Remember the Alamo
Narrator: In March of 1836, a Mexican army of four thousand men advanced on the old mission in San Antonio known as the Alamo.
旁白：1836 年 3 月，一支由 4000 人组成的墨西哥军队向圣安东尼奥的旧使命——阿拉莫进军。
Inside, almost two hundred U.S. volunteers huddled, awaiting an attack.
里面有近两百名美国志愿者挤在一起，等待袭击。
Most had come to help wrestle the territory of Texas from Mexico.
大多数人来这里是为了帮助从墨西哥手中争夺德克萨斯州的领土。
James E.
詹姆斯·E。
Crisp, Historian: Texas had a lot of land, and a lot of riches, in terms of the future.
历史学家克里斯普：就未来而言，德克萨斯州拥有大量土地和大量财富。
And many of these people saw the possibility of establishing themselves anew in the West.
其中许多人看到了在西方重新站稳脚跟的可能性。
They saw this as the West.
他们认为这是西方。
Narrator: One hundred and fifty miles from the Alamo, a group of prominent Texans was gathering to sign a Declaration of Independence.
旁白：距阿拉莫一百五十英里，一群德州知名人士聚集在一起签署《独立宣言》。
Among them, was an ambitious merchant and idealistic politician who had been pushing for Texas independence for much of his life.
其中有一位雄心勃勃的商人和理想主义政治家，他一生的大部分时间都在推动德克萨斯州的独立。
No one had more to gain, or to lose, from the fight for Texas than Jose Antonio Navarro.
在为得克萨斯而战中，没有人比何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗获得更多，也没有人失去更多。
Anastacio Bueno, Historian: So this is a prominent man.
阿纳斯塔西奥·布埃诺（Anastacio Bueno），历史学家：所以这是一位杰出的人物。
He is a law maker, legislator in the Mexican Federation and here he is turning on that nation by signing a Declaration of Independence to create a new country.
他是墨西哥联邦的立法者和立法者，在这里他通过签署《独立宣言》来创建一个新国家来攻击这个国家。
That's a big risk.
这是一个很大的风险。
Narrator: Navarro was the leader of the Tejanos, people who had settled the Mexican frontier of Texas.
旁白：纳瓦罗是特哈诺人的领袖，他们定居在德克萨斯州的墨西哥边境。
For generations, they had been fighting for independence.
几代人以来，他们一直在为独立而奋斗。
At the Alamo, Tejanos stood shoulder to shoulder with U.S. volunteers.
在阿拉莫，特哈诺斯与美国志愿者并肩站着。
Andres Tijerina, Historian: The irony is that the Alamo is seen as a strictly Anglo-Texan versus Mexican dynamic, when in reality Tejanos initiated the independence movement, and developed the principles of independence against the Mexican government.
安德烈斯·蒂赫里纳（Andres Tijerina），历史学家：具有讽刺意味的是，阿拉莫被视为严格的盎格鲁-德克萨斯与墨西哥的动态，而实际上，特哈诺斯发起了独立运动，并制定了反对墨西哥政府的独立原则。
Narrator: The Alamo would be remembered for the valor of men like Travis, Crockett, and Bowie.
旁白：阿拉莫将因特拉维斯、克罗克特和鲍伊等人的英勇而被铭记。
Men with names like Losoya, Esparza, and Navarro, whose struggles had led to that fateful day, would be forgotten.
像洛索亚、埃斯帕扎和纳瓦罗这样的人，他们的奋斗导致了那决定性的一天，但他们将被遗忘。
Narrator: 1813 -- twenty-three years before the Alamo -- the remote settlement of San Antonio, Texas.
旁白：1813 年——阿拉莫到来之前二十三年——德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥市的偏远定居点。
Eighteen-year-old Jose Antonio Navarro made his way to the highest spot in town and looked down on a bloody battle.
十八岁的何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗登上镇上的最高处，俯瞰着一场血腥的战斗。
Texas was part of Mexico and all of Mexico was under Spanish control.
德克萨斯州是墨西哥的一部分，整个墨西哥都在西班牙的控制之下。
For two years the Tejano community had taken part in a widespread rebellion against Spain; their struggle for independence was rooted in economics.
两年来，特哈诺社区参与了针对西班牙的广泛叛乱。他们争取独立的斗争植根于经济。
Andres Tijerina: The Spanish crown saw Texas only as a source of revenue for anything, any source of income that it might tap.
安德烈斯·蒂赫里纳：西班牙王室仅将德克萨斯州视为其可能利用的任何收入来源的收入来源。
And those were meager.
而这些都是微薄的。
Narrator: Trading mustangs that roamed the Texas countryside was one of the few ways Tejanos could earn a living.
旁白：在德克萨斯州乡村贩卖野马是特哈诺人谋生的少数方式之一。
The horses were taken to the U.S. territory of Louisiana and were sold or exchanged for supplies.
这些马匹被带到美国路易斯安那州领土并被出售或交换物资。
When the Spanish government declared wild livestock to be property of the Crown, many Tejanos lost their means of survival and revolted.
当西班牙政府宣布野生牲畜为王室财产时，许多特哈诺人失去了生存手段并反抗。
But Spain's powerful army crushed the Tejano rebellion.
但西班牙强大的军队镇压了特哈诺叛乱。
Andres Tijerina: Those that were captured in San Antonio were imprisoned.
安德烈斯·蒂赫里纳：那些在圣安东尼奥被捕的人都被监禁了。
They were packed into the priests' cloisters -- three hundred men -- so tightly, according to the reports, that around nineteen or twenty of them suffocated during the first night.
据报道，他们一共三百人，被挤进祭司的回廊里，据报道，其中大约有十九或二十人在第一天晚上就窒息而死。
Narrator: Over the next few days the remaining prisoners were marched out and executed in front of their families.
旁白：接下来的几天里，剩下的囚犯被押出并在家人面前处决。
One woman begged that the men be allowed to confess.
一名妇女恳求允许这些男子坦白。
"They can confess to the devils in hell," said a soldier.
“他们可以向地狱里的魔鬼忏悔。”一名士兵说道。
Andres Tijerina: About five hundred of the women, the wives, the children of the Tejanos who had fled were then rounded up and put in a stockade, called La Quinta, a compound right on the military plaza in modern-day San Antonio, and kept there for several months, by the Spanish army, which was very brutal with their female captives, and made them suffer rape, and other abuses.
安德烈斯·蒂赫里纳：大约五百名逃离的特哈诺人的妇女、妻子和孩子随后被西班牙军队围捕，关在一个名为“拉金塔”的栅栏里，这个栅栏位于今天的圣安东尼奥的军事广场上，并在那里关了几个月，西班牙军队对待女俘虏非常残酷，使她们遭受强奸和其他虐待。
Narrator: Navarro--whose family helped lead the rebellion -- managed to escape the bloodbath.
旁白：纳瓦罗的家族帮助领导了叛乱，他成功逃脱了这场血腥屠杀。
He and hundreds of others Tejanos sought refuge in the United States.
他和其他数百名特哈诺人前往美国寻求庇护。
But the fight for Texas had just begun.
但德克萨斯州的战斗才刚刚开始。
Jesus Francisco de la Teja, Historian: The core of San Antonio was a town which had been originally established for fifteen Canary Islander families.
耶稣·弗朗西斯科·德·拉·特哈 (Jesus Francisco de la Teja)，历史学家：圣安东尼奥的核心是一个最初为 15 个加那利岛民家庭建立的城镇。
Right next to it was a presidio which had been established in 1718, so it predated the town.
紧邻它的是一个于 1718 年建立的要塞，所以它的出现要早于该镇。
Also, right across the river was the former Mission San Antonio de Valero, what we now call the Alamo, which had originally been established to convert the local Indian population to Christianity.
