些国家在冷战中的忠诚度悬而未决。
Dudley faced a delicate task.
达德利面临着一项棘手的任务。
Brenda Gayle Plummer, Historian: President Tubman felt Liberia was being neglected and is not getting the kind of foreign assistance that it deserves.
布伦达·盖尔·普卢默（Brenda Gayle Plummer），历史学家：塔布曼总统认为利比里亚受到了忽视，并且没有得到应有的外国援助。
So Dudley's representing the United States when that traditional relationship is beginning to shift.
因此，当传统关系开始发生转变时，达德利代表美国。
Narrator: To underscore Liberia’s importance as an ally, the United States elevated the status of the American Legation to an Embassy—a shift that made Dudley a pioneer for Black diplomats.
旁白：为了强调利比里亚作为盟友的重要性，美国将美国公使馆的地位提升为大使馆——这一转变使达德利成为黑人外交官的先驱。
Ambassador Edward R.
爱德华·R·大使
Dudley: I became the first ambassador of color from the United States.
达德利：我成为美国第一位有色人种大使。
Ambassador, being the highest diplomatic rank in Liberia, this mantle fell upon my shoulders.
大使作为利比里亚最高外交级别，这个重担落在了我的肩上。
Michael Krenn, Historian: When he was raised to the ambassadorial level, he was not simply going to push papers and have photo ops.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦（Michael Krenn）：当他被提升为大使级别时，他不仅仅是要推动文件和拍照。
He wanted to do things in Liberia.
他想在利比里亚做一些事情。
There was heavy U.S. investment in the country.
美国在该国进行了大量投资。
Firestone and other American companies that were there considered themselves almost as invaders, that conquered pieces of land and used them as they wished.
凡世通和其他在那里的美国公司几乎将自己视为入侵者，他们征服了一些土地并按照自己的意愿使用它们。
Narrator: Ambassador Dudley's task was to balance American interests with Liberian progress.
旁白：达德利大使的任务是平衡美国利益与利比里亚的进步。
The key was an initiative called Point Four.
关键是一项名为“第四点”的倡议。
Archival Footage – Newsreel : Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of the Gold Coast, arrives in Liberia.
档案片段 – 新闻片：黄金海岸总理夸梅·恩克鲁玛博士抵达利比里亚。
A portion of his visit is spent surveying Point Four activity in Liberia.
他访问的一部分时间是调查利比里亚的第四点活动。
Narrator: Point Four was President Truman's ambitious international aid program.
旁白：第四点是杜鲁门总统雄心勃勃的国际援助计划。
It sent American expertise, money, and supplies to developing nations -- demonstrating the considerable benefits of being an American ally.
它向发展中国家输送了美国的专业知识、资金和物资——展示了作为美国盟友的巨大好处。
Edward Dudley, Jr., Son Of Edward R.
小爱德华·达德利 (Edward Dudley, Jr.)，爱德华·R·达德利 (Edward R.
Dudley: My father dove into this.
达德利：我父亲对此很感兴趣。
We're going to help them with bridges, with roads, with health, education.
我们将帮助他们修建桥梁、道路、健康和教育。
My father could see the results and to see the change.
我父亲可以看到结果并看到变化。
Dr. Carol Anderson, Historian: The significance of Edward Dudley being the first African American ambassador is huge.
历史学家卡罗尔·安德森博士：爱德华·达德利作为第一位非裔美国大使的意义是巨大的。
It is part of the struggle of the recognition of merit.
这是功绩认可斗争的一部分。
Narrator: It had taken the United States 160 years.
旁白：美国花了160年。
Narrator: the State Department was created in 1789.
旁白：国务院成立于 1789 年。
Its diplomats, appointed by presidents, had always been the face of America in foreign lands.
由总统任命的外交官一直是美国在外国的代表。
Yet the State Department had a very limited vision of who should represent America to the world.
然而，对于谁应该向世界代表美国，国务院的愿景非常有限。
Michael Krenn, Historian: During Reconstruction there were a few African Americans appointed as diplomats.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦：在重建期间，有一些非裔美国人被任命为外交官。
In 1869, Ebenezer Bassett was the first African American diplomat.
1869 年，埃比尼泽·巴塞特 (Ebenezer Bassett) 成为第一位非裔美国外交官。
He was sent as a Minister to Haiti; Frederick Douglass was appointed to that same position.
他被派往海地担任部长；弗雷德里克·道格拉斯 (Frederick Douglass) 被任命担任同一职务。
So there were opportunities, but they were very, very small opportunities.
所以机会是有的，但机会非常非常小。
Brenda Gayle Plummer, Historian: The State Department had the well-deserved reputation of being extremely elitist.
布伦达·盖尔·普卢默（Brenda Gayle Plummer），历史学家：国务院享有极端精英主义的名声，这是当之无愧的。
It was the bailiwick of Boston Brahmins.
这是波士顿婆罗门的辖区。
Carol Anderson, Historian: Pale, male, and Yale.
卡罗尔·安德森（Carol Anderson），历史学家：肤色苍白，男性，耶鲁大学人。
Narrator: After World War I, Congress attempted to professionalize the diplomatic corps.
旁白：第一次世界大战后，国会试图使外交使团专业化。
Michael Krenn, Historian: The Rogers Act 1924, set up the Foreign Service exam that had to be taken by every candidate.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦 (Michael Krenn)：1924 年《罗杰斯法案》规定了每位考生都必须参加的外交考试。
It was supposed to set up a merit based system.
它应该建立一个基于绩效的制度。
Narrator: The legislation seemed to be a revolution in the making.
旁白：这项立法似乎正在酝酿一场革命。
In theory, anyone who passed the rigorous test could join the Foreign Service.
理论上，任何通过严格测试的人都可以加入外交部。
And in 1925, a law clerk named Clifton Wharton easily passed the written exam.
1925年，一位名叫克利夫顿·沃顿的法律职员轻松通过了笔试。
Michael Krenn, Historian: So there was this wide assumption that he was white.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦（Michael Krenn）：因此人们普遍认为他是白人。
And then he came for the oral part of his exam and was very hastily sent off to Liberia.
然后他来参加口语考试，并被匆忙送往利比里亚。
They didn't even send him to the Foreign Service school for training.
他们甚至没有送他去外交学校接受培训。
Narrator: Only four more African Americans were accepted into the diplomatic corps -- over the next 25 years.
旁白：在接下来的 25 年里，只有 4 名非裔美国人被接纳进入外交使团。
Michael Krenn, Historian: The chairman of Foreign Service personnel, Joseph Grew, stated very clearly that African Americans, women, Jewish Americans would be quietly, but effectively excluded.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦（Michael Krenn）：外交人员主席约瑟夫·格鲁（Joseph Grew）非常明确地表示，非裔美国人、妇女、犹太裔美国人将被悄悄地但有效地排除在外。
Even if they passed through the written exam, they would be shuffled away through the oral examination.
即使笔试通过了，口试也会被挤掉。
Archival Footage - March of Time : As Foreign Service Officers, you are sample Americans and many people abroad will think better or worse of the United States because of what you do.
档案片段 - 时光流逝：作为外交官员，你们是典型的美国人，许多海外人士会因为你们的所作所为而对美国产生更好或更坏的看法。
Ambassador Edward R.
