The Minnesota Murderess - The Atavist Magazine
Christine Seifert is a professor at Westminster College in Salt Lake City.
克里斯汀·塞弗特是盐湖城威斯敏斯特学院的教授。
She’s the author of the Young Adult novel The Predicteds , as well as the nonfiction books Whoppers: History’s Most Outrageous Lies and Liars and The Endless Wait: Virginity in Young Adult Literature .
她是青少年小说《预言》的作者，也是非小说类书籍《皇堡：历史上最令人震惊的谎言和骗子》和《无尽的等待：青少年文学中的处女》的作者。
She has written about sex and pop culture for numerous publications.
她为许多出版物撰写了有关性和流行文化的文章。
Editor: Seyward Darby Designer: Jefferson Rabb Copy Editor: Sean Cooper Fact Checker: Tekendra Parmar Illustrator: Joe Gough Published in February 2019.
编辑：Seyward Darby 设计师：Jefferson Rabb 文案编辑：Sean Cooper 事实检查者：Tekendra Parmar 插图画家：Joe Gough 出版于 2019 年 2 月。
Design updated in 2021.
设计于 2021 年更新。
Stanislaus Bilansky was sick.
斯坦尼斯劳斯·比兰斯基病了。
Throughout the winter he had suffered bouts of indigestion, and now it manifested as a terrible burning in the stomach after eating.
整个冬天他都饱受消化不良的困扰，现在更是表现为吃完饭后胃部有剧烈的烧灼感。
Even with light meals of soup and arrowroot, he experienced pain and vomiting.
即使只喝汤和葛粉等便餐，他也会感到疼痛和呕吐。
During the first week of March 1859, he was mostly bedridden in his home on Stillwater Road in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
1859 年 3 月的第一周，他在明尼苏达州圣保罗斯蒂尔沃特路的家中大部分时间卧床不起。
His doctor of nine years, Alfred Berthier, would later testify that he knew Stanislaus to be in good health, even if he was “gloomy” and “hypochondriacal.” Berthier thought his patient might have alcoholism, because excessive drinking could cause a persistent “inflammation upon the gastric regions.” On March 6, Berthier prescribed an absinthe tonic.
为他服务九年的医生阿尔弗雷德·贝尔蒂尔后来作证说，他知道斯坦尼斯劳斯健康状况良好，即使他“忧郁”和“疑病症”。贝尔蒂尔认为他的病人可能患有酒精中毒，因为过量饮酒可能会导致持续的“胃部炎症”。 3 月 6 日，贝尔蒂尔开了苦艾酒补品。
Stanislaus also took Graffenburg Pills, a commercial remedy touted as a panacea for everything from cholera to hangnail.
斯坦尼斯劳斯还服用了格拉芬堡药丸，这是一种商业药物，被誉为治疗从霍乱到倒刺等各种疾病的灵丹妙药。
As with many so-called miracle cures patented in the 19th century, there was virtually no proof to support the claims of its medical efficacy.
与 19 世纪获得专利的许多所谓的奇迹疗法一样，实际上没有证据支持其医疗功效的说法。
What it actually cured, if anything, was unclear.
它实际上治愈了什么（如果有的话）还不清楚。
Stanislaus got worse.
斯坦尼斯拉斯的情况变得更糟。
At about 3:30 on the morning of Friday, March 11, his eldest child, Benjamin, brought him a dram of liquor.
3月11日星期五早上3点30分左右，他的大孩子本杰明给他带来了一杯酒。
Stanislaus’s third wife, Ann, whom he had married the previous September, was resting in another room.
斯坦尼斯劳斯的第三任妻子安（Ann）正在另一个房间里休息，她是去年九月与他结婚的。
Earlier that night, she had told her new husband that she did not wish to sleep next to him while he was feverish.
那天晚上早些时候，她告诉她的新婚丈夫，当他发烧时，她不想睡在他旁边。
This reportedly caused Stanislaus to become excited and angry.
据报道，这让斯坦尼斯劳斯变得兴奋和愤怒。
The liquor was likely an attempt to calm him so that he could get some much-needed rest.
酒精可能是为了让他平静下来，以便他得到一些急需的休息。
An hour and a half after taking the drink, Stanislaus was dead.
喝下酒一个半小时后，斯坦尼斯劳斯就死了。
He was 52.
他52岁了。
The burial was planned for the next day.
葬礼计划于第二天举行。
Before the funeral procession to the cemetery, John V.
在送葬队伍前往墓地之前，约翰五世 (John V.
Wren of the Ramsey County coroner’s office arrived at the Bilansky home to conduct a routine inquest.
拉姆齐县验尸官办公室的雷恩抵达比兰斯基的家进行例行调查。
A quickly assembled coroner’s jury took statements from several witnesses, including members of Stanislaus’s family, a maid, and some neighbors.
迅速组建的验尸陪审团听取了几名证人的证词，其中包括斯坦尼斯劳斯的家人、一名女佣和一些邻居。
The panel ruled that the death was a result of natural causes—a long illness—and they chastised Stanislaus’s wife for not calling a doctor in the hours before he died.
专家组裁定死亡是自然原因（长期患病）造成的，并批评斯坦尼斯劳斯的妻子在他去世前几个小时内没有打电话给医生。
Their sharp admonition of Ann was published in one of the main local newspapers, The Daily Pioneer and Democrat .
他们对安的尖锐警告发表在当地主要报纸之一《先锋日报》和《民主党》上。
Stanislaus was buried on Saturday, March 12, at 5 p.m.
斯坦尼斯劳斯于 3 月 12 日星期六下午 5 点被安葬。
He was not in the ground.
他并不在地下。
That evening one of the witnesses who had spoken to the coroner’s jury confessed to her husband that Stanislaus’s death was no accident.
那天晚上，一位向验尸官陪审团发言的目击者向她的丈夫承认，斯坦尼斯劳斯的死并非意外。
At his urging, she went to the police with a scandalous story of foul play.
在他的催促下，她向警方报告了一件可耻的谋杀案。
Law enforcement quickly ordered the exhumation of Stanislaus’s body.
执法部门迅速下令挖掘斯坦尼斯劳斯的尸体。
An autopsy and toxicology tests would follow.
随后将进行尸检和毒理学测试。
By Sunday afternoon, police had arrested Stanislaus’s wife for homicide.
周日下午，警方以杀人罪逮捕了斯坦尼斯劳斯的妻子。
They also detained her nephew John Walker in connection with the crime.
他们还因与犯罪有关而拘留了她的侄子约翰·沃克。
The Daily Pioneer and Democrat soon ran an article claiming that Ann and Walker were having an affair and that she had killed Stanislaus, presumably to pursue the torrid romance more freely.
《先驱报》和《民主党》很快发表了一篇文章，声称安和沃克有外遇，并且她杀死了斯坦尼斯劳斯，大概是为了更自由地追求这段炽热的浪漫。
Ann’s method of murder, authorities said, was arsenic poisoning.
当局称，安的谋杀方式是砒霜中毒。
So began the trials of Ann Bilansky.
安·比兰斯基的审判就这样开始了。
There were two: the legal one and the one staged in the court of public opinion.
有两种：一种是合法的，另一种是在舆论法庭上演的。
Often it was hard to tell which was which.
通常很难区分哪个是哪个。
Newspapers across Minnesota and as far away as the East Coast wrote breathless accounts of the purported murder and subsequent courtroom drama.
明尼苏达州以及远至东海岸的报纸都对这起谋杀案以及随后的法庭戏剧进行了令人窒息的报道。
People read those stories, staining their fingers with ink, because they were thirsty for news of the devilish Mrs. Bilansky.
人们阅读这些故事，手指沾满墨水，因为他们渴望了解邪恶的比兰斯基夫人的消息。
Like any good gothic novel or penny dreadful, the story was thrilling—all the more because it was true.
就像任何优秀的哥特式小说或廉价恐怖小说一样，这个故事令人激动——更重要的是因为它是真实的。
If the tone of the reportage is any indicator, for many spectators, the narrative wasn’t a whodunit.
如果报告文学的基调有任何指示的话，那么对于许多观众来说，故事的叙述并不是侦探小说。
Guilt was all but certain.
罪恶感几乎是肯定的。
The mystery was why Ann would kill her husband of less than a year.
令人费解的是，为什么安会杀死她结婚不到一年的丈夫。
Was it malice, money, or solely her love for another man?
是出于恶意、金钱，还是仅仅是她对另一个男人的爱？
Was she born with a wicked heart, or had it curdled over the years?
她到底是生来就有一颗邪恶的心，还是长年累月凝固的？
In this gripping “whydunit,” each installment that appeared on newsstands was like a drug, ready to be snatched up by eager customers with a few pennies to spare.
在这个扣人心弦的“whydunit”中，报摊上出现的每一期都像毒品一样，准备好被热切的顾客抢购，只要有几分钱。
Would Ann the irredeemable go free to kill again?
不可救药的安会再次肆无忌惮地杀人吗？
If not, would she rot in a musty prison cell or become the first woman executed in Minnesota, a newly minted U.S. state?
如果没有，她会在发霉的牢房里腐烂，还是成为美国新成立的明尼苏达州第一个被处决的女性？
Many people hoped for the latter.
很多人都希望是后者。
In their minds, Ann’s execution would serve as a symbolic cleansing of evil from a God-fearing society.
在他们看来，处决安将象征性地清除敬畏上帝的社会中的邪恶。
Like a Greek tragedy—Aeschylus’s Oresteia , perhaps, in which Clytemnestra murders her husband, Agamemnon—Ann’s trials spoke to the cultural moment.
就像希腊悲剧一样——也许是埃斯库罗斯的《奥瑞斯提亚》，其中克吕泰涅斯特拉谋杀了她的丈夫阿伽门农——安的审判反映了文化时刻。
They were chapters in a bigger story about a macabre anxiety that gripped Victorian Europe, then traveled across the Atlantic Ocean.
它们是一个更大故事的章节，讲述了维多利亚时代欧洲的可怕焦虑，然后横渡了大西洋。
The story was thick with fear and hysteria, and informed by entrenched social tradition as much as incipient laboratory science.
这个故事充满了恐惧和歇斯底里，并受到根深蒂固的社会传统和新兴实验室科学的影响。
It was rooted in a singular obsession—a question that had long captured fascination and provoked dread: What is a wife capable of if she no longer needs or wants her husband?
它植根于一种独特的痴迷——一个长期以来令人着迷却又引发恐惧的问题：如果妻子不再需要或不想要她的丈夫，她能做什么？
With a population of about 10,000, Saint Paul was the largest city in Minnesota and the capital of the state, which joined the union in May 1858.
圣保罗人口约 10,000，是明尼苏达州最大的城市，也是该州的首府，该州于 1858 年 5 月加入联邦。
A month prior, Mary Ann Evards Wright, who went by Ann, had arrived in town.
一个月前，玛丽·安·埃瓦兹·赖特（Mary Ann Evards Wright）（又名安）抵达镇上。
Little is known about her life before then, except that she said she was a widow from Fayetteville, North Carolina, who had made her way to Pleasant Hill, Illinois, after the death of her husband in a railroad accident.
在此之前，人们对她的生活知之甚少，只知道她说自己是来自北卡罗来纳州费耶特维尔的寡妇，在丈夫在铁路事故中去世后，她来到伊利诺伊州普莱森特希尔。
At the request of John Walker, Ann joined him in Minnesota.
应约翰·沃克的要求，安前往明尼苏达州与他会合。
Walker had been living in Saint Paul for a few years without family, and he had recently fallen ill with typhoid.
沃克在圣保罗已经生活了几年，没有家人陪伴，最近他患了伤寒。
He hoped his aunt would help him convalesce—or so he and Ann claimed, their critics would later assert.
他希望他的姨妈能帮助他康复——至少他和安是这么说的，他们的批评者后来也断言了这一点。
Ann was in her late thirties, hardly an ingenue.
安三十多岁了，算不上天真烂漫。
She was tall, with blond hair, gray eyes, and a long nose.
她身材高挑，金发，灰色的眼睛，长长的鼻子。
She had an overbite, with protruding front teeth, and a low-pitched voice.
她覆牙合，门牙突出，声音低沉。
Ann did not hesitate to speak when she had something to say; The New York Times would later call her “talkable.” She seemed to have completed some education, and she had no children or much family.
安有话要说，就毫不犹豫地开口； 《纽约时报》后来称她“健谈”。她似乎完成了一些教育，没有孩子，也没有多少家庭。
Ann dressed neatly, and while she was not beautiful, she carried herself with a dignity that must have been attractive.
安衣着得整整齐齐，虽然算不上漂亮，但举止端庄，一定很吸引人。
Walker, 26, worked as a carpenter.
沃克今年 26 岁，是一名木匠。
Like his aunt, he had light eyes and blond hair, though his was curly.