此外，河对岸就是前圣安东尼奥德瓦莱罗传教所，即我们现在所说的阿拉莫，最初是为了让当地印第安人皈依基督教而建立的。
Adan Benavides, Historian: It would have been a dusty town.
历史学家阿丹·贝纳维德斯：那将是一个尘土飞扬的小镇。
Houses would have had dirt floors.
房屋的地板是肮脏的。
Maybe well-to-do families might have had some sort of planking, or they would have put rugs down or hay or some sort of grass.
也许富裕的家庭可能有某种木板，或者他们会铺上地毯、干草或某种草。
But, you know, life was rough.
但是，你知道，生活很艰难。
Narrator: Most of the town's two thousand people lived in jacales, one-room huts made of sticks and mud.
旁白：镇上 2000 人中的大多数人都住在 Jacales 里，这是一种用棍棒和泥土搭建的单间小屋。
In the early 1800's San Antonio day-to-day life was quiet.
1800 年代初，圣安东尼奥的日常生活很平静。
Caroline Castillo Crimm, Historian: There would have been people going out to check on their cattle on the ranches.
卡罗琳·卡斯蒂略·克里姆（Caroline Castillo Crimm），历史学家：会有人出去检查牧场上的牛群。
There would have been people shopping for goods if a mule train had come in overnight from the interior, from Saltillo in central Mexico.
如果一列骡车连夜从墨西哥中部萨尔蒂约的内陆地区驶来，就会有人去购物。
There wasn't a whole lot of money in San Antonio during this period, so it was mostly a barter economy.
在此期间，圣安东尼奥没有很多钱，所以主要是易货经济。
Narrator: Jose Antonio Navarro's father arrived from Europe as an indentured servant.
旁白：何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗的父亲作为一名契约仆人从欧洲来到这里。
By 1800, Angel Navarro had married well, become a successful merchant, and was a leading member of the San Antonio community.
到 1800 年，安赫尔·纳瓦罗 (Angel Navarro) 已经结婚了，成为一名成功的商人，并且是圣安东尼奥社区的主要成员。
Jesus Francisco de la Teja: A man like Angel Navarro, although he was born in Corsica, was considered for local purposes a European Spaniard.
耶稣·弗朗西斯科·德·拉·特哈：像安赫尔·纳瓦罗这样的人，虽然出生在科西嘉岛，但在当地被认为是欧洲西班牙人。
He came from Europe in other words.
换句话说，他来自欧洲。
So he was considered by his very birth a prominent individual.
因此，他一出生就被认为是一位杰出的人物。
So he was able to very easily become involved in elite society in San Antonio, such as it existed.
因此，他能够很容易地融入圣安东尼奥的精英社会，就像它存在的那样。
Narrator: When a childhood accident left Jose Antonio physically handicapped, the young boy turned his attention to study.
旁白：童年时的一场事故导致何塞·安东尼奥身体残疾，小男孩将注意力转向了学习。
David McDonald, Historian: His left leg was broken when he was nine years old, and he grew up in a time when boys of his age were progressively getting rowdy, riding, roping, jumping, shooting, hiking, and doing all kind of things that he couldn't do so well.
大卫·麦克唐纳，历史学家：他九岁时左腿骨折，在他成长的时代，同龄的男孩逐渐变得吵闹，骑马、绕绳、跳跃、射击、徒步旅行，做各种他做不好的事情。
And I think it gave him motivation to study extra hard.
我认为这给了他加倍努力学习的动力。
Narrator: Navarro was one of the few San Antonians to receive formal schooling.
旁白：纳瓦罗是少数接受正规教育的圣安东尼奥人之一。
His family had a stone house in an area of town reserved for people of European descent.
他的家人在镇上为欧洲人后裔保留的地区有一栋石屋。
They called themselves the vecinos, neighbors.
他们称自己为vecinos，邻居。
The Navarros and other vecino families--the Ruizes, the Seguins, and the Veramendis--led the rebellion against Spain, and placed everything they owned at risk.
纳瓦罗斯家族和其他贝西诺家族——鲁伊兹家族、塞甘家族和维拉门迪家族——领导了针对西班牙的叛乱，并将他们拥有的一切置于危险之中。
Narrator: Three years after Jose Antonio fled to the United States Spain declared a general amnesty that allowed him to return to Texas.
旁白：何塞·安东尼奥逃往美国三年后，西班牙宣布大赦，允许他返回德克萨斯州。
Evidence of Spanish retribution was everywhere.
西班牙报复的证据随处可见。
The Navarro family home was in ruins.
纳瓦罗家的住宅已成为废墟。
Andres Tijerina: Navarro and his family were singled out for persecution by the Spanish royalists.
安德烈斯·蒂赫里纳：纳瓦罗和他的家人受到西班牙保皇党的迫害。
The community was devastated.
社区遭到破坏。
Many of the buildings were destroyed.
许多建筑物被毁。
Many of their homes were burned.
他们的许多房屋被烧毁。
So their trade, and their personal lives suffered greatly.
因此他们的贸易和个人生活都受到了极大的影响。
Narrator: To support his family, Jose Antonio turned to smuggling.
旁白：为了养家糊口，何塞·安东尼奥开始走私。
Jesus Francisco de la Teja: Some of the more prominent families were the ones who actually organized the smuggling.
Jesus Francisco de la Teja：一些比较显赫的家族是实际组织走私活动的人。
They bring goods into Texas and they take whatever they can -- mostly horses and mules -- to Louisiana for trade, and they bring back whatever goods they can, mostly for barter, but also for sale.
他们将货物带到德克萨斯州，然后将尽可能多的货物（主要是马和骡子）带到路易斯安那州进行贸易，然后将尽可能多的货物带回来，主要用于易货贸易，但也用于出售。
Timothy Matovina, Historian: So somehow over there he met people that became sort of business partners and opened his eyes to the fact that there was great economic possibilities in Louisiana and in the United States...
蒂莫西·马托维纳（Timothy Matovina），历史学家：不知何故，他在那里遇到了一些人，他们成为了商业伙伴，并让他认识到路易斯安那州和美国存在着巨大的经济潜力......
Narrator: In 1821, word reached San Antonio that after a decade of revolution Mexico was at last free from Spain.
旁白：1821 年，消息传到圣安东尼奥，经过十年的革命，墨西哥终于摆脱了西班牙的统治。
Jose Antonio Navarro -- educated, articulate and well-connected--was ready to lead the Tejanos and Texas.
何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗——受过良好教育、善于表达、人脉广泛——已准备好领导特哈诺人和德克萨斯州。
Within a year, the twenty-six-year-old was named mayor of San Antonio.
一年之内，这位二十六岁的人被任命为圣安东尼奥市市长。
Narrator: The same year that Mexican independence was won, a young man who would help change the course of Texas history arrived in San Antonio.
旁白：墨西哥赢得独立的同一年，一位将有助于改变德克萨斯州历史进程的年轻人抵达圣安东尼奥。
Stephen F.
斯蒂芬·F.
Austin had an ambitious plan to bring U.S. families to Texas.
奥斯汀有一个雄心勃勃的计划，将美国家庭带到德克萨斯州。
Gregg Cantrell, Historian: Austin wants to place himself at the center of a large scale American colonization project and be its manager, be its impresario.
格雷格·坎特雷尔（Gregg Cantrell），历史学家：奥斯汀希望将自己置于一个大规模的美国殖民项目的中心，并成为其管理者、管理者。
And he really sees it as a sort of grand life-undertaking that will be his life's work, that will be his great achievement to pass on to posterity.
他确实将其视为一种伟大的人生事业，这将是他一生的工作，这将是他要传给子孙后代的伟大成就。
Narrator: The Austins of Missouri had been one of the richest families in the West.