爱德华·R·大使
Dudley: I used to come back here to Washington, in a circle with nothing but white people, and I'd be introduced as ambassador to Liberia.
达德利：我曾经回到华盛顿，周围都是白人，我被介绍为驻利比里亚大使。
And none of them would ever hear that because they would turn to me and ask me, how do you like our country, talking about America.
他们中没有人会听到这些，因为他们会转向我问我，你喜欢我们的国家，谈论美国。
The fact of the matter was, they could never conceive that a Black man could ever be an ambassador.
事实是，他们永远无法想象黑人能够成为大使。
Narrator: Dudley's sense of doing good work in Liberia was soon tempered by the reality for African American diplomats.
旁白：达德利在利比里亚做好工作的感觉很快就被非裔美国外交官的现实所削弱。
He realized they were stuck in an international loop that was limiting their professional growth and their ability to advance.
他意识到他们陷入了国际循环，限制了他们的职业发展和进步能力。
Ambassador Edward R.
爱德华·R·大使
Dudley: In Liberia, the Black Foreign Service Officers had never had the opportunity of serving anywhere else in the world.
达德利：在利比里亚，黑人外交官从未有过在世界其他地方服务的机会。
Despite the fact that it was a State Department policy to rotate officers every two years, none had ever gotten outside of a little triumvirate called Monrovia, Ponta Delgado, and Madagascar.
尽管国务院的政策是每两年轮换一次官员，但没有一个人能脱离蒙罗维亚、蓬塔德尔加多和马达加斯加这个小三巨头之外。
And this had been going on for year, after year, after year.
这种情况已经持续了一年、一年、一年。
Carol Anderson, Historian: The State Department had what they called the Negro Circuit.
卡罗尔·安德森，历史学家：国务院有他们所谓的黑人巡回法庭。
They put them in places where there were already Black people and Dudley looked at a system that had been in place for decades and said, no.
他们把它们放在已经有黑人的地方，达德利看着一个已经存在了几十年的系统并说，不。
Ambassador Edward R.
爱德华·R·大使
Dudley: We put together a memorandum documenting every Black in the Foreign Service over a long period of years.
达德利：我们整理了一份备忘录，记录了多年来外交部门中每一位黑人的情况。
When they came into the service, how long they had been in, and the fact that they had never been transferred.
他们何时入伍，入伍多久，以及从未调动过。
We added a class of white Foreign Service Officers.
我们增加了一类白人外交官。
In every instance, they had had four, five and six transfers and had been in different posts throughout the world.
在每种情况下，他们都有过四次、五次和六次调动，并且在世界各地担任过不同的职务。
Carol Anderson, Historian: You had these Foreign Service Officers, well-trained, highly educated being placed simply in the Negro Circuit.
历史学家卡罗尔·安德森：这些训练有素、受过高等教育的外交官员被简单地安置在黑人巡回区中。
It makes it really hard to do the work of America when you know that you have been Jim Crowed by your own government.
当你知道自己被自己的政府欺压时，做美国的工作就变得非常困难。
Narrator: The former lawyer quickly saw that the Negro Circuit directly violated the Foreign Service Act of 1946.
旁白：这位前律师很快发现黑人巡回法院直接违反了 1946 年的《外交服务法》。
It was a law whose central purpose was to make the Foreign Service stronger and more efficient.
该法律的核心目的是使外交部门更强大、更高效。
But with Truman pushing for desegregation, the Act also stated a goal of “eliminating conditions favorable to inbred prejudice and caste spirit.”
但随着杜鲁门推动废除种族隔离，该法案还提出了“消除有利于先天偏见和种姓精神的条件”的目标。
Ambassador Edward R.
爱德华·R·大使
Dudley: My entire background had been with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
达德利：我的整个背景都是在全国有色人种协进会。
And I knew exactly what to do.
我清楚地知道该怎么做。
I asked for an audience with the Undersecretary of State, John Peurifoy, and sat in his office while he read it.
我请求会见副国务卿约翰·佩乌里福伊，并坐在他的办公室里听他读这本书。
And he was visibly disturbed and asked me what I was going to do with it.
他显然很不安，问我打算用它做什么。
I indicated that it was his responsibility to correct an unwholesome situation, but in my judgment an illegal situation.
我表示他有责任纠正不健康的情况，但我认为这是非法的情况。
Ambassador Edward R.
爱德华·R·大使
Dudley : Within six months transfers came through and the number one Foreign Service Officer was sent to Paris, France.
达德利：六个月之内，调动就完成了，第一位外交官员被派往法国巴黎。
And this is the first time that a Black Foreign Service Officer had ever served in Europe.
这是黑人外交官首次在欧洲服役。
A second Foreign Service Officer was sent to Zurich, Switzerland, and a young lady of great talent was sent to Rome, Italy.
第二名外交官员被派往瑞士苏黎世，一位才华横溢的年轻女士被派往意大利罗马。
Narrator: In 1952, Dwight D Eisenhower was elected president.
旁白：1952 年，德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔当选总统。
Eisenhower was a war hero, not a career politician.
艾森豪威尔是一位战争英雄，而不是一位职业政治家。
Raised in Kansas, he came from a world where segregation was the law of the land.
他在堪萨斯长大，来自一个种族隔离是法律的世界。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: His State Department is hostile, certainly to decolonizing nations and uninterested in any kind of meaningful African American diplomatic service.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：他的国务院是敌对的，尤其是对非殖民化国家，并且对任何有意义的非裔美国人外交服务不感兴趣。
Narrator: Eisenhower’s election meant Dudley’s time as ambassador was over.
旁白：艾森豪威尔的当选意味着达德利的大使任期结束了。
Before the new administration took office, Dudley officially documented his strong objection to maintaining the status quo in his resignation letter.
新政府上任前，杜德利在辞职信中正式表达了对维持现状的强烈反对。
He argued, Black Foreign Service Officers must have equal opportunity for assignments worldwide.
他认为，黑人外交官员必须在全球范围内享有平等的执行任务的机会。
The Negro Circuit had to end.
黑人巡回赛必须结束。
Michael Krenn, Historian: He made a Cold War argument that I'm not asking you just as a moral imperative.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦（Michael Krenn）：他提出了冷战论点，即我问你的问题不仅仅是出于道德要求。
You've got to do good for these three-quarters of the world's people who are looking at America to see whether it will live up to its promise of democracy and freedom.
你必须为世界上四分之三的人民做好事，他们正在关注美国，看看它是否会兑现其民主和自由的承诺。
And here's a way to do it.
这是一种方法。
Narrator: In 1953, Dudley left the State Department, returning to the NAACP and the wider struggle for Civil Rights in America.
旁白：1953 年，达德利离开国务院，回到全国有色人种协进会和更广泛的美国民权斗争中。
Narrator: In the early 1950s, the United States rode a wave of prosperity.
旁白：20世纪50年代初，美国迎来了繁荣的浪潮。
But while the country was locked into a brutal war in Korea, the nation also agonized over the Soviet threat of nuclear devastation, and a growing fear of communism within America.
然而，尽管该国陷入了残酷的朝鲜战争，但该国还对苏联的核毁灭威胁以及对美国国内共产主义日益增长的恐惧感到痛苦。
Archival Footage – Presenter : Holidays, vacation time - we must be ready to do the right thing if the atomic bomb explodes - duck and cover!