和他的姨妈一样，他有着浅色的眼睛和金色的头发，尽管他的头发是卷曲的。
He was a smaller man—between five-foot-five and five-foot-seven—but he walked with good posture.
他身材矮小，身高在五英尺五到五英尺七之间，但走路的姿势很好。
It’s unclear whether aunt and nephew lived together while Walker recovered from typhoid.
目前还不清楚沃克从伤寒中康复期间姨妈和侄子是否住在一起。
By some accounts they did; according to others, Ann lived with a Mrs. Harvy Davis and worked as a seamstress to make money while nursing Walker back to health.
根据一些说法，他们做到了；据其他人说，安与哈维·戴维斯夫人住在一起，一边做裁缝赚钱，一边护理沃克恢复健康。
Not long after Ann’s arrival, Walker introduced her to Stanislaus Bilansky, a man more than a decade her senior.
安抵达后不久，沃克将她介绍给比她年长十多岁的斯坦尼斯劳斯·比兰斯基。
He was of Polish descent and had left Wisconsin for the Minnesota Territory in 1842.
他有波兰血统，1842 年离开威斯康星州前往明尼苏达领地。
He worked as a tailor and ran a small bar and grocery store out of his home in Lower Landing, an area of Saint Paul where steamboats traveling on the Mississippi River regularly docked.
他是一名裁缝，并在位于圣保罗下兰丁的家中经营一家小酒吧和杂货店，密西西比河上的汽船定期停靠在该地区。
Locals regarded Stanislaus as rich because he had purchased a claim to land.
当地人认为斯坦尼斯劳斯很富有，因为他购买了土地所有权。
The extent of his wealth is a fact lost to history, but his perceived affluence may have explained his ability to attract multiple wives.
他的财富规模已被历史遗忘，但他所认为的富裕可能解释了他吸引多个妻子的能力。
Certainly, his appearance, disposition, and habits did little to recommend him.
当然，他的外表、性格和习惯对他并没有什么推荐。
Stanislaus’s perceived affluence may have explained his ability to attract multiple wives.
斯坦尼斯劳斯的富裕可能解释了他吸引多个妻子的能力。
Certainly, his appearance, disposition, and habits did little to recommend him.
当然，他的外表、性格和习惯对他并没有什么推荐。
Short and portly, Stanislaus was described by many who knew him as an alcoholic.
斯坦尼斯劳斯身材矮小、肥胖，许多认识他的人都形容他是个酒鬼。
His second wife, a woman named Ellen, said he was “given to hard drinking” and often fell sick after “sprees” of imbibing.
他的第二任妻子，一位名叫艾伦的女士，说他“酗酒”，经常在“酗酒”后生病。
She also described him as jealous, cruel, and deeply superstitious.
她还形容他嫉妒、残忍、非常迷信。
A premonition, for instance, had convinced him that he would die in the month of March.
例如，一种预感使他确信自己将在三月去世。
Stanislaus had no children with his first wife, about whom little is known.
斯坦尼斯劳斯与他的第一任妻子没有孩子，对此我们知之甚少。
He and Ellen had three: Benjamin, Rinaldo, and Kate.
他和艾伦有三个孩子：本杰明、里纳尔多和凯特。
When, after nine or ten years of marriage, an exasperated Ellen left her malcontent husband, the children stayed with their father in his home-cum-business.
结婚九年或十年后，愤怒的艾伦离开了她心怀不满的丈夫，孩子们则留在父亲的家中兼做生意。
When he wed again in September 1858, Ann moved in.
1858 年 9 月他再次结婚后，安搬了进来。
Walker came too, occupying a two-room shanty situated on Stanislaus’s property.
沃克也来了，住在斯坦尼斯劳斯庄园里的一个两居室的棚屋里。
If Stanislaus had ever been rich, he was not now; he lived only off his modest earnings.
如果斯坦尼斯劳斯曾经很富有，那么现在他已经不是了。他仅靠微薄的收入生活。
Ann took over the housekeeping and cared for Stanislaus’s young children.
安接管了家务并照顾斯坦尼斯劳斯的年幼的孩子。
Because her husband fell ill shortly after they wed, Ann likely looked after his businesses, too.
由于她的丈夫在结婚后不久就病倒了，安很可能也照顾他的生意。
Ann befriended Lucinda Kilpatrick, a woman who lived across the road.
安与住在马路对面的露辛达·基尔帕特里克（Lucinda Kilpatrick）成为了朋友。
Lucinda, who was in her twenties, visited often through the worst of Stanislaus’s illness.
二十多岁的露辛达在斯坦尼斯劳斯病情最严重的时候经常来看望他。
She noted that Ann was stoic in her grief, never crying or appearing upset.
她指出，安在悲痛中表现得很坚忍，从不哭泣，也没有显得心烦意乱。
At Stanislaus’s bedside, Lucinda heard Ann ask what should be done with his children—a fair enough question, given that she was not their mother, but odd because it seemed to show that, despite Dr. Berthier’s opinion, Ann thought Stanislaus would soon die.
在斯坦尼斯劳斯的床边，露辛达听到安问他的孩子们该怎么办——这是一个很合理的问题，因为她不是他们的母亲，但很奇怪，因为这似乎表明，尽管贝尔蒂尔医生的意见，安认为斯坦尼斯劳斯很快就会去世。
Perhaps she was taking cues from her husband, who was sure he “was not going to live,” according to Lucinda.
露辛达说，也许她是从丈夫那里得到的暗示，她确信自己“活不下去了”。
Or maybe something more sinister was afoot.
或者也许有更险恶的事情正在发生。
Lucinda would later claim that she had not known Stanislaus to have the “blues”—indeed, she had always found him cheerful, a sharp contrast to the inebriated, pessimistic figure others saw.
露辛达后来声称，她并不知道斯坦尼斯劳斯有“忧郁症”——事实上，她一直觉得他很开朗，这与其他人看到的醉酒、悲观的形象形成鲜明对比。
When she sat with him one day while he was ill, Stanislaus told Lucinda that he “had nothing to live for.”
有一天，当他生病时，斯坦尼斯劳斯坐在他身边，斯坦尼斯劳斯告诉露辛达，他“没有什么值得活下去的”。
In an attempt to console him, Lucinda told Stanislaus a story about a sick man who allowed only his wife to care for him.
为了安慰他，露辛达给斯坦尼斯拉斯讲了一个故事，讲的是一个病人只允许他的妻子照顾他。
Then the wife died suddenly and he recovered.
后来妻子突然去世，他才康复。
“He married a young girl afterwards,” Lucinda concluded triumphantly.
“后来他娶了一个年轻女孩，”露辛达得意地总结道。
The next day, Stanislaus was dead.
第二天，斯坦尼斯劳斯去世了。
When Ann’s murder trial began on May 23, 1859, Lucinda was the prosecution’s first and most vital witness—the person who had changed her testimony shortly after speaking to the coroner’s jury.
1859 年 5 月 23 日，安谋杀案审判开始时，露辛达是检方的第一位也是最重要的证人，她在与验尸官陪审团交谈后不久就改变了证词。
She took the stand and recounted a shopping trip that she and Ann had taken together on February 28, which in retrospect roused Lucinda’s mistrust of her friend.
她出庭讲述了 2 月 28 日她和安一起购物的经历，回想起来这激起了露辛达对她朋友的不信任。
According to Lucinda, she and Ann went uptown to the post office to send some letters and retrieve their mail.
据露辛达说，她和安去住宅区的邮局寄了一些信件并取回了邮件。
They then walked to W.H.
然后他们步行到W.H.
Wolff’s drugstore on Third and Wabasha Streets.
位于第三街和瓦巴沙街的沃尔夫药店。
Ann asked for arsenic to kill rats in her home, but the price was too high for her budget.
安要求砒霜来杀死家里的老鼠，但价格对于她的预算来说太高了。
From there the women visited Day & Jenks, a different drugstore, where Ann purchased a jar of arsenic for ten cents.
从那里，妇女们去了另一家 Day & Jenks 药店，安在那里花了 10 美分买了一罐砒霜。
Ann did not dispute that she had purchased the poison, commonly used to kill pests.
安没有否认她购买了这种通常用来杀死害虫的毒药。
Stanislaus himself had requested it, she said, because rats were eating vegetables stored in their root cellar.
她说，斯坦尼斯劳斯本人提出了要求，因为老鼠正在吃储存在地窖里的蔬菜。
Lucinda told the court that she had never once seen a rat in the Bilanskys’ home.
露辛达告诉法庭，她从未在比兰斯基家中见过老鼠。
The information that most interested the jury—and the readers of next day’s papers—was what Lucinda claimed the two women had talked about during the shopping trip.
陪审团以及第二天报纸的读者最感兴趣的信息是露辛达声称这两位女士在购物期间谈论的内容。
If Stanislaus died, Ann allegedly said, people would be suspicious of her, so she asked Lucinda to buy the arsenic for her.
据称，安说，如果斯坦尼斯劳斯死了，人们就会怀疑她，所以她要求露辛达为她购买砒霜。
“Mrs. Bilansky,” Lucinda claimed to have replied, “if I wanted arsenic, I would buy it.” Later, after Stanislaus’s death, Lucinda said that Ann came to her in a panic, begging her to say that she was the one who had purchased the poison.
“比兰斯基夫人，”露辛达声称自己回答道，“如果我想要砒霜，我就会买。”后来，斯坦尼斯劳斯死后，露辛达说安惊慌地来找她，恳求她说她就是购买毒药的人。
“If they don’t find arsenic in the stomach,” Lucinda recalled saying, “they can do nothing with you.”
“如果他们在胃里没有发现砒霜，”露辛达回忆道，“他们就对你无能为力。”
In court, Lucinda presented as every bit a lady of high moral virtue.
在法庭上，露辛达表现得完全是一位道德高尚的女士。
She had been shocked by the strange requests from her neighbor.
她对邻居的奇怪要求感到震惊。
She shared other details, including the conversations she had had with Stanislaus about death.
她分享了其他细节，包括她与斯坦尼斯劳斯关于死亡的对话。
She said that her husband, Andrew Kilpatrick, had offered to sit with Stanislaus on what would be his last night alive but that Ann had insisted there “was no necessity for it.” Nor had Ann been willing to call for a doctor—the very thing the coroner’s jury would later scold her for.
她说，她的丈夫安德鲁·基尔帕特里克 (Andrew Kilpatrick) 提出要和斯坦尼斯劳斯一起度过他活着的最后一晚，但安坚称“没有必要”。安也不愿意请医生——而这正是验尸官陪审团后来斥责她的事情。
(By some accounts, Lucinda did not share this information during the initial inquest because Ann had hidden menacingly behind a nearby curtain as the interview took place, though this claim was never substantiated.)
（根据一些说法，露辛达在最初的调查中没有透露这一信息，因为安在采访时险恶地躲在附近的窗帘后面，尽管这一说法从未得到证实。）
After Lucinda stepped down, a young woman named Rosa Scharf took the stand.
露辛达下台后，一位名叫罗莎·沙夫的年轻女子出庭作证。
Ann had hired Rosa, a local girl, as a housekeeper on March 2.
3月2日，安聘请了当地女孩罗莎作为管家。
Rosa told the packed courtroom that she had witnessed “improper actions” between Ann and Walker.
罗莎告诉挤满人的法庭，她目睹了安和沃克之间的“不当行为”。
After Stanislaus’s funeral, she saw Ann undressing with the door of her room open while Walker was in the house.
斯坦尼斯劳斯的葬礼结束后，她看到安在脱衣服，房门开着，而沃克则在屋里。
Furthermore, Rosa described suspicious glances exchanged between Ann and Walker—“something in the expression of their faces and eyes” that did not “look natural.” Rosa said she asked Ann how she could be so careless about undressing in the house, to which Ann allegedly responded that she was just used to having Walker around.
此外，罗莎描述了安和沃克之间交换的可疑眼神——“他们脸上和眼睛的表情”“看起来不自然”。罗莎说，她问安在家里脱衣服怎么这么不小心，据称安回答说她只是习惯了沃克在身边。
Rosa recalled that she had heard Stanislaus say that he was jealous of Walker.
罗莎回忆说，她曾听斯坦尼斯劳斯说他嫉妒沃克。
She doubted Ann’s devotion to her husband, because Ann was not “kind and attentive” during his illness, nor did she behave “as a wife should.” Rosa then recounted an exchange with Ann that had occurred while the two women sat together in the Bilansky home prior to Stanislaus’s death.
她怀疑安对丈夫的忠诚，因为安在丈夫生病期间并不“友善和细心”，也没有表现出“妻子应有的样子”。罗莎随后讲述了斯坦尼斯劳斯去世前，两个女人坐在比兰斯基家里时与安的一次交流。
An old man ambled past the window.
一位老人从窗前缓缓走过。
“I had better set my cap for him, for he has money,” Ann said, according to Rosa.