旁白：密苏里州的奥斯汀家族曾是西部最富有的家族之一。
But by 1821 they were bankrupt.
但到了 1821 年，他们破产了。
Stephen Austin saw Texas as the promised land, a place where he could redeem the family name.
斯蒂芬·奥斯汀将德克萨斯视为应许之地，是他可以赎回家族名誉的地方。
Harry Watson, Historian: Stephen F.
哈里·沃森，历史学家：斯蒂芬·F.
Austin sent a letter back to the United States and it was widely circulated in the press, describing Texas really as a land flowing with milk and honey, there was grass, there was water, there was timber, the land was cheap, you could grow anything you wanted, it was going to be great.
奥斯汀寄了一封信回美国，在媒体上广为流传，信中描述得克萨斯真是一块流奶与蜜的土地，有草，有水，有木材，土地便宜，想种什么就可以种什么，那就太好了。
Narrator: Austin's message arrived as the U.S. was recovering from a depression.
旁白：奥斯汀的消息传来时，美国正从萧条中恢复过来。
Hundreds of settlers signed-on, agreeing to convert to Catholicism, become Mexican citizens, and provide proof of upstanding character.
数百名定居者签约，同意皈依天主教，成为墨西哥公民，并提供正直品格的证明。
Gregg Cantrell: You've got all sorts of people desperate for land, can't buy it from the United States government at an affordable price on credit, and here is Stephen F.
格雷格·坎特雷尔（Gregg Cantrell）：各种各样的人都迫切需要土地，但无法以可承受的价格从美国政府赊购土地，这是斯蒂芬·F·坎特雷尔（Stephen F.
Austin saying, 'Come to Texas, get this princely domain of 4,428 acres of land, get it for minimal prices.' And in fact, many of the settlers never paid their land fees and essentially got their four thousand acres free.
奥斯汀说：“来到德克萨斯州，以最低的价格获得这片 4,428 英亩的土地。”事实上，许多定居者从未支付过土地费，并且基本上免费获得了他们的四千英亩土地。
Narrator: Navarro was quick to see the potential in Austin's colonization plan and worked with him to encourage U.S. immigration to Texas.
旁白：纳瓦罗很快就看到了奥斯汀殖民计划的潜力，并与他合作鼓励美国移民到德克萨斯州。
Gregg Cantrell: Navarro was part of a group of northern Mexican leaders who subscribed to many of the concepts of classic economic liberalism.
格雷格·坎特雷尔：纳瓦罗是墨西哥北部领导人团体的一员，他们认同许多经典经济自由主义的概念。
They wanted to see Texas become integrated into the international market economy.
他们希望看到德克萨斯州融入国际市场经济。
They wanted to see Texas grow and prosper.
他们希望看到德克萨斯州成长和繁荣。
And they saw Austin as sort of their trump card; so Austin and Mexicans like Navarro see in each other important means to the same end.
他们将奥斯汀视为他们的王牌；因此奥斯汀和纳瓦罗等墨西哥人在彼此身上看到了达到同一目标的重要手段。
Narrator: The Missourian and the Tejano shared more than just an economic vision.
旁白：密苏里人和特哈诺人的共同点不仅仅是经济愿景。
Gregg Cantrell: They were both raised in rather aristocratic families.
Gregg Cantrell：他们都在相当贵族的家庭中长大。
They had a certain sense of themselves as gentlemen, a certain sense of noblesse oblige, as members of the upper class it is our responsibility to show public service to our people and exert leadership.
他们有一定的绅士意识，有一定的贵族责任感，作为上层阶级的一员，我们有责任为我们的人民提供公共服务并发挥领导作用。
And those were qualities that I believe Austin and Navarro would have been able to sense in one another almost from the beginning.
我相信奥斯汀和纳瓦罗几乎从一开始就能够感受到彼此的这些品质。
Anastacio Bueno: That relationship, if you look at the correspondence, for example, between Austin and Navarro, you see that those two are the meeting of the minds.
阿纳斯塔西奥·布埃诺：这种关系，如果你看看奥斯汀和纳瓦罗之间的通信，你就会发现这两个人是思想的交汇。
I mean, they're like, you know, they're almost like blood brothers the way they correspond with each other, the dignity and the respect that they have for each other, the counsel that they seek and hope for.
我的意思是，他们就像，你知道，他们几乎就像血兄弟一样，他们彼此之间的通信方式，他们对彼此的尊严和尊重，他们寻求和希望的建议。
Narrator [Austin quote]: "...I had formed an idea of some plans that I considered of interest for the advancement of Texas," Austin wrote to Navarro, "and I thought of troubling you for your opinion and advice as a true friend, and Texan."
旁白[奥斯汀引述]：“......我已经形成了一些计划的想法，我认为这些计划对德克萨斯州的进步感兴趣，”奥斯汀写信给纳瓦罗，“我想麻烦你作为一个真正的朋友和德克萨斯人提出意见和建议。”
Narrator [Navarro Quote]: "...you couldn't make me happier," Navarro replied, "than to engage me in some usefulness to you..."
旁白[纳瓦罗语录]：“……没有什么比让我为你提供一些帮助更让我高兴的了……”
Narrator: Austin's colonization plan was a success.
旁白：奥斯汀的殖民计划成功了。
Three years after he sent out his call for settlers, eighteen hundred people were living in his San Felipe colony.
在他发出征召定居者的号召三年后，他的圣费利佩殖民地已有一千八百人居住。
Austin's land holdings grew as his colony expanded.
奥斯汀的土地所有权随着他的殖民地的扩张而增加。
The partnership benefited Navarro as well.
此次合作也让纳瓦罗受益。
By 1830 he would own more than twenty-five thousand acres.
到 1830 年，他已拥有超过两万五千英亩的土地。
Navarro and Austin had become two of the most influential men in Texas.
纳瓦罗和奥斯汀已成为德克萨斯州最有影响力的两个人。
Narrator: After several years of progress and prosperity, troubling news arrived from Mexico City.
旁白：经过几年的进步和繁荣，墨西哥城传来了令人不安的消息。
The Mexican federal government decided to merge the sparsely populated territory of Texas with the more powerful state of Coahuila.
墨西哥联邦政府决定将人口稀少的德克萨斯州与更强大的科阿韦拉州合并。
Tejanos in San Antonio complained bitterly about a move they felt crushed their long-term hopes for Texas.
圣安东尼奥的特哈诺人强烈抱怨此举粉碎了他们对德克萨斯州的长期希望。
Andres Tijerina: Tejanos wanted their own independent state government under the Mexican republic, as other states were having.
安德烈斯·蒂赫里纳：特哈诺斯希望像其他州一样，在墨西哥共和国的领导下拥有自己的独立州政府。
They wanted their own governor.
他们想要自己的州长。
They wanted their own legislature.
他们想要自己的立法机构。
And so when they were united then under Coahuila, it was a loss of all of that autonomy to Tejanos.
因此，当他们在科阿韦拉州统一时，特哈诺人就失去了所有自治权。
Jesus Francisco de la Teja: The one constant that one finds in Tejano politics, and the one constant that you see in a man like Jose Antonio Navarro, is this important idea of local rule.
耶稣·弗朗西斯科·德·拉·特哈：在特哈诺政治中发现的一个不变的因素，以及你在何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗这样的人身上看到的一个不变的因素，就是地方统治这一重要理念。
That only the people on the ground, in San Antonio know what's best, so rule has to be local.
只有圣安东尼奥当地的人知道什么是最好的，所以规则必须是当地的。
Narrator: Despite Navarro's opposition to the merger, he accepted an appointment to the new legislature in Coahuila.
旁白：尽管纳瓦罗反对合并，他还是接受了科阿韦拉州新立法机构的任命。
In his new position, Navarro remained a relentless advocate of economic progress for Texas.