档案片段 – 主持人：假期，假期时间 - 如果原子弹爆炸，我们必须准备好做正确的事情 - 躲起来！
Narrator: Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin sensationally claimed that hundreds of communist spies had infiltrated the State Department.
旁白：威斯康星州参议员约瑟夫·麦卡锡耸人听闻地声称数百名共产党间谍已渗透到国务院。
Archival Footage - Senator Joseph McCarthy : Plans have been discussed by the Soviet secret police, to obtain blank American passports from communists employed in the State Department.
档案镜头 - 参议员约瑟夫·麦卡锡：苏联秘密警察已经讨论了从国务院雇用的共产党人那里获取空白美国护照的计划。
Narrator: American government agencies and showboating Congressmen falsely linked civil rights organizations with communism.
旁白：美国政府机构和爱炫耀的国会议员错误地将民权组织与共产主义联系起来。
For aspiring Black diplomats, this created yet another barrier to a career in the State Department.
对于有抱负的黑人外交官来说，这为他们在国务院的职业生涯设置了另一个障碍。
Michael Krenn, Historian: Secretary of State John Foster Dulles said none of these Negroes can get through with “lily white” clearance.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦：国务卿约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯表示，这些黑人都无法获得“百合白”许可。
Carol Anderson, Historian: Think about what that is really saying.
卡罗尔·安德森（Carol Anderson），历史学家：想想这到底在说什么。
It's saying that Black folks can't be trusted with American democracy.
这表明黑人不能相信美国的民主。
So we can't have them in our mainline bureaucracies doing the work of America.
因此，我们不能让他们在我们的主流官僚机构中从事美国的工作。
Narrator: One ambitious young man refused to be deterred.
旁白：一位雄心勃勃的年轻人拒绝被吓倒。
In 1952, a 26-year old from the U.S. Virgin Islands named Terence Todman passed a written federal service exam and was offered a job at the State Department.
1952年，来自美属维尔京群岛的26岁特伦斯·托德曼通过了联邦笔试，并获得了国务院的工作机会。
But then he arrived for his first day of work.
但随后他就开始了第一天的工作。
Ambassador Terence Todman : The head of personnel said that we note your accent isn't a hundred percent American, and we can't afford to have anyone in the Foreign Service who isn't immediately identifiable as American.
特伦斯·托德曼大使：人事主管说，我们注意到你的口音不是百分百美国口音，我们不能让外交部里的任何人不能立即被识别为美国人。
James Dandridge, Foreign Service Officer and (Family) Friend: The accent wasn't the defining reason.
詹姆斯·丹德里奇（James Dandridge），外交官员兼（家人）朋友：口音并不是决定性原因。
That was the expressed reason.
这就是所表达的原因。
The real reason is you’re Black, you are not really fully American.
真正的原因是你是黑人，你并不是真正的美国人。
Narrator: But Todman persisted.
旁白：但托德曼坚持了下来。
He argued his case up the ladder to the head of the office.
他向上级向办公室主任争论自己的案子。
Ambassador Terence Todman : Ambassador Whitman said there is a great deal of work to be done in this office.
特伦斯·托德曼大使：惠特曼大使表示，该办公室还有大量工作要做。
We cannot afford to hire a “showpiece.” I said, sir, if your job was a showpiece, I wouldn't want it.
我们雇不起“样板”。我说，先生，如果你的工作是一种展示，我就不会想要它。
I think too highly of myself to take a job like that.
我对自己评价太高，无法接受这样的工作。
And he said, okay, we'll take you on.
他说，好吧，我们就带你去。
Doris Todman, Wife of Terence Todman: Terence was born in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.
多丽丝·托德曼，特伦斯·托德曼的妻子：特伦斯出生于维尔京群岛的圣托马斯。
Race was not an issue.
种族不是问题。
Just being raised in the Virgin Islands, it sort of gave you a sense of who you are.
只是在维尔京群岛长大，这让你知道自己是谁。
He grew up very poor.
他出身非常贫穷。
We were in the same class.
我们在同一个班。
He's quite bossy by the way.
顺便说一句，他相当专横。
He was very, very smart.
他非常非常聪明。
I remember my great grandmother saying, "That young man, whoever he is, is going places."
我记得我的曾祖母说过：“那个年轻人，无论他是谁，都会有所成就。”
Narrator: In 1945, at age 19, Todman had been drafted into the Army.
旁白：1945 年，19 岁的托德曼应征入伍。
He took the officer's candidate exam in Spanish and English, and passed both.
他用西班牙语和英语参加了军官候选人考试，并通过了考试。
Then he was shipped out to Japan – where he discovered his calling.
然后他被送往日本——在那里他发现了自己的使命。
Ambassador Terence Todman : I learned to speak Japanese and I spoke to my fellow officers and heard the misconceptions they had about the Japanese.
特伦斯·托德曼大使：我学会了说日语，我与我的军官同事交谈，听到了他们对日本人的误解。
And I would tell them what the Japanese were like.
我会告诉他们日本人是什么样的。
And speaking to the Japanese, the misconceptions they had about Americans were so great that I found myself telling the Japanese about Americans.
与日本人交谈时，他们对美国人的误解是如此之大，以至于我发现自己正在向日本人讲述美国人。
And I realized a lot of difficulties arose from people not knowing about each other.
我意识到很多困难都是由于人们彼此不了解而产生的。
And that became critical to my thinking about what I would do afterwards.
这对我思考之后要做什么变得至关重要。
James Dandridge, Foreign Service Officer and (Family) Friend: This was the eye-opening experience that propelled his interests into Foreign Service.
詹姆斯·丹德里奇（James Dandridge），外交官兼（家庭）朋友：这是一次令人大开眼界的经历，促使他对外交事务产生了兴趣。
If he could be as successful as a communicator in the military, why not seek an opportunity to apply those skills as a diplomat.
如果他能像军队中的沟通者一样成功，为什么不寻求机会以外交官的身份运用这些技能呢？
Narrator: Terence Todman began as a Foreign Service Desk Officer in Washington DC, monitoring U.S. relations with three Asian nations.
旁白：特伦斯·托德曼最初担任华盛顿特区的外交服务台官员，负责监督美国与三个亚洲国家的关系。
From the beginning, his colleagues didn’t know what to make of his presence.
从一开始，他的同事们就不知道该如何看待他的出现。
Ambassador Terence Todman: When they came to speak to the Nepal Desk Officer, they’d walk in, see me behind a desk and wonder, what are you doing there?
特伦斯·托德曼大使：当他们来与尼泊尔主管官员交谈时，他们会走进来，看到我在桌子后面，然后想知道，你在那里做什么？
There'd be real amazement just to the idea of an African American in an Officer position.
光是一个非裔美国人担任军官的想法就会让人感到非常惊讶。
Doris Todman, Wife of Terence Todman: Being a diplomatic wife was a full-time job.
多丽丝·托德曼，特伦斯·托德曼的妻子：作为一名外交妻子是一份全职工作。
There was so much work dealing with three countries - India, Ceylon, and Nepal.
涉及三个国家——印度、锡兰和尼泊尔——的工作量很大。
He'd bring the newspapers home for me to read.
他会把报纸带回家给我看。
I would underline what was important and give him a briefing.
