America 1900

It was snowing on New Year's Day 1900 across much of the country, from the coast of Maine, down through New England, where great fat drifts blocked trolley cars....

1900 年元旦，全国大部分地区都在下雪，从缅因州海岸一直到新英格兰，大雪堵塞了有轨电车……

and horses found it hard going even in their new Neverslip horse shoes.

即使穿着新的内弗斯利马鞋，马也很难行走。

Snow fell across Pennsylvania, throughout the Midwest, and all the way out in the California mountains.

雪花飘落在宾夕法尼亚州、整个中西部，一直延伸到加利福尼亚山区。

All across the nation, fathers had promised their children that it would snow this New Year's day, just as it had on New Year's Day one hundred years before.

全国各地的父亲们都向孩子们承诺，今年元旦会下雪，就像一百年前的元旦一样。

A great storm had brought in the year 1800, and between then and now, America had become the most prosperous nation on earth.

1800 年发生了一场大风暴，从那时到现在，美国已成为地球上最繁荣的国家。

But in the last year of the 19th century, a series of tragic events would test America's optimism: a deadly explosion in a coal mine in Utah; a devastating hurricane in Texas; two brutal wars overseas; and all year, assassins would plot to murder the president of the United States, but on January 1, 1900, most people imagined only the good things to come.

但在19世纪的最后一年，一系列悲惨事件考验了美国的乐观态度：犹他州一座煤矿发生致命爆炸；德克萨斯州发生毁灭性飓风；两次残酷的海外战争；全年都有刺客密谋刺杀美国总统，但在 1900 年 1 月 1 日，大多数人只想象着美好的事情即将到来。

New Year's Day, Washington, DC.

元旦，华盛顿特区。

With Congress recessed for the holidays, the city was still...

随着国会假期休会，这座城市仍然......

the 175 telephones on the hill all but silent.

山上的175电话几乎没有声音。

Mid-morning, the Sabbath-like stillness was broken by the clanging of trolleys as crowds headed for the White House.

上午十点左右，随着人群涌向白宫，电车的叮当声打破了安息日般的宁静。

President and Mrs. William McKinley were holding the traditional New Year's day reception.

威廉·麦金莱总统和夫人正在举行传统的元旦招待会。

McKinley, I think, of all American presidents, best fits the description of an iron hand in a velvet glove...

我认为，在所有美国总统中，麦金莱最符合“天鹅绒手套中的铁腕”的描述……

he was able to get people's attention not by yelling at them but by reasoning with them and by cajoling them and by flattering them.

他不是通过对人们大喊大叫来引起人们的注意，而是通过与他们推理、哄骗和奉承他们。

And he was exceptionally good at this.

他在这方面非常擅长。

He did not care who got credit for any particular accomplishment as long as he got what he wanted, and he invariably did.

只要他得到了他想要的东西，他不在乎谁因任何特定成就而受到赞扬，而他总是这样做。

People had come from hundreds of miles away to shake the president's hand, and McKinley gladly obliged.

人们从数百英里外赶来与总统握手，麦金莱很高兴地答应了。

He was good at it.

他很擅长。

In less than 3 hours, McKinley would shake 2600 hands.

不到 3 小时，麦金莱就与 2600 人握手。

1900 was an election year.

1900 年是选举年。

And with the economy booming, McKinley was being urged to run again and lead the country into the 20th century.

随着经济的蓬勃发展，麦金莱被敦促再次参选并领导国家进入 20 世纪。

But after 4 years in the White House, McKinley worried whether his wife had the strength to face 4 years more.

但在白宫任职四年后，麦金莱担心妻子是否有能力再面对四年。

Ida McKinley was frail and sickly.

艾达·麦金利身体虚弱，体弱多病。

McKinley always thought of her as the beautiful young woman that he met when she was 22 years old.

麦金莱一直认为她是他 22 岁时遇到的那个美丽的年轻女子。

And she had this mass of auburn hair and these sky blue eyes and this very piquant face.

她有一头赤褐色的头发，天蓝色的眼睛，还有这张非常调皮的脸。

He always had that memory in his mind.

他的心里一直有这样的记忆。

In fact, he used to say that to Mrs. Hobart, the vice-president's wife "if you'd seen Ida when she was young.

事实上，他常常对副总统夫人霍巴特夫人说“如果你见过艾达年轻时的样子。

Ida was so beautiful." But by then in 1900 she was a shadow of her former self.

艾达是如此美丽。”但到了 1900 年，她已经不再是以前的自己了。

In fact she was almost ghostly.

事实上，她几乎像幽灵一样。

She had suffered a great deal and she was sedated by now with bromides.

她遭受了很大的痛苦，现在已经用溴化物镇静了。

McKinley was a handsome 25 year old civil war hero just starting his career as a lawyer when he first met rich, head-strong Ida Saxton, who was working in her father's bank in Canton, Ohio.

麦金利是一位英俊的 25 岁内战英雄，刚开始律师职业生涯，当时他第一次见到富有、任性的艾达·萨克斯顿，她在俄亥俄州坎顿市她父亲的银行工作。

And it was love at first sight.

这是一见钟情。

He took her for a drive and he proposed almost immediately, and she accepted straight-away so they were absolutely madly, passionately in love.

他带她去兜风，几乎立刻就求婚了，她也立刻接受了，所以他们绝对疯狂、热烈地相爱了。

In 1871, Ida and William were married, and within a year, their daughter Kate was born.

1871年，艾达和威廉结婚，一年之内，他们的女儿凯特出生了。

Soon, Ida was pregnant again.

不久，艾达又怀孕了。

But during labor, something went wrong.

但在分娩过程中，出现了问题。

Ida began to have convulsions.

艾达开始抽搐。

Her baby died six months later.

六个月后，她的孩子去世了。

Ida was never the same.

艾达从来都不是一样的。

The convulsions recurred.

抽搐再次出现。

Her doctors suspected epilepsy.

她的医生怀疑她患有癫痫。

Then in 1876, Kate died.

1876 年，凯特去世。

She was just 4 years old.

她当时只有4岁。

Devastated, Ida went into a deep depression.

艾达悲痛欲绝，陷入了深深的抑郁之中。

She had blinding headaches to the point where she couldn't even sit in a room with light sometimes.

她的头痛令人目眩，有时甚至无法坐在有光的房间里。

So, McKinley used to have to sit holding her hand in a darkened room...but because of the nature of their devotion, that it had been this huge romance somehow they remained devoted through it all.

因此，麦金莱过去常常不得不握着她的手坐在黑暗的房间里……但由于他们忠诚的本质，在这段巨大的浪漫中，他们在整个过程中都保持着忠诚。

The obvious thing for her to have done would have been to have quietly withdrawn from public life because of her impediments.

对她来说，显而易见的事情就是因为她的障碍而悄悄退出公共生活。

But no. When he went to the White House she was right there with him.

但没有。当他去白宫时，她就在他身边。

She insisted on coming down to all of the receptions, being present at all the banquets whenever she could.

她坚持只要有机会就参加所有的招待会，出席所有的宴会。

Because she did not want to be left behind.

因为她不想被抛在后面。

As the New Year's reception wore on into the afternoon, thousands of citizens were still waiting to pay their respects to the president and First Lady.

新年招待会一直持续到下午，数千名公民仍在等待向总统和第一夫人表示敬意。

Visitors were free to wander over much of the White House, and McKinley's closest aides were worried.

游客可以自由地在白宫的大部分区域闲逛，麦金莱最亲密的助手们对此感到担忧。

Anarchists had murdered Empress Elizabeth of Austria, the president of France, the Premier of Spain, and were said to be plotting to kill every head of state of a Western country.

无政府主义者谋杀了奥地利皇后伊丽莎白、法国总统、西班牙总理，据说还密谋杀害西方国家的每一位国家元首。

In all the Executive Mansion there was only one guard at night, and he retired early.

整个行政府晚上只有一名警卫，而且他很早就退休了。

But if McKinley was fearful he certainly didn't show it.

但即使麦金莱感到害怕，他也肯定没有表现出来。

He was president of the most prosperous nation on earth.

他是地球上最繁荣国家的总统。

Most Americans were optimistic and so was he.

大多数美国人都很乐观，他也是。

Men and women who had taken six months to cross the country in covered wagons now made the trip in six days.

原本需要六个月才能乘坐有篷马车横穿全国的男男女女现在只用了六天就完成了这次旅行。

And they could take a vacation anywhere on the continent.

他们可以去非洲大陆的任何地方度假。

One guide book recommended "winter-stations" in the Carolinas, Florida--even California, for those "afflicted with consumption, gout, rheumatism, or chronic bronchitis."

一本旅游指南推荐了卡罗莱纳州、佛罗里达州甚至加利福尼亚州的“冬季站”，供那些“患有肺痨、痛风、风湿病或慢性支气管炎”的人使用。

In 1900, Americans were dazzled by the onrush of inventions.

1900 年，美国人对发明的涌现感到眼花缭乱。

Machines that could peer inside the human body were revolutionizing medicine.

能够窥探人体内部的机器正在彻底改变医学。

Autos were promising to replace horses.

汽车有望取代马匹。

There was even a doll house for sale with its own electric doorbell and electric lights no bigger than a pea.

甚至还有一个玩具屋出售，里面有自己的电动门铃和豌豆大小的电灯。

Americans believed that the inventions of the day were going to make them smarter, happier, healthier.

美国人相信当时的发明将使他们变得更聪明、更快乐、更健康。

Even popular music celebrated the breakthroughs.

甚至流行音乐也庆祝了这一突破。

The turn of the century, particularly in America, represented a period that will someday be compared to the Renaissance.

世纪之交，尤其是在美国，代表着一个有朝一日将与文艺复兴时期相比较的时期。

Within a period of very short time, 15-20 years, most of the breakthroughs in technology occurred that now influence our lives so heavily.

在很短的时间内，15-20 年，大多数技术突破都发生了，对我们的生活产生了如此重大的影响。

Everything since then has been engineering.

从那时起，一切都是工程化的。

You capture motion.

您捕捉运动。

Motion picture comes about this time.

电影就在这个时候出现了。

Now everything since is engineering.

现在一切都是工程。

It's technology.

这是技术。

Sure, the picture's better, but the idea of seeing people move on a screen is new.

当然，画面更好，但在屏幕上看到人们移动的想法是新的。

The telephone.

电话。

"Hello?

“喂？

I'm talking to Chicago." A miracle.

我正在和芝加哥通话。”一个奇迹。

But we take it for granted.

但我们认为这是理所当然的。

You break through and record sound.

你突破并记录声音。

It's gotten better, but everything since is simply engineering.

它变得更好了，但此后的一切都只是工程。

In 1900, while Americans were dreaming of the future...

1900 年，当美国人梦想着未来时……

the world around them was changing, leaving a troubling undercurrent of anxiety and doubt.

他们周围的世界正在发生变化，留下了一股令人不安的焦虑和怀疑的暗流。

No place on the face of the Earth, in the history of the world had ever changed as fast as 19th century America.

在世界历史上，地球表面上没有任何一个地方像 19 世纪的美国那样变化得如此之快。

And I think Americans felt the whole floor underneath them had given way.

我认为美国人感觉他们脚下的整个地板都塌陷了。

Technology seems almost a spontaneous force with a power and life of its own.

技术似乎几乎是一种自发的力量，拥有自己的力量和生命。

What it bred, I think, more than anything is a sense of anxiety and a lot of people felt they had lost their moorings literally.

我认为，它所孕育的最重要的是一种焦虑感，很多人觉得他们真的失去了自己的系泊点。

No where in America was progress more striking than in San Francisco.

在美国，没有哪个地方的进步比旧金山更引人注目。

Fifty years before, when prospectors arrived heading for the gold fields, there were just eighty-two houses, a few scattered tents, and miles of all but impassable sand dunes.

五十年前，当探矿者前往金矿时，那里只有八十二栋房屋，零散的几顶帐篷，还有几英里长的沙丘，几乎无法通行。

Now, at the turn of the century, 350,000 people lived here.

现在，在世纪之交，有 35 万人居住在这里。

San Francisco had become one of the country's most cosmopolitan cities - attracting writers, artists, and bohemians.

旧金山已成为美国最国际化的城市之一，吸引着作家、艺术家和波西米亚人。

15,000 Chinese, many brought in to work on the railroads, now made their homes here, crowded into an Asian ghetto, an entire city within a city.

15,000 名中国人，其中许多人是在铁路上工作的，现在在这里安家落户，挤进了一个亚洲贫民窟，一座城中之城。

In 1900 San Francisco was booming, but like so many other cities that had sprung out of nowhere, it had been built at a price.