在他的新职位上，纳瓦罗仍然是德克萨斯州经济进步的不懈倡导者。
He modeled his plans for development on the American South, and its most profitable crop.
他以美国南部及其最赚钱的作物为蓝本制定了自己的发展计划。
Harry Watson: Cotton was a vital product of the early nineteenth century.
哈里·沃森：棉花是十九世纪初的重要产品。
It was the most valuable export that the United States sent to Europe.
这是美国向欧洲出口的最有价值的出口产品。
It was like our petroleum.
这就像我们的石油。
It was the thing that we made that the rest of the industrialized world desperately wanted.
这是我们制造的产品，是其他工业化世界迫切需要的。
Gregg Cantrell: Creating a flourishing commercial cotton economy means that you'll have to have improved roads, eventually railroads, improved port facilities...and so what Austin and Navarro are seeing is Texas becoming another Louisiana, with Galveston perhaps as it's leading port, and Galveston someday becoming a city and seaport and financial center to rival New Orleans.
格雷格·坎特雷尔：创造繁荣的商业棉花经济意味着你必须改善道路，最终是铁路，改善港口设施......所以奥斯汀和纳瓦罗看到的是德克萨斯州成为另一个路易斯安那州，加尔维斯顿也许是它的主要港口，加尔维斯顿有一天会成为与新奥尔良竞争的城市、海港和金融中心。
Narrator: Navarro knew that with cotton came slavery.
旁白：纳瓦罗知道随着棉花而来的是奴隶制。
Since the early days of Anglo settlement in Texas, slavery had been encouraged--settlers arriving with slaves were rewarded with larger parcels of land.
自盎格鲁人在德克萨斯州定居之初起，奴隶制就受到鼓励——带着奴隶抵达的定居者会获得更大块土地的奖励。
For many Tejanos, slavery was an economic issue, not a moral one.
对于许多特哈诺人来说，奴隶制是一个经济问题，而不是道德问题。
Navarro's own father was a slave trader.
纳瓦罗的父亲是一名奴隶贩子。
James E.
詹姆斯·E。
Crisp: They sometimes looked upon slavery like Americans like Thomas Jefferson did, as a necessary evil.
克里斯普：他们有时像托马斯·杰斐逊这样的美国人一样，将奴隶制视为一种必要的罪恶。
That it was simply impractical not to expect that slavery would be a part of the development of an area like Texas, which shared a physical geography with the antebellum South of the United States.
像得克萨斯州这样的地区与战前的美国南部有着共同的自然地理，不期望奴隶制成为其发展的一部分是不切实际的。
Narrator: Anti-slavery feelings, however, were taking hold in Mexico City.
旁白：然而，反奴隶制的情绪在墨西哥城盛行。
Determined to maintain the practice of slavery in Texas, Navarro slipped a bill through the state legislature that circumvented federal anti-slavery laws.
纳瓦罗决心维持德克萨斯州的奴隶制做法，他向州立法机关提交了一项绕过联邦反奴隶制法律的法案。
James E.
詹姆斯·E。
Crisp: What changed with this loophole was that, rather than bringing slaves into Texas from the United States as slaves...is that now a person from the United States would have a contract drawn up in the United States between himself and his slaves.
克里斯普：这个漏洞带来的变化是，现在一个来自美国的人将在美国与他的奴隶签订一份合同，而不是将奴隶从美国带入德克萨斯州。
Often the slave was not involved at all in this process.
通常奴隶根本不参与这个过程。
One of the documents that I've read says essentially this: "In order to learn the art and science of agriculture, I, the slave, agree to indenture myself for the next ninety-nine years to my master." This was simply a way to bring a slave in under a different name, and to make the continued holding of that slave legal.
我读过的一份文件基本上是这样说的：“为了学习农业的艺术和科学，我，奴隶，同意在接下来的九十九年里与我的主人签订契约。”这只是一种以不同的名字引入奴隶，并使继续持有该奴隶合法化的方法。
Harry Watson: Well, the news that African American slaves could be turned into quote-unquote, "apprentices" or "indentured laborers," in Mexico, and still be held to lifelong service was entirely encouraging in the South.
哈里·沃森：嗯，非洲裔美国奴隶可以在墨西哥变成“学徒”或“契约劳工”，并且仍然终身服役的消息在南方是完全令人鼓舞的。
That was the missing piece that would have prevented a planter from Georgia or South Carolina from picking up and going across to the ends of the earth, into Texas.
正是这个缺失的部分阻止了来自佐治亚州或南卡罗来纳州的种植园主拾起并穿过天涯海角进入德克萨斯州。
So, when Navarro enables slavery, he makes a crucial link between Texas and the southern United States.
因此，当纳瓦罗启用奴隶制时，他在德克萨斯州和美国南部之间建立了至关重要的联系。
Narrator: Following passage of Navarro's slavery bill, cotton planters flocked to Texas.
旁白：纳瓦罗奴隶制法案通过后，棉花种植者纷纷涌入德克萨斯州。
Harry Watson: Texas begins to be a place where people can carve out plantations, it's starting on a trajectory that moves in the direction of the plantation society with the big white houses and the big tall columns and all the rest of it.
哈里·沃森：德克萨斯州开始成为人们可以开辟种植园的地方，它开始朝着种植园社会的方向发展，有白色的大房子和高大的柱子等等。
Narrator: By 1830, there were thirty thousand settlers and slaves living in Texas.
旁白：到 1830 年，德克萨斯州已有三万名定居者和奴隶。
The Tejano population numbered just four thousand.
特哈诺人的人口只有四千人。
Narrator: As Navarro worked to make Texas more attractive to prospective settlers, there was growing pressure in the United States for expansion.
旁白：随着纳瓦罗努力使德克萨斯州对潜在的定居者更具吸引力，美国的扩张压力也越来越大。
In 1830, President Andrew Jackson offered to buy Texas for five million dollars.
1830 年，安德鲁·杰克逊总统提出以 500 万美元购买德克萨斯州。
It was the second time the U.S. had tried to purchase the Mexican territory.
这是美国第二次试图购买墨西哥领土。
Harry Watson: One of the things that drove the idea of expansion was that you couldn't really have a society based on freedom and equality which wasn't prosperous for the great majority of white families.
哈里·沃森：推动扩张想法的因素之一是，你不可能真正拥有一个基于自由和平等的社会，而这对于绝大多数白人家庭来说并不繁荣。
Well, as the population grows in the east, land gets scarcer and gets more expensive, so you can't sustain that republican society unless you find more land to put people.
好吧，随着东部人口的增长，土地变得越来越稀缺，价格也越来越贵，所以除非你找到更多的土地来安置人口，否则你无法维持共和社会。
Gregg Cantrell: ...And because of the numbers, and because of the growth of towns in Texas, and the diversification of the economy, more of those settlers are people who wouldn't have met Austin's good character tests in the early days.
格雷格·坎特雷尔：……由于数量的原因，由于德克萨斯州城镇的发展以及经济的多元化，更多的定居者在早期无法通过奥斯汀的良好品格测试。
Austin can't screen them.
奥斯汀无法筛选它们。
So you get people like young William Barrett Travis, who's had a failed marriage and a bad law practice back in the United States, and arrives with dollar signs in his eyes, seeing a chance to make a lot of money as a lawyer, and also a chance to get involved in politics.
所以你会遇到像年轻的威廉·巴雷特·特拉维斯这样的人，他在美国有过一次失败的婚姻，律师执业也很糟糕，来到美国时，他眼中充满了美元符号，看到了作为律师赚大钱的机会，也看到了参与政治的机会。
And if a revolution should come along, by George, you'll have a chance for glory, as well.
如果一场革命发生，乔治，你也将有机会获得荣耀。
Narrator: Concerned about the high number of U.S. immigrants in Texas, the Mexican government enacted legislation intended to seal the border.