据罗莎说，“我最好为他设定上限，因为他有钱。”
When Rosa protested that a loveless match would be an unfulfilling one, Ann replied, “You could give him something to sleep himself to death.” Ann then mused about the amount of poison it would take to kill a man.
当罗莎抗议说，一场没有爱情的婚姻是一场不圆满的婚姻时，安回答说：“你可以给他一些东西，让他自己睡到死。”然后安思考了要杀死一个人需要多少毒药。
Later, Rosa claimed, Ann warned her to “be careful” when washing dishes, “for there had been food [on] them” meant for Stanislaus.
罗莎声称，后来安警告她洗碗时要“小心”，“因为上面有食物”是给斯坦尼斯劳斯的。
After the funeral, while riding home together in a carriage, Ann purportedly told Rosa that Stanislaus “must have taken poison.” By that time, the coroner’s inquest had been closed; no one was looking for evidence of poisoning.
葬礼结束后，安一起乘马车回家时，据称安告诉罗莎斯坦尼斯劳斯“一定是服毒了”。那时，验尸官的调查已经结束。没有人在寻找中毒的证据。
Yet Rosa remembered Ann talking about the means of her husband’s demise as all but fact.
然而罗莎记得安所说的她丈夫的死亡方式几乎是事实。
Neither Rosa nor Lucinda offered any tangible evidence that Ann had committed a crime.
罗莎和露辛达都没有提供任何确实的证据证明安犯罪了。
They had not seen her slip anything into Stanislaus’s food or drink, nor had they heard her confess to wrongdoing.
他们没有看到她在斯坦尼斯劳斯的食物或饮料中加入任何东西，也没有听到她承认自己的不当行为。
Suspicion, though, was a mighty cudgel.
然而，怀疑是一根强大的棍棒。
Implicit in the women’s testimony was a phenomenon that everyone following the trial would have known well, a widespread panic about an unholy trinity: a housewife, ill will, and arsenic.
妇女们的证词中隐含着一种现象，每个关注审判的人都会很清楚，那就是对家庭主妇、恶意和砒霜这三个邪恶的存在的普遍恐慌。
Arsenic, As on the periodic table, is a metalloid found in various minerals and in pure crystalline form.
正如元素周期表中的砷一样，砷是一种在各种矿物中以纯晶体形式存在的准金属。
The colorless, odorless white powder widely known as a poison is actually arsenic trioxide, a compound of the element.
这种无色无味的白色粉末被广泛称为毒药，实际上是三氧化二砷，一种元素化合物。
Its fatal application dates back thousands of years.
它致命的应用可以追溯到几千年前。
In 82 B.C., responding to a spate of deaths caused by the ingestion of arsenic and other toxins, Roman ruler Lucius Cornelius Sulla made poisoning, or veneficium, a crime.
公元前 82 年，为了应对因摄入砷和其他毒素而造成的大量死亡，罗马统治者卢修斯·科尼利厄斯·苏拉 (Lucius Cornelius Sulla) 将中毒或毒药定为犯罪。
Over time, arsenic became known as a woman’s weapon when less extreme measures—the law, money, family power—were not on her side.
随着时间的推移，当法律、金钱、家庭权力等不那么极端的措施不站在女性一边时，砒霜就被认为是女性的武器。
In the 1600s, there was a thriving, female-run business in Rome and the surrounding region that sold a substance called Aqua Tofana to women who wanted to get out of marriages, particularly abusive ones.
1600 年代，罗马及周边地区有一家由女性经营的生意兴隆，向那些想要摆脱婚姻（尤其是遭受虐待的婚姻）的妇女出售一种名为 Aqua Tofana 的物质。
The poison, made of arsenic mixed with other substances, was a quick way to eliminate a spouse: A wife had only to put it in her husband’s food.
这种毒药是由砷与其他物质混合制成的，是消灭配偶的一种快速方法：妻子只需将其放入丈夫的食物中即可。
Because the effects of poisoning—cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, rashes—mimicked any number of common illnesses, it was easy enough to get away with murder.
因为中毒的后果——痉挛、呕吐、腹泻、皮疹——与许多常见疾病相似，所以谋杀很容易逃脱惩罚。
One proprietress of the Aqua Tofana enterprise may have assisted in the killing of some 600 people before she was discovered and executed.
Aqua Tofana 企业的一位女老板在被发现并处决之前可能协助杀害了约 600 人。
One of the first documented cases of arsenic poisoning in England, where between 1750 and 1914 there were more than 200 court cases involving the crime, was Mary Blandy of Oxfordshire.
英国最早记录的砒霜中毒案件之一是牛津郡的玛丽·布兰迪（Mary Blandy），1750 年至 1914 年间，英格兰法院有超过 200 起涉及砷中毒的案件。
In 1752, she admitted to putting something in her father’s gruel and tea, but claimed she did not know it was poison.
1752年，她承认在父亲的粥和茶里放了一些东西，但声称她不知道那是毒药。
Mary was in love with a sea captain by the name of William Henry Cranstoun, a clumsy, smallpox-scarred man whom her father, Francis, did not approve of.
玛丽爱上了一位名叫威廉·亨利·克兰斯顿的船长，他是一个笨拙、满身天花伤痕的男人，她的父亲弗朗西斯并不赞同他。
Francis had good reason: Cranstoun was already married.
弗朗西斯有充分的理由：克兰斯顿已经结婚了。
Upon her arrest, Mary claimed that Cranstoun had told her to put the substance in her father’s breakfast because it was magic and would change her father’s mind.
被捕后，玛丽声称克兰斯顿告诉她将这种物质放入她父亲的早餐中，因为它具有魔力，会改变她父亲的想法。
Cranstoun by then had fled.
克兰斯顿当时已经逃跑了。
Mary was hanged.
玛丽被绞死。
Arsenic became known as a woman’s weapon when less extreme measures—the law, money, family power—were not on her side.
当法律、金钱、家庭权力等不那么极端的措施不站在女性一边时，砒霜就被称为女性的武器。
Many cases likely involved false allegations.
许多案件可能涉及虚假指控。
In 1815, again in England, a 20-year-old maid named Eliza Fanning cooked dumplings for her employers, Robert and Charlotte Turner.
1815 年，同样是在英国，一位名叫伊丽莎·范宁 (Eliza Fanning) 的 20 岁女佣为她的雇主罗伯特·特纳 (Robert Turner) 和夏洛特·特纳 (Charlotte Turner) 夫妇煮饺子。
She ate from the same pot they did, and following the meal, all three became ill.
她和他们吃同一个锅里的东西，吃完饭后，三个人都病了。
After recovering, the Turners accused Eliza of trying to kill them.
康复后，特纳夫妇指责伊丽莎试图杀死他们。
They maintained that she had eaten less from the pot, so that she too would get sick but not die, and accused her of not tending to them properly during their illness.
他们坚称她少吃锅里的东西，所以她也会生病但不会死，并指责她在他们生病期间没有好好照顾他们。
As for motive, Mrs. Turner said she was sure that Eliza was mad at her because she had recently chastised the young woman for being half-dressed in front of an apprentice.
至于动机，特纳夫人说，她确信伊丽莎生她的气，因为她最近惩罚了这名年轻女子，因为她在学徒面前半裸。
Eliza was found guilty and hanged.
伊丽莎被判有罪并被绞死。
To prove that poisoning allegations were true, scientists developed toxicology tests to identify arsenic.
为了证明中毒指控的真实性，科学家们开发了毒理学测试来识别砷。
Some were more accurate than others.
有些比其他更准确。
The best was the work of an English chemist named James Marsh.
最好的是一位名叫詹姆斯·马什的英国化学家的工作。
In 1836, he introduced what would become known as the Marsh test.
1836 年，他引入了后来被称为马什测试的方法。
It involved a U-shaped glass tube, open at both ends and longer on one side.
它涉及一根 U 形玻璃管，两端开口，一侧较长。
Marsh dropped a small rod into the shorter arm, along with a piece of zinc, and corked it.
马什将一根小棒和一块锌放入较短的臂中，然后将其塞住。
Into the long end, he poured the suspected arsenic sample and some sulfuric acid.
他向长端倒入了可疑的砷样品和一些硫酸。
If the sample contained no arsenic, the zinc would bubble and vent pure hydrogen through a valve in the tube.
如果样品中不含砷，则锌会起泡并通过管中的阀门排出纯氢气。
If arsenic was present, the zinc produced a different gas, called arsine.
如果存在砷，锌会产生一种不同的气体，称为砷化氢。
The test was hailed as an extraordinary development, but it was far from perfect.
该测试被誉为一项非凡的发展，但它远非完美。
For one thing, arsine was dangerous if inhaled.
一方面，吸入砷化氢是危险的。
More worrying, impure zinc often contained arsenic and could lead to false positives.
更令人担忧的是，不纯的锌通常含有砷，可能导致误报。
Marsh argued that there was a simple solution—run the test on the zinc alone to establish its purity—but not all chemists were so fastidious.
马什认为有一个简单的解决方案——仅对锌进行测试以确定其纯度——但并非所有化学家都如此挑剔。
And there was another problem: A sample containing antimony, a naturally occurring substance sometimes found in the body, could produce the same results as one with arsenic.
还有另一个问题：含有锑（一种有时在体内发现的天然物质）的样品可能会产生与含有砷的样品相同的结果。
While forensic science was still in its infancy, arsenic became as easy to buy as flour or sugar—which is exactly what it looked like.
当法医学还处于起步阶段时，砷变得像面粉或糖一样容易购买——这正是它看起来的样子。
By the 1840s in England, any person with two pennies could buy an ounce and a half of the powder while shopping for tea or milk at the grocery store.
到了 1840 年代的英国，任何拥有两便士的人在杂货店购买茶或牛奶时都可以购买一盎司半的粉末。
Unscrupulous shopkeepers sometimes used arsenic to cut sugar, which was more expensive, while others, either careless or illiterate, mixed up the two substances.
无良店主有时会用砒霜来切糖，这种糖比较贵，而其他人则要么粗心，要么不识字，将这两种物质混为一谈。
In 1858, 20 people died and more than 200 became ill after a candymaker in Yorkshire used arsenic in his confections.
1858 年，约克郡的一位糖果制造商在其糖果中使用了砷，导致 20 人死亡、200 多人患病。
There was demand for arsenic because England had a rat problem, and the poison was the perfect antidote to the disease-carrying rodents.
由于英格兰存在老鼠问题，因此对砷有需求，而这种毒药是治疗携带疾病的啮齿动物的完美解毒剂。
People mixed a bit of it with oatmeal or some other food and left the concoction next to a rathole.
人们将一些它与燕麦片或其他食物混合，然后将混合物留在鼠洞旁边。
Others washed their floors with arsenic-infused water.
其他人则用含砷水清洗地板。
Still others simply set out a saucer of the powder and waited for the rat carcasses to pile up.
还有一些人只是简单地放一碟粉末，等待老鼠尸体堆积起来。
Arsenic was also in just about anything manufacturers could think to put it in, because chemically, it gave items a rich green hue.
制造商几乎所有能想到添加砷的产品中都含有砷，因为从化学角度来看，砷可以赋予物品浓郁的绿色色调。
It was used in paint, fabric, cosmetics, soap, candles, wallpaper, candy, artificial flowers, even children’s toys.
它被用于油漆、织物、化妆品、肥皂、蜡烛、壁纸、糖果、人造花，甚至儿童玩具。
Believed (wrongly) to cure diseases when administered in small doses, arsenic was also found in tinctures and remedies.
人们（错误地）相信小剂量服用可以治愈疾病，酊剂和药物中也发现了砷。
One of the most famous was Dr. Fowler’s, a tonic that contained about 1 percent potassium arsenite.
其中最著名的是福勒博士的补品，这是一种含有约 1% 亚砷酸钾的补品。
The manufacturer claimed that the tonic could cure leprosy and gangrene, among other conditions, but the label also contained a warning that Dr. Fowler’s would “produce abortion” if a pregnant woman took it.
制造商声称这种补品可以治疗麻风病和坏疽等疾病，但标签上还警告说，如果孕妇服用福勒博士的补品，将会“导致流产”。
Given the numerous avenues of exposure, most people were probably walking around with some level of arsenic in their system without knowing it.
考虑到接触砷的途径有很多，大多数人可能在不知情的情况下体内就含有一定程度的砷。
This made toxicology tests for willful poisoning unreliable, but that didn’t stop coroners from performing them.
这使得故意中毒的毒理学测试变得不可靠，但这并没有阻止验尸官进行测试。
If the results came back positive, law enforcement was quick to assume that there had been foul play—of a sort the British public particularly relished.