1900 年，旧金山正在蓬勃发展，但像许多其他凭空出现的城市一样，它的建造也是有代价的。

We had been blessed on this continent with the finest natural resources of any country in the history of the world...

我们有幸在这片大陆上拥有世界历史上任何国家中最好的自然资源......

rich forests, the finest forests in the world, and we'd just had so much of it it seemed that it was infinite.

茂密的森林，世界上最好的森林，我们刚刚拥有了如此多的森林，似乎它是无限的。

So if a forest was cut down, that's okay.

因此，如果森林被砍伐，那也没关系。

There was always a new forest over the horizon.

地平线上总是有一片新的森林。

But for the first time, we started to get a sense that that may not be true, that the resources were finite.

但我们第一次开始意识到这可能不是真的，资源是有限的。

Around the turn of the century, we start to see a questioning of progress, as it has been conventionally understood, starting to see the limits of progress and that it is not an unalloyed good and in the course of this road toward progress maybe we've lost some things that we need to retrieve now.

在世纪之交，我们开始看到对进步的质疑，正如传统上所理解的那样，开始看到进步的局限性，并且它不是纯粹的善，在这条通往进步的道路上，也许我们已经失去了一些我们现在需要找回的东西。

In January, 1900, a 61-year-old Scottish immigrant living 15 miles south of San Francisco was writing a book to warn Americans that already too much had been lost...

1900 年 1 月，一位居住在旧金山以南 15 英里的 61 岁苏格兰移民正在写一本书，警告美国人已经失去了太多……

and to celebrate what still remained.

并庆祝剩下的一切。

For John Muir the wilderness was sacred.

对于约翰·缪尔来说，荒野是神圣的。

In 1900, a wilderness craze was sweeping the country.

1900年，一场荒野热潮席卷全国。

Hiking and mountaineering were in fashion.

远足和登山当时很流行。

The Audubon Society and the Sierra Club had recently been formed.

奥杜邦协会和塞拉俱乐部最近成立。

People were fleeing the cities, heading for "the great outdoors."

人们逃离城市，前往“伟大的户外”。

There was a widespread turning to Nature right around 1900.

1900 年左右，人们普遍转向自然。

A lot of people in cities decided that they had lost something and they wanted to get it back.

许多城市里的人认为他们失去了一些东西，他们想把它找回来。

And this is the real wilderness.

而这才是真正的荒野。

This is packing and camping overnight and climbing serious mountains.

这是打包、露营过夜和攀登高山。

For the first time, people began talking about conservation.

人们第一次开始谈论保护。

Muir saw in "the back to nature" craze troops for his campaign to preserve the wilderness.

缪尔在“回归自然”热潮中看到了支持他保护荒野运动的军队。

"Even the scenery habit in its most artificial forms," he wrote, "mixed with spectacles, silliness, and kodaks, its devotees arrayed more gorgeously than scarlet tanagers - even this is encouraging, and may well be a hopeful sign of the times."

“即使是最人造的风景习惯，”他写道，“混合着眼镜、愚蠢和柯达，它的爱好者们的打扮比猩红色的唐纳雀还要华丽——即便如此，这也是令人鼓舞的，而且很可能是这个时代充满希望的标志。”

He saw the good side of things and was an optimistic fellow and so he found grounds for hope...

他看到了事物好的一面，并且是一个乐观的人，所以他找到了希望的理由......

and that's the, the spirit of the age.

这就是时代精神。

but actually there were grounds for hope.

但实际上我们还是有理由抱有希望的。

In 1900, America could boast of 5 national parks; there were still millions of acres of untouched wilderness.

1900年，美国可以夸耀拥有5个国家公园；还有数百万英亩未受破坏的荒野。

And the environmental movement Muir championed began to find support in Washington.

缪尔倡导的环保运动开始在华盛顿寻求支持。

That year, Congress, for the first time ever, passed legislation to protect wildlife in danger of extinction.

那一年，国会有史以来第一次通过立法保护濒临灭绝的野生动物。

And the Senate, finally moved to protect the buffalo.

参议院最终决定保护水牛。

There were only 400 left on the entire continent.

整个大陆只剩下四百人了。

Most historians do not believe that story.

大多数历史学家不相信这个故事。

It's pretty clear that McKinley had thought about the Philippines long before the War of 1898 and he had decided that he needed the Philippines as a base from which the United States could make sure that Asian markets were open to American products.

很明显，麦金莱早在 1898 年战争之前就考虑过菲律宾，他决定需要菲律宾作为基地，美国可以确保亚洲市场对美国产品开放。

And China is the logical place to look for these new markets.

中国是寻找这些新市场的理想之地。

The Chinese have 500 million potential customers, and they need everything that Americans produce.

中国人有5亿潜在客户，他们需要美国生产的一切。

Manila essentially became the pivot of the American empire in the Western Pacific.

马尼拉实质上成为美帝国在西太平洋的枢纽。

And without Manila, McKinley would never have been able to compete for this great China market.

如果没有马尼拉，麦金利将永远无法竞争这个伟大的中国市场。

The president had hoped the Filipinos would willingly become part of the new American Empire.

总统曾希望菲律宾人愿意成为新美利坚帝国的一部分。

But the Filipinos were ready to die for the right to govern themselves.

但菲律宾人已经准备好为自治权而死。

For years, they had fought the Spanish.

多年来，他们一直与西班牙人作战。

Now they were prepared to fight the Americans--if they had to.

现在，如果必要的话，他们准备与美国人作战。

In January 1899, they established the Philippine Republic.

1899年1月，他们建立菲律宾共和国。

By 1900, Americans were fighting a guerrilla war 7,000 miles from home.

到 1900 年，美国人在离家 7,000 英里的地方打着游击战。

For the United States to maintain this empire what the United States had to do was to use force and to project that force across thousands and thousands of miles.

对于美国来说，要维持这个帝国，美国必须使用武力，并将武力投射到千里之外。

We had never done that....and we were now involved in civilizations such as the Philippines with which we had very little acquaintance.

我们从来没有这样做过……而我们现在身处菲律宾这样的文明之中，而我们对这些文明知之甚少。

And it was a question whether or not Americans were really that good, ah, an imperialist in order to pull this off.

问题在于，美国人是否真的那么优秀，啊，帝国主义者，才能实现这一目标。

This was an extremely brutal war that the United States and the Filipinos fought...Americans looked down on the Filipinos as people who were uncivilized...

这是美国和菲律宾人打的一场极其残酷的战争……美国人瞧不起菲律宾人，认为他们是不文明的人……

The term "gook" originated in the Philippine insurrection.

“gook”一词起源于菲律宾的叛乱。

We looked at this as essentially a superior power fighting an inferior people who deserved their inferiority because they had not been able to organize their society, they had not been able to "uplift themselves," as McKinley liked to say...

我们认为这本质上是一种优越的力量与劣等人民的斗争，这些劣等人民应得的劣等，因为他们无法组织自己的社会，他们无法“提升自己”，正如麦金莱喜欢说的那样……

the United States was willing to use very brutal force in order to bring the Filipinos around.

美国愿意使用非常残酷的武力来说服菲律宾人。

One soldier's letter, for example, relates how one of his comrades, an American soldier, had been found murdered outside this village with his stomach slit open.

例如，一名士兵的信中讲述了他的一名美国士兵战友如何被发现在村外被谋杀，腹部被剖开。

And the American commander immediately orders that everyone in this Filipino village be executed.

美国指挥官立即下令处决这个菲律宾村庄的所有人。

And, according to this young man who wrote home, there were a thousand men, women, and children who were executed in this reprisal for the murder of this one American soldier.

而且，据这位写信给家里的年轻人说，在对杀害一名美国士兵的报复中，有一千名男女和儿童被处决。

This was no holds barred war between the Filipinos and the Americans.

这是菲律宾人和美国人之间毫无限制的战争。

And by 1900, many Americans are beginning to wonder whether even all of the possible profits that this empire might offer were worth this kind of brutality.

到了 1900 年，许多美国人开始怀疑这个帝国可能提供的所有可能利润是否值得这种残酷行为。

As more and more American boys lost their lives, anti-war sentiment was growing.

随着越来越多的美国男孩丧生，反战情绪日益高涨。

Many saw the war against a people seeking independence as "a monstrous perversion of American ideals." Multi-millionaire industrialist Andrew Carnegie, a leader of a small but important anti-imperialist movement, asked: "Is it possible that the American Republic is to be the suppressor of the Philippine struggle for independence?" Carnegie offered to buy the Philippines for $20 million and set the island nation free.

许多人认为针对寻求独立的人民的战争是“对美国理想的巨大歪曲”。百万富翁实业家安德鲁·卡内基（Andrew Carnegie）是一个规模虽小但很重要的反帝国主义运动的领导人，他问道：“美利坚共和国有可能成为菲律宾独立斗争的镇压者吗？”卡内基提出以 2000 万美元购买菲律宾并让这个岛国获得自由。

In the winter of 1900, the most popular girl in America was the Gibson girl.

1900年冬天，美国最受欢迎的女孩是吉布森女孩。

She was cool, flirtatious...

她很酷，很妖艳……

every red-blooded American man's ideal.

每个热血美国男人的理想。

Pinned on the walls of homes across the country--from dormitories at Harvard to miners' cabins in the Far West--the Gibson girl set the standard for a generation of American women.

吉布森女孩被钉在全国各地家庭的墙上——从哈佛的宿舍到远西部的矿工小屋——吉布森女孩为一代美国女性树立了标准。

She had elegance and style.

她优雅而有风格。

She appeared independent and in control, dominating men with her seductive wiles.

她显得独立而有控制力，用她诱人的诡计统治着男人。

But the Gibson girl was a fantasy of a New York magazine illustrator named Charles Dana Gibson.

但吉布森女孩是纽约杂志插画家查尔斯·达纳·吉布森的幻想。

Upper class, talented, energetic white women like Johnston are knocking at the door of social power and professional power in the United States.

像约翰斯顿这样的上层阶级、才华横溢、充满活力的白人女性正在敲响美国社会权力和职业权力的大门。

Women at the turn of the century like Johnston are beginning beginning to come out from the shadow of men.

像约翰斯顿这样的世纪之交的女性开始走出男性的阴影。

They are demanding careers, they're trying to come out from their home.

他们的职业要求很高，他们试图离开家。

And photography is Johnston's way of doing that.

摄影就是约翰斯顿做到这一点的方式。

Johnston's saying I am a photographer, I can have a business, I'm not going to be a housekeeper, I'm not going to be a wife, I'm not going to have that feminine role.

约翰斯顿说我是一名摄影师，我可以做生意，我不会成为管家，我不会成为妻子，我不会扮演那种女性角色。

She's saying I'm going to be as good a professional photographer as any man.

她说我会成为像任何男人一样优秀的专业摄影师。

Johnston had studied painting in France, then began drawing illustrations for newspapers before switching to photography.

约翰斯顿曾在法国学习绘画，然后开始为报纸绘制插图，然后转向摄影。

Photography, she wrote, was "the more accurate medium." This is a new era for photography.

她写道，摄影是“更准确的媒介”。这是摄影的新时代。

A way of printing photographs in the illustrated press has just been invented, and people like Johnston are trying to figure out now what photography is for.

一种用插图印刷机印刷照片的方法刚刚被发明，像约翰斯顿这样的人现在正试图弄清楚摄影的用途。

She's getting commissioned by magazines to discover how you can use a camera to do photo-documentary.

她受杂志委托探索如何使用相机拍摄照片纪录片。

By 1900, photographs were replacing illustrations in the popular press, and Johnston was helping define a new profession--photojournalism--showing Americans pictures of themselves they had never seen before.

到 1900 年，照片正在取代大众媒体中的插图，约翰斯顿正在帮助定义一个新的职业——新闻摄影——向美国人展示他们以前从未见过的自己的照片。

Johnston traveled across the country, leaving a telling record of the people of her day: coal miners in Pennsylvania; sailors returning from the Spanish-American war immigrants, pouring into New York City; black college students in Virginia; sharecroppers in the South.

约翰斯顿走遍了全国，留下了她那个时代人们的生动记录：宾夕法尼亚州的煤矿工人；从美西战争移民归来的水手，涌入纽约市；弗吉尼亚州的黑人大学生；南方的佃农。

I'm amazed at her appetite for recording the people of her day, how much she traveled, how often she tracked down any opportunity to take pictures.

我很惊讶她对记录她那个时代的人的胃口，她旅行的次数，以及她寻找拍照机会的频率。

In a series of photographs taken at a shoe factory in Lynn, Massachusetts, Johnston challenged the idealized image of women at the turn of the century.

在马萨诸塞州林恩的一家鞋厂拍摄的一系列照片中，约翰斯顿挑战了世纪之交女性的理想化形象。

Johnston's images of women working in factories look slightly bedraggled, they look tired, but they look very alive and human.