旁白：出于对德克萨斯州大量美国移民的担忧，墨西哥政府颁布了旨在封锁边境的立法。
Gregg Cantrell: If the law goes into full operation and all immigration from the United States is cut off, then Austin and Navarro's plans for the creation of a flourishing cotton economy, and all of the good things that that would bring, will be dashed because Mexico is not going to be able to bring Texas into the world market economy.
格雷格·坎特雷尔：如果该法律全面实施，所有来自美国的移民都被切断，那么奥斯汀和纳瓦罗创建繁荣的棉花经济的计划以及由此带来的所有美好事物都将落空，因为墨西哥将无法将德克萨斯州纳入世界市场经济。
Narrator: Convinced a personal appeal would make a difference, Austin traveled to Mexico City.
旁白：奥斯汀确信个人呼吁会有所作为，因此前往墨西哥城。
When his requests were turned down, the usually cautious Austin blundered.
当他的请求被拒绝时，一向谨慎的奥斯汀犯了错误。
He sent a letter urging Tejano leaders to establish their own state, in violation of federal law.
他致信敦促特哈诺领导人建立自己的国家，这违反了联邦法律。
The note fell into the hands of Mexican authorities, who arrested Austin and locked him in a dungeon.
这张纸条落入墨西哥当局手中，他们逮捕了奥斯汀并将他关进地牢。
News of his imprisonment reverberated across the Texas colonies.
他被监禁的消息在德克萨斯殖民地引起了轩然大波。
Anglo settlers feared their land would be confiscated...their slaves set free.
盎格鲁定居者担心他们的土地会被没收……他们的奴隶被释放。
Narrator: As Austin sat in prison, an old enemy of Texas, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, assumed the Mexican presidency.
旁白：当奥斯汀入狱时，得克萨斯州的宿敌安东尼奥·洛佩兹·德·圣安娜接任墨西哥总统。
Stephen L.
斯蒂芬·L。
Hardin, Historian: ...
历史学家哈丁：...
He looked great in a uniform.
他穿着制服看起来很棒。
He sat a horse well.
他坐得很好。
He was an able politician, uh, he was an able orator.
他是一位能干的政治家，呃，他是一位能干的演说家。
He always said the right thing.
他总是说对的话。
He was able to inspire the Mexican people.
他能够激励墨西哥人民。
But ultimately, he was an empty uniform.
但最终，他只是一件空制服。
He was hollow at the core.
他内心空虚。
Because what motivated Santa Anna was nothing more significant than his own ambition.
因为激励圣安娜的无非是他自己的野心。
Andres Tijerina: Santa Anna was with the Spanish loyalist army when it pillaged San Antonio in 1813.
安德烈斯·蒂赫里纳 (Andres Tijerina)：1813 年西班牙保皇派军队掠夺圣安东尼奥时，圣安娜就在其中。
And it sought a bloody retribution against the loyal against the Tejano patriots and it punished Navarro's family, specifically and personally.
它寻求对忠诚的反对特哈诺爱国者的血腥报复，并特别惩罚纳瓦罗的家人。
Narrator: Santa Anna was a young cadet at the time of the Spanish campaign against the Tejanos.
旁白：桑塔·安娜在西班牙对抗特哈诺人的战役中还是一名年轻的学员。
While Jose Antonio Navarro was in exile in the U.S., Santa Anna was quartered in the Navarro home.
当何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗流亡美国时，圣安娜则住在纳瓦罗的家中。
Anastacio Bueno: He, Santa Anna, heard these stories about this young eighteen-year-old named Jose Antonio Navarro, who was brilliant, he was articulate, he was, you know, very well placed, a good family, and Santa Anna was jealous of Navarro....
阿纳斯塔西奥·布埃诺：他，圣安娜，听到了关于这个名叫何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗的十八岁年轻人的故事，他很聪明，他善于表达，你知道，他地位非常好，有一个很好的家庭，而圣安娜嫉妒纳瓦罗......
Anastacio Bueno: While he was there, it is said he committed an act of indiscretion with one of the female members of the family.
阿纳斯塔西奥·布埃诺：当他在那里时，据说他对家里的一名女性成员做出了不检点的行为。
Narrator: Navarro said he would rather see Texas "reduced to ashes" than have it fall into the hands of the Mexican general.
旁白：纳瓦罗说，他宁愿看到得克萨斯州“化为灰烬”，也不愿让它落入墨西哥将军的手中。
Narrator: In 1834 Santa Anna concentrated power in Mexico City.
旁白：1834 年，圣安娜将权力集中在墨西哥城。
He dissolved the state legislatures, limited the authority of state militias, and abolished the Federal Constitution.
他解散了州立法机构，限制了州民兵的权力，并废除了联邦宪法。
The response was immediate.
立即得到了回应。
In Texas, angry U.S, settlers skirmished with Mexican soldiers.
在愤怒的美国得克萨斯州，定居者与墨西哥士兵发生小规模冲突。
Santa Anna remained in Mexico City, but dispatched six hundred troops to San Antonio.
圣安娜留在墨西哥城，但向圣安东尼奥派遣了六百名士兵。
Stephen L.
斯蒂芬·L。
Hardin: Santa Anna's motivation was to rid Texas of those people he called 'the perfidious foreigners.' He felt, with some justification, that the revolt in Texas was instigated by forces inside the United States.
哈丁：圣安娜的动机是让德克萨斯州摆脱那些他称之为“背信弃义的外国人”的人。他有理由认为，德克萨斯州的叛乱是由美国境内的势力煽动的。
Narrator: Panic gripped the Texas settler community.
旁白：德克萨斯州定居者社区陷入恐慌。
Mexican troops "are coming to compel you into obedience to the new form of Government...to give up your arms...to liberate your slaves," warned one settler.
一名定居者警告说，墨西哥军队“即将到来，迫使你们服从新政府……放弃武器……解放奴隶”。
Soon after the Mexican troops sent by Santa Anna arrived in San Antonio, they were attacked by a Texas rebel army.
圣安娜派出的墨西哥军队抵达圣安东尼奥后不久，就遭到德克萨斯州叛军的袭击。
Fighting with the Anglos was a company of Tejano volunteers.
与盎格鲁人作战的是特哈诺志愿者连队。
Timothy Matovina: They joined forces with many of the Anglo-Americans in Texas to try to support their own grievances.
蒂莫西·马托维纳：他们与德克萨斯州的许多英裔美国人联手，试图支持自己的不满。
They didn't want independence, they wanted the reinstitution of the Mexican Constitution of 1824, which would give them statehood and give them a lot more autonomy and support to develop their economic and other interests with greater kind of success in their own local area and region.
他们不想要独立，他们想要恢复 1824 年的墨西哥宪法，这将赋予他们国家地位，并给予他们更多的自主权和支持，以发展他们的经济和其他利益，并在他们自己的地方和地区取得更大的成功。
Narrator: Fighting dragged on for weeks.
旁白：战斗持续了数周。
By December of 1835 most Mexican troops had retreated inside the Alamo.
到 1835 年 12 月，大多数墨西哥军队已撤退到阿拉莫境内。
As winter set in, morale in both armies plummeted.
冬季来临，两军士气都大幅下降。
James E.
詹姆斯·E。
Crisp: Just as the Texans were about to give up and break up the siege and move into winter quarters, a Mexican lieutenant rode into the Texan camp under a white flag, and said, essentially, 'Guys, if you'll simply attack--and I'll help you--you can take these people.
克里斯普：正当德克萨斯人准备放弃并解围并进入冬季营地时，一名墨西哥中尉打着白旗骑马进入德克萨斯人营地，并说，大体上是，‘伙计们，如果你们简单地进攻——我会帮助你们——你们就可以带走这些人。
They're weak, they're weaker than you are.