我会强调重要的事情并向他通报情况。
I was a part of it.
我是其中的一部分。
Narrator: Todman's first overseas assignment was India.
旁白：托德曼的第一个海外任务是印度。
But first he had to take language training in Hindustani at the Foreign Service Institute.
但首先他必须在外交学院接受印度斯坦语语言培训。
This was Virginia in 1957 -- where segregation was legal .
这是 1957 年的弗吉尼亚州，种族隔离在这里是合法的。
Ambassador Terence Todman : My first day the white officers went across the street into a restaurant and I was not allowed to go there because Black Americans couldn't go into their restaurants.
特伦斯·托德曼大使：我第一天，白人警察穿过马路进入一家餐馆，但我不被允许去那里，因为美国黑人不能进入他们的餐馆。
So I went to the State Department and said, this can't go.
所以我去国务院说，这不行。
State Department said, these are Virginia laws, a lot of people have come here and haven't said anything about it.
国务院表示，这些是弗吉尼亚州的法律，很多人来到这里却没有对此发表任何言论。
And I said, well, I'm not other people and you're doing something that's not right.
我说，好吧，我不是其他人，而你却在做一些不对的事情。
James Dandridge, Foreign Service Officer and (Family) Friend: And he said to the Department of State, you have a problem.
外交官员兼（家人）朋友詹姆斯·丹德里奇（James Dandridge）：他对国务院说，你们有问题。
I don't have a problem.
我没有问题。
This is not about me.
这与我无关。
Narrator: Todman later said, “I was considered a troublemaker, and that was all right.”
旁白：托德曼后来说，“我被认为是一个麻烦制造者，但这没关系。”
Michael Krenn, Historian: Todman knew that institutional culture wasn't going to change on its own.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦 (Michael Krenn)：托德曼知道制度文化不会自行改变。
It was going to change by being confronted, by being embarrassed.
通过面对、通过尴尬，事情将会改变。
And he kept up such a firestorm of protest that eventually the Department of State rented half of the restaurant.
他持续进行激烈的抗议，最终国务院租下了餐厅的一半。
There finally was a desegregated cafeteria for Foreign Service Officers.
最后，为外交官员设立了一个取消种族隔离的自助餐厅。
Narrator: While Terence Todman was confronting racism inside the State Department, the U.S. government was confronting a Soviet information campaign focused on highlighting America’s racial violence.
旁白：当特伦斯·托德曼在国务院内部对抗种族主义时，美国政府正在面对苏联的一场旨在强调美国种族暴力的信息运动。
A large part of the Cold War was a battle of public relations: which side would be better at selling itself ?
冷战的很大一部分是一场公共关系之战：哪一方更擅长推销自己？
Narrator: To counter Soviet propaganda worldwide, Eisenhower created the United States Information Agency – the USIA.
旁白：为了对抗苏联在世界范围内的宣传，艾森豪威尔创建了美国新闻局——USIA。
Nicholas Cull, Historian: As a one-stop shop for American foreign policy information, USIA has an astonishing range of outlets.
历史学家尼古拉斯·卡尔：作为美国外交政策信息的一站式商店，美国情报局拥有数量惊人的渠道。
It had Voice of America radio.
它有美国之音广播电台。
Nicholas Cull, Historian: It had libraries.
尼古拉斯·卡尔，历史学家：它有图书馆。
It gets USIA material in front of millions of people and is a tremendous part of how the United States is perceived in the world.
它让美国宇航局的材料呈现在数百万人面前，并且是美国在世界上的形象的重要组成部分。
Narrator: The crucial audiences for the American message were countries that hadn’t taken sides in the Cold War, the non-aligned nations.
旁白：美国信息的关键受众是那些在冷战中没有选边站队的国家，即不结盟国家。
Terence Todman was sent to the most important neutral nation of all -- India.
特伦斯·托德曼被派往最重要的中立国——印度。
Brenda Gayle Plummer, Historian: India had been one of the countries most critical of the United States' race relations.
历史学家布伦达·盖尔·普卢默：印度是对美国种族关系最挑剔的国家之一。
It was a country that was independent of the Soviets.
这是一个独立于苏联的国家。
It was a very influential country.
这是一个非常有影响力的国家。
Indian opinion was important.
印度的意见很重要。
Narrator: As the Todman family looked to India for their first overseas posting, the eyes of the world were focused on Little Rock, Arkansas.
旁白：当托德曼一家将他们的第一个海外职位转向印度时，全世界的目光都集中在阿肯色州的小石城。
Brenda Gayle Plummer, Historian: One of the interesting aspects of the civil rights controversies of the late fifties was they were televised.
布伦达·盖尔·普卢默（Brenda Gayle Plummer），历史学家：五十年代末民权争议的一个有趣的方面是它们被电视转播。
Archival Newsreel – Presenter : Little Rock, Arkansas.
档案新闻片 – 主持人：阿肯色州小石城。
The white population are determined to prevent colored students from going to the school that their own children attend.
白人决心阻止有色人种学生去他们自己孩子就读的学校。
Brenda Gayle Plummer, Historian: This was one of the first times in U.S. history when racial violence could be seen all over the world.
历史学家布伦达·盖尔·普卢默：这是美国历史上第一次在世界各地看到种族暴力。
Carol Anderson, Historian: You've got nine Black honor students, just trying to go to school, just trying to get an education.
卡罗尔·安德森，历史学家：你们有九名黑人荣誉学生，只是想上学，只是想接受教育。
We see white mobs, angry mobs, trying to get at the kids.
我们看到白人暴徒，愤怒的暴民，试图攻击孩子们。
Mary Dudziak, Historian: The Times of India tracked it day by day.
历史学家玛丽·杜齐亚克（Mary Dudziak）：《印度时报》每天都在追踪此事。
Race was undermining the ability of the United States to appeal to emerging new nations.
种族正在削弱美国吸引新兴国家的能力。
And it raised questions - "Why should we be your ally when you treat people who look like me this way?"
这引发了一些问题：“当你这样对待那些看起来像我的人时，我们为什么要成为你的盟友？”
Narrator: The governor of Arkansas sent in the National Guard to block the Black students and keep the school segregated.
旁白：阿肯色州州长派出国民警卫队封锁黑人学生并保持学校隔离。
For three weeks, the president of the United States did nothing at all.
三个星期以来，美国总统什么也没做。
Carol Anderson, Historian: The Soviets were all on top of the explosion at Little Rock.
卡罗尔·安德森，历史学家：苏联人都在小石城爆炸中。
You see the frustration in the administration, in the State Department, calling it propaganda.
你可以看到政府、国务院的沮丧，称其为宣传。
It is a way for them to strip it of its truth.
这是他们剥夺其真相的一种方式。
It's not propaganda if it's true.
如果是真的那就不是宣传了。
Archival Footage - President Dwight Eisenhower : Our enemies are gloating over this incident and using it everywhere to misrepresent our whole nation.
档案片段 - 德怀特·艾森豪威尔总统：我们的敌人对这一事件幸灾乐祸，并到处利用它来歪曲我们整个国家。
Little Rock will return to its normal habits of peace and order, thus will be restored the image of America and of all its parts.
小石城将恢复其和平与秩序的正常习惯，从而恢复美国及其所有部分的形象。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Eisenhower deploys federal troops.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：艾森豪威尔部署联邦军队。
He ultimately does it for these questions of American credibility in international coverage, not because it's the right thing to do.