约翰斯顿笔下的工厂女工形象看起来有点脏兮兮、疲惫不堪，但她们看起来非常有活力、充满人情味。

They don't look discouraged...

他们看起来并不沮丧...

they look hopeful.

他们看起来充满希望。

Johnston's women have the same kind of pluck that Johnston had and knew in herself.

约翰斯顿笔下的女性拥有约翰斯顿本人所拥有并了解的同样的勇气。

Johnston's finding the vitality in America.

约翰斯顿在美国找到了活力。

And that's very much the spirit of the age.

这就是这个时代的精神。

The vision of America which can move into the next century sure of itself, confident, believing that its dreams, if not true at the moment, will come true.

美国的愿景是能够自信地进入下一个世纪，相信它的梦想即使目前还不能实现，也会实现。

In the spring of 1900, William McKinley was in good spirits, a familiar sight leisurely strolling the streets of Washington.

1900年春天，威廉·麦金莱精神抖擞，悠闲地漫步在华盛顿街头，成为熟悉的景象。

This was a pretty tough bunch of people.

这是一群相当艰难的人。

They were up against a lot of things that the average American today doesn't even think about.

他们面临着许多今天普通美国人甚至没有想到的事情。

Infant death, typhoid...

婴儿死亡、伤寒……

Home, family, and community provided comfort and security...

家、家庭和社区提供舒适和安全......

but change was in the air.

但变化已在空气中。

Nothing prepared them for what they found--the crowds, the noise, the confusion.

他们对所发现的一切毫无准备——人群、噪音、混乱。

The first thing that would confront them would be the smell, the absolutely horrid, horrid smell.

他们首先遇到的就是气味，绝对可怕、可怕的气味。

The city was very much a primitive place.

这座城市是一个非常原始的地方。

The sewage, the human waste, the horse waste, the horse carcasses - need I go further?

污水、人类排泄物、马匹排泄物、马匹尸体——我还需要进一步吗？

New York was the country's largest city in 1900--and the second largest city in the world...

1900 年，纽约是美国最大的城市，也是世界第二大城市……

with more than 3 million people.

人口超过300万。

Trolleys sped along at 12 miles an hour, twice as fast as the horse.

电车以每小时 12 英里的速度行驶，是马的两倍。

Elevated trains rushed above city streets, looking, one writer observed, "like luminous winged serpents skimming through the air." And that spring, the city of New York began to build what would become the largest subway system in the world.

一位作家观察到，高架火车在城市街道上空疾驰，“就像发光的带翅膀的蛇在空中掠过”。那年春天，纽约市开始建造世界上最大的地铁系统。

There was a sense of excitement, of newness, of promise, of hope and expectation...

有一种兴奋、新鲜、承诺、希望和期待的感觉……

that the plain folk, the plain people, were no longer beasts of burden, that life was not a life of toil and trouble and then you die, that there were elements of, of gaiety, of, ah, leisure that were part of daily life.

普通百姓，普通人民，不再是驮畜，生活不再是辛劳和烦恼的生活，然后你就死了，欢乐，啊，休闲的元素是日常生活的一部分。

By 1900, New York was already the entertainment capital of America.

到 1900 年，纽约已经成为美国的娱乐之都。

And for a nickel or a dime, there was nothing more popular than vaudeville.

对于五分钱或一角钱来说，没有什么比歌舞杂耍更受欢迎的了。

The scandalous part of "Sapho" was that at the end of the piece Sapho was carried upstairs, clearly to a bedroom.

《萨福》中令人反感的部分是，在作品的结尾，萨福被抬上楼，显然是被带到了卧室。

And Sapho did not protest.

萨福并没有抗议。

She went willingly to have an illicit sexual relationship with a man and she wasn't punished for it.

她自愿与一名男子发生非法性关系，并且没有因此受到惩罚。

And because the character wasn't punished in the play, Olga had to be punished in real life.

而由于角色在剧中没有受到惩罚，奥尔加在现实生活中也不得不受到惩罚。

Olga was arrested and charged with "violating public decency." She faced a stiff fine and a jail sentence.

奥尔加被捕并被指控“违反公共道德”。她面临严厉的罚款和监禁。

"Sapho" hinted that women, too, were sexual creatures and any hint that women could experience pleasure in sex was, was scandalous, was dangerous...

“萨福”暗示女性也是性动物，任何暗示女性可以体验性快感的暗示都是可耻的、危险的……

and guardians of public morality were working overtime to stop peep shows, dime novels, picture postcards.

公共道德的卫士们加班加点地制止西洋镜、廉价小说和明信片。

There was just too much of it and it was too cheap.

东西太多了，而且太便宜了。

It was too available.

它太可用了。

In 1900, the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice proudly reported seizing more than 19,000 obscene photographs, and 7,000 circulars, catalogues, songs, and poems.

1900 年，纽约制恶协会自豪地报告称，他们查获了 19,000 多张淫秽照片以及 7,000 份传单、目录、歌曲和诗歌。

The show reopened and the censors who had gotten it closed down succeeded only in expanding the audience far beyond what it would have been without the arrest.

该剧重新开播，而关闭该剧的审查人员却成功地扩大了观众数量，远远超出了没有逮捕的情况下的观众人数。

New Yorkers were now seeing things in public places, they'd never seen before.

纽约人现在在公共场所看到了他们以前从未见过的东西。

"The Kiss"--a sixteen-second film created a sensation all over the city.

一部十六秒的电影《吻》轰动全城。

At the turn of the century, film was still new, and people were dazzled by any image that moved.

在世纪之交，电影还很新鲜，任何移动的图像都会让人们眼花​​缭乱。

The movies in 1900 were not what we would imagine today.

1900 年的电影不是我们今天想象的那样。

They were really moving snapshots called "views."..

他们是真正令人感动的快照，称为“视图”。

And people watched in absolute amazement.

人们惊讶地看着。

No one had ever imagined that pictures would ever get to move.

没有人想象过图片会移动。

And they could not believe that they were seeing pictures of people and places that they had read about, maybe dreamed about, but were now there before them.

他们不敢相信自己所看到的人物和地点的照片是他们读过的、也许梦到过的，但现在就在他们面前。

From New York, millions of immigrants moved West.

数百万移民从纽约迁往西部。

They had dreamed of finding streets paved with gold, but many became fodder for America's great industrial engine.

他们曾梦想找到铺满黄金的街道，但许多街道成为了美国伟大工业引擎的素材。

In the Pennsylvania coal fields, the Chicago stockyards, the Pittsburgh steel mills.

在宾夕法尼亚州的煤田、芝加哥的堆料场、匹兹堡的钢厂。

They worked 12 to 16 hour days, 6 days a week, often for as little as $1.35 a day.

他们每天工作 12 至 16 小时，每周工作 6 天，每天的工资通常低至 1.35 美元。

Prey to disaster of every kind, thousands a year were maimed by machines, burned by molten steel, buried by mine explosions.

每年都有成千上万的人遭受各种灾难的折磨，被机器致残、被钢水烧伤、被地雷爆炸掩埋。

The immigrants spread out all over the country--even to the mountains of Utah.

移民遍布全国各地，甚至到达了犹他州的山区。

The hardscrabble town of Scofield was rich in coal, and there was plenty of work for those who wanted it.

斯科菲尔德这个贫困小镇盛产煤炭，对于那些想要煤炭的人来说，这里有很多工作。

The companies would send out representatives to different nationalities.

这些公司将向不同国家派出代表。

First they'll go to the Greeks, then the Italians, then the Finns, and they would pay their way over here to work.

首先他们会去希腊，然后是意大利，然后是芬兰，他们会付钱来这里工作。

My great-grandfather's sons, they were told, like many other immigrants, America was the place to go and have all the luxuries of life or something.

我曾祖父的儿子们被告知，像许多其他移民一样，美国是一个可以去的地方，可以享受生活的一切奢侈。

It didn't prove to be that, though.

但事实证明并非如此。

It's the most dangerous job in the world and it's been the most dangerous job in the world since the 12th century.

这是世界上最危险的工作，也是自 12 世纪以来世界上最危险的工作。

They're working with the basic elements of the earth in these confined and exceedingly dangerous places.

他们正在这些封闭且极其危险的地方研究地球的基本元素。

The Luoma brothers were quiet and industrious.

骆马兄弟安静、勤奋。

Like many miners, they worked as a family team, side-by-side, day after day.

像许多矿工一样，他们作为一个家庭团队，并肩工作，日复一日。

The mines in Scofield were booming, there was money to be made, and the Luomas wrote their aging parents back in Finland.

斯科菲尔德的矿井正在蓬勃发展，有钱可赚，罗马一家给年迈的父母写信回芬兰。

Come.

来。

We'll support you for the rest of your life.

我们将支持你一生。

We'll take care of you.

我们会照顾你的。

You'll have no need to ever go back to work.

您将无需回去工作。

And so it was with that agreement that the parents came from Finland.

因此，根据这一协议，父母来自芬兰。

In February 1900, 70-year-old Abram Luoma, Senior, and his 65-year-old wife Kate had joined their six sons in Scofield.

1900 年 2 月，70 岁的老艾布拉姆·卢马 (Abram Luoma) 和他 65 岁的妻子凯特 (Kate) 来到了斯科菲尔德 (Scofield) 与他们的六个儿子团聚。

The next month, a state inspector arrived at the Winter Quarters mine.

下个月，一名州督察来到了 Winter Quarters 矿场。

The requirement was that they were to water the coal dust down all through the mine in those days.

当时的要求是，要把整个矿井里的煤尘浇掉。

If you imagine in the mine all this coal dust layin' around there that's not wet and it's gets pluffed up in the air and you get an ignition source from an explosion, that dust will explode itself and it creates a flame front just like going down the barrel of a gun.

如果你想象在矿井中，所有这些煤尘都躺在周围，但并不潮湿，它们在空气中膨胀，并且你从爆炸中得到了点火源，这些灰尘会自行爆炸，并产生火焰锋，就像沿着枪管走下去一样。

In 1900, there were no federal mine regulations, few state laws, and no unions in Utah.

1900 年，犹他州没有联邦矿业法规，州法律也很少，也没有工会。

Along with the other men, Abram Luoma and his brothers had little choice.

与其他人一样，艾布拉姆·洛马和他的兄弟们别无选择。

They would do their job--in spite of the dangers.

尽管存在危险，他们仍会完成自己的工作。

One spark, one lamp goes off and that whole mine can turn into a roaring tornado.

一个火花，一盏灯熄灭，整个矿井就会变成一场咆哮的龙卷风。

On the morning of May 1st, the miners were hard at work and had been since daybreak.

5月1日上午，矿工们从天一亮就开始了紧张的工作。

The navy had just signed a new contract with the mine owners, calling for the delivery of 2000 tons of coal a day.

海军刚刚与矿主签订了一份新合同，要求每天运送2000吨煤炭。

Just by fate one of them was not working.

命运使然，其中之一没有工作。

All the rest were working except one.

除了一个之外，其余的都在工作。

He was the youngest son.

他是最小的儿子。

Down in the valley 2 miles away, the women and children were celebrating.

在两英里外的山谷里，妇女和儿童正在庆祝。

It was May 1st and they were having a May Day party of some kind for the children.

那是 5 月 1 日，他们正在为孩子们举办某种五一节聚会。

And when they heard the noise they didn't get excited at all.

当他们听到声音时，他们一点也不兴奋。

They thought it was fireworks.

他们以为那是烟花。

At 10:20 am, May 1, 1900, the most violent mine explosion America had ever known rocked the town of Scofield.

1900 年 5 月 1 日上午 10 点 20 分，美国有史以来最猛烈的地雷爆炸震撼了斯科菲尔德镇。

Some men were blown out of the tunnels like cannonballs.

有些人像炮弹一样被炸出了隧道。

More than two hundred others were trapped inside.

另有两百多人被困在里面。

Abram Luoma and his wife Kate joined hundreds of terrified women and children, hurrying toward the mine.

艾布拉姆·洛马 (Abram Luoma) 和他的妻子凯特 (Kate) 与数百名惊恐万状的妇女和儿童一起，匆匆奔向矿井。

There was complete chaos.

一片混乱。

All they know is that there's been a big explosion and they don't know what the--the impact of that explosion.

他们只知道发生了一次大爆炸，但他们不知道爆炸的影响是什么。

Is everybody dead?

大家都死了吗？

Is only a few people dead?

难道只死了几个人吗？

Once you have an explosion like that, you've used up all the oxygen in the air.

一旦发生这样的爆炸，空气中的氧气就被耗尽了。

So the company had to restore the air into that mine in order to go in and see what the damage is.