他们很弱，他们比你还弱。
Their horses are starving for lack of food.' And it's the defection of a Mexican lieutenant who's sympathetic to the federalist cause that leads to the defeat of the Mexican troops in 1835.
他们的马因为缺乏食物而挨饿。 1835 年，一名同情联邦主义事业的墨西哥中尉的叛逃导致了墨西哥军队的失败。
Narrator: On December 9, the leader of the Mexican forces at the Alamo surrendered.
旁白：12月9日，墨西哥军队领导人在阿拉莫投降。
The troops returned to Mexico in disgrace.
军队耻辱地返回墨西哥。
The defeat was humiliating for Santa Anna.
这场失败对圣安娜来说是一种耻辱。
James E.
詹姆斯·E。
Crisp: The Texans, by the end of 1835, have driven every Mexican soldier out of Texas, and many of the Texans wonder what's happening next.
Crisp：到 1835 年底，德克萨斯人已经将所有墨西哥士兵赶出了德克萨斯，许多德克萨斯人想知道接下来会发生什么。
Things happen very quickly, and the tenor and tone and direction of the revolution change very quickly from a Mexican civil war, which is what is breaking out for all practical purposes and at least on the surface in 1835, to an overt movement to separate Texas from Mexico.
事情发生得非常快，革命的基调、基调和方向也很快从墨西哥内战（出于所有实际目的，至少在表面上于 1835 年爆发），转变为一场将德克萨斯州与墨西哥分离的公开运动。
Narrator: In February of 1836, Jose Antonio Navarro left San Antonio and headed one hundred and fifty miles east to a place called Washington-on-the-Brazos.
旁白：1836 年 2 月，何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗离开圣安东尼奥，向东行驶一百五十英里，到达布拉索斯河畔华盛顿。
Texas leaders were gathering to declare independence.
德克萨斯州领导人聚集在一起宣布独立。
As Navarro made his way to the convention, an angry Santa Anna was advancing on San Antonio with more than four thousand men.
当纳瓦罗前往参加大会时，愤怒的圣安娜率领四千多人向圣安东尼奥挺进。
The suspicious Mexican general thought the United States was behind the revolt and threatened to continue his march all the way to Washington, D.C. On February 22, advance troops of Santa Anna's army were seen approaching San Antonio.
多疑的墨西哥将军认为美国是叛乱的幕后黑手，并威胁要继续向华盛顿特区进军。2月22日，圣安娜军队的先头部队逼近圣安东尼奥。
Tejanos who were loyal to Mexico welcomed the troops, but many others panicked.
忠于墨西哥的特哈诺人欢迎这支部队，但其他许多人却感到惊慌。
Timothy Matovina: A lot of them were running out to the countryside to hide from the battle that was about to happen.
蒂莫西·马托维纳：他们中的很多人跑到乡下躲避即将发生的战斗。
Some were running and locking up their houses just trying to weather the storm and try to protect their possessions, their livelihood.
有些人逃跑并锁住了自己的房子，只是为了抵御风暴，保护自己的财产和生计。
And then some were running to flee and hide inside the Alamo seeking their security there.
然后一些人逃跑并躲在阿拉莫内寻求安全。
Narrator: The command at the Alamo was split.
旁白：阿拉莫的指挥权是分裂的。
Jim Bowie, a slave trader led a rag tag band of volunteers.
奴隶贩子吉姆·鲍伊（Jim Bowie）领导着一支由志愿者组成的乌合之众。
William Travis, an ambitious lawyer, was in charge of the regular army.
威廉·特拉维斯是一位雄心勃勃的律师，负责正规军的管理。
Among the men defending the Alamo was a small group of Tejanos.
在保卫阿拉莫的人中，有一小群特哈诺人。
Soon after Santa Anna arrived, the Mexican forces raised the flag of no quarter, demanding unconditional surrender.
圣安娜到达后不久，墨西哥军队就举起了不留情面的旗帜，要求无条件投降。
"The Mexican army cannot come to terms under any conditions with rebellious foreigners to whom there is no other recourse left...if they wish to save their lives, [they are] to place themselves immediately at the disposal of the Supreme Government from whom alone they may expect clemency."
“墨西哥军队在任何情况下都不能与叛逆的外国人达成协议，因为他们没有其他办法……如果他们想拯救自己的生命，[他们]必须立即接受最高政府的指挥，只有最高政府才能给予他们宽大处理。”
James E.
詹姆斯·E。
Crisp: The initial contact between the Mexican army and the men inside the Alamo is a little bit ironic, in that you've got two responses coming from inside the Alamo.
克里斯普：墨西哥军队和阿拉莫内部人员之间的最初接触有点讽刺，因为你从阿拉莫内部得到了两种回应。
Bowie sends out a note essentially saying 'Let's talk,' and about the same time that that happens, you get a cannon shot coming from William Barrett Travis.
鲍伊发出了一张纸条，实质上是说“让我们谈谈吧”，大约在这件事发生的同时，你会听到威廉·巴雷特·特拉维斯的一声炮响。
Travis apparently, at that time at least, didn't want to talk to the Mexicans, but wanted to confront them, and spite them.
特拉维斯显然，至少在当时，不想与墨西哥人交谈，而是想对抗他们，并激怒他们。
Narrator: At Washington-on-the-Brazos, Navarro prepared to sign the Texas Declaration of Independence.
旁白：在布拉索斯河畔的华盛顿，纳瓦罗准备签署《德克萨斯独立宣言》。
He was a third generation Tejano, with vast land holdings and a hard won reputation.
他是特哈诺的第三代，拥有广阔的土地和来之不易的声誉。
As he added his name to the declaration witnesses reported his hands were shaking.
目击者称，当他将自己的名字添加到声明中时，他的双手在颤抖。
At the Alamo, a desperate William Travis penned a letter to the Convention requesting men and supplies.
在阿拉莫，绝望的威廉·特拉维斯给国民公会写了一封信，请求人员和物资。
"I hope your honorable body," wrote Travis, "will hasten on reinforcements, ammunition, and provisions to our aid as soon as possible." Time was running out for Travis and the defenders of the Alamo.
特拉维斯写道：“我希望贵方能够尽快提供增援、弹药和给养，以帮助我们。”特拉维斯和阿拉莫保卫者们的时间已经不多了。
In the early morning of March 6, 1836, an eight-year-old Tejano boy, Enrique Esparza, was sleeping in a store room inside the Alamo compound when his mother's desperate voice woke him.
1836 年 3 月 6 日清晨，8 岁的特哈诺男孩恩里克·埃斯帕扎 (Enrique Esparza) 正在阿拉莫大院内的储藏室里睡觉，这时他母亲绝望的声音把他吵醒了。
She was calling to her husband, alerting him of the Mexican assault.
她打电话给她的丈夫，提醒他发生了墨西哥袭击事件。
"We could hear the Mexican officers shouting to the men to jump over the wall," Esparza recalled.
埃斯帕扎回忆道：“我们可以听到墨西哥军官向士兵们喊叫，让他们跳墙。”
"The families were huddled up in corners" ...
“一家人都挤在角落里”......
"We could hear the men striking each other.
“我们可以听到这些人互相殴打的声音。
They began shooting into the room" ...
他们开始向房间开枪”......
"it was a miracle none of us children were hit."
“我们这些孩子都没有被击中，这真是一个奇迹。”
We could see shadows of men moving around inside the fort.
我们可以看到有人的影子在堡垒内走动。
The Mexicans went from room to room looking for Americans to kill.
墨西哥人从一个房间到另一个房间寻找要杀死的美国人。
At first light Enrique saw the bodies of hundreds of men.
天一亮，恩里克就看到了数百具尸体。
More than six hundred Mexicans had been killed.