他这样做最终是为了解决美国在国际报道中的可信度问题，而不是因为这是正确的做法。
Narrator: As America continued to reveal its faults to the world, it was a frustrating time for Terence Todman to be a Foreign Service Officer abroad.
旁白：随着美国不断向世界揭露它的错误，特伦斯·托德曼在国外担任外交官员经历了一段令人沮丧的时期。
“We were putting out a lot of information, which no one paid any attention to,” he would later say.
“我们发布了很多信息，但没有人关注，”他后来说。
“If we assigned a couple of [Black] officers to positions in those embassies, their very presence, as Black Americans in official positions, would tell the story far better.” And for Doris Todman, it was difficult to be overseas watching the civil rights struggle unfold half a world away.
“如果我们指派几名[黑人]官员在这些大使馆担任职务，那么他们作为美国黑人担任官方职务，就会更好地讲述这个故事。”对于多丽丝·托德曼（Doris Todman）来说，在海外观看半个地球之外的民权斗争展开是很困难的。
Doris Todman, Wife of Terence Todman: Well, I would say, “Why am I here?
特伦斯·托德曼的妻子多丽丝·托德曼：嗯，我会说，“我为什么在这里？
I should be out there marching, you know.” And he said, “Look, we serve a purpose too.
你知道，我应该出去游行。”他说：“看，我们也有一个目的。
We're showing what America could be.”
我们正在向人们展示美国的未来。”
James Dandridge, Foreign Service Officer and (Family) Friend: He was concerned that we represent the truth and not painting over of American culture and society.
詹姆斯·丹德里奇，外交官兼（家人）朋友：他担心我们代表的是真相，而不是掩盖美国文化和社会。
He had a job to do, to represent the United States of America, the good, the bad and the ugly.
他有一份工作要做，代表美利坚合众国，无论是好的、坏的还是丑陋的。
And if it was ugly, he said, it's ugly.
如果它是丑陋的，他说，那就是丑陋的。
Narrator: By the late 1950s, people throughout Asia and Africa were fighting for self-determination against colonial powers.
旁白：到20世纪50年代末，亚洲和非洲各地的人民正在为反对殖民列强的自决而斗争。
But Eisenhower failed to see a connection between liberation movements in Africa and civil rights in America.
但艾森豪威尔没有看到非洲的解放运动与美国的民权之间的联系。
He saw action against colonial governments as communist-inspired.
他认为针对殖民政府的行动是受共产主义启发的。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Deeply embedded in U.S. values in the 1950s was an understanding of white people at the top of a heap of worth and capability and Black people, Asians, indigenous people controlling their own destinies, would mean chaos and upheaval, is deeply rooted in racialized understandings of who has a capacity for self-government.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：20世纪50年代美国价值观中根深蒂固的观念是，白人处于价值和能力的顶端，而黑人、亚洲人、土著人民控制自己的命运将意味着混乱和剧变，这深深植根于对谁有自治能力的种族化理解。
Ambassador Terence Todman: While serving on U.S. delegations, I noticed the United States going along with what the British and French were doing in dragging their feet and not keeping up to their sacred trust of bringing these countries to self-government.
特伦斯·托德曼大使：在美国代表团任职期间，我注意到美国与英国和法国一起拖延，没有履行他们让这些国家实现自治的神圣信任。
And I kept insisting that the U.S. policy should be in keeping with our own history and our own principles, and that we should not be going along with what these colonial powers were doing.
我一直坚持认为，美国的政策应该符合我们自己的历史和我们自己的原则，我们不应该附和这些殖民列强的做法。
Michael Krenn, Historian: Todman represented the sort of young lions coming in confronting this idea within the State Department that the real experts on Africa are the old colonialists.
迈克尔·克伦（Michael Krenn），历史学家：托德曼代表了国务院内部反对这种观点的年轻狮子，即非洲问题的真正专家是老殖民主义者。
Narrator : In 1960, liberation movements in Asia and Africa were transforming global politics.
旁白：1960年，亚洲和非洲的解放运动正在改变全球政治。
That year alone, 17 African nations won their struggle for independence.
仅这一年，就有 17 个非洲国家赢得了独立斗争。
Eisenhower left office in 1961, just as the movement for civil rights at home was growing stronger by the year.
1961 年，艾森豪威尔卸任，当时国内的民权运动正日益壮大。
In his winning campaign, John F.
在他的胜利竞选中，约翰·F.
Kennedy had promised to support both civil rights and African independence.
肯尼迪曾承诺支持公民权利和非洲独立。
Archival Footage - President John F.
档案片段 - 约翰·肯尼迪总统
Kennedy: The great battleground for the defense and expansion of freedom today is the whole Southern half of the globe - Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East, the lands of the rising people.
肯尼迪：今天捍卫和扩大自由的伟大战场是整个地球南半部——亚洲、拉丁美洲、非洲和中东，这些崛起的人民的土地。
Narrator: But for all his rhetoric, the new president mainly focused on one problem -- stopping the expansion of communist power.
旁白：尽管这位新总统言辞激烈，但主要集中在一个问题上——阻止共产主义势力的扩张。
Now he looked for someone he could trust to communicate his policies to the world.
现在，他正在寻找一个可以信任的人来向世界传达他的政策。
Merv Griffin Show - Merv Griffin : New Year's Day of 1961, I was lying in bed in Pasadena waiting for the Rose Bowl game to start when I got a telephone call asking if I'd come down to Washington as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State.
Merv Griffin Show - Merv Griffin：1961 年元旦，我躺在帕萨迪纳的床上等待玫瑰碗比赛开始，这时我接到一个电话，询问我是否愿意以副助理国务卿的身份来华盛顿。
Merv Griffin Show - Merv Griffin : Wow, that must've been an exciting call.
Merv Griffin Show - Merv Griffin：哇，这一定是一个令人兴奋的电话。
Merv griffin show - Carl Rowan : Well, it, uh, there were a lot of days during those four and a half years when I wished I'd never gotten a call.
梅尔夫·格里芬秀 - 卡尔·罗文：嗯，呃，在这四年半的时间里，有很多日子我希望自己从来没有接到电话。
Narrator: By the time he received that call, Carl Rowan was already a nationally known journalist.
旁白：当卡尔·罗文接到电话时，他已经是一位全国知名的记者了。
During the 1960 campaign, he’d written a series of articles for a Republican-owned newspaper on Democratic candidate John F.
在 1960 年竞选期间，他为一家共和党拥有的报纸撰写了一系列有关民主党候选人约翰·肯尼迪 (John F.
Kennedy that Kennedy had found surprisingly fair.
肯尼迪发现肯尼迪出奇地公平。
Six months later, the new President offered the young journalist the job of Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs.
六个月后，新总统向这位年轻记者提供了负责公共事务的副助理国务卿的职位。
Carl Rowan would communicate Kennedy’s policies to journalists around the world.
卡尔·罗文将向世界各地的记者传达肯尼迪的政策。
Jeffrey Rowan, Son Of Carl Rowan: He wanted his voice to be heard.
卡尔·罗文 (Carl Rowan) 之子杰弗里·罗文 (Jeffrey Rowan)：他希望自己的声音被听到。
He wanted a seat at the table in both domestic and international policy making.