如果结果呈阳性，执法部门很快就会认为存在谋杀行为——这是英国公众特别喜欢的一种犯罪行为。
Household Words , a weekly magazine edited by Charles Dickens in which articles appeared without bylines, once called murder by poisoning “a fiendish sophistication”—and nothing was more terrifying or seductive than the idea of family members killing one another at the dinner table.
《家喻户晓》是查尔斯·狄更斯编辑的周刊，其中的文章没有署名，曾将下毒谋杀称为“一种恶魔般的复杂手段”——没有什么比家庭成员在餐桌上互相残杀的想法更可怕或更诱人的了。
In 1855, according to author Sandra Hempel in her book The Inheritor’s Powder —arsenic’s Victorian-era nickname—one British paper asked its readers, “Your friends and relations all smile kindly upon you; the meal …
1855 年，根据作家桑德拉·亨佩尔 (Sandra Hempel) 在她的著作《继承者的粉末》（砒霜在维多利亚时代的昵称）中的记载，一家英国报纸询问其读者：“你的朋友和亲戚都对你微笑；这顿饭......
looks correct but how can you possibly tell there is not arsenic in the curry?” The people who made the curry—who handled most any food preparation, really—were either wives or hired female help.
看起来是正确的，但你怎么可能知道咖喱里没有砷呢？”制作咖喱的人——事实上，他们负责大部分食物的准备工作——要么是妻子，要么是雇来的女帮手。
In an era when women were beginning to demand new rights and fair treatment by men, it was only a modest leap in the popular imagination for women to embrace their Eve-like penchant for betrayal.
在一个女性开始要求新的权利和男性公平对待的时代，女性接受她们夏娃般的背叛倾向只是大众想象力的一个小小的飞跃。
Fleet Street tabloids, which exploded in number after Parliament reduced the tax on papers from four pennies to one in 1836, could not get enough of black-widow stories like that of Mary Ann Geering of East Sussex, who decided to slip arsenic into her husband’s food.
1836 年，议会将纸张税从 4 便士降低到 1 便士后，舰队街小报的数量激增，这些小报对黑寡妇的故事爱不释手，比如东苏塞克斯的玛丽·安·基林 (Mary Ann Geering) 的故事，她决定在丈夫的食物中掺入砒霜。
Richard Geering had inherited 20 pounds, and the couple’s relationship was on the rocks.
理查德·基林继承了 20 磅遗产，夫妻俩的关系岌岌可危。
Mary Ann saw an opportunity.
玛丽安看到了机会。
After a weeklong illness, Richard died.
患病一周后，理查德去世了。
Within months, two of Mary Ann’s adult sons had also died following a similar illness.
几个月之内，玛丽·安的两个成年儿子也因类似疾病去世。
A third son became sick but recovered after leaving Mary Ann’s home.
第三个儿子生病了，但在离开玛丽安家后康复了。
The bodies of her husband and other two sons were exhumed, and toxicologists found arsenic in their stomach lining.
她丈夫和另外两个儿子的尸体被挖出，毒理学家在他们的胃壁中发现了砷。
Mary Ann confessed to poisoning and was hanged.
玛丽·安承认中毒并被绞死。
Then there was Mary Ann Cotton, who over some 13 years poisoned three husbands and as many as 15 children.
还有玛丽·安·科顿 (Mary Ann Cotton)，她在大约 13 年的时间里毒害了 3 名丈夫和多达 15 名孩子。
She collected insurance payments each time a family member passed away.
每当有家庭成员去世时，她都会收取保险金。
Eventually, she was convicted and executed.
最终，她被定罪并被处决。
Rebecca Smith also killed most of her 11 children with arsenic.
丽贝卡·史密斯 (Rebecca Smith) 也用砒霜杀死了她 11 个孩子中的大部分。
Saddled with an alcoholic husband, Rebecca assumed poisoning would be preferable to slowly starving to death.
丽贝卡的丈夫酗酒，她认为中毒比慢慢饿死要好。
She, too, was executed for her crimes.
她也因其罪行而被处决。
These women were guilty, but others convicted through scientific evidence likely were not.
这些女性有罪，但其他通过科学证据被定罪的女性可能没有。
Arsenic was everywhere and in everything, and the media claimed that any woman could be a murderess in disguise.
砒霜无处不在，无处不在，媒体声称任何女人都可能是伪装的女凶手。
When men—because all police were men—investigated cases of suspected poisoning, they looked for gendered motives: a woman mistreated by her employers, cheated on by her husband, or involved in a love triangle.
当男性——因为所有警察都是男性——调查疑似中毒案件时，他们会寻找性别动机：女性被雇主虐待、被丈夫欺骗或卷入三角恋。
Feeding on the arsenic panic, author Edward Bulwer-Lytton wrote a three-volume best-selling novel called Lucretia, or the Children of the Night, about a stealth poisoner named Lucretia Clavering.
作家爱德华·布尔沃·利顿 (Edward Bulwer-Lytton) 在砷恐慌的影响下写了一本三卷本畅销小说，名为《卢克丽霞》或《夜之子》，讲述了一个名叫卢克丽霞·克拉弗林的秘密投毒者的故事。
Her last name was a reference to a village in Essex where a high-profile arsenic poisoning had occurred.
她的姓氏指的是埃塞克斯郡的一个村庄，那里曾发生过备受瞩目的砷中毒事件。
The stories, both real and imagined, so frightened people that, in 1851, Parliament passed the Sale of Arsenic Act.
这些故事，无论是真实的还是想象的，都让人们感到恐惧，以至于议会在 1851 年通过了《砷销售法案》。
The law required druggists to clearly label arsenic and keep records of who bought it.
法律要求药剂师对砷进行明确标记，并保存购买者的记录。
Though unsuccessful, some lawmakers even pressed their colleagues to bar women from purchasing arsenic altogether.
尽管没有成功，一些立法者甚至向同事施压，要求完全禁止女性购买砒霜。
Not that doing so would have stopped the panic’s viral spread: By mid-century, fears of women wielding arsenic had hurdled over the pond.
这样做并不能阻止恐慌的病毒式传播：到了本世纪中叶，人们对女性使用砒霜的恐惧已经跨越了池塘。
On November 7, 1849, in eastern North Carolina, Alexander C.
1849 年 11 月 7 日，在北卡罗来纳州东部，Alexander C.
Simpson sat down to his dinner at around 1 p.m.
下午 1 点左右，辛普森坐下来吃晚饭。
At the table were his wife, Ann, a boarder named Samuel G.
坐在餐桌旁的是他的妻子安，一位名叫塞缪尔·G·的寄宿生。
Smith, and a friend, one Mr. Whitfield.
史密斯和一位朋友，惠特菲尔德先生。
After the meal, Ann Simpson brought out two cups of syllabub for herself and her husband, who consumed his with a silver spoon.
饭后，安·辛普森为自己和丈夫端出了两杯教学大纲，丈夫用银汤匙喝了一杯。
Both Smith and Whitfield were Sons of Temperance and did not partake of the creamy dessert drink made with wine or sherry.
史密斯和惠特菲尔德都是禁酒之子，不喝用葡萄酒或雪利酒制成的奶油甜点饮料。
When Alexander finished, he asked for more; Ann gave him the rest of hers.
当亚历山大说完后，他要求更多。安把她剩下的都给了他。
She then got up to serve coffee, placing a cup on the table that Smith believed was for him.
然后她起身去倒咖啡，把一个杯子放在桌子上，史密斯认为这是给他的。
“Mr. Smith,” Ann allegedly corrected, “I said that was Mr. Simpson’s coffee.” Her husband, she explained, “required his coffee sweeter.” Smith was given a different cup.
“史密斯先生，”安纠正道，“我说那是辛普森先生的咖啡。”她解释说，她的丈夫“需要更甜的咖啡。”史密斯得到了一个不同的杯子。
Alexander became ill that evening and vomited throughout the night.
亚历山大当天晚上就病倒了，并呕吐了一夜。
W.P.
W.P.
Mallett, his regular doctor, saw him the next morning and prescribed pills made of calomel powder and opium, along with a dose of morphine.
第二天早上，他的主治医生马利特给他开了一些由甘汞粉和鸦片制成的药丸，以及一剂吗啡。
By Thursday evening, Alexander was suffering from severe diarrhea.
到周四晚上，亚历山大出现严重腹泻。
He died sometime between 8 and 10 p.m.
他于晚上 8 点至 10 点之间去世。
Mallett was suspicious.
马利特很怀疑。
After the postmortem, he placed Alexander’s stomach in a jar and brought it to Dr. Benjamin Robinson, who had experience testing gastric fluids for arsenic.
尸检结束后，他将亚历山大的胃放入一个罐子中，并将其带给本杰明·罗宾逊博士，他有测试胃液中砷的经验。
Robinson performed two tests and became convinced that Alexander had died of poisoning.
罗宾逊进行了两次测试，并确信亚历山大死于中毒。
But was it intentional?
但这是故意的吗？
A coroner’s jury ruled that there was enough evidence to indict Ann for murder.
验尸官陪审团裁定，有足够的证据起诉安谋杀。
The courts issued a bench warrant, but Ann had already fled to South Carolina.
法院发出了法官逮捕令，但安已经逃往南卡罗来纳州。
From there she reportedly went to Cuba, where she remained in hiding for months.
据报道，她从那里前往古巴，在那里躲藏了几个月。
She then returned to North Carolina for her trial in May 1850, undoubtedly hoping to be exonerated.
1850 年 5 月，她返回北卡罗来纳州接受审判，无疑希望被无罪释放。
The prosecution presented a case based on Robinson’s toxicology reports.
检方根据罗宾逊的毒理学报告提出了一个案件。
“I entertain no doubt,” Robinson said on the stand, “that there was arsenic in his stomach.” When questioned about the possible effects of the calomel prescribed by Mallet, Robinson said “it could not have produced the same results.” However, many doctors at the time disagreed.
“我毫不怀疑，”罗宾逊在证人席上说道，“他的胃里含有砒霜。”当被问及马利特开出的甘汞可能产生的影响时，罗宾逊说“它不可能产生相同的结果”。然而，当时的许多医生并不同意。
Made of a mercury compound, calomel caused gastrointestinal problems and other side effects, including bleeding gums and facial tremors.
甘汞由汞化合物制成，会引起胃肠道问题和其他副作用，包括牙龈出血和面部震颤。
It was so suspect that, in 1825, the Richmond Enquirer published a tongue-in-cheek poem about doctors who prescribed the substance:
由于这种物质的可疑性，1825 年，《里士满问询报》发表了一首关于开出这种物质的医生的半开玩笑的诗：
In addition to calomel, the defense pointed out, Alexander had been taking iodine during the six months before he died, to treat a scrofulous disorder.
辩方指出，除了甘汞之外，亚历山大在去世前的六个月内还服用碘来治疗瘰疬疾病。
He was supposed to take only a teaspoon per day, but what if he had measured poorly?
他应该每天只服用一茶匙，但如果他量得不好怎么办？
An excess of iodine could cause stomach pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.
过量的碘会导致胃痛、呕吐和腹泻。
Ann’s attorney also suggested that Alexander might have had cholera, and he questioned the toxicology tests for arsenic, describing them as “uncertain, inconclusive, and fallacious.”
安的律师还暗示亚历山大可能患有霍乱，他对砷的毒理学测试提出质疑，称这些测试“不确定、无结论且错误”。
The prosecution mustered several witnesses who detailed Ann’s failings as a wife and as a woman.
检方召集了几名证人，详细描述了安作为妻子和女性的失败。
Rachel Arey, an acquaintance, claimed that Ann had said she’d visited a fortune-teller and learned that Alexander would die in a few months, leaving her free to marry “her first love.” A neighbor of the fortune-teller, who had since died, claimed that she had seen Ann visit “once or twice a day.”
熟人雷切尔·阿雷 (Rachel Arey) 声称，安说她拜访了一位算命师，得知亚历山大将在几个月后去世，让她可以自由地嫁给“她的初恋情人”。算命师的一位邻居后来去世了，她声称她见过安“每天来一两次”。
The Simpsons’ boarder, Samuel Smith, claimed that Ann had once asked him about the effects of arsenic.
辛普森一家的寄宿生塞缪尔·史密斯声称，安曾经向他询问过砒霜的影响。
A clerk in a local store testified that he had sold an ounce of the poison to Ann a week before Alexander died.
当地一家商店的一名店员作证说，他在亚历山大去世前一周向安出售了一盎司毒药。
Nancy Register, a seamstress who had lived with the Simpsons for a short period, claimed that Ann once read aloud from a letter Alexander had sent her.
与辛普森一家住过一段时间的女裁缝南希·雷吉斯特声称，安曾经大声朗读过亚历山大寄给她的一封信。
Despite professing not to remember much of the letter, which Ann allegedly had burned, Register managed to recite a good deal of it: “I once thought you loved me, but now I have reasons to suspect, that you love another better than me.