因此，该公司必须恢复矿井中的空气，才能进去看看损坏情况。

By late afternoon they had already recovered 60 or 70 bodies.

到下午晚些时候，他们已经找到了 60 或 70 具尸体。

I was told they found groups of people in stacks.

有人告诉我他们发现了成堆的人。

And you could tell by the way they were layin' and the way they were trying to find air space, that these people lived for a while, but the air was so bad and the lack of oxygen, they finally died.

从他们躺着的方式以及他们试图寻找空气空间的方式你可以看出，这些人活了一段时间，但空气很糟糕，缺乏氧气，他们最终死了。

They brought in trainfuls of people to work and help to clear out the mine.

他们派了大批人员来工作并帮助清理矿井。

And if you can imagine, they even brought one whole trainful of just caskets.

如果你能想象的话，他们甚至带来了一整列棺材。

And I think that there were 200 caskets on the first train that was brought in, but it wasn't nearly enough.

我认为第一趟运进来的火车上有 200 个棺材，但这还远远不够。

The Scofield mine disaster had been the worst in the history of the United States.

斯科菲尔德矿难是美国历史上最严重的一次。

Over 200 men had died that morning, leaving 107 widows and 268 children without fathers.

当天早上，超过 200 名男子死亡，留下 107 名寡妇和 268 名失去父亲的儿童。

Every family in town was grieving.

镇上的每个家庭都沉浸在悲痛之中。

Zeph Thomas buried two brothers and two nephews.

泽夫·托马斯埋葬了两个兄弟和两个侄子。

The Miller family lost 3 brothers.

米勒家族失去了 3 个兄弟。

Oh, It was terrible for them.

哦，这对他们来说太可怕了。

And I remember my grandmother explaining how he had told her that, "If I don't live any longer than a cat, I am not dying in America." And he and his wife went back to Finland.

我记得我的祖母解释了他是如何告诉她的：“如果我的寿命不比猫长，我就不会死在美国。”他和他的妻子回到了芬兰。

The coal company had no trouble replacing those who had been killed.

煤炭公司毫不费力地替换那些被杀的人。

There were applications from men from all over the country.

来自全国各地的男士纷纷提出申请。

But in the spring of 1900, as the men returned to the mines, the explosion was carved in their memory.

但在 1900 年春天，当人们返回矿井时，那次爆炸深深地铭刻在他们的记忆中。

"Remember the Scofield Disaster" would become the rallying cry when 8 months later miners attempted to organize a union for their protection.

8 个月后，当矿工们试图组织工会来保护自己时，“记住斯科菲尔德灾难”成为了战斗口号。

In 1900, the fourth of July was an especially joyous, noisy affair.

1900 年的七月四日是一个特别欢乐、喧闹的日子。

Everyone who could kept his carriage home that day.

那天所有能保留马车回家的人。

Fireworks were known to unnerve the horses.

众所周知，烟花会使马匹感到不安。

That summer, Americans were counting themselves: the 1900 census totaled 76 million of them.

那年夏天，美国人开始统计自己：1900 年的人口普查显示，美国人总数为 7600 万。

There were now more telephones than bathtubs, but still more blacksmiths than doctors, only 8000 cars and in all the country less than 10 miles of concrete roads.

现在电话比浴缸还多，但铁匠比医生还多，汽车只有 8000 辆，全国的混凝土道路还不到 10 英里。

On July 4, as tradition demanded, Americans proudly read from the Declaration of Independence, but that summer, old fashioned patriotism mingled with old fashioned politics.

7 月 4 日，按照传统要求，美国人自豪地宣读了《独立宣言》，但那年夏天，老式的爱国主义与老式的政治交织在一起。

1900 was an election year.

1900 年是选举年。

The great question...

伟大的问题...

who would lead the nation into the 20th Century?

谁将带领国家进入20世纪？

In Washington the last summer of the 19th century began quietly.

十九世纪的最后一个夏天在华盛顿悄然开始。

Tourists moved through the city, guidebooks in hand, wandering from one government building to the next.

游客们手里拿着旅游指南，在这座城市里穿行，从一栋政府大楼漫步到另一栋政府大楼。

Washington was more like a small town than the capitol of a great nation...

华盛顿更像是一个小镇，而不是一个伟大国家的国会大厦......

so informal that one government bureaucrat kept a hen by his desk.

如此非正式，以至于一位政府官员在办公桌旁养了一只母鸡。

Roosevelt's charge up San Juan Hill had captured the imagination of the country.

罗斯福登上圣胡安山的冲锋引起了全国的关注。

One Kansas newspaperman wrote Theodore Roosevelt: "is the coming American of the twentieth Century." When Roosevelt won his party's nomination for vice-president, McKinley had the running mate he needed.

堪萨斯州的一位新闻记者写信给西奥多·罗斯福：“他是二十世纪即将到来的美国人。”当罗斯福赢得党内副总统提名时，麦金莱找到了他需要的竞选搭档。

Dear Loved Ones, Did you hear of the trouble the Christians are having in the two provinces just East of us?

亲爱的亲人们，你们听说过基督徒在我们东部的两个省份遇到的麻烦吗？

There is a native secret society called the Boxers, who say they are going to overthrow the Protestant religion in China.

有一个本土的秘密社团叫做义和团，他们声称要推翻中国的新教。

Just how far they will be allowed to persecute missionaries and their converts is not easy to say.

他们将被允许迫害传教士和他们的皈依者到什么程度还很难说。

With love to you all, Eva.

爱你们所有人，伊娃。

Eva Price was a missionary from Des Moines, Iowa, one of thousands of Americans about to be swept up in a brutal war that would rivet the attention of the country all through that summer.

伊娃·普赖斯是来自爱荷华州得梅因的一名传教士，她是即将卷入一场残酷战争的数千名美国人之一，这场战争整个夏天都吸引着全国的注意力。

One of the great ironies about 1900 is that the United States appears as one of the great world powers at the very moment that the world is exploding into revolution.

1900 年的最大讽刺之一是，在世界爆发革命的那一刻，美国却成为世界强国之一。

Eva had arrived in China 11 years before to find an angry, frustrated people, their country carved up by hostile, foreign powers bent on exploiting its vast markets.

十一年前，伊娃抵达中国，发现这里的人民愤怒、沮丧，他们的国家被敌对的外国势力瓜分，一心想要开发其广阔的市场。

By 1900, China is looked at as a nation that can not defend itself.

到1900年，中国被视为一个无法自卫的国家。

China would be described as a "bone among the dogs...

中国将被描述为“狗中的骨头......

The dogs are, of course, the imperial powers.

狗当然是皇权。

And the United States is one of the dogs competing for the bone." China is seen as a great prize, as a bottomless market for both industrial exports and for missionaries.

而美国就是争夺骨头的狗之一。”中国被视为一个巨大的奖品，对于工业出口和传教士来说都是一个无底的市场。

In 1900, thousands of missionaries, inspired by the evangelical fervor sweeping American universities, were spreading the Gospel in Asia.

1900年，成千上万的传教士受到席卷美国大学的福音热潮的启发，在亚洲传播福音。

"China is open to the gospel now," missionary leaders said.

“中国现在对福音持开放态度，”传教士领袖说。

"It may not be so when she becomes strong enough to dictate her treaties."

“当她变得强大到足以决定她的条约时，情况可能就不同了。”

Eva was a very home-loving person.

伊娃是一个非常爱家的人。

She had her family here.

她的家人在这里。

She loved them dearly, and it was very hard for her to leave...

她深深地爱着他们，她很难离开……

She longed for letters from home and from her loved ones.

她渴望收到家乡和亲人的来信。

She was very lonesome.

她很孤独。

But they wanted to do something for the betterment of the world and to, ah, spread Christianity was their way.

但他们想做一些事情来改善世界，传播基督教就是他们的方式。

Eva and Charles ran a school, nursed the old, and the sick, taught the Bible.

伊娃和查尔斯经营一所学校，照顾老人和病人，教授圣经。

Eager to record the exotic world around her, Eva brought along a camera.

伊娃渴望记录周围的异国世界，她带了一台相机。

Like most Americans, she saw the Chinese as a backward people, mired in superstition and magic, worshiping idols, waiting for the blessings of conversion.

和大多数美国人一样，她认为中国人是落后的民族，深陷迷信和魔法的泥潭，崇拜偶像，等待皈依的祝福。

The Chinese saw Eva as a barbarian, corrupting their ancient culture and religion.

中国人将伊娃视为野蛮人，腐蚀了他们古老的文化和宗教。

"The missionaries destroy the gods we worship," protested the Chinese.

“传教士摧毁了我们崇拜的神，”中国人抗议道。

"They revile our ethics, ignore reason.

“他们辱骂我们的道德，无视理性。

Their aim is to engulf the country."

他们的目标是吞没整个国家。”

The Chinese couldn't figure out why the missionaries were coming into their land.

中国人不明白为什么传教士要进入他们的土地。

Their main word for them was foreign devils.

他们对他们的主要称呼就是洋鬼子。

And that's what they called them--foreign devils.

这就是他们所说的——洋鬼子。

With hatred of outsiders growing, a mysterious sect began roaming the countryside, burning churches, and killing missionaries.

随着对外来者的仇恨与日俱增，一个神秘的教派开始在乡村游荡，焚烧教堂，杀害传教士。

They were called the Boxers.

他们被称为义和团。

Their rallying cry--"Exterminate the foreigner." Their prime target--the missionaries.

他们的口号是“消灭外国人”。他们的主要目标是传教士。

It is not surprising that the Boxers would target the missionaries.

义和团针对传教士的攻击并不奇怪。

Once American missionaries were able to get into interior provinces of China, it opened these provinces up to American business people, and consequently American diplomatic officials on the scene nicely call the American missionaries the pioneers for American trade and business, because once they opened up an area, then the other Americans could come along behind and sell goods.

美国传教士一旦能够进入中国内陆省份，就向美国商人开放了这些省份，于是在场的美国外交官员就亲切地称美国传教士是美国贸易和商业的先驱，因为一旦他们开辟了一个地区，其他美国人就可以跟在后面卖东西了。

The Chinese did not miss this.

中国人没有错过这一点。

By the summer of 1900, the Boxer uprising had spread to the province where the Prices lived and worked.

到1900年夏天，义和团起义已经蔓延到普赖斯夫妇生活和工作的省份。

Dear Home Folks, We are all well and as happy as circumstances will allow, putting our trust in Him for whose sake we are here.

亲爱的家乡人民，我们一切都很好，在情况允许的情况下很高兴，我们相信他，我们是为了他而来到这里。

Florence has quite a curiosity to see the "Boxers" but I hope she'll not get a chance.

弗洛伦斯非常想看看“义和团”，但我希望她没有机会。

Love to you all, Eva

爱你们所有人，伊娃

All summer, the new, fast trans-Atlantic steamers were fully booked, and had been for months.

整个夏天，新的、快速的跨大西洋轮船都被订满了，而且这种情况已经持续了好几个月。

75 thousand Americans were sailing for France--teachers from Ohio, meatpackers from Kansas City, firemen from Chicago, all bound for the 1900 Paris Exposition.

7.5 万名美国人正乘船前往法国，其中包括来自俄亥俄州的教师、来自堪萨斯城的肉类加工商、来自芝加哥的消防员，所有人都前往参加 1900 年的巴黎博览会。

Over fifty-seven million people came that year to see thousands of exhibits from every corner of the globe.

那一年，有超过 5700 万人前来参观来自全球各个角落的数千件展品。

The world's fairs were a showplace for the wonders of the present and the wonders of the future, a place for every country, every product, every nationality, every ethnic group to show off.

世界博览会是当今奇迹和未来奇迹的展示场所，是每个国家、每种产品、每个民族、每个民族展示的场所。

And you got a sense that the world was a bit smaller, and America was very much a part of it.

你会感觉到世界变小了一些，而美国是其中的一部分。

American businessmen found the Exposition a glorious opportunity to hawk everything from linotype machines to processed meats.

美国商人发现博览会是一个兜售从排字机到加工肉类等各种商品的绝佳机会。

"The Americanization of the World," an English writer noted, is well under way." The Paris Exposition was a tribute to technology and progress.

一位英国作家指出，“世界的美国化正在顺利进行。”巴黎博览会是对技术和进步的致敬。

Visitors marveled at moving sidewalks, wireless telegraphy, the most powerful telescope ever built, and the first escalator anyone had ever seen.

参观者惊叹于自动人行道、无线电报、有史以来最强大的望远镜以及人们见过的第一部自动扶梯。

At night, the city was ablaze.

入夜，城内一片火光。

An electrical search light was said to be "like the finger of some Sun God."