他希望在国内和国际政策制定中占有一席之地。
Narrator: The appointment made Rowan the highest-ranking African American official in the State Department.
旁白：这一任命使罗文成为国务院级别最高的非裔美国官员。
It was a remarkable accomplishment – especially for someone who'd grown up in a family of five in a small house with no electricity in McMinnville, Tennessee.
这是一项了不起的成就，尤其是对于一个在田纳西州麦克明维尔的五口之家、没有电的小房子里长大的人来说。
Jeffrey Rowan, Son of Carl Rowan: His mother was a cleaner for houses and his dad really didn't bring in a consistent income.
杰弗里·罗文（Jeffrey Rowan），卡尔·罗文（Carl Rowan）的儿子：他的母亲是一名房屋清洁工，他的父亲确实没有稳定的收入。
That led to squabbles between his parents.
这导致了他父母之间的争吵。
Those were very difficult times for him.
那对他来说是非常困难的时期。
Narrator: From the beginning, Carl Rowan was driven to succeed.
旁白：从一开始，卡尔·罗文就被驱使着要成功。
He was valedictorian of his high school class, and went to Tennessee State University.
他是高中班级的告别演说者，并就读于田纳西州立大学。
Then he became one of the first African American officers in the history of the U.S. Navy.
然后他成为美国海军历史上第一批非裔美国军官之一。
Narrator: But when he came back home to Tennessee, he was still a second class citizen.
旁白：但是当他回到田纳西州的家乡时，他仍然是二等公民。
He decided to become a journalist: he would tell the ugly truth about racism in the South.
他决定成为一名记者：他要讲述南方种族主义的丑陋真相。
Archival Footage - Carl Rowan: In 1948, I got a job with the Minneapolis Tribune at a time when very few daily newspapers were hiring Negroes as writers.
档案片段 - Carl Rowan：1948 年，我在《明尼阿波利斯论坛报》找到了一份工作，当时很少有日报雇用黑人作为作家。
In 1951, I suggested to the editors that we had a responsibility to tell the people of this state something about the Negro citizens of this nation.
1951年，我向编辑们建议，我们有责任告诉这个州的人民一些关于这个国家黑人公民的事情。
Narrator: The 18-part series called How Far From Slavery was a sensation, and made Rowan’s career.
旁白：这部名为《远离奴隶制》的 18 集系列引起了轰动，并成就了罗文的职业生涯。
Michael Krenn, Historian: Rowan portrayed the racial problems in a very specific way, that really all we're talking about are a few Southern states, these holdouts who don't really agree with the vast majority of Americans.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦（Michael Krenn）：罗文以一种非常具体的方式描绘了种族问题，我们实际上谈论的是南方的几个州，这些顽固分子并不真正同意绝大多数美国人的观点。
Robeson Taj Frazier, Author: He had a viewpoint that working class people when given opportunity can participate in ideals of American citizenship.
罗伯森·泰姬·弗雷泽（Robeson Taj Frazier），作者：他认为工人阶级只要有机会就可以参与美国公民的理想。
Narrator: In 1954, Rowan took his idea of the American dream overseas – to India, as part of a lecture series sponsored by the State Department.
旁白：1954 年，罗文将他的美国梦理念带到了海外——印度，作为国务院赞助的系列讲座的一部分。
Robeson Taj Frazier, Author: Part of the agenda is for him to represent someone who has been able to uproot themselves from abject poverty.
罗伯逊·泰姬·弗雷泽（Robeson Taj Frazier），作家：议程的一部分是让他代表那些能够摆脱赤贫的人。
He's there to represent the possibilities of life in the United States.
他在那里代表了美国生活的可能性。
It perpetuates the kind of dominant U.S. ethos of individualism, which completely negates the reality that Rowan was an anomaly.
它延续了美国主导的个人主义精神，完全否定了罗文是一个异类的现实。
Narrator: One evening an Indian journalist introduced Rowan as an "excellent propagandist for America.” Saying “we are all interested in how a man with a Black skin, who has been unable to know freedom, can talk so learnedly about a free society." It was an uncomfortable moment, and it reconstructed Rowan's view of the world.
旁白：一天晚上，一位印度记者介绍罗文是“美国的优秀宣传员”。他说：“我们都对一个无法了解自由的黑皮肤男人如何能够如此博学地谈论自由社会感兴趣。”这是一个不舒服的时刻，它重建了罗文的世界观。
Michael Krenn, Historian: Rowan believed that these attacks were communist inspired.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦 (Michael Krenn)：罗文认为这些袭击是受共产主义启发的。
That's what he was facing - misconceptions, lies, distorted stories.
这就是他所面临的——误解、谎言、歪曲的故事。
Narrator: "I was not a State Department lackey," Rowan would later write.
旁白：“我不是国务院的走狗，”罗文后来写道。
"I simply went from Darjeeling, to Patna, to Cuttack, to Madras, saying good things about my country because I believed that the society that had given me a break was in the process of taking great strides toward racial justice."
“我只是从大吉岭，到巴特那，到克塔克，再到马德拉斯，为我的国家说好话，因为我相信那个让我喘口气的社会正在朝着种族正义迈出一大步。”
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: The first word for him is Patriot.
阿德里安·伦茨-史密斯，历史学家：对他来说，第一个词是爱国者。
And that's a complicated thing for a Black man to be in the mid-1950s.
对于 20 世纪 50 年代中期的黑人来说，这是一件复杂的事情。
So he is critical of the U.S., but he also sees promise.
因此，他对美国持批评态度，但他也看到了希望。
He believes that American democracy would be good for the world and for decolonizing nations.
他相信美国的民主将有利于世界和非殖民化国家。
Narrator: Rowan became friendly with vice president Lyndon Johnson on a 1961 trip through Asia – including Vietnam, where the U.S. was already becoming entangled in a war.
旁白：罗文在 1961 年访问亚洲时与副总统林登·约翰逊结为好友，其中包括越南，当时美国已经在越南陷入战争。
Their friendship fueled Rowan's ambition.
他们的友谊激发了罗文的野心。
But it led to frustration as well.
但这也导致了挫败感。
Narrator: “I suppose it’s natural that anyone who travels with and advises a vice president would develop some sense of self-esteem,” he later wrote.
旁白：“我认为任何与副总统一起旅行并为其提供建议的人都会自然地产生一些自尊感，”他后来写道。
“I took on a sense of self-importance that had nothing to do with reality.
“我产生了一种与现实无关的自我重要性感。
I forgot," he wrote, "that I was just another [Negro]."
我忘记了，”他写道，“我只是另一个[黑人]。”
Robeson Taj Frazier, Author: He describes the State Department as a virtual plantation.
罗伯森·泰姬·弗雷泽（Robeson Taj Frazier），作者：他将国务院描述为一个虚拟种植园。
It's very much a kind of white male culture.
这在很大程度上是一种白人男性文化。
And this is a space that he is forced to make sense of.
这是一个他被迫理解的空间。
He does push for more people of color, Black people to be hired.
他确实推动雇用更多有色人种、黑人。
Archival Audio - Carl Rowan: The fact that I'd come in as the first deputy assistant secretary, we launched a mighty campaign to integrate the Foreign Service to the point that it looked reasonably like the population of the United States.