尽管声称不记得这封据称被安烧毁的信的大部分内容，雷斯特还是设法背诵了其中的大部分内容：“我曾经以为你爱我，但现在我有理由怀疑，你爱另一个人胜过爱我。
For the sake of your friends, you may stay in my house, but you must find your own clothes as well as you can.
为了你的朋友，你可以住在我家，但你一定要尽量找到自己的衣服。
Prepare a bed for me up-stairs tonight.
今晚在楼上给我准备一张床。
You can no longer be my wife.” Register also testified that Ann had never loved Alexander and had only married him for money.
你不能再做我的妻子了。”雷斯特还作证说，安从未爱过亚历山大，嫁给他只是为了钱。
According to the prosecutor, the “vices of the world” had worked upon Ann, leading her to commit “the most horrid and detestable” of wrongs.
据检察官称，“世界的罪恶”对安起作用，导致她犯下“最可怕和最令人憎恶”的错误。
The judge chimed in to call it “the darkest in the catalogue of crimes.” Even Ann’s attorney said that murdering a husband was “so monstrous, so revolting, so unnatural, that one is tempted to pronounce its impossibility.” Still, he argued, Ann had not done it.
法官插话称这是“犯罪目录中最黑暗的”。就连安的律师也表示，谋杀丈夫“是如此可怕、如此令人反感、如此不自然，以至于人们很想宣布这是不可能的”。不过，他辩称，安并没有这么做。
He asked the jury to picture his client with “her fair neck bared, and circled by the hempen cord, her delicate frame enveloped in the felon’s shroud, and the scene closes upon the gallows and the grave.” The lawyer then urged, “Gentlemen, you can let her live.”
他要求陪审团想象他的当事人“裸露着白皙的脖子，被麻绳环绕，她精致的身躯包裹在重罪犯的裹尸布中，场景接近绞刑架和坟墓”。律师随后催促道：“先生们，你们可以让她活下去。”
The trial lasted until 3 a.m.
庭审一直持续到凌晨3点。
on a Friday morning, at which time the judge sent the jury directly to deliberate, fearing that a period of rest would provide too many opportunities for outside opinions to taint their views.
周五早上，法官直接派陪审团去商议，担心休息一段时间会给外界意见提供太多机会来玷污他们的观点。
Three hours later, the jury returned.
三个小时后，陪审团回来了。
The verdict was shocking: not guilty.
判决结果令人震惊：无罪。
Ann Simpson left the courtroom a free woman, but she would be remembered by many people in North Carolina and beyond as the woman who got away with murder.
安·辛普森以自由的身份离开法庭，但北卡罗来纳州及其他地区的许多人都会记得她是一位逃脱谋杀罪的女人。
Nine years later, when Ann Bilansky went on trial in Minnesota, the prosecution was determined to avoid the same humiliating outcome.
九年后，当安·比兰斯基在明尼苏达州接受审判时，检方决心避免同样的耻辱结果。
On May 28, 1859, the fifth day of the trial, the defense team cross-examined William H.
1859 年 5 月 28 日，审判的第五天，辩护小组盘问了 William H.
Morton, one of the prosecution’s medical experts.
莫顿是检方的医学专家之一。
According to The Daily Pioneer and Democrat , Morton and two other doctors had conducted a postmortem examination of Stanislaus Bilansky’s stomach and found internal inflammation that indicated possible arsenic poisoning.
据《先锋报》和《民主党报》报道，莫顿和另外两名医生对斯坦尼斯劳斯·比兰斯基的胃进行了尸检，发现内部炎症，表明可能是砷中毒。
They then performed the Marsh test, along with a number of other procedures, which Morton said revealed a fatal amount of poison.
然后他们进行了马什测试以及其他一些程序，莫顿说这些测试揭示了致命量的毒物。
He testified that the cause of death was arsenic in “sufficient quantity” to have killed poor Stanislaus within half an hour.
他作证说，死因是“数量足够”的砷，足以在半小时内杀死可怜的斯坦尼斯劳斯。
Ann’s defense set about explaining the problems with the tests.
安的辩护开始解释测试中的问题。
First, the lawyers cast doubt on Morton’s abilities as a toxicologist by asking him to explain the result of each experiment he had run.
首先，律师们要求莫顿解释他进行的每项实验的结果，从而对莫顿作为毒理学家的能力表示怀疑。
Morton said there had been five tests in all, and he admitted that two were known to provide inconsistent results, while another pair had produced no evidence of arsenic.
莫顿说，总共进行了五次测试，他承认其中两次提供的结果不一致，而另一次则没有产生砷的证据。
Only the fifth had yielded a positive result that might stand up in court.
只有第五个得出了可能在法庭上站得住脚的积极结果。
Morton also admitted that he had not performed any arsenic tests prior to Ann’s case and generally had little experience with chemistry.
莫顿还承认，在安的案件发生之前，他没有进行过任何砷测试，并且通常对化学经验很少。
Morton confessed to using nitric acid instead of sulfuric acid in one test, a mistake that might have affected the results.
莫顿承认在一次测试中使用了硝酸而不是硫酸，这一错误可能会影响结果。
Lastly, he acknowledged that antimony, sometimes found in the stomach, can produce lab results similar to those of arsenic.
最后，他承认有时在胃中发现的锑可以产生与砷类似的实验室结果。
As The Daily Pioneer and Democrat reported, “Antimony is the most common source of fallacy in Marsh’s test,” and illness caused by arsenic and by antinomy “would be very nearly the same.”
正如《每日先驱报》和《民主党》报道的那样，“锑是马什检验中最常见的谬误来源”，砷和二律背反引起的疾病“几乎是一样的”。
The defense introduced a Dr. Vervais, who criticized Morton’s findings.
辩方介绍了韦尔韦博士，他批评了莫顿的发现。
Even the test that had identified arsenic, Vervais said, could have been flawed if, say, the glass laboratory tube had overheated.
韦尔韦说，即使是鉴定出砷的测试，如果玻璃实验室管过热，也可能存在缺陷。
Questioning scientific evidence was the defense’s best move, given that forensic toxicology was so new to the public and the courts, particularly in a fledgling state like Minnesota.
鉴于法医毒理学对公众和法院来说都是新事物，特别是在明尼苏达州这样的新兴州，质疑科学证据是辩方的最佳举措。
Still, science on its face could be convincing, and the media played loose with facts.
尽管如此，表面上的科学还是有说服力的，而媒体则对事实不屑一顾。
The Duluth News-Tribune, the eponymous paper of record in a town some 150 miles north of Saint Paul, published a story indicating that arsenic was definitively present in Stanislaus’s stomach.
圣保罗以北约 150 英里的一个小镇的同名报纸《德卢斯新闻论坛报》发表了一篇报道，表明斯坦尼斯劳斯的胃里确实存在砷。
District attorney Isaac Heard, the lead prosecutor, knew that the scientific evidence might not be enough to convict Ann.
首席检察官、地区检察官艾萨克·赫德 (Isaac Heard) 知道，科学证据可能不足以对安定罪。
He told the jury that, while they must be convinced of guilt, the reasons “need not amount to absolute demonstration, such as alone can be obtained by mathematical science.” Heard said the jurors should rely on testimony that was rational and probable—testimony like that of Lucinda Kilpatrick and Rosa Scharf.
他告诉陪审团，虽然他们必须确信有罪，但理由“不必达到绝对的证明，例如可以通过数学科学单独获得”。赫德表示，陪审员应该依赖理性且可能的证词，比如露辛达·基尔帕特里克和罗莎·沙夫的证词。
What did their statements reveal about the sort of woman Ann really was?
他们的陈述揭示了安到底是什么样的女人？
On the one hand, men were supposed to be stronger, smarter, and more capable than their wives.
一方面，男人应该比他们的妻子更强大、更聪明、更有能力。
But even the best of them could be felled if they trusted wily, unscrupulous, or deranged women.
但如果他们信任狡猾、不择手段或精神错乱的女性，即使是最优秀的人也可能会被击倒。
The press tackled this angle with vigor.
媒体从这个角度大力报道。
One reporter argued that the Bilansky case was a “tragedy, which has been enacted all the world over, wherever a woman, bad enough to be a harlot and bold enough to be a murderer, has wished to get rid of a husband whom she disliked, for a paramour whom she preferred.” Because Ann never testified in her defense, her voice was all but absent from news stories.
一位记者认为，比兰斯基案是一场“悲剧，全世界都在上演，一个坏到可以当妓女、胆大到可以当杀人犯的女人，却希望为了一个她喜欢的情人而摆脱她不喜欢的丈夫”。由于安从未为自己辩护，她的声音几乎没有出现在新闻报道中。
In its place, the press projected a caricature.
取而代之的是媒体投射了一幅漫画。
On the second day of the trial, The Daily Pioneer and Democrat described Ann as “composed and self-possessed,” an indication that she did “not show a deep concern in the proceedings.” When Lucinda testified, the paper claimed, Ann displayed “feelings of enmity …
在审判的第二天，《每日先锋报》和《民主党人》形容安“镇定自若”，这表明她“在诉讼过程中没有表现出深切的担忧”。该报称，当露辛达作证时，安表现出“敌意……
frequently smiling behind her handkerchief, as if intent on bringing scandalous information to light.” Ann demonstrated “more concern and anxiety” when Rosa took the stand, suggesting that the forthcoming testimony would reveal something damning—something newspaper readers ought to pay close attention to.
经常在手帕后面微笑，仿佛一心要把丑闻曝光。”当罗莎出庭时，安表现出“更多的担忧和焦虑”，暗示即将举行的证词将揭露一些令人震惊的事情——报纸读者应该密切关注的事情。
Rosa went on to claim that Ann and Walker were lovers.
罗莎接着声称安和沃克是恋人。
The case was a “tragedy, which has been enacted all the world over, wherever a woman, bad enough to be a harlot and bold enough to be a murderer, has wished to get rid of a husband whom she disliked, for a paramour whom she preferred.”
这起案件是“全世界都在上演的悲剧，一个坏到可以当妓女、胆大到可以当杀人犯的女人，却想为了一个她喜欢的情人而摆脱她不喜欢的丈夫”。
The Daily Pioneer and Democrat also described Ann’s defense as “slight.” In fact it was anything but.
《先锋报》和《民主党》也将安的辩护形容为“轻微”。事实上，事实并非如此。
Multiple witnesses testified that Stanislaus was depressive by nature and at times even suicidal.
多名目击者证实，斯坦尼斯劳斯生性抑郁，有时甚至有自杀倾向。
Orrin Branch, a family friend, testified that once, when Stanislaus did not come to an appointment, Branch assumed that he had killed himself because he was “trouble-prone.” If Stanislaus did die from ingesting arsenic, might he have taken it himself?
家庭朋友奥林·布兰奇 (Orrin Branch) 作证说，有一次，当斯坦尼斯劳斯没有赴约时，布兰奇以为他自杀了，因为他“容易惹麻烦”。如果斯坦尼斯劳斯确实因摄入砒霜而死，他可能会自己服下砒霜吗？
Stanislaus’s ex-wife Ellen testified to his disagreeable nature.
斯坦尼斯劳斯的前妻艾伦证明了他的性格令人讨厌。
Dr. Berthier spoke of his drinking habit and persistent stomach problems.
贝尔蒂尔医生谈到了他的饮酒习惯和持续存在的胃病。
A neighbor, G.
邻居，G.
B.
B.
Galinksa, said that Stanislaus had talked about financial problems, including $200 in debt on which he was paying 36 percent interest.
加林萨说，斯坦尼斯劳斯谈到了财务问题，包括他要支付 36% 利息的 200 美元债务。
One of the Bilansky children, ten-year-old Benjamin, testified that, contrary to what Lucinda had said, the family did have rats in their home.
比兰斯基家的一个孩子，十岁的本杰明作证说，与露辛达所说的相反，家里确实有老鼠。
Three other witnesses corroborated his statement.
其他三名证人证实了他的说法。
As for Ann’s alleged affair with her nephew, everyone who lived in the house swore they had never seen Ann in Walker’s rooms.
至于安涉嫌与她的侄子有染，住在这所房子里的每个人都发誓他们从未在沃克的房间里见过安。
If she undressed while Walker was in the main house, the two were well separated by a wall.
如果沃克在主屋时她脱掉衣服，两人就被一堵墙隔开。
The defense tried to pursue a line of argument undercutting Lucinda’s testimony.
辩方试图提出一系列论点来削弱露辛达的证词。
The lawyers had obtained evidence that Lucinda may have had her own incriminating secrets: romantic letters and gifts that she had sent to Walker.
律师们获得的证据表明，露辛达可能拥有自己的犯罪秘密：她寄给沃克的浪漫信件和礼物。
Was she jealous of Ann’s close bond with her nephew?
她嫉妒安和她侄子的亲密关系吗？
Did Ann’s disapproval stand in the way of Lucinda pursuing an affair with the young man?