六百多名墨西哥人被杀。
All the Alamo defenders -- including his father -- were dead.
所有阿拉莫保卫者——包括他的父亲——都死了。
In the following weeks hundreds more Texan rebels would die at the hands of the Mexican Army.
在接下来的几周内，又有数百名德克萨斯叛军死于墨西哥军队手中。
James E.
詹姆斯·E。
Crisp: Essentially, the Texans had lost every battle in the year 1836...this fragmented Texan army...they had been decimated.
Crisp：从本质上讲，德克萨斯人在 1836 年输掉了每一场战斗……这支支离破碎的德克萨斯军队……他们被消灭了。
They had been defeated.
他们被打败了。
They had been routed.
他们已经被击溃了。
Narrator: Six weeks after the Alamo, vengeful Texan forces surprised Santa Anna near a river called the San Jacinto.
旁白：阿拉莫事件发生六周后，复仇心重的德克萨斯军队在圣哈辛托河附近袭击了圣安娜。
Sam Houston, commander of the Army of Texas, urged his troops to "Remember the Alamo."
德克萨斯州陆军司令萨姆·休斯顿敦促他的部队“记住阿拉莫”。
James E.
詹姆斯·E。
Crisp: And so these men who were attacking were putting it all on the line.
Crisp：所以这些发起攻击的人将一切都置于危险之中。
And they also were very angry, and they were so full of emotion that after the battle was over, in eighteen minutes, after the Mexican army was defeated and fleeing, they kept killing.
而且他们也很愤怒，情绪激动，战斗结束后，十八分钟内，墨西哥军队溃逃后，不断杀戮。
And they killed, and killed, and killed for hours....
他们杀啊杀啊杀了好几个小时……
Narrator: Fighting alongside the Texans at San Jacinto were Tejano rebels, avenging their own losses at the Alamo.
旁白：特哈诺叛军在圣哈辛托与德克萨斯人并肩作战，为自己在阿拉莫的损失报仇。
General Lopez de Santa Anna was captured by Texan forces the day after the battle.
战斗结束后第二天，洛佩斯·德·圣安娜将军被德克萨斯军队俘虏。
The war came to an abrupt end.
战争突然结束了。
Immortalized by the victory was the Texan battle cry, "Remember the Alamo."
这场胜利使德克萨斯人的战斗口号“记住阿拉莫”而永垂不朽。
Richard Flores, Historian: What is interesting about the phrase is that it's really not an effort to remember the events that happened just a few short weeks before, but to "Remember the Alamo"...emotions that are brought forth in that invocation is one where Anglos thought Mexicans were tyrannous.
理查德·弗洛雷斯，历史学家：这句话的有趣之处在于，它实际上并不是为了记住几周前发生的事件，而是为了“记住阿拉莫”……该祈祷中所引发的情感是盎格鲁人认为墨西哥人暴虐的情感。
That they slaughtered innocent victims.
他们屠杀无辜受害者。
And so it's used as a way of driving forward a message of recompense, of paying back the enemy for the wrongs that were done in war.
因此，它被用作传递报应信息的一种方式，向敌人在战争中所犯下的错误进行报复。
And that's what the whole message was about.
这就是整个信息的内容。
Narrator: In December of 1836 a bitter chill swept across Texas and Stephen F.
旁白：1836 年 12 月，一阵刺骨的寒意席卷了德克萨斯州，史蒂芬·F.
Austin fell ill.
奥斯汀病倒了。
He had been released from prison in Mexico City the year before and had recently been appointed Texas Secretary of State.
他于前一年从墨西哥城监狱获释，最近被任命为德克萨斯州国务卿。
The Republic of Texas was less than a year old when Austin died of pneumonia.
奥斯汀死于肺炎时，德克萨斯共和国成立还不到一年。
His was "one of the most gratifying friendships," wrote Jose Antonio Navarro.
何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗写道，他的友谊是“最令人满足的友谊之一”。
"I wish my children to know that I was a friend of him who was a friend of liberty."
“我希望我的孩子们知道我是他的朋友，他是自由的朋友。”
Gregg Cantrell: Stephen F.
格雷格·坎特雷尔 饰 Stephen F.
Austin had consistently worked for harmonious relations between Anglo-Texans and Tejanos, and his death at age forty-three in December of 1836 was, I believe, a real blow to the future of those relations...and I believe with him died some of the best long-term hopes for fair treatment of Tejanos.
奥斯汀一直致力于促进盎格鲁-德克萨斯人和特哈诺人之间的和谐关系，我相信，他于 1836 年 12 月去世，享年 43 岁，这对这些关系的未来是一个真正的打击……我相信，公平对待特哈诺人的一些最好的长期希望也随着他的消失而消失了。
Narrator: For several years Tejanos and Anglos shared power in San Antonio.
旁白：多年来，特哈诺斯和盎格鲁人在圣安东尼奥分享权力。
But the uneasy arrangement eventually fell apart as more and more newcomers arrived from the United States.
但随着越来越多的美国新移民到来，这种不稳定的安排最终破裂了。
Anastacio Bueno: There's a story that all of the Anglos who came after 1836 and who did not know about the contribution of the Tejanos to the independence movement, that when they came to San Antonio that this was a there was a stereotype that every Mexican was Santa Anna.
阿纳斯塔西奥·布埃诺（Anastacio Bueno）：有一个故事，所有 1836 年之后来到的盎格鲁人都不知道特哈诺人对独立运动的贡献，当他们来到圣安东尼奥时，有一种刻板印象，即每个墨西哥人都是圣安娜。
That's how they saw them.
他们就是这样看待他们的。
Narrator: The anti-Mexican backlash hit Navarro personally when an Anglo settler shot and killed his younger brother, Eugenio, on suspicion of being loyal to Mexico.
旁白：当一名盎格鲁定居者因怀疑效忠墨西哥而枪杀纳瓦罗的弟弟尤金尼奥时，反墨西哥的强烈反应对纳瓦罗个人造成了打击。
Across Texas, speculators seized vast tracts of land that Tejano families had owned for generations.
在德克萨斯州各地，投机者夺取了特哈诺家族世世代代拥有的大片土地。
Caroline Castillo Crimm: Now certainly there were Anglos who wanted the land along the rivers and Mexican families were frequently dispossessed by force, by sometimes killings.
卡罗琳·卡斯蒂略·克里姆：现在肯定有盎格鲁人想要河流沿岸的土地，墨西哥家庭经常被武力剥夺，有时甚至被杀戮。
There was a saying that if a man wouldn't sell his land, his widow would.
有句话说，如果一个男人不卖他的土地，他的寡妇就会卖掉他的土地。
Narrator: When the Mexican army briefly reoccupied San Antonio in 1842, it was the Tejanos who suffered, as Anglo fighters descended on the town.
旁白：1842 年，墨西哥军队短暂重新占领圣安东尼奥时，随着盎格鲁战士袭击该镇，特哈诺人遭受了苦难。
James E.
詹姆斯·E。
Crisp: Hundreds and hundreds of new volunteer troops came into San Antonio, some from eastern Texas, some directly from the United States, and they were looking for Mexicans to fight.
克里斯普：成百上千的新志愿军进入圣安东尼奥，有些来自德克萨斯州东部，有些直接来自美国，他们正在寻找墨西哥人参战。
And since they weren't originally or immediately sent to Mexico to do that fighting, many of them started going after the Tejanos.
由于他们最初并没有或立即被派往墨西哥参加战斗，所以他们中的许多人开始追捕特哈诺人。
Narrator: As other Tejanos were being persecuted, Navarro--who served as a senator, an associate justice, and helped write the first constitution--was still seen by Anglos as a champion of the Texas revolution.