档案音频 - 卡尔·罗文：事实上，我作为第一副助理国务卿上任后，我们发起了一场强大的运动，将外交部门整合到与美国人口相当的程度。
Narrator: But the pace of change was slow.
旁白：但是变化的速度很慢。
After two years, Rowan was ready to leave the Department.
两年后，罗文准备离开该部门。
Instead, Kennedy offered him an ambassadorship – to Finland and Rowan took it.
相反，肯尼迪向他提供了驻芬兰大使的职位，罗恩接受了这一职位。
Ambassador Aurelia Brazeal: The currency of diplomacy is optimism.
奥雷利亚·布拉泽尔大使：外交的通病是乐观。
You have to be optimistic as a diplomat.
作为一名外交官，你必须保持乐观。
And that leads to seeing issues as opportunities.
这导致将问题视为机遇。
Archival Footage - Finnish Reporter: And now you're here and we hope that you will like to stay here with us.
档案片段 - 芬兰记者：现在您在这里，我们希望您愿意和我们一起留在这里。
Archival Footage - Carl Rowan: I know we're going to enjoy it immensely.
档案片段 - Carl Rowan：我知道我们会非常喜欢它。
And we look forward to seeing all of this country and as many of Finland’s people as possible.
我们期待着见到这个国家的所有人以及尽可能多的芬兰人民。
Archival Audio - Carl Rowan: The Finns did magazine articles galore.
档案音频 - Carl Rowan：芬兰人在杂志上发表了大量文章。
I remember one in one of the big Finnish magazines, the most colorful ambassador in Finland, (laughs).
我记得芬兰一本大杂志上的一本，芬兰最丰富多彩的大使（笑）。
They were talking about the unorthodox style that I brought to the job, in the sense of traveling more than any American had before and going out bowling with Finnish people.
他们谈论的是我给工作带来的非正统风格，比任何美国人都旅行得更多，还和芬兰人一起出去打保龄球。
Jeffrey Rowan, Son of Carl Rowan: People would walk up to us and stare, but it wasn't a kind of racist staring.
杰弗里·罗文（Jeffrey Rowan），卡尔·罗文（Carl Rowan）的儿子：人们会走到我们面前并凝视，但这并不是一种种族主义的凝视。
They were just curious because they had never really seen people of color before.
他们只是好奇，因为他们以前从未真正见过有色人种。
Narrator: For Rowan, being a Black ambassador in Finland had a subtext.
旁白：对于罗文来说，担任芬兰的黑人大使有一个潜台词。
He wrote, "I could belie the notion that my country was hopelessly racist.” Rowan said, “my coming to Finland would hasten the day when American Negroes are playing the role they ought to play in our Foreign Service."
他写道：“我可能会相信我的国家是无可救药的种族主义者。”罗文说：“我来到芬兰将加速美国黑人在我们的外交部门中发挥应有作用的那一天。”
Narrator: Finland was a critical country for a president preoccupied with drawing the line against Communism.
旁白：对于一位专注于与共产主义划清界限的总统来说，芬兰是一个至关重要的国家。
The Soviet Union loomed large on Finland's border.
苏联在芬兰边境赫然耸立。
Ambassador Rowan was now on the frontlines of the Cold War.
罗文大使现在处于冷战的前线。
Michael Krenn, Historian: Finland was a hotspot.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦 (Michael Krenn)：芬兰是一个热点。
Finland was seen as sort of a nation on the fence in the Cold War.
芬兰在冷战时期被视为一个处于中立状态的国家。
This was a nation we really had to curry their favor.
这是一个我们确实必须讨好他们的国家。
We know the Soviets were also trying to curry their favor.
我们知道苏联人也在试图讨好他们。
Narrator: The U.S. and the Soviet Union had enough nuclear weapons to destroy the other many times over.
旁白：美国和苏联拥有的核武器足以多次摧毁对方。
Kennedy urged the world’s leaders to sign a partial test ban and Kennedy’s directive to Rowan was clear - persuade Finland’s President Urho Kekkonen to support an international treaty.
肯尼迪敦促世界领导人签署部分试验禁令，肯尼迪对罗文的指示很明确——说服芬兰总统乌尔霍·凯科宁支持一项国际条约。
Archival Footage - John F.
档案片段 - 约翰·F.
Kennedy: Let us call a truce to terror.
肯尼迪：让我们呼吁休战。
The logical place to begin is a treaty assuring the end of nuclear tests of all kinds, in every environment.
合乎逻辑的起点是签订一项确保在各种环境下停止各种核试验的条约。
Narrator: Rowan succeeded in getting Kekkonen to join the effort.
旁白：罗文成功地让凯科宁加入了这一行动。
This was his greatest accomplishment as an ambassador.
这是他作为大使的最大成就。
But his stay was cut short -- on November 22nd, 1963.
但他的逗留时间被缩短了——1963 年 11 月 22 日。
Archival Footage Voiceover: In winter's darkness, all men await the new president's guidance.
档案片段画外音：在冬天的黑暗中，所有人都在等待新总统的指引。
His cabinet puts before him a Congress deadlocked in debate, the torment of a nation on the edge of racial clash.
他的内阁向他展示了一场辩论陷入僵局的国会，一个处于种族冲突边缘的国家所遭受的折磨。
With steadying certainty, Lyndon Johnson takes over.
随着确定性的稳定，林登·约翰逊接任。
Narrator: When Lyndon Johnson became President, he entered office with an ambitious civil rights agenda.
旁白：林登·约翰逊就任总统时，带着雄心勃勃的民权议程上任。
The first step would be to appoint African Americans to high office.
第一步是任命非裔美国人担任高级职务。
He named Rowan the Director of the United States Information Agency.
他任命罗文为美国新闻局局长。
Irvin Hicks Jr., Career Member of the Senior Foreign Service: The fact that here is a very accomplished African American who has been put into this position and has the confidence of the president of the United States, it was a major fanfare as I was growing up in African American publications because it was unprecedented.
小欧文·希克斯 (Irvin Hicks Jr.)，外交高级官员：事实上，这是一位非常有成就的非裔美国人，他被安排担任这个职位，并得到了美国总统的信任，这对我在非裔美国人出版物中长大的过程来说是一次大张旗鼓，因为这是前所未有的。
Narrator: But it wasn’t easy to be head of the USIA in the 1960s.
旁白：但在 20 世纪 60 年代，担任美国建筑师学会主席并不容易。
America’s racial unrest intensified, while the country spiraled deeper into what many viewed as an unjust war.
美国的种族骚乱加剧，而该国也进一步陷入了许多人认为的非正义战争。
It was Rowan’s job to protect America’s image overseas, a position that often put him at odds with civil rights leaders.
罗文的工作是保护美国在海外的形象，这一职位经常使他与民权领袖发生争执。
Carol Anderson, Historian: Carl Rowan, I would say, played it too close to the vest.
卡罗尔·安德森（Carol Anderson），历史学家：我想说，卡尔·罗文（Carl Rowan）行事过于保守。
There is an insurgency in the Black community.
黑人社区发生叛乱。
And so the kind of quiet patient gradualism isn't playing to that insurgency.