安的反对是否阻碍了露辛达与这个年轻人的婚外情？
Had Lucinda sensed an opportunity with Stanislaus’s death to get Ann out of her way?
露辛达是否意识到斯坦尼斯劳斯的死是一个让安摆脱困境的机会？
And surely it was odd that Rosa had boarded with Lucinda and her husband during the trial, providing the perfect opportunity for the two women to square their stories.
当然，奇怪的是，罗莎在审判期间与露辛达和她的丈夫一起登机，为这两个女人提供了绝佳的机会来调和他们的故事。
For unclear reasons, the judge ruled the content of the letters from Lucinda to Walker inadmissible, but Ann’s defense still peppered the witness with questions about her motivations for sending them.
由于不明原因，法官裁定露辛达写给沃克的信件内容不可受理，但安的辩护仍然向证人提出了关于她发送这些信件的动机的问题。
In response, Lucinda stonewalled.
作为回应，露辛达拒绝了。
She refused to talk about her past, including relationships prior to her marriage.
她拒绝谈论她的过去，包括婚前的关系。
She also would not answer questions about a ring and breast pin that she allegedly had given to Walker.
她也不愿回答有关她据称送给沃克的戒指和胸针的问题。
“Did you in the months of December, January, and February send letters or other messages of love and affection to Mr. Walker?” a defense attorney asked.
“您在 12 月、1 月和 2 月期间是否给沃克先生寄过信件或其他充满爱意和感情的信息？”一名辩护律师问道。
“When did your friendly acquaintance with Mr. Walker commence?”
“你和沃克先生是什么时候开始友好相识的？”
Frustrated, perhaps, by the lack of forthcoming information, a reporter for The Daily Pioneer and Democrat skipped printing further details about the exchange.
也许是由于缺乏即将发布的信息而感到沮丧，《先锋日报》和《民主党》的一名记者没有打印有关此次交易所的更多细节。
He wrote instead, “Very much time was consumed in arguing technicalities and the admissibility and regularity of questions.”
相反，他写道：“很多时间都花在争论技术细节以及问题的可接受性和规律性上。”
By the time Walker took the stand, he faced no charges in the case; the police had dropped them for lack of evidence.
当沃克出庭作证时，他没有在此案中受到任何指控；警方因缺乏证据而放弃了它们。
Walker defended his aunt, swearing that he and Ann were not having an affair.
沃克为他的姨妈辩护，发誓他和安没有外遇。
He claimed that he did not have a romantic relationship with Lucinda either, but noted that they had fallen out as friends in the recent past.
他声称自己与露辛达也没有恋爱关系，但指出他们最近作为朋友已经闹翻了。
(Lucinda said she “couldn’t tell the time when the coldness commenced.” ) Walker cast doubt on Lucinda’s indictment of Ann for not calling her husband a doctor the night he died, testifying that Stanislaus himself stubbornly refused treatment because he feared being overcharged.
（露辛达说她“无法说出寒冷开始的时间。”）沃克对露辛达对安的指控表示怀疑，因为安在她丈夫去世当晚没有给他打电话，并证明斯坦尼斯劳斯本人顽固地拒绝治疗，因为他担心被多收费。
The idea, as an author writing about Ann’s case a century later would put it, that Walker might have “agitated the bosoms of at least two women involved in the trial” certainly made for good newspaper copy.
正如一个世纪后一位撰写安案件的作家所言，沃克可能“激怒了至少两名参与审判的女性”，这一想法肯定会成为报纸上的好文章。
Reporters, however, skimmed over the matter and all but dismissed Walker’s testimony.
然而，记者们略读了此事，几乎否认了沃克的证词。
They presented Lucinda as an obedient, dependable woman, the kind that society needed, in contrast to Ann, who would stop at nothing to have “more unrestrained intercourse.”
他们把露辛达描绘成一个听话、可靠的女人，这是社会所需要的那种，与安不同，安不惜一切代价进行“更无拘无束的交往”。
The prosecution closed its case by reminding the jury that Ann had committed murder “coolly” and with the “subtle instrument” of arsenic.
检方在结案时提醒陪审团，安是“冷静地”使用砒霜“巧妙的工具”犯下谋杀罪的。
She had taken advantage of her husband’s trust and doctored his “food and drink by her hands not to soothe and save but to destroy.” Heard, the prosecutor, told the jurors—all of them men, and most of them likely married—that “no more atrocious crime can be committed.”
她利用了丈夫的信任，“亲手操纵他的食物和饮料，不是为了安抚和拯救，而是为了毁灭”。检察官赫德告诉陪审员——他们都是男性，而且大多数可能已婚——“不能再犯下更残暴的罪行了。”
After five hours of deliberation, the jury returned to the courtroom at around 5:30 p.m.
经过五个小时的审议，陪审团于下午5点30分左右返回法庭。
on June 3, 1859.
1859 年 6 月 3 日。
It had reached a verdict: Ann was guilty of first-degree murder.
法庭已作出判决：安犯有一级谋杀罪。
The Daily Pioneer and Democrat later mused that the jury was unsympathetic because Ann “seemed to be utterly devoid of all natural female modesty, and even of common decency.” That word—decency—shaped what happened next, as Minnesota authorities and Saint Paul society debated what to do with their very own murderess: lock her away for life or let her hang.
《先锋报》和《民主党》后来沉思道，陪审团毫无同情心，因为安“似乎完全缺乏女性天生的谦逊，甚至缺乏普遍的正派”。这个词——正派——决定了接下来发生的事情，明尼苏达当局和圣保罗社会正在争论如何处理他们自己的凶手：将她终身监禁还是让她绞死。
Minnesota turned one year old the same month as Ann’s trial, and the state was eager to demonstrate to its East Coast brethren that it was no longer merely a northern outpost of the Wild West.
在安受审的同一个月，明尼苏达州就满一周岁了，该州急于向东海岸的兄弟们证明，它不再仅仅是狂野西部的一个北部前哨基地。
In August 1859, The Daily Pioneer and Democrat ran a front-page article called “What Is Said of Us,” regaling readers with visiting reporters’ impressions of the state.
1859 年 8 月，《先锋报和民主党报》发表了一篇头版文章，题为《人们对我们的评价》，向读者讲述来访记者对这个国家的印象。
Cosmopolitan correspondents, Minnesotans were told, “uniformly express their admiration of the scenery and great fertility, and astonishment at the rapid progress we have made.” The article relayed the rhapsodies of one New York reporter too overwhelmed to “convey the impression which the magnificent country made” on him.
明尼苏达州的国际记者们被告知，“一致表达了他们对风景和丰饶富饶的钦佩，并对我们所取得的快速进步感到惊讶。”这篇文章转述了一位纽约记者的狂想曲，他不知所措，无法“传达这个伟大国家给他留下的印象”。
Executing a woman could tarnish the civilized veneer that Minnesota was so diligently polishing.
处决一名妇女可能会玷污明尼苏达州辛勤打磨的文明外表。
Death-penalty abolitionists throughout America had long argued that killing a woman was below the dignity of the state; even many proponents of the punishment agreed.
美国各地的死刑废止主义者长期以来一直认为，杀害妇女有损国家尊严。甚至许多惩罚的支持者也表示同意。
In the mid-1800s, The New York Times began editorializing against hanging women because it was not “proper.” In practice, the penalty was rare.
1800 年代中期，《纽约时报》开始发表社论反对绞刑妇女，因为这不“恰当”。在实践中，这种处罚很少见。
During the 19th century, just 49 women were executed in America, most after being convicted of killing their husbands.
19 世纪，美国只有 49 名妇女被处决，其中大多数是在因杀害丈夫而被定罪后被处决。
That figure was less than the number of executions nationwide in most years—63 in 1859, for instance.
这个数字低于大多数年份全国处决的数量——例如 1859 年的 63 起。
The St. Cloud Democrat , a Minnesota newspaper, echoed the decency argument in an editorial opposing a sentence of execution for Ann.
明尼苏达州的《圣克劳德民主党报》在一篇社论中呼应了正派论点，反对对安执行死刑。
State-sanctioned murder was no different than blood vengeance, the paper argued, so if the government decided to put its most famous prisoner to death, “the Haiwain [sic] islands …
该报认为，国家批准的谋杀与血腥复仇没有什么不同，因此，如果政府决定处死最著名的囚犯，“海文群岛……
would be a suitable place”—a racist dig at the Pacific kingdom.
将是一个合适的地方”——对这个太平洋王国的种族主义挖苦。
Justice Charles E.
大法官查尔斯·E.
Flandrau of the Minnesota Supreme Court opposed execution, too.
明尼苏达州最高法院的弗兰德劳也反对执行死刑。
“It rather shocks my private sense of humanity,” Flandrau wrote in a letter to the governor, “inflicting the extreme penalty on a woman.” But plenty of people disagreed.
弗兰德劳在给州长的一封信中写道：“这相当震惊我个人的人性意识，对一名女性施加了极端的惩罚。”但很多人不同意。
The Daily Pioneer and Democrat reported on the “eagerness and persistency” of women in Saint Paul who wanted to watch Ann hang.
《先驱报》和《民主党》报道了圣保罗妇女的“渴望和坚持”，她们想看安被绞死。
Proponents believed her execution could serve as a lesson to other wives tempted to rid themselves of their husbands.
支持者认为，处决她可以给其他试图摆脱丈夫的妻子一个教训。
While the debate unfurled, Ann held out hope, however small, that the state would overturn her conviction, rendering the prison-or-death question moot.
在辩论展开的同时，安仍抱有希望，希望州政府能够推翻她的判决，让“要么入狱，要么死刑”的问题变得毫无意义。
Through the summer of 1859, she sat in a Saint Paul jail cell awaiting news of an appeal her lawyers had filed.
1859 年夏天，她坐在圣保罗监狱的牢房里，等待她的律师提出上诉的消息。
On the afternoon of July 25, Walker visited Ann to deliver bad news: The state Supreme Court had denied her petition, which meant that she had exhausted her options to prove her innocence.
7月25日下午，沃克拜访安，传达了一个坏消息：州最高法院驳回了她的请愿，这意味着她已经用尽了证明自己无罪的选择。
A judge would sentence her before the end of the year.
法官将在年底前对她进行宣判。
Walker stayed with Ann for two hours, comforting her.
沃克陪着安两个小时，安慰她。
After he left, Ann paced the jail’s halls until about 8 p.m., which was when the guard, a man named Smith, went to fetch the keys to return the prisoner to her cell.
他离开后，安在监狱大厅里来回踱步，直到晚上 8 点左右，这时警卫史密斯去拿钥匙，将囚犯送回牢房。
Ann seized the moment.
安抓住了这个时机。
She ran down a set of stairs into the basement and pushed herself through a small, only partially barred window.
她跑下一段楼梯，进入地下室，然后推开一扇半封闭的小窗户。
Her feet touched the ground, and Ann ran.
她的脚一接触地面，安就跑了。
When Smith realized Ann was not in the hall where he had left her, he assumed she had gone to her cell and was waiting for him there.
当史密斯意识到安不在他离开她的大厅时，他以为她已经去了牢房并在那里等他。
She was not, so Smith searched the rest of the jail.
她没有，所以史密斯搜查了监狱的其他地方。
Only after going downstairs to the basement and seeing the window did he conclude, as The Daily Pioneer and Democrat reported, “that the bird had flown.”
正如《先驱报》和《民主党》报道的那样，直到下楼到地下室看到窗户后，他才得出结论：“鸟已经飞走了。”
Smith sounded the alarm, and the police immediately began a search throughout Saint Paul.
史密斯拉响了警报，警方立即开始在圣保罗全境进行搜查。
They placed roadblocks at the edges of town and stopped passing carriages.
他们在城镇边缘设置路障并阻止过往车辆。
The sheriff’s office made handbills that proclaimed in bold type, “ESCAPE OF A MURDERESS.” A $500 reward was promised to anyone who captured her.
治安官办公室制作了传单，上面用粗体字写着“女凶手逃脱”。任何捕获她的人都将获得 500 美元的奖励。
Smith came under suspicion for being part of the escape plot.
史密斯因参与越狱阴谋而受到怀疑。
He claimed to have left Ann alone for only one or two minutes, but The Daily Pioneer and Democrat argued that “it requires too great of a stretch of credulity to suppose that Mrs. Bilansky escaped through the carelessness of the jailor—unless indeed the jailor was paid for his carelessness.” (Either that or Smith was “an idiot.” ) The New York Evening Post, meanwhile, reported “criminal carelessness, if not still more criminal corruption, on the part of the jailer.” Implied in the reporting was the notion that Ann could not have escaped by her own wits.