据说电子探照灯“就像太阳神的手指”。

Each world's fair catalogued in hierarchical rank peoples of the world and the white folk were always at the top and the people of color, far at the bottom.

每届世界博览会都按世界人民的等级等级进行分类，白人总是处于顶部，而有色人种则远远处于底部。

People from the Philippines or from Africa were displayed as examples of the brutish savagery that highlighted the essential goodness, by contrast, of white Americans and white Europeans.

来自菲律宾或非洲的人被展示为野蛮野蛮的例子，相比之下，凸显了美国白人和欧洲白人的本质善良。

In 1900, the belief that people of color were inferior to white people was as widespread in the United States as any place in the world.

1900 年，“有色人种不如白人”的观念在美国和世界上任何地方一样普遍。

Popular songs, theater, vaudeville all portrayed African Americans as ignorant, foolish, and child-like.

流行歌曲、戏剧、歌舞杂耍都将非裔美国人描绘成无知、愚蠢和孩子气的样子。

American culture was so racist, and thought of African Americans as inferior, as a matter of course.

美国文化是如此的种族主义，并且理所当然地认为非裔美国人是低等的。

We were depicted as buffoons, oftentimes eating watermelon, with huge red lips and large eyes.

我们被描绘成小丑，经常吃西瓜，有着巨大的红嘴唇和大眼睛。

And they essentially made African Americans ridiculous.

他们本质上让非裔美国人变得荒谬。

This kind of racism was kind of a paternalism.

这种种族主义是一种家长式作风。

Yes, these people are inferior, they will never be as great as we are, but we can help them.

是的，这些人是低等的，他们永远不会像我们一样伟大，但我们可以帮助他们。

Although many black Americans were doctors, ministers, teachers, writers, most found themselves trapped in a hostile world.

尽管许多美国黑人都是医生、牧师、教师、作家，但大多数人发现自己陷入了一个充满敌意的世界。

9 out of 10 still lived in the South where they were denied the freedoms that other Americans took for granted--even the right to vote.

十分之九的人仍然生活在南方，在那里他们被剥夺了其他美国人视为理所当然的自由——甚至投票权。

By 1900, we had no rights.

到了 1900 年，我们已经没有任何权利了。

We were not treated like second-class citizens, we were treated as non-citizens.

我们没有被当作二等公民对待，我们被当作非公民对待。

After the Civil War, African Americans had voted, sent representatives to Congress, served as sheriffs, justices of the peace, and sat alongside whites on juries, school boards and city councils.

内战结束后，非裔美国人参与投票，向国会派出代表，担任治安官、太平绅士，并与白人一起担任陪审团、学校董事会和市议会的成员。

By 1900 the South was what we call Jim Crowed.

到 1900 年，南方已成为我们所说的吉姆·克劳德 (Jim Crowed)。

That meant that it was segregated.

这意味着它被隔离了。

We were not going to be seated next to whites.

我们不会坐在白人旁边。

We couldn't use the same facilities as whites.

我们不能使用与白人相同的设施。

And to make sure that African Americans did not attempt to assert themselves in any way, the white South resorted to terrorism.

为了确保非裔美国人不会试图以任何方式维护自己的利益，南方白人诉诸了恐怖主义。

The last 16 years of the 19th century, there were 2500 lynchings in the South.

19世纪最后16年，南方发生了2500起私刑。

And the majority of them were African Americans.

其中大多数是非裔美国人。

And that terrorism reached an intensity in 1900.

恐怖主义在 1900 年达到了顶峰。

Early that year, Representative George White of North Carolina had put a bill before Congress to make lynching a federal crime.

那年早些时候，北卡罗来纳州众议员乔治·怀特向国会提交了一项法案，将私刑定为联邦犯罪。

Not long before, there had been 22 black Congressmen in Washington.

不久前，华盛顿还有22名黑人国会议员。

Now, in both the House and Senate, George White was the only one who remained.

现在，在众议院和参议院，乔治·怀特是唯一留下来的人。

"To cheapen Negro life," he said, "is to cheapen all life.

“贬低黑人的生命，”他说，“就是贬低所有的生命。

The first murder paves the way for the second until crime ceases to be abhorrent."

第一起谋杀案为第二起谋杀案铺平了道路，直到犯罪不再令人憎恶。”

There had been 107 reported lynchings in 1899, White told the House.

怀特告诉众议院，1899 年据报道发生了 107 起私刑。

His bill was designed to stop the killing.

他的法案旨在制止杀戮。

George White's anti-lynching bill really didn't have a chance...

乔治·怀特的反私刑法案确实没有机会......

a bill by the last remaining African American Congressman was not going to get anywhere...

最后一位非裔美国国会议员提出的法案不会有任何进展......

whites in Congress, many of them from the South said, we need to keep the vicious, brutal African American males in line to keep them from attacking the flower of white womanhood.

国会中的白人（其中许多来自南方）表示，我们需要让邪恶、残暴的非裔美国男性保持一致，以防止他们攻击白人女性之花。

With terror and oppression part of daily life, America's 9 million blacks looked to one man more than any other for leadership.

由于恐怖和压迫已成为日常生活的一部分，美国 900 万黑人比任何其他人都更依赖一个人来发挥领导作用。

Booker T.

布克·T.

Washington was just finishing his autobiography, "Up From Slavery," which would inspire generations of black Americans.

华盛顿刚刚完成他的自传《摆脱奴隶制》，这本书激励了几代美国黑人。

Washington had worked his way from being a slave to being a coal miner as a little boy, to working for a wealthy white woman, to setting up this school in Tuskegee.

华盛顿从小就从奴隶变成了煤矿工人，再到为富有的白人妇女工作，最后在塔斯基吉建立了这所学校。

Back in 1881, Washington had founded Tuskegee Institute, dedicated to teaching black Americans practical skills.

早在 1881 年，华盛顿就创立了塔斯基吉学院，致力于教授美国黑人实用技能。

"Our knowledge," he said, "must be harnessed to the real things in life."

“我们的知识，”他说，“必须应用于生活中的真实事物。”

He was advocating for African Americans to be carpenters, to be bricklayers, to be seamstresses...

他提倡非裔美国人成为木匠、瓦匠、裁缝……

to create black businesses and to become a self-reliant people.

创建黑人企业并成为自力更生的人。

Booker T.

布克·T.

Washington was an accommodationist.

华盛顿是一个迁就主义者。

And his program was to accommodate the social and political situation of the South.

他的计划是适应南方的社会和政治局势。

Washington felt that if you don't have economic power, then you're going to the white man empty-handed.

华盛顿认为，如果你没有经济实力，那么你就会空手而归。

Black progress, Washington said, "must be laid on love of work, economy, ownership of property, bank accounts." But in 1900, a new black leader was emerging, unwilling to compromise with white America.

华盛顿说，黑人的进步“必须建立在对工作、经济、财产所有权和银行账户的热爱之上”。但 1900 年，一位新的黑人领袖出现，不愿与美国白人妥协。

W.E.B.

W.E.B.

Du Bois believed that without political power African Americans would never achieve equality.

杜波依斯认为，如果没有政治权力，非裔美国人永远无法实现平等。

Du Bois did not feel that you could accommodate injustice.

杜波依斯认为你不能容忍不公正现象。

He felt that if you didn't demand your rights as other citizens, you were really selling your people short.

他认为，如果你不要求享有其他公民的权利，你就真的低估了你的人民。

Du Bois never intended to be an activist.

杜波依斯从未打算成为一名活动家。

He wanted to be a scholar.

他想成为一名学者。

Born free in a small New England town, he had studied Greek and Latin as a boy, and became the first black to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard.

他出生在新英格兰的一个小镇，是自由人，小时候就学习希腊语和拉丁语，并成为第一个获得博士学位的黑人。来自哈佛大学。

By the spring of 1899, Du Bois was a 31 year old professor of sociology at Atlanta University.

1899 年春天，31 岁的杜波依斯已成为亚特兰大大学社会学教授。

He believed he could fight bigotry and hatred with reason and scholarship.

他相信他可以用理性和学识来对抗偏执和仇恨。

Du Bois believed in the power of social science to transform the society.

杜波依斯相信社会科学具有改变社会的力量。

He kept saying, "Americans are thinking wrong about race because they don't know."

他一直说，“美国人对种族的看法是错误的，因为他们不知道。”

But then Du Bois witnessed a crime so vicious that it convinced him that writing alone was not enough to overcome the prejudice of white Americans.

但随后杜波依斯亲眼目睹了如此恶毒的犯罪行为，这让他相信仅靠写作不足以克服美国白人的偏见。

And Du Bois passed the storefront in which the dismembered parts of Mr. Hose were on display, he stopped, riveted to the spot and went back to campus, and decided that social science wouldn't transform society, that politics would.

杜波依斯经过陈列着霍斯先生被肢解部分的店面时，他停下来，固定在现场，然后回到校园，并决定社会科学不会改变社会，而政治可以。

Du Bois becomes convinced that the cure for society's ills was not to tell people the truth, but to convince them to act upon that truth.

杜波依斯坚信，治愈社会弊病的方法不是告诉人们真相，而是说服他们按照真相采取行动。

Du Bois would soon break openly with Booker T.

杜波依斯很快就与布克·T公开决裂。

Washington: "Mr. Washington," Du Bois would write "asks black people to give up political power, civil rights, higher education of Negro youth.

华盛顿：“华盛顿先生，”杜波依斯写道，“要求黑人放弃政治权力、公民权利、黑人青年的高等教育。

But Negroes must insist that voting is necessary for modern manhood, that discrimination is barbarism, that black boys need education as well as white boys." The problem of race, he said in 1900, would be the problem for the 20th century.

但黑人必须坚持认为，投票对于现代男子气概是必要的，歧视是野蛮行为，黑人男孩和白人男孩一样需要教育。”他在 1900 年表示，种族问题将是 20 世纪的问题。

All through the spring and early summer, Americans were reading that the Boxer Rebellion had spread...

整个春天和初夏，美国人都在读到义和团运动已经蔓延……

more churches had been destroyed, more missionaries, killed.

更多的教堂被摧毁，更多的传教士被杀害。

"We have heard," Eva Price wrote "that the Boxers are in our own city...

“我们听说，”伊娃·普莱斯写道，“义和团就在我们自己的城市......

We have learned what it is to have the feeling that we were facing death itself." 300 miles North of the Prices, in Peking, the capital of China.

我们已经了解了面对死亡本身的感觉是什么。”价格以北 300 英里，位于中国首都北京。

The compound where hundreds of foreign diplomats lived had come under siege.

数百名外国外交官居住的大院遭到围攻。

Among those trapped inside were Americans and their families--surrounded by more than 20,000 angry Chinese.

被困在里面的人中有美国人和他们的家人，周围还有两万多名愤怒的中国人。

And everyone understands that if this siege succeeds, that they are probably going to massacre all of the foreigners that they can get their hands on.

每个人都明白，如果这次围攻成功，他们很可能会屠杀所有他们能抓到的外国人。

On June 13, the Boxers cut the telegraph lines connecting the foreign compound with the rest of the world.

6 月 13 日，义和团切断了连接外国大院与世界其他地方的电报线。

With American soldiers already dying in an unpopular war in the Philippines, McKinley was being forced once again to take action on the other side of the globe.

由于美国士兵已经在菲律宾一场不受欢迎的战争中丧生，麦金莱被迫再次在地球另一端采取行动。

McKinley has to make an historic decision.

麦金莱必须做出历史性决定。

And the decision is whether or not to send US troops out of Manila and onto the mainland of Asia.

决定是是否将美军从马尼拉派遣到亚洲大陆。

And what McKinley does is not only order the troops onto the Asian mainland to fight on, in China, but he does it without consulting anyone.

麦金莱所做的不仅是命令军队前往亚洲大陆、中国继续作战，而且他在没有咨询任何人的情况下就这样做了。

He essentially goes to war without asking Congress anything about it.

他基本上没有向国会询问任何事情就发动了战争。

And it becomes a very important historic precedent, that later American presidents will use to order American troops around the world.

这成为一个非常重要的历史先例，后来的美国总统将用它来命令美国在世界各地的军队。

By the end of June, 2,500 American soldiers had left Manila to join an international army.

截至6月底，2500名美国士兵已离开马尼拉加入国际军队。

Their mission--to put an end to the Boxer Rebellion and liberate the hostages.

他们的使命是结束义和团运动并释放人质。

Far from Peking, the Prices faced increasing danger.

远离北京，价格面临着越来越大的危险。

"We're living in a suspense that cannot be imagined," Eva wrote.

“我们生活在一个无法想象的悬念之中，”伊娃写道。

"We live moment by moment."

“我们每时每刻都在生活。”

A killer heat wave hit America that summer, holding most of the nation in its grip.