旁白：当其他特哈诺人受到迫害时，纳瓦罗——曾担任参议员、助理法官，并帮助起草了第一部宪法——仍然被盎格鲁人视为德克萨斯革命的捍卫者。
James E.
詹姆斯·E。
Crisp: Can a Mexican be a Texan hero by 1845?
Crisp：到 1845 年，墨西哥人能成为德克萨斯英雄吗？
At least some of the newspapers in Texas said no, and they pointed to his European ancestry, his father having been born in Corsica, and said, in the words of one of the Galveston newspapers, 'Of course, Jose Antonio Navarro is not of the abject Mexican race, but is of European blood.
至少德克萨斯州的一些报纸说不，他们指出他的欧洲血统，他的父亲出生在科西嘉岛，并用加尔维斯顿报纸的话说，“当然，何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗不是卑鄙的墨西哥种族，而是欧洲血统。”
And in fact, his father was born under the same roof as Napoleon Bonaparte,' gilding the lily a bit, in that statement.
事实上，他的父亲与拿破仑·波拿巴出生在同一屋檐下。”这句话有点美化了。
Narrator: Navarro refused to be set apart from his Tejano community.
旁白：纳瓦罗拒绝与他的特哈诺社区分开。
Although he had grown up in an elite neighborhood, Navarro moved to a modest house in what had become the "Mexican" side of town.
尽管纳瓦罗在一个精英社区长大，但他还是搬到了城镇“墨西哥”一侧的一栋朴素的房子里。
Andres Tijerina: Navarro had undergone a transformation; politically, philosophically.
Andres Tijerina：纳瓦罗经历了转变；政治上、哲学上。
...
...
He had gone through all of the independence movement, independence from Spain, independence from Mexico.
他经历了所有的独立运动，从西班牙独立，从墨西哥独立。
And he became, then, the defiant Tejano voice ...
然后，他变成了挑衅的特哈诺声音......
he encouraged Tejanos to resist the people that he called 'infamous aggressors,' who tried not only to usurp Tejano political rights, but also to usurp the Tejano heritage in Texas.
他鼓励特哈诺人抵制那些被他称为“臭名昭著的侵略者”的人，这些人不仅试图篡夺特哈诺人的政治权利，而且还试图篡夺特哈诺人在德克萨斯州的遗产。
Narrator: In 1846 Texas was admitted to the United States...as a slave state.
旁白：1846 年，德克萨斯州被纳入美国……作为奴隶州。
It was not the Texas Navarro had hoped for.
这并不是德克萨斯州纳瓦罗所希望的。
More than one million acres of land had been transferred from Tejano to Anglo hands.
超过一百万英亩的土地已从特哈诺转移到盎格鲁人手中。
And in San Antonio, for the first time, Tejanos were a minority.
在圣安东尼奥，特哈诺人第一次成为少数派。
In 1853, Navarro penned his Apuntes Historicos: 'Historical Notes' on the role of Tejanos in the shaping of Texas.
1853 年，纳瓦罗撰写了《Apuntes Historicos：历史笔记》，讲述了特哈诺斯在塑造德克萨斯州过程中所扮演的角色。
His account reminded Texans -- both Tejano and Anglo -- that the fight for Texas began long before the words "Remember the Alamo" were ever spoken.
他的叙述提醒德克萨斯人——包括特哈诺人和盎格鲁人——为德克萨斯而战早在“记住阿拉莫”这句话被说出之前就已经开始了。
May Heaven use these historical apuntes to stir generous hearts to treat with more respect this race of men who, as the legitimate proprietor of this land, lost it together with their lives and their hopes....
愿天堂利用这些历史上的阿普特斯来激发慷慨的心，以更多的尊重对待这个人类种族，他们作为这片土地的合法所有者，连同他们的生命和希望一起失去了它......
Near the end of his life, Navarro encouraged Tejanos to embrace their status as American citizens.
在生命即将结束时，纳瓦罗鼓励特哈诺人接受美国公民的身份。
"We are covered by the American banner; let us cling to it, and if required, sacrifice our lives defending it."
“我们被美国旗帜所覆盖；让我们紧紧抓住它，如果需要的话，可以牺牲我们的生命来捍卫它。”
Anglos and Tejanos alike mourned Navarro's death in 1871.
1871 年，盎格鲁人和特哈诺人都对纳瓦罗的去世表示哀悼。
The editor of a Texas newspaper wrote, "To none of her greatest statesman nor to her many eminent patriots is Texas more indebted for her existence than to Jose Antonio Navarro."
德克萨斯州一家报纸的编辑写道：“对于德克萨斯州最伟大的政治家和许多杰出的爱国者来说，没有一个人比何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗更感激她的存在。”
Stephen L.
斯蒂芬·L。
Hardin is a history professor at The Victoria College in Victoria, Texas.
哈丁是德克萨斯州维多利亚维多利亚学院的历史学教授。
Professor Hardin has served as a historical advisor for television and film productions on Texas history.
哈丁教授曾担任德克萨斯州历史电视和电影制作的历史顾问。
Here, he answers questions about what it's like to visit the Alamo.
在这里，他回答了有关参观阿拉莫的感受的问题。
On March 6, 1836, nearly 1800 soldiers in the Mexican army of Antonio López de Santa Anna attacked the Alamo after a 13-day siege.
1836 年 3 月 6 日，安东尼奥·洛佩斯·德·圣安娜领导的墨西哥军队近 1800 名士兵在经过 13 天的围困后袭击了阿拉莫。
Fewer than 200 men stood inside to defend the fort, accompanied by a small number of wives, children, and slaves.
不到 200 名男子在城堡内守卫，陪同的还有少数妻子、孩子和奴隶。
Miraculously, at least fourteen people survived, and a few would later provide chilling eyewitness accounts of what happened.
奇迹般的是，至少有十四人幸存下来，其中一些人后来提供了所发生事件的令人毛骨悚然的目击者描述。
The Navarro family was well known in Texas even before José Antonio Navarro played a key role in the Texas revolution.
甚至在何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗在德克萨斯州革命中发挥关键作用之前，纳瓦罗家族就在德克萨斯州享有盛誉。
Learn about members of this socially and politically prominent San Antonio family.
了解这个在社会和政治上享有盛誉的圣安东尼奥家族的成员。
In autumn 1835, simmering political tensions in Texas came to a boil.
1835 年秋，德克萨斯州酝酿已久的政治紧张局势达到了白热化。
A series of bloody skirmishes over a short span of months would decide the region's future.
短短几个月内发生的一系列血腥冲突将决定该地区的未来。
A timeline detailing the history of settlement in Texas, from 1718 all the way to 1871.
详细介绍德克萨斯州定居历史的时间表，从 1718 年一直到 1871 年。
San Antonio native Joseph Tovares talks about making his documentary.
圣安东尼奥本地人约瑟夫·托瓦雷斯谈论制作他的纪录片。
Read about José Antonio Navarro, Stephen F.
了解何塞·安东尼奥·纳瓦罗、斯蒂芬·F.
Austin, Antonio López de Santa Anna, Samuel Houston, Juana Navarro Alsbury, James Bowie, and more.
奥斯汀、安东尼奥·洛佩斯·德·圣安娜、塞缪尔·休斯顿、胡安娜·纳瓦罗·阿尔斯伯里、詹姆斯·鲍伊等。
Events that led to the battle and the later course of Texas history — Mission San Antonio de Valero ("The Alamo"), The Santa Fé Expedition, and Texas Annexation and Statehood.
导致这场战斗和德克萨斯州后来历史进程的事件——圣安东尼奥德瓦莱罗使命（“阿拉莫”）、圣达菲探险队以及德克萨斯州吞并和建州。
From Native American territory to the 28th state in the U.S.A.
从美洲原住民领地到美国第 28 个州
— explore all the states of Texas.
— 探索德克萨斯州的所有州。