他声称只让安独自一人待了一两分钟，但《每日先锋报》和《民主党》认为，“要认为比兰斯基夫人因狱卒的粗心而逃脱，需要太轻信了——除非狱卒确实因为他的粗心而得到了报酬。” （无论是史密斯还是“白痴”。）与此同时，《纽约晚报》报道称，“狱卒方面存在刑事疏忽，甚至更多的刑事腐败。”报道中暗示安不可能靠自己的智慧逃脱。
For nearly a week, Ann was on the lam.
近一周以来，安一直在逃。
Her flight was the talk of Saint Paul.
她的逃亡成为圣保罗的谈论话题。
Police and citizens looked high and low for her, not because she posed any danger but because her escape surely signaled the guilt her lawyers had so vehemently denied.
警察和民众对她的关注度很高，并不是因为她构成了任何危险，而是因为她的逃跑无疑表明她的律师极力否认她有罪。
Ann had to be caught and brought to justice.
安必须被抓获并绳之以法。
On August 1, she was spotted on a road about two miles outside Saint Paul, headed toward the town of St. Anthony.
8 月 1 日，有人发现她在圣保罗郊外约两英里的一条路上，前往圣安东尼镇。
Ann was dressed in men’s clothes—a disguise, presumably—and accompanied by Walker.
安穿着男装——大概是乔装——并由沃克陪同。
Upon their arrest, The Daily Pioneer and Democrat reported that Ann “manifested considerable emotion,” while “Walker was as cool as usual.” The circumstances only solidified public perception that their relationship was unseemly.
《先驱报》和《民主党》报道称，他们被捕后，安“表现出了相当大的情绪”，而“沃克则像往常一样冷静”。这种情况只会强化公众对他们关系不体面的看法。
During questioning, it emerged that Ann initially had hidden near Como Lake, a 70-acre body of water in greater Saint Paul.
在审问过程中发现，安最初藏身于科莫湖附近，科莫湖是大圣保罗的一个占地 70 英亩的水域。
She had convinced a boy from a nearby farm to bring her food and send word to Walker about her whereabouts.
她说服附近农场的一个男孩给她带来食物，并向沃克通报她的下落。
Walker then provided her with men’s clothing and found a barn—owned by George Lumsden, a man who had been in jail with Ann and befriended her—where she could conceal herself.
沃克随后为她提供了男装，并找到了一个谷仓——归乔治·拉姆斯登所有，乔治·拉姆斯登曾与安一起入狱并与她成为朋友——她可以在那里隐藏自己。
When they left Saint Paul, Walker and Ann had decided to walk west after discerning that search parties were looking for her to the east.
当他们离开圣保罗时，沃克和安在发现搜索队正在东边寻找她后决定向西走。
Walker spent a month in jail but was not indicted for aiding Ann.
沃克在监狱里呆了一个月，但没有因帮助安而被起诉。
He was released on September 13.
他于9月13日被释放。
Ann, meanwhile, was kept under close watch by the sheriff.
与此同时，安受到治安官的严密监视。
Livid that she had made a fool of his department, he reportedly treated Ann with great cruelty.
据报道，他对她愚弄了他的部门感到愤怒，并非常残忍地对待安。
On Friday, December 2, 1859, Ann entered the Ramsey County courthouse for her long-awaited sentencing.
1859 年 12 月 2 日星期五，安进入拉姆齐县法院接受期待已久的判决。
Accompanying her was a new defense attorney, Willis Gorman, a former governor of the Minnesota Territory.
陪同她的是一位新辩护律师、前明尼苏达领地州长威利斯·戈尔曼。
The Daily Pioneer and Democrat wrote that Ann walked with a “firm step” but used a handkerchief to cover her face.
《先锋报和民主党》写道，安走路时“步伐坚定”，但用手帕遮住了脸。
The judge asked if she would like to make a statement to the court.
法官询问她是否愿意向法庭发表声明。
Ann rose to speak, one of the only times she had been allowed to defend herself on the record.
安起身发言，这是她唯一一次被允许为自己辩护的次数之一。
“If I die in this case, I die an innocent woman,” she declared.
“如果我在这种情况下死了，我就是一个无辜的女人，”她宣称。
“I don’t think I have had a fair and just trial.
“我认为我没有受到公平公正的审判。
You can proceed.”
你可以继续了。”
According to a journalist, the judge told Ann that she would receive “no pardon” and that “it was useless for her to attempt to avert her doom,” which was “as certain as her crime had been heinous.” He sentenced her to one month in solitary confinement and then to be “hung by the neck until you are dead.” Ann began to cry.
据一名记者报道，法官告诉安，她不会得到“赦免”，并且“她试图扭转自己的厄运是没有用的”，这是“肯定的，因为她的罪行令人发指”。他判处她单独监禁一个月，然后“掐着脖子吊死”。安开始哭泣。
Unfazed, the judge continued: “May God, in his infinite compassion, have mercy upon your soul.”
法官不为所动，继续说道：“愿上帝以其无限的慈悲怜悯你的灵魂。”
Minnesotans reveled in having a wicked celebrity.
明尼苏达人对拥有一个邪恶的名人而感到陶醉。
The Daily Pioneer and Democrat mused that “probably no jail ever contained a criminal, either male or female, under imprisonment for such a crime, who exhibited such a complete want of decency and propriety.” When meeting with visitors, Ann reportedly discussed the trial in minute detail, but the paper said she could not be trusted to tell the truth, being a “complete pettifogger.” People around Saint Paul began jokingly accusing anyone who told a lie of having “been to see Mrs. Bilansky.”
《先驱报》和《民主党人报》沉思道，“可能没有哪个监狱关押过因此类罪行而被监禁的罪犯，无论是男性还是女性，他们都表现出如此完全缺乏正派和礼仪。”据报道，在与来访者见面时，安详细讨论了审判的细节，但该报称，不能相信她会说实话，因为她是一个“彻头彻尾的爱吹毛求疵的人”。圣保罗周围的人们开始开玩笑地指责任何说谎的人“去过比兰斯基夫人”。
Still, many locals remained uncomfortable with the idea of Ann, or any woman, dying at the hands of the state.
尽管如此，许多当地人仍然对安或任何女性死于国家之手的想法感到不安。
A contingent dubbed “the friends of Mrs. Bilansky” by the press implored the governor, Henry Hastings Sibley, a Democrat, to commute her sentence prior to leaving office at the end of 1859.
一支被媒体称为“比兰斯基夫人之友”的队伍恳求州长、民主党人亨利·黑斯廷斯·西布利在 1859 年底离任前为她减刑。
Instead, Sibley passed the decision off to his successor, a Republican named Alexander Ramsey.
相反，西布利将这一决定转交给了他的继任者、共和党人亚历山大·拉姆齐。
Lessening Ann’s sentence ran contrary to the new governor’s interests for three reasons.
由于三个原因，减轻安的刑期违背了新州长的利益。
First, his brother had sat on the jury that convicted her.
首先，他的兄弟是对她定罪的陪审团成员之一。
Second, both of Ann’s defense attorneys were Ramsey’s political enemies.
其次，安的两位辩护律师都是拉姆齐的政敌。
Third, the governor was concerned that there would be an outbreak of violent crime if citizens believed the justice system was weak in the face of a wretched menace.
第三，州长担心，如果公民认为司法系统在面对可怕的威胁时软弱无力，就会爆发暴力犯罪。
Ann wrote a four-page letter to Ramsey imploring him to reconsider her sentence and “throw around me the bulwark of [the law’s] protection.” She said, “[I have] waited patiently to have an opportunity to satisfy the public mind of innocence of the crime on which I have been imperfectly and unfairly tried.” Ramsey was unmoved.
安给拉姆齐写了一封长达四页的信，恳求他重新考虑对她的判决，并“为我提供[法律]保护的堡垒。”她说：“[我]耐心地等待着一个机会，让公众相信我所受的审判是不完美和不公平的，我的罪行是无辜的。”拉姆齐不为所动。
He recorded his exasperation with Ann’s dedicated supporters in his journal, claiming “much annoyance on the part of the persons asking her commutation.”
他在日记中记录了他对安的忠实支持者的愤怒，声称“那些要求她减刑的人非常恼火”。
Ann spent her days in religious study, showing what one reporter described as “an earnest desire to make preparation for the great change that awaited her.” She mingled with other prisoners, speaking frankly about her fate.
安花了很多时间进行宗教研究，表现出一位记者所描述的“为等待她的巨大变化做好准备的热切愿望”。她与其他囚犯混在一起，坦白地讲述自己的命运。
She reportedly told one inmate that, on the day of execution, “Old Gabriel will blow his trump for me—I wish he would blow it before that time and knock Ramsey County jail higher than a kite.” When she was not angry, Ann could be forgiving.
据报道，她告诉一名囚犯，在行刑当天，“老加布里埃尔会为我吹响他的王牌——我希望他在那之前吹响他的王牌，把拉姆齐县监狱吹得比风筝还高。”当安不生气时，她会很宽容。
“Mrs. Kilpatrick made a great many false statements,” Ann once said of Lucinda.
“夫人。”基尔帕特里克做了很多虚假陈述。”安曾经这样评价露辛达。
“I always believed that her husband forced her to do so.”
“我一直认为是她丈夫强迫她这么做的。”
People around Saint Paul began jokingly accusing someone who told a lie of having “been to see Mrs. Bilansky.”
圣保罗周围的人们开始开玩笑地指责一个撒谎的人“去过比兰斯基夫人”。
The twists in Ann’s case were not done yet: On January 5, 1860, Rosa Scharf died of a drug overdose.
安案中的曲折尚未结束：1860 年 1 月 5 日，罗莎·沙夫 (Rosa Scharf) 因吸毒过量去世。
The night prior to her death, Rosa reportedly had visited the Kilpatricks to discuss Ann’s fate.
据报道，罗莎去世前一天晚上，拜访了基尔帕特里克一家，讨论安的命运。
She then returned to the family for whom she had worked as a housekeeper since Ann’s trial.
然后，她回到了自安受审以来她一直担任管家的家庭。
Rosa took a large amount of laudanum and never woke up.
罗莎服用了大量鸦片酊，再也没有醒来。
Her death may have been an accident, as laudanum was widely used for medical reasons.
她的死亡可能是一场意外，因为鸦片酊因医疗原因被广泛使用。
If it was suicide, however, that raised a question: Why did Rosa want to die?
然而，如果是自杀，那就提出了一个问题：罗莎为什么想死？
Could it have been because she felt guilty about giving damning testimony about Ann?
难道是因为她对提供有关安的恶毒证词感到内疚吗？
Was it possible that she had lied under oath?
难道她在发誓的情况下撒了谎？
Lucinda might have had an answer, even if it was as simple as denying that Rosa’s death had anything to do with Ann.
露辛达也许有答案，即使就像否认罗莎的死与安有任何关系一样简单。
To the press, however, she was silent on the matter.
然而，对于媒体，她对此事保持沉默。
Whatever doubts Rosa’s death sowed, three weeks later, on January 25, Ramsey signed the order of execution.
无论罗莎的死引发了怎样的怀疑，三周后的 1 月 25 日，拉姆齐签署了处决令。
The date of Ann’s hanging was set for March 23, some time between 10 a.m.
安被绞死的日期定在 3 月 23 日，即上午 10 点至上午 10 点之间的某个时间。
and 2 p.m.
下午 2 点
Until then, the forces opposed to it vowed to continue their fight.
在此之前，反对派誓言要继续战斗。
On March 5, the Minnesota state legislature passed a bill commuting Ann’s sentence to life in prison.
3月5日，明尼苏达州立法机关通过一项法案，将安的刑期减为终身监禁。
That would serve the dual purpose, lawmakers argued, of punishing her transgressions and showing Minnesota to be as refined as any other state and as paternal as a gentleman toward even the most wayward women.
立法者认为，这将达到双重目的，一是惩罚她的违法行为，二是向明尼苏达州展示与其他州一样的文雅，以及对最任性的女性像绅士一样的慈父般的慈爱。
Three days later, in what The Daily Pioneer and Democrat described as a “manly veto,” Ramsey overturned the bill.
三天后，拉姆齐推翻了该法案，被《先锋报》和民主党称为“男子气概的否决”。
As a reporter relayed, Ramsey believed the legislation was unconstitutional because it effectively took away his sole power to pardon the convicted.
据记者转述，拉姆齐认为这项立法违宪，因为它实际上剥夺了他赦免被定罪者的唯一权力。
He wanted to show the world that Minnesota had no “contempt for the law.”
他想向世界表明明尼苏达州并没有“蔑视法律”。
Two weeks later, on March 22, the day before the scheduled execution, the man who had prosecuted Ann stepped forward to demand mercy.
两周后，3月22日，也就是预定处决的前一天，起诉安的人站出来请求宽恕。
District attorney Isaac Heard wrote a letter to Ramsey.