那年夏天，一场致命的热浪席卷了美国，席卷了美国大部分地区。

From Portland, Maine to the Great Lakes, summer meant escaping to the shore--if only for a day.

从缅因州波特兰到五大湖，夏天意味着逃离海岸——哪怕只是一天。

As never before, vacations were becoming a part of American life.

假期前所未有地成为美国人生活的一部分。

The wealthy spent their summers in exclusive enclaves.

富人在专属飞地度过夏天。

In 1900, there were 4,000 millionaires, and with no income tax, a million dollars went a long way.

1900 年，有 4000 名百万富翁，在没有所得税的情况下，一百万美元已经足够了。

The rich idled their summers away--living much as kings would, if kings had the money.

富人们在夏天无所事事——如果国王有钱的话，他们会过着像国王一样的生活。

By 1900, the great American fortunes far surpassed the fortunes of the leading dukes and lords and royal heads of Europe.

到1900年，美国的巨大财富远远超过了欧洲主要公爵、领主和皇室首脑的财富。

In the summers, these people went to Newport, to Southampton, to Maine.

夏天，这些人去了纽波特、南安普敦、缅因州。

And they built fabulous, luxurious chateaux, especially in Newport.

他们建造了神话般的豪华城堡，尤其是在纽波特。

That was the fashionable colony.

那是时尚的殖民地。

There were ornate palaces with over a hundred rooms, called cottages, and competitions to see who could hold the most outrageous party.

这里有华丽的宫殿，有一百多个房间，称为小屋，并举行比赛，看谁能举办最令人震惊的聚会。

One host invited his guests to bring their horses to a sit-down dinner.

一位主人邀请他的客人带着他们的马去参加一顿晚宴。

People gave elaborate costume balls; in which, at one of them, there were something like 14 people who came as Louis XVI.

人们举办精心设计的化装舞会；其中，有大约 14 个人以路易十六的身份前来参加。

There were lots of Napoleons and a few Marie Antoinettes.

有很多拿破仑和一些玛丽·安托瓦内特。

In small towns that summer, there were picnics, sports, fireworks, and the music of John Philip Sousa.

那年夏天，小镇上有野餐、运动、烟火和约翰·菲利普·苏萨的音乐。

John Philip Sousa was everywhere in 1900 and band music was everywhere...

1900 年，约翰·菲利普·苏萨 (John Philip Sousa) 无处不在，乐队音乐也无处不在……

there weren't too many middle-class people in America listening to Beethoven, because how could they?

美国没有太多中产阶级听贝多芬的音乐，因为他们怎么可能听呢？

They were no recordings, yet.

他们还没有录音。

They couldn't go to the concert halls.

他们不能去音乐厅。

The philharmonic was not accessible.

爱乐乐团无法访问。

Band music on tour, the concert in the park, was cookin' in 1900....

1900 年，巡回演出的乐队音乐、公园里的音乐会正在如火如荼地进行……

John Philip Sousa was the Arthur Fiedler of his time.

约翰·菲利普·苏萨是他那个时代的阿瑟·费德勒。

But people loved it, he didn't have any strings, he didn't have any violins.

但人们喜欢它，他没有任何弦乐，也没有任何小提琴。

He couldn't do a lot of things.

很多事情他都无能为力。

He didn't have any pianists.

他没有钢琴家。

He had bands.

他有乐队。

Horns.

角。

I mean you had to be heard across the park.

我的意思是，整个公园都必须听到你的声音。

Sousa was king, but in 1900, outdoor band concerts had a new kind of competition.

索萨是王者，但在 1900 年，户外乐队音乐会出现了一种新的竞争形式。

Americans everywhere were listening to records, buying sheet music and pianos, and singing the same songs.

世界各地的美国人都在听唱片、购买乐谱和钢琴、唱同样的歌曲。

The music industry had just been born.

音乐产业刚刚诞生。

Songs had become commodities.

歌曲已经成为商品。

It was possible to publish a tune in New York on Friday and have copies of it in San Francisco next week, not to mention Des Moines and everywhere in between...The five and ten.

周五在纽约发行一首曲子，下周在旧金山发行它的副本是可能的，更不用说得梅因和其他地方了……五到十。

That's where the music was merchandised...

那是音乐的销售地......

Rural free deliver, RFD, kicked in in 1897.

农村免费送货 (RFD) 于 1897 年启动。

So the farmers could get some music...

这样农民就可以得到一些音乐......

Here was finally a business.

这里终于有生意了。

An industry.

一个行业。

There's money to be made and out of the woodwork come all of these young dudes saying, "Hey, man, let's go into the music business!" "I don't know anything about it." "Never mind.

有钱可赚，所有这些年轻人都突然说：“嘿，伙计，让我们进入音乐行业吧！” “我对此一无所知。” “没关系。

we can sell sheet music.

我们可以出售乐谱。

They sold a million copies in Chicago last week.

上周他们在芝加哥售出一百万张。

Let's go."

我们走吧。”

In 1900, a new hit was flying off the racks of five and dime stores all across the country--"The Maple Leaf Rag" by Scott Joplin.

1900 年，斯科特·乔普林 (Scott Joplin) 的《枫叶抹布》(The Maple Leaf Rag) 在全国五家廉价商店的货架上飞速销售。

Eighteen-ninety-nine, late in the year, Scott Joplin's first successful rag "The Maple Leaf Rag" is published out in Sedalia, Missouri.

18 月 99 日，年底，斯科特·乔普林的第一部成功的抹布《枫叶抹布》在密苏里州锡代利亚出版。

In 1900, it snowballed, it sold and sold and sold and it's probably the best selling rag of all time.

1900 年，它像滚雪球一样越滚越大，卖啊卖啊，它可能是有史以来最畅销的抹布。

Joplin had learned classical music from his father, a former slave, who was an accomplished violinist, and the syncopated style of plantation songs and dances from his mother, who played the banjo and sang in church choirs.

乔普林从他的父亲（一位前奴隶、一位出色的小提琴家）那里学习古典音乐，从他的母亲那里学习切分音风格的种植园歌曲和舞蹈，母亲弹班卓琴并在教堂唱诗班唱歌。

Ragtime is not an unsophisticated music...

拉格泰姆并不是一种简单的音乐......

Rhythmically it's complex, the left hand keeps a constant beat, the right hand is constantly going off that beat.

从节奏上来说，它很复杂，左手保持恒定的节拍，右手不断地偏离该节拍。

And when it does that continuously, it creates an elation.

当它持续这样做时，就会产生一种兴高采烈的感觉。

I can't explain why that is, but in the hands of someone that knows how to do it, it's exciting.

我无法解释为什么会这样，但在知道如何做到这一点的人手中，这是令人兴奋的。

In 1900, Joplin was 32 years old, and had spent most of his life traveling around the Midwest, making music with other African American musicians--the musicians who invented ragtime.

1900 年，乔普林 32 岁，一生大部分时间都在中西部旅行，与其他非裔美国音乐家（发明拉格泰姆的音乐家）一起创作音乐。

In 1900, you have these very talented young black musicians who are now absorbing all of the music that's around them...

1900 年，这些非常有才华的年轻黑人音乐家现在正在吸收周围所有的音乐......

they heard French quadrilles, they heard Baptist hymns, plus they heard the European masters.

他们听到了法国方阵，他们听到了浸信会赞美诗，此外他们还听到了欧洲大师的演奏。

They heard Chopin, they heard Mendelssohn.

他们听到了肖邦，他们听到了门德尔松。

But because it came from the black world...the whole thing was considered...

但因为是来自黑色世界……所以才算……

as gross, an intrusion, bad.

粗俗、侵入、糟糕。

"This invasion of vulgarity in music [is] a national calamity," wrote one critic.

一位评论家写道：“音乐中这种粗俗的入侵是一场国家灾难。”

"This plague is upon us...

“这场瘟疫正在降临到我们身上......

like an epidemic of cholera...

就像霍乱的流行一样......

The people have sold themselves body and soul to the musical satan...

人们把自己的身体和灵魂出卖给了音乐撒旦......

alas, this is what sells."

唉，这就是卖的东西。”

It's going to take some time for the pianists, not to mention the ears of Americans, to say, "What is that?

钢琴家需要一些时间，更不用说美国人的耳朵了，才能说：“那是什么？

Wow, I like that.

哇，我喜欢这样。

What are they playing, Harriet?

他们在玩什么，哈丽特？

I mean it's exciting.

我的意思是这很令人兴奋。

What do they call that?

他们管这个叫什么？

Oh, they call it rag time."

哦，他们称之为拉格时间。”

In China, the crisis grew more ominous as the siege in Peking continued.

在中国，随着北京围困的继续，危机变得更加不祥。

Inside the foreign compound, 480 men were holding off 20,000 Chinese with just 5 cannons.

在洋军大院内，480名男子仅用5门大炮就抵挡住了2万名中国人。

7 Americans had been killed, many more wounded.

7 名美国人被杀，还有更多人受伤。

Supplies were dwindling.

供应正在减少。

The diplomats and their families were surviving on rice and the meat from slaughtered horses.

外交官和他们的家人靠大米和宰杀的马肉为生。

American consul Edwin Conger, managed to smuggle out one last desperate message: "Quick relief only can prevent general massacre."

美国领事埃德温·康格成功传达了最后一条绝望的信息：“只有快速救援才能防止大屠杀。”

The United States had never sent a military force outside the Western Hemisphere until 1898.

直到 1898 年，美国才向西半球以外地区派出军队。

Suddenly in 1900, we have 5,000 American troops on the mainland of Asia, fighting in league with the European powers.

突然间，1900年，我们在亚洲大陆有5000名美军，与欧洲列强联合作战。

This was something that was unimaginable two years before.

这在两年前是不可想象的。

"If only soldiers would come into our province," Eva Price wrote home, "we would probably be saved.

“如果只有士兵进入我们的省，”伊娃·普赖斯在家里写信说，“我们可能就会得救。

We have so longed and prayed they may come in time."

我们如此渴望并祈祷他们能及时到来。”

they were virtually trapped because they were in the interior and there really was almost no way out.

他们实际上被困住了，因为他们身处内陆，几乎没有出路。

And all they could hope for really was that the allied soldiers would come soon.

他们唯一能期盼的就是联军士兵很快就会到来。

On July 5, Theodore Roosevelt, campaigning in the Midwest, defended McKinley's decision to send troops to China.

7月5日，西奥多·罗斯福在中西部竞选时为麦金莱出兵中国的决定进行了辩护。

America's new role as a world power demanded it, he said.

他说，美国作为世界强国的新角色需要这样做。

As for the war in the Philippines we should hold on to that island nation at any cost.

至于菲律宾战争，我们应该不惜一切代价保住这个岛国。

"I am for expansion every time," Roosevelt told the crowds.

“我每次都支持扩张，”罗斯福对人群说。

"I do not want this flag to come down where our men have fought and shed their blood for it."

“我不希望这面旗帜在我们的战士为之奋斗、流血的地方倒下。”

This was a time which the Philippine insurrection was going badly.

这是菲律宾叛乱进行得很糟糕的时期。

This was the time when the Boxers were besieging the foreign compound and we did not know whether or not they were going to massacre all of the foreigners in China and it looked as though, ah, McKinley's foreign policies were in shambles.

当时义和团正在围攻洋大院，我们不知道他们是否要屠杀所有在中国的外国人，看来啊，麦金莱的外交政策一团糟。

All summer, Bryan drew huge crowds across the country as he lashed out at the president for trampling the rights of the people of Asia.

整个夏天，布莱恩猛烈抨击总统践踏亚洲人民的权利，吸引了全国各地的大批群众。

"We dare not educate the Filipinos," Bryan said, "lest they learn to read the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States."

“我们不敢教育菲律宾人，”布莱恩说，“以免他们学会阅读《独立宣言》和美国宪法。”

Bryan believes that American foreign policy is immoral and that the United States has no business fighting these kinds of wars.

布莱恩认为，美国的外交政策是不道德的，美国没有资格打此类战争。

He believes that what McKinley has done has not only corrupted American society, but has corrupted the American Constitution.

他认为麦金莱的所作所为不仅败坏了美国社会，也败坏了美国宪法。

While McKinley managed his campaign from behind the scenes in Canton, Ohio, Roosevelt answered Bryan's charges.

当麦金莱在俄亥俄州坎顿幕后管理他的竞选活动时，罗斯福回应了布莱恩的指控。

Theodore Roosevelt was the best possible spokesman McKinley could have found to make the imperialist case in 1900.

1900 年，西奥多·罗斯福是麦金莱所能找到的阐述帝国主义立场的最佳发言人。

He was "the" symbol of American imperialism - the Rough Rider of the War of the 1898, the person who had written more about the glories of American expansionism than probably any other person at that time.