因此，这种安静耐心的渐进主义并没有助长这种叛乱。
Michael Krenn, Historian: It was a difficult time to be a representative of a country that still kept most of your fellow African Americans in second class citizenship.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦（Michael Krenn）：作为一个国家的代表，这是一个艰难的时刻，因为这个国家仍然让大多数非裔美国人同胞处于二等公民身份。
Which United States do they represent?
他们代表哪个美国？
Do they represent the United States that they are supposed to represent, as the paragon of freedom, democracy and justice; or do they represent the America which is a segregated, divided and sometimes racially violent society?
他们是否代表了他们应该代表的美国，作为自由、民主和正义的典范？或者他们代表的是美国这个种族隔离、分裂、有时还存在种族暴力的社会？
Narrator: As the debacle in Vietnam consumed LBJ, Rowan felt increasingly cut out of the decision-making process.
旁白：随着越南战争的惨败，林登·约翰逊陷入了困境，罗文感觉自己越来越被排除在决策过程之外。
His relationship with the president deteriorated.
他与总统的关系恶化。
In 1965, Rowan resigned.
1965年，罗文辞职。
Ambassador Aurelia Brazeal: There were people I knew who did resign.
奥雷莉亚·布拉泽尔大使：我认识的人确实辞职了。
As a country, we lost their talent.
作为一个国家，我们失去了人才。
We lost their thinking on policy issues.
我们在政策问题上失去了他们的思考。
It's hard to quantify what you've lost, but you do lose that voice at the table.
很难量化你失去了什么，但你确实失去了在谈判桌上的发言权。
Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: It's easy to enter an institution and think you're going to change it.
Adriane Lentz-Smith，历史学家：进入一个机构并认为你要改变它是很容易的。
But if it's just you or just a few of you, how do you keep in mind the purpose that you entered with and how do you fulfill that purpose?
但是，如果只有您或你们中的几个人，您如何牢记您输入的目的以及如何实现该目的？
Narrator: Both Carl Rowan and Edward R.
旁白：卡尔·罗文和爱德华·R.
Dudley returned to illustrious careers outside diplomacy.
达德利在外交之外重返辉煌的职业生涯。
But Terence Todman dedicated his life to the Foreign Service.
但特伦斯·托德曼将一生奉献给了外交部。
In 1989, the State Department honored him with the rank of career ambassador – the first African American diplomat to receive that distinction.
1989 年，美国国务院授予他职业大使衔，这是第一位获此殊荣的非裔美国外交官。
He served as an ambassador for 23 years, learned six languages, and held six ambassadorial positions.
他担任大使23年，学习六种语言，并担任过六次大使职务。
Irvin Hicks Jr., Career Member of the Senior Foreign Service: That means that on six occasions, Ambassador Todman received Senate confirmation.
外交高级官员小欧文·希克斯 (Irvin Hicks Jr.)：这意味着托德曼大使曾六次获得参议院的确认。
On six occasions, he had the confidence of the president of the United States.
他曾六次获得美国总统的信任。
That is highly unique.
这是非常独特的。
Doris Todman, Wife of Terence Todman: We felt we were proving a point because we had penetrated an impenetrable area in America, in diplomacy.
多丽丝·托德曼（Doris Todman），特伦斯·托德曼（Terence Todman）的妻子：我们觉得我们正在证明一个观点，因为我们已经渗透到了美国外交领域的一个难以渗透的领域。
We felt that was important.
我们认为这很重要。
Michael Krenn, Historian: If we look at the late 1940s with Edward Dudley, moving on through Terence Todman, moving up to the career of Carl Rowan and beyond, the question of progress it's a difficult one.
历史学家迈克尔·克伦 (Michael Krenn)：如果我们回顾 20 世纪 40 年代末的爱德华·达德利 (Edward Dudley)，再到特伦斯·托德曼 (Terence Todman)，再到卡尔·罗文 (Carl Rowan) 等人的职业生涯，我们会发现进步问题是一个困难的问题。
Has there been progress?
有进展了吗？
There has been progress.
已经取得了进展。
But it's been an uphill battle.
但这是一场艰苦的战斗。
Carol Anderson, Historian: The folks who are in these bureaucracies, which are often very hostile places, slowly chipping away at the structures of inequality, the structures that suppress merit, that just see your Blackness and not your brilliance, to have those folks quietly doing that work, this is that kind of institutional systemic work that creates change.
卡罗尔·安德森，历史学家：这些官僚机构中的人们，通常是非常敌对的地方，慢慢地削弱不平等的结构，压制优点的结构，只看到你的黑人而不是你的才华，让这些人悄悄地做这项工作，这是一种创造变革的制度性系统工作。
Edward Dudley was the first African American to serve as a United States Ambassador.
爱德华·达德利是第一位担任美国大使的非裔美国人。
Carl Rowan was one of the highest-ranking African Americans in the history of the State Department during the 20th century.
卡尔·罗文 (Carl Rowan) 是 20 世纪国务院历史上级别最高的非裔美国人之一。
Terence Todman’s diplomatic career spanned four decades: he was a U.S. ambassador to six nations and achieved the prestigious rank of career ambassador.
特伦斯·托德曼的外交生涯长达四十年：他曾担任美国驻六个国家的大使，并获得了享有盛誉的职业大使级别。
Meet the man who shaped the NAACP’s legal strategy with Thurgood Marshall.
来认识一下与瑟古德·马歇尔一起制定全国有色人种协进会法律战略的人。
Discover how three African American ambassadors who broke racial barriers to reach high-ranking positions at the State Department during the Cold War.
了解冷战期间三位非裔美国大使如何打破种族障碍在国务院担任高级职务。
African Americans have served as U.S. diplomats since the 1860s.
自 1860 年代以来，非裔美国人一直担任美国外交官。
A graphic history of Ambassador Terence Todman’s rise through the diplomatic ranks.
特伦斯·托德曼大使在外交队伍中晋升的生动历史。
The Washington Post’s first Black female reporter remembers one of her heroes, Carl Rowan.
《华盛顿邮报》第一位黑人女记者记得她心目中的英雄之一卡尔·罗文。
Watch a preview of The American Diplomat.
观看《美国外交官》的预览。
In August 1963, Edward R.
1963 年 8 月，爱德华·R.
Murrow, head of the United States Information Agency, began producing a documentary about the upcoming March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
美国新闻局局长默罗开始制作一部关于即将到来的华盛顿争取就业和自由游行的纪录片。
But as the project neared completion, Murrow was losing a battle with cancer.
但随着该项目接近完成，默罗在与癌症的斗争中失败了。
President Lyndon B.
总统林登·B.
Johnson tasked a groundbreaking diplomat, Carl Rowan, with seeing the project through.
约翰逊任命一位具有开创性的外交官卡尔·罗文 (Carl Rowan) 负责推动该项目的实施。
Chief Diversity and Inclusion Officer for the U.S. Department of State Gina Abercrombie Winstanley and former U.S. diplomat Christopher Richardson speak with historian Adriane Lentz-Smith about the history and present day diversity problem in the State Department.
美国国务院首席多元化和包容性官员吉娜·阿伯克龙比·温斯坦利 (Gina Abercrombie Winstanley) 和前美国外交官克里斯托弗·理查森 (Christopher Richardson) 与历史学家阿德里亚娜·伦茨·史密斯 (Adriane Lentz-Smith) 讨论了国务院的历史和当今的多元化问题。