他是美帝国主义的“”象征——1898年战争中的粗暴骑士，他可能比当时任何其他人都写了更多关于美国扩张主义荣耀的文章。

"Every expansion of a great civilized power," Roosevelt wrote, "means a victory for law, order, and righteousness."

罗斯福写道：“一个文明大国的每一次扩张，都意味着法律、秩序和正义的胜利。”

The Democrats attacked the Republicans on the grounds that they were using force to impose American society on other races in the Philippines and in China.

民主党攻击共和党，理由是他们使用武力将美国社会强加于菲律宾和中国的其他种族之上。

Roosevelt thought this was absurd.

罗斯福认为这是荒谬的。

Roosevelt pointed out that this is exactly what we had done with the Indians and he hadn't known too many Democrats who really objected to this.

罗斯福指出，这正是我们对印第安人所做的事情，他不知道有多少民主党人真正反对这一点。

And, as he said at one point, "If we are going to turn the Philippines back to the Filipinos, then we should turn Arizona back to the Apaches."

而且，正如他曾说过的那样，“如果我们要把菲律宾带回菲律宾人手中，那么我们就应该把亚利桑那州带回到阿帕奇人手中。”

As the summer wore on, Americans waited anxiously for news from Peking.

随着夏季的临近，美国人焦急地等待着来自北京的消息。

The siege was now in its second month.

围攻现已进入第二个月。

Then, on August 13, after more than a month of fierce fighting, the international army at last reached the Chinese capital to be met by the sickening stench of unburied dead.

随后，8月13日，经过一个多月的激战，国际军队终于抵达中国首都，迎接他们的是未掩埋的死者的令人作呕的恶臭。

The Chinese had dug trenches around the city wall and controlled all the gates.

中国人在城墙周围挖了壕沟，控制了所有的城门。

The next morning, the international forces attacked.

第二天早上，国际部队发起进攻。

They stormed the walls, broke through the gates, and routed the Chinese.

他们冲破城墙，冲破城门，击溃了中国人。

After fifty-five days of fear and waiting, the siege of the foreign compound was lifted--the hostages freed.

经过五十五天的恐惧和等待，对外国大院的围困解除了，人质被释放。

That same day, 300 miles to the South, Eva and Charles Price prepared to leave with their daughter Florence.

同一天，在以南 300 英里处，伊娃·普莱斯 (Eva Price) 和查尔斯·普莱斯 (Charles Price) 准备带着女儿弗洛伦斯 (Florence) 出发。

They received word that 20 soldiers were coming to escort them to Peking.

他们接到消息说，有二十名士兵要来护送他们到北京。

They were very leery.

他们非常警惕。

They were frightened.

他们很害怕。

But they had no choice.

但他们别无选择。

2 weeks before, Eva had written her final letter:

两周前，伊娃写下了她的最后一封信：

On the morning of the 15th, the Chinese soldiers brought a wagon to the compound and ordered the Prices to get in.

15日上午，中国士兵推着一辆马车来到大院，命令普莱斯夫妇进去。

Before they left that day she hugged Florence.

那天他们离开之前，她拥抱了弗洛伦斯。

And Florence did not exactly what was ahead.

而佛罗伦萨并没有完全预见到这一点。

And when Florence left the room, Aunt Eva got down on her knees and prayed that if it was going to happen, that Florence would be taken first before she would be taken.

当弗洛伦斯离开房间时，伊娃姨妈跪下来祈祷，如果真的发生的话，弗洛伦斯会先被带走，然后她才会被带走。

And they were loaded in the wagon.

他们被装进马车里。

It was a beautiful morning, such a beautiful morning that they sang going part of the way...

这是一个美丽的早晨，如此美丽的早晨，他们一路上唱着歌......

They left the compound because they were assured that they would be given security.

他们离开大院是因为他们确信自己会得到安全保障。

And they were tricked.

他们被欺骗了。

After a journey of just twenty miles, the Chinese soldiers drew their guns, and their swords.

仅仅走了二十英里之后，中国士兵就拔出了枪，拔出了刀剑。

They were hacked to death, and they were thrown in the ditch, and after it was all over, some of their Chinese friends went back and got their bodies and buried them.

他们被砍死了，被扔进沟里，一切结束后，他们的一些中国朋友回去把他们的尸体捡起来埋了。

In Peking, some of the soldiers in the international army had already begun to take revenge.

在北京，国际军的一些士兵已经开始报仇了。

But the hostages were free.

但人质却被释放了。

"Once more," the London Times exulted, "a small segment of the civilized world, cut off and surrounded by an Asiatic horde, has exhibited those moral qualities which render mere numbers powerless." For nearly two months, the president had prayed daily that the hostages would be saved.

伦敦《泰晤士报》欣喜若狂，“文明世界的一小部分，被亚洲游牧部落与世隔绝和包围，再次展现了那些让少数人无能为力的道德品质。”近两个月来，总统每天都祈祷人质能够获救。

Now, at the end of August, McKinley had one more cause for alarm.

现在，八月底，麦金莱又多了一个值得警惕的理由。

King Humbert the First of Italy had just been assassinated in his summer palace by an anarchist.

意大利国王亨伯特一世刚刚在他的夏宫被无政府主义者暗杀。

And anarchists had recently attempted to kill the Prince of Wales and the Shah of Persia.

无政府主义者最近试图杀死威尔士亲王和波斯国王。

Now they were targeting the president of the United States.

现在他们的目标是美国总统。

The president, was warned of the danger, but went about his life as he always had, returning to Canton, Ohio, to spend the summer with Ida in the house they both so loved.

总统被警告存在危险，但仍一如既往地过着自己的生活，返回俄亥俄州坎顿，与艾达在他们都深爱的房子里度过了夏天。

"We began our married life in that house," McKinley said, "our children were born there, one of them died and was buried from there.

“我们的婚姻生活就是在那所房子里开始的，”麦金利说，“我们的孩子出生在那里，其中一个孩子去世并被埋葬在那里。

Some of the tenderest memories of my life are centered there, and some of the saddest."

我生命中一些最温柔的记忆都集中在那里，还有一些最悲伤的记忆。”

And they would come on suddenly.

他们会突然出现。

They would be playing cards, or dining out with friends or something.

他们会打牌，或者和朋友出去吃饭什么的。

And there was a hissing noise, that was always the warning sign, there was a loud hissing through her teeth and he knew it was coming on.

还有一种嘶嘶声，那总是警告信号，她的牙齿发出很大的嘶嘶声，他知道它即将到来。

So he would throw either his handkerchief over her head, to spare her embarrassment, or a napkin, whichever, if they were at the dining table.

因此，如果他们在餐桌上，他要么用手帕蒙住她的头，以免她难堪，要么用餐巾蒙住她的头，无论哪种。

Ida took to knitting slippers, which she gave away to charities.

艾达开始编织拖鞋，并将其捐赠给慈善机构。

It was said that she knit 3500 pairs while she was First Lady.

据说她在担任第一夫人期间编织了 3500 双。

She cherished the daily rides alone with her husband on the lonely back roads outside of Canton.

她很珍惜每天和丈夫独自在广州郊外偏僻的小路上骑行的时光。

Later his family would recall that Leon had stayed up night after night reading accounts of King Humbert's assassination.

后来他的家人记得莱昂曾彻夜不眠地阅读亨伯特国王被刺杀的报道。

Across America, the presidential campaign was the great fall entertainment.

在整个美国，总统竞选是秋季最盛大的娱乐活动。

Never before had candidates campaigned so hard, so far, or spent so much money.

迄今为止，候选人从未如此努力地竞选，也从未花费过如此多的资金。

William Jennings Bryan, just 40 years old, was a firebrand, criss-crossing the country, speaking, 6, 8, even 12 times a day.

年仅 40 岁的威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩 (William Jennings Bryan) 是一位煽动者，每天走遍全国，演讲 6 次、8 次，甚至 12 次。

But the Republicans had their own young powerhouse, the 41-year-old vice-presidential nominee.

但共和党有自己的年轻强者，即 41 岁的副总统候选人。

"I am as strong as a bull moose," Theodore Roosevelt told reporters, and no one doubted him.

“我像一头公驼鹿一样强壮，”西奥多·罗斯福对记者说，没有人怀疑他。

By September, the Republicans appeared to be taking the lead.

到了九月份，共和党似乎占据了领先地位。

With the economy strong, Bryan was having a hard time drumming up enthusiasm for his anti-imperialist campaign.

由于经济强劲，布莱恩很难激发反帝运动的热情。

Bryan is appealing to the plain people.

布莱恩对普通人很有吸引力。

Bryan is saying very clearly that the railroads, the manufacturers, the bankers, Wall Street were all fleecing the common folk, the farmers, the workers.

布莱恩说得很清楚，铁路、制造商、银行家、华尔街都在敲诈普通民众、农民和工人。

But for all his fiery oratory, Bryan still faced an uphill battle.

尽管布莱恩言辞激烈，但他仍然面临着一场艰苦的战斗。

Prosperity was the Republican rallying cry.

繁荣是共和党的口号。

A full dinner pail the party slogan.

一顿丰盛的晚餐桶是党的口号。

But that September, coal miners in the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania, were threatening to walk off the job.

但那年九月，宾夕法尼亚州无烟煤田的煤矿工人威胁要罢工。

A strike could throw the economy into turmoil, and give Bryan one last chance.

罢工可能会使经济陷入混乱，并给布莱恩最后一次机会。

Throughout 1900, there had been ugly labor disputes everywhere.

整个1900年，到处都存在丑陋的劳资纠纷。

Bricklayers and carpenters, cigarmakers and brewers, stone masons, hod carriers, mill hands, all were demanding better working conditions and higher pay.

瓦工和木匠、雪茄匠和酿酒师、石匠、搬运工、工厂工人都要求更好的工作条件和更高的工资。

Child labor is common practice.

童工现象很常见。

The average miner is making about $400 dollars a year; it wasn't enough to support a family.

矿工平均每年赚取约 400 美元；还不足以养活一个家庭。

Consequently, when you were 9, 10 years old you were pulled out of school whether you liked it or not, and off you went into a place called a "breaker," which is a huge factory for the processing of coal.

结果，当你九、十岁的时候，不管你喜欢与否，你都会被从学校退学，然后你就进入了一个叫做“破碎机”的地方，这是一个巨大的煤炭加工工厂。

And there, the boys would sit and coal would come down in chutes underneath them.

男孩们会坐在那里，煤炭会从他们下面的滑槽里掉下来。

They couldn't wear gloves because they had to go into the coal by hand and pick out the slate and the rock from the coal as it came roaring down under them.

他们不能戴手套，因为他们必须用手进入煤中，在煤在他们脚下呼啸而下时，从煤中取出石板和岩石。

And they had bosses, working behind them with bull whips.

他们还有老板，在他们身后用牛鞭工作。

And there was so much dust in the breaker that the kids would wear bandannas across their faces and they'd take them off and all you would see was just the little whites of their eyes.

破碎机里的灰尘太多了，孩子们会在脸上戴上大手帕，然后把它们脱下来，你只能看到他们的小眼白。

The summer heat wave lingered into September across much of the country.

夏季热浪在全国大部分地区持续到九月。

Despite daily warnings about the storm, it was business as usual down at Galveston's deepwater harbor.

尽管每天都会收到有关风暴的警告，但加尔维斯顿深水港仍一切如常。

More than a hundred ships lined the stone-capped piers.

一百多艘船排列在石顶码头上。

Galveston was really the main hub of commerce in the entire state of Texas.

加尔维斯顿实际上是整个德克萨斯州的主要商业中心。

It was the main export for almost all of the Texas crops, particularly cotton.

它是德克萨斯州几乎所有农作物的主要出口产品，特别是棉花。

It was one of the most prosperous cities in the entire country.

它是全国最繁华的城市之一。

Some people even called it "a second New York City."

有人甚至称其为“第二纽约市”。

Washed by Galveston Bay on one side, and the Gulf of Mexico on the other, Galveston was a city of 36,000, sitting precariously on a narrow sand island, rising only a few feet above sea level.

加尔维斯顿一侧是加尔维斯顿湾，另一侧是墨西哥湾，是一座拥有 36,000 人的城市，摇摇欲坠地坐落在一座狭窄的沙岛上，海拔仅几英尺。

Galveston Island is a barrier island.

加尔维斯顿岛是一座障壁岛。

It sits out there and protects the mainland from the power of storm surge.

它坐落在那里，保护大陆免受风暴潮的影响。

It is a barrier against hurricanes.

它是抵御飓风的屏障。

And nothing at all protects Galveston.

没有任何东西可以保护加尔维斯顿。

There had been talk of building a wall against the sea along the ocean shore, but a sea wall was expensive, and a bond proposed to raise the money never even came up for a vote.

曾经有人讨论过要沿着海岸修建一道防海墙，但海堤造价昂贵，而提议筹集资金的债券甚至从未进行过投票。

On September 8th, the head of the National Weather Service in Galveston woke early and was down at the beach by 5am.

9 月 8 日，加尔维斯顿国家气象局局长很早就醒了，凌晨 5 点就来到了海滩。

Isaac Cline didn't like what he saw.

艾萨克·克莱恩不喜欢他所看到的。

It was a Saturday morning and many people worked at least half a day that morning.

那是一个星期六的早上，很多人早上至少工作了半天。

I remember my grandfather telling me about playing in the surf and how grand it was to see the waves smashing on the beach.

我记得祖父告诉我在冲浪中玩耍以及看到海浪拍打海滩是多么壮观。

But as the wind increased hour by hour, the tide inch by inch, Cline began to fear the worst.

但随着风势一小时一小时增强，潮汐一英寸一英寸地增长，克莱恩开始担心最坏的情况发生。

At noon, he hurried to the beachfront, warning everyone, that "great danger threatened."

中午，他匆匆赶到海滨，警告大家，“巨大的危险即将来临”。

He went up and down the beach telling people, "Seek higher ground.

他在海滩上走来走去，告诉人们：“寻找更高的地方。

Move into the heart of the city." But for the residents of Galveston, keep in mind "higher ground" is very relative.

搬进城市的中心。”但对于加尔维斯顿的居民来说，请记住“更高的地方”是非常相对的。

Along the sea front it was two-and-half feet above sea level, downtown, four-and-half feet, and somewhere out in the Gulf is a 20-foot tidal surge heading full force for Galveston.

沿海地区的海拔高度为两英尺半，市中心的海拔高度为四英尺半，而在海湾的某个地方，一股高达 20 英尺的潮汐正全力涌向加尔维斯顿。

By the middle of the afternoon, winds gusted up to 60 miles an hour, the tide had reached 8 feet.

到了下午，阵风达到每小时 60 英里，潮汐达到 8 英尺。

Bridges washed out, trains stopped running, there was no longer any way to leave the island.

桥梁被冲毁，火车停止运行，不再有任何办法离开该岛。

"An awful disaster," Cline wrote, "was upon us." At 3 o'clock, Cline reported to Washington one last time.

克莱恩写道：“一场可怕的灾难降临在我们身上。”下午3点，克莱恩向华盛顿最后一次报告。

Kline left the telegraph office and fought his way home.

克莱恩离开电报局，奋力回家。

"I waded nearly two miles to my home through water, often above my waist," he wrote.

他写道：“我涉水近两英里才回到家，水常常没过我的腰部。”

"Hurricane winds were driving timbers and slates, roofs of buildings were flying through the air.

“飓风吹动木材和石板，建筑物的屋顶在空中飞舞。

Around seven-thirty a great tidal surge hit the south side of the city.

七时三十分左右，一股巨大的潮汐袭击了城市的南侧。

It knocked buildings off of their foundations.

它把建筑物从地基上掀掉了。

And houses fell upon houses and whole blocks of houses.

房屋倒塌，房屋倒塌，整栋房屋倒塌。

The rapid rise of water drove Isaac and, and his family higher and higher, up to the second level of their--their home and there, they could see all of the debris being whipped around by all the water.

水位迅速上涨，把艾萨克和他的家人推得越来越高，一直到他们家的第二层，在那里，他们可以看到所有的碎片都被水拍打着。

Suddenly a quarter mile section of trolley track tossed loose by the storm slammed into the Cline home.

突然，一段四分之一英里长的电车轨道因暴风雨而松动，撞上了克莱恩的家。

It had been the worst natural disaster in the nation's history.

这是该国历史上最严重的自然灾害。

The first reports from Galveston spoke of a city "lifeless and bloomless, streets choked with debris and corpses, the vomitings of a maddened, retching ocean."

来自加尔维斯顿的第一份报告谈到这座城市“死气沉沉，毫无生气，街道上塞满了碎片和尸体，疯狂呕吐的海洋。”

There was a tremendous feeling of optimism and wanting to build back and to reclaim their city, and it's a source of great pride to those who stayed here.

人们有一种巨大的乐观情绪，想要重建并夺回他们的城市，这对那些留在这里的人来说是一种巨大的自豪感。

It was 14 days before Isaac Cline was able to file his formal report on the hurricane.

14 天后，艾萨克·克莱恩 (Isaac Cline) 才提交了有关飓风的正式报告。

He concluded, "It appears that a sea wall would have broken the swells and saved much of the loss of both life and property."

他总结道：“看来，海堤可以阻挡海浪，从而挽救大部分生命和财产损失。”

Isaac Cline recommended that something had to be done to protect this city from catastrophic storms in the future.

艾萨克·克莱恩建议必须采取措施保护这座城市免受未来灾难性风暴的影响。

What they had thought about years ago was what he thought they should do now.

几年前他们所想的，就是他认为他们现在应该做的。

They should build that sea wall.

他们应该修建海堤。

Nothing had ever been done like this before.

以前从来没有做过这样的事情。

Three miles long, 100 feet wide, 16.5 feet high.

三英里长，100 英尺宽，16.5 英尺高。

Galveston still sits precariously on a sandbar, protected by the sea wall built after the most destructive hurricane in the nation's history --the hurricane of 1900.

加尔维斯顿仍然摇摇欲坠地坐落在沙洲上，受到该国历史上最具破坏性的飓风——1900 年飓风后修建的海堤的保护。

By 1900, J.P.

到 1900 年，J.P.

Morgan Enterprises, just about wrapped up the entire anthracite region.

摩根企业公司几乎覆盖了整个无烟煤地区。

So you're fighting a distant corporation way off on Wall Street and how do you reach out to that?

那么，您正在与远在华尔街的一家遥远的公司作战，您如何与该公司联系？

How do you reach out even to communicate with it?

你怎样才能与它沟通呢？

And it's the largest industrial conglomeration, the largest industrial consolidation in the country, this anthracite empire.

它是这个国家最大的工业集团，最大的工业整合，这个无烟煤帝国。

By the day of the strike, Mitchell had convinced nine thousand miners to join the union.

到罢工当天，米切尔已经说服九千名矿工加入工会。

But more than 140,000 miners had not.

但超过 140,000 名矿工却没有这么做。

Unless most of them went on strike, the union would be broken, the union men thrown out of their homes and fired, never to work in the mines again.

除非他们中的大多数人参加罢工，否则工会就会瓦解，工会成员被赶出家门并被解雇，再也不能在矿井工作。

In one home after another, miners and their wives struggled with a difficult decision.

在一个又一个的家庭里，矿工和他们的妻子面临着一个艰难的决定。

At dawn in the little coal towns across northeastern Pennsylvania, every miner wondered what his neighbor would do.

黎明时分，在宾夕法尼亚州东北部的煤炭小镇，每个矿工都想知道他的邻居会做什么。

Then slowly, men began to drift from their homes in their Sunday best.

然后慢慢地，人们开始穿着周日最好的衣服离开家。

These are not radical people.

这些人都不是激进的人。

They're fighting for a piece of the American pie, in a sense, so little, a decent living wage so they could continue to support their churches, support their communities and support their families.

他们正在为美国的一块蛋糕而奋斗，从某种意义上说，这是那么一点点，体面的生活工资，这样他们就可以继续支持他们的教堂，支持他们的社区和他们的家庭。

By week's end, 120,000 miners had joined the strike.

截至周末，已有 120,000 名矿工参加了罢工。

By the second week well over 90% of the mines were closed.

到第二周，超过 90% 的矿井已关闭。

But the mine owners refused to negotiate.

但矿主拒绝谈判。

The miners at times were actually starving.

矿工有时实际上正在挨饿。

They couldn't buy from the company store because they, they didn't have the credit.

他们无法从公司商店购买，因为他们没有信用。

They had to mine the coal to get the credit.

他们必须开采煤炭才能获得信贷。

And the big companies, the companies that owned the mines, could care less.

而大公司，即拥有矿山的公司，可能不太关心。

They thought, "Well, we'll starve them out.

他们想：“好吧，我们会把他们饿死的。

If they--if they, they're going to strike, we'll, we'll stop it.

如果他们——如果他们要罢工，我们会阻止它。

They'll either work or else."

他们要么工作，要么别的。”

As the strike wore on, mills, factories, and homes across the country were running low on coal, and prices began to skyrocket.

随着罢工的持续，全国各地的磨坊、工厂和家庭的煤炭都已所剩无几，价格开始飙升。

With the election and cold weather coming on fast, the strike had become a campaign issue.

随着选举和寒冷天气的临近，罢工已成为竞选问题。

Mitchell timed the strike perfectly.

米切尔完美地把握了进攻的时机。

He timed the strike to occur just before the national election to make a fool out of McKinley with his campaign slogan of "a full dinner pail".

他将罢工时间定在全国大选之前，以“装满饭桶”的竞选口号来愚弄麦金莱。

I mean you can't even heat your homes in New York City and Philadelphia and places like that.

我的意思是，你甚至无法为纽约市和费城之类的地方的房屋供暖。

Also you throw the issue to William Jennings Bryan.

您还将问题交给威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩。

Bryan's running a campaign against these large industries that are wrapping up the economy.

布莱恩正在开展一场针对这些正在破坏经济的大型工业的运动。

With the union and the coal operators stalemated, McKinley grew more and more concerned.

随着工会和煤炭运营商陷入僵局，麦金莱越来越担心。

Hanna approaches the owners and he lays it right on the line.

汉纳走近业主，他就下了赌注。

"If this strike is successful, it's gonna be Bryan, rather than McKinley, and you're in some real hot water at that point because this is the guy who's going after the major monopolies and corporations.

“如果这次罢工成功，那将是布莱恩，而不是麦金莱，那时你就会陷入真正的困境，因为这个人正在追捕主要的垄断企业和公司。

You people are running one of the most tightly knit and far-reaching industrial monopolies in the history of the world.

你们正在经营着世界历史上联系最紧密、影响最深远的工业垄断企业之一。

Mitchell rejected the offer.

米切尔拒绝了这个提议。

On October 28th, just 1 week before the election, the mine owners made a new proposal.

10 月 28 日，距离大选仅 1 周，矿主们提出了新的提案。

They still refused to recognize the union, but they now offered a ten percent increase in pay.

他们仍然拒绝承认工会，但现在提出加薪百分之十。

What they offer is hardly anything.

他们提供的几乎什么都没有。

But the miners are bankrupt.

但矿工已经破产了。

They're starving and they're willing to go back to work because they have to go back to work to support their families.

他们正在挨饿，但他们愿意回去工作，因为他们必须回去工作来养家糊口。

When the votes were counted, it was McKinley's picture that flashed on giant screens in cities across the country.

当计票时，全国各城市的大屏幕上闪现出麦金莱的照片。

Americans had voted their pocketbooks.

美国人已经投票决定了他们的钱包。

Yes, it is a period of demoralization 1900...

是的，1900年是一个士气低落的时期……

African Americans, they've had a bad time, Jim Crow is there.

非裔美国人，他们经历了一段糟糕的时光，吉姆·克劳就在那里。

But they're not slaves, the world is open to them.

但他们不是奴隶，世界向他们开放。

And they want things to get better and they're working to make it better.

他们希望事情变得更好，并且正在努力让它变得更好。

As 1900 drew to a close, stories of change continued to herald a new era.

1900 年即将结束，变革的故事继续预示着新时代的到来。

In Boston, on Dec.

12 月 12 日，在波士顿。

30, the last horse drawn trolley was replaced by an electric bus.

30日，最后一辆马车被电动公交车取代。

That same week, the first overseas telephone call was made between Key West, Florida, and Havana, Cuba.

同一周，佛罗里达州基韦斯特和古巴哈瓦那之间打通了第一通海外电话。

And on the last day of the 19th century, scientists reported they were searching for messages from Mars.

十九世纪的最后一天，科学家报告说他们正在寻找来自火星的信息。

Never had a nation risen so fast and gone so far as the United States had in the past 100 years.

过去100年来，从来没有一个国家像美国那样崛起得如此之快、走得如此之远。

America appeared to have everything.

美国似乎拥有一切。

There was good reason for hope and confidence: it was more than the wonder of artificial light or ice in the summer and heat in the winter and bath tubs with running water--the possibilities in America seemed greater than they'd ever been.

我们有充分的理由充满希望和信心：这不仅仅是夏季人造光或冰、冬季暖气和自来水浴缸的奇迹——美国的可能性似乎比以往任何时候都更大。