地方检察官艾萨克·赫德给拉姆齐写了一封信。
Whether motivated by his conscience or an allegiance to the letter of the law, Heard said that Ann’s trial had been been marred by at least two problems.
赫德表示，无论是出于良心还是出于对法律条文的忠诚，安的审判至少因两个问题而受到损害。
First, the jury had been allowed a three-day weekend in the midst of the proceedings, during which they had almost certainly heard talk of the trial, including details about the case printed in the papers but not presented in court.
首先，陪审团在诉讼过程中获得了三天的周末时间，在此期间他们几乎肯定听到了有关审判的谈话，包括印刷在报纸上但未在法庭上提出的案件细节。
Second, Heard pointed out that Ann’s first defense attorney, a Yale graduate named John Brisbin, had fallen ill during the trial and had not been able to present a robust exculpatory case.
其次，赫德指出，安的第一位辩护律师是耶鲁大学毕业生约翰·布里斯宾，他在审判期间生病了，无法提出强有力的无罪辩护。
That evening, in her cell, Ann once more awaited news from Ramsey’s office.
那天晚上，安在牢房里再次等待拉姆齐办公室的消息。
She was 40 years old.
她40岁了。
Would she make it to 41?
她能活到41岁吗？
Would Heard’s letter be her deliverance?
赫德的信会是她的解脱吗？
In the months that she had spent behind bars, Ann had been baptized and confirmed a Catholic.
在入狱的几个月里，安接受了洗礼并确认自己是天主教徒。
Now she prayed for salvation.
现在她祈求救赎。
At 3 a.m., Ann fell asleep on her cot.
凌晨三点，安在小床上睡着了。
She awoke a few hours later to stillness: There had been no word from the governor.
几个小时后，她醒来时一片寂静：州长没有任何消息。
A priest, Father Caillet, eventually came to sit with her, along with some nuns and other devout Saint Paul ladies who could not countenance the barbarity of executing a woman.
一位名叫卡耶神父的牧师最终来到了她身边，旁边还有一些修女和其他虔诚的圣保罗女士，她们无法容忍处决妇女的野蛮行径。
Outside, people were streaming into the main public square to witness Ann’s death.
外面，人们涌入主要公共广场目睹安的死亡。
Ann calmly ate a small breakfast at 8 a.m.
早上八点，安平静地吃了一顿简单的早餐。
She offered a gift to one of the jailers, a Mr. Hoffman, who had been kind to her during her incarceration.
她向一名狱卒霍夫曼先生赠送了一份礼物，他在她被监禁期间对她很好。
It was a book entitled The Most Important Tenets of the Catholic Church Explained .
这是一本名为《天主教会最重要的教义解释》的书。
Inside was tucked a letter in which Ann urged Hoffman to seek God so that he might “prepare an entrance in that blessed abode.” One by one, Ann said goodbye to her fellow prisoners, speaking through her tears.
里面夹着一封信，安在信中敦促霍夫曼寻求上帝，以便他“为进入那神圣的住所准备一个入口”。安含着泪水一一向狱友告别。
She met with a few visitors to bid farewell.
她会见了几位来访者并告别。
Walker was not among them; he had left Saint Paul for good.
沃克并不在其中。他永远离开了圣保罗。
At 10:15 a.m., Ann emerged from her cell dressed in a long black robe and brown veil.
上午 10 点 15 分，安穿着黑色长袍，戴着棕色面纱从牢房里出来。
She stood arm-in-arm with Caillet on one side and Hoffman on the other.
她挽着手站着，一侧是凯莱特，另一侧是霍夫曼。
Before they exited the jail, Bilansky leaned into Hoffman and made a request.
在他们离开监狱之前，比兰斯基向霍夫曼倾身提出了一个请求。
“Don’t let a crowd see me,” she pleaded.
“别让人群看到我，”她恳求道。
“I am willing to meet my God, but I don’t want to have a crowd see me die.”
“我愿意见到我的上帝，但我不想让一群人看到我死去。”
There was nothing Hoffman could do to honor her wish.
霍夫曼无法满足她的愿望。
The gallows were in a small enclosure outside the jail.
绞刑架位于监狱外的一个小围栏内。
About 100 people had crammed into the space.
大约有100人挤进了这个空间。
Among them were a few dozen women, some with babies in their arms, which prompted the The Daily Pioneer and Democrat to write, “What could have induced these women to voluntarily witness a spectacle so harrowing to the feelings of even the ‘sterner men,’ we cannot imagine.” Outside the enclosure, a crowd of 2,000 people also hoped for a glimpse of the murderess.
其中有几十名妇女，其中一些怀里还抱着婴儿，这促使《先锋报》和《民主党》杂志写道：“是什么促使这些妇女自愿目睹这样令人痛苦的场面，即使是‘严厉的男人’也感到如此痛苦，我们无法想象。”围场外，2000人也希望一睹凶手的风采。
They stood on a large pile of stones in the square, gaining a view of the gallows’ posts.
他们站在广场上的一大堆石头上，可以看到绞刑架的柱子。
Others climbed onto rooftops, wagons, or carriages.
其他人则爬上屋顶、马车或马车。
Members of the Pioneer Guard, a volunteer state militia, dressed in heavy coats and caps stood sentinel with guns at the ready to keep the crowd at bay.
先锋卫队是一支志愿州民兵，他们身穿厚重的外套，戴着帽子，手持枪支站岗，准备阻止人群。
But people never grew disorderly, The Daily Pioneer and Democrat reported.
但据《先驱报》和《民主党》报道，人们从未变得无序。
They may have been there to witness theater, but they respected the solemnity of the show.
他们可能是来见证戏剧表演的，但他们尊重演出的庄严性。
A woman was about to die.
一个女人快要死了。
It was clear that no answer would come from the governor.
很明显，州长不会给出任何答复。
Time and hope had run out.
时间和希望已经耗尽。
Ann walked to the gallows.
安走向绞刑架。
She stood atop the platform before the sea of onlookers and delivered a short speech.
她站在讲台上，在众多围观者面前发表了简短的讲话。
“I die without having had any mercy shown me, or justice,” she said.
“我死后没有得到任何怜悯或正义，”她说。
“I die for the good of my soul and not for murder.
“我是为了灵魂的利益而死，而不是为了谋杀。
May you all profit by my death.
愿你们都因我的死而受益。
Your courts of justice are not courts of justice—but I will get justice in heaven.”
你们的法庭不是法庭——但我会在天堂得到正义。”
Ann requested that a traditional black hood be pulled over her face.
安要求用传统的黑色头巾遮住她的脸。
She asked, too, that the noose be placed carefully so that her neck would break and she would not die by suffocation.
她还要求小心地放置绞索，以免脖子折断，以免窒息而死。
Hoffman slung the rope around her like a collar and tightened it.
霍夫曼把绳子像项圈一样套在她身上，然后拉紧。
Ann asked aloud for Jesus Christ to save her soul.
安大声祈求耶稣基督拯救她的灵魂。
“She was not defiant or stoical; neither did she shed a tear,” the Cleveland Morning Leader reported.
“她并不挑衅或坚忍；她也没有流一滴眼泪，”《克利夫兰先驱晨报》报道。
Ann’s lifeless body dangled in the air, swaying, for 20 minutes.
安毫无生气的身体在空中晃来晃去，持续了20分钟。
The crowd scarcely made a sound, save murmured prayers.
人群几乎没有发出任何声音，除了低声祈祷。
Then, just as quietly, it dispersed.
然后，同样悄无声息地散去。
The somber show was over.
阴沉的表演结束了。
Minnesota had carried out what is now believed to be its first legal execution as a U.S. state.
明尼苏达州执行了目前被认为是美国各州首次合法执行的死刑。
It was the only one that would ever involve a woman: Minnesota banned the death penalty in 1911.
这是唯一涉及女性的死刑：明尼苏达州于 1911 年禁止死刑。
The public and press were not done with Ann yet, however.
然而，公众和媒体对安的关注还没有结束。
A year after her hanging, The New York Times published a brief article suggesting that, in fact, she may have killed more than one man.
在她被绞死一年后，《纽约时报》发表了一篇简短的文章，暗示实际上她可能杀了不止一个男人。
Recall Ann Simpson, the woman acquitted of poisoning her husband with arsenic in North Carolina in 1850.
回想一下安·辛普森 (Ann Simpson)，这位 1850 年在北卡罗来纳州用砒霜毒害丈夫的妇女被判无罪。
The paper pointed out that the women had the same first name and that both hailed from Fayetteville, a town of fewer than 5,000 people.
该报指出，这两名女性的名字相同，而且都来自人口不足 5000 人的费耶特维尔小镇。
No one—at least among the sources the Times spoke to for its article—knew much about what had happened to Ann Simpson after her trial.
没有人——至少在《纽约时报》为其文章采访的消息来源中——对安·辛普森受审后发生的事情了解不多。
Likewise, Ann Bilansky’s life before she came to Saint Paul was an empty box.
同样，安·比兰斯基在来到圣保罗之前的生活也是一个空盒子。
Was this a coincidence?
这是巧合吗？
Or had Ann Simpson been found innocent in error, only to make her way north, change her name and backstory, and murder another husband?
或者安·辛普森被错误地认定为无罪，只是为了北上，改变了自己的名字和背景故事，并谋杀了另一个丈夫？
Seemingly no attempt was made to contact whatever remaining family Ann Bilansky had in North Carolina.
似乎没有人尝试联系安·比兰斯基在北卡罗来纳州的其他家人。
Still, the Times said it “tend[ed] to the belief” that the two women were “the same person.” Other papers agreed.
尽管如此，《泰晤士报》表示，它“倾向于相信”这两位女性是“同一个人”。其他论文也表示同意。
The Milwaukee Sentinel ran an article with the headline “The Murderess of Two Husbands.” In death, Ann Bilansky was becoming even more infamous.
《密尔沃基哨兵报》发表了一篇标题为“两个丈夫的凶手”的文章。安·比兰斯基死后变得更加声名狼藉。
Had Ann Simpson been found innocent in error, only to make her way north, change her name and backstory, and murder another husband?
难道安·辛普森被错误地认定为无罪，只是为了向北前进，改变自己的名字和背景故事，并谋杀了另一个丈夫？
There is no hard evidence that the women were one in the same.
没有确凿的证据表明这些妇女是同一个人。
The press in North Carolina described Ann Simpson as petite, with dark eyes and a small nose—a beauty—not tall and gawky like Ann Bilansky.
北卡罗来纳州的媒体形容安·辛普森身材娇小，黑眼睛，小鼻子，是个美人，但不像安·比兰斯基那样高大笨拙。
Based on newspaper accounts and trial transcripts, historical researchers believe that Ann Bilansky’s first husband was a Mr. Wright who died in a rail accident, as she had claimed, though neither their marriage license nor his death certificate seems to be available today.
根据报纸报道和审判笔录，历史研究人员认为，安·比兰斯基的第一任丈夫是赖特先生，正如她所声称的那样，他死于铁路事故，尽管他们的结婚证和他的死亡证明今天似乎都找不到。
As for Ann Simpson, after inheriting her deceased husband’s sizable estate, she married again: On April 17, 1852, in Charleston, South Carolina, she said I do to Charles Young.
至于安·辛普森 (Ann Simpson)，在继承了已故丈夫的大笔遗产后，她再次结婚：1852 年 4 月 17 日，在南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿，她对查尔斯·杨 (Charles Young) 说“我愿意”。
What happened to her after that is not wholly clear, but according to at least one account, the Youngs lived in the Low Country for some time, and upon her death, Ann was buried in Fayetteville.
此后她身上发生的事情尚不完全清楚，但至少根据一种说法，杨一家在低地国家生活了一段时间，安去世后，安葬在费耶特维尔。
The more likely explanation for the media’s conjecture is that they were following a script written over the course of the arsenic panic.
对于媒体的猜测，更可能的解释是，他们遵循的是砷恐慌过程中编写的脚本。
Both Anns—in possession of one of the most common names in the English-speaking world—were rumored to be married to men they did not love and to be sexually involved with others.
据传，安夫妇俩都拥有英语世界中最常见的名字之一，他们都嫁给了自己不爱的男人，并与他人发生性关系。
Both of their husbands died after exhibiting symptoms of poisoning.
他们的丈夫都出现中毒症状后死亡。
When they combined those narrative elements with the women’s shared connection to Fayetteville, the media had a truly sensational story: A wife worse than any you can imagine.
当他们将这些叙事元素与女性与费耶特维尔的共同联系结合起来时，媒体有了一个真正耸人听闻的故事：一个比你想象的更糟糕的妻子。
A traveling threat.
旅行威胁。
A serial arsenic assassin.
连环砒霜杀手。
Other women were charged with arsenic poisoning in America before the heyday of the panic passed.
在恐慌的鼎盛时期过去之前，美国还有其他女性被指控砷中毒。
Mary Hartung of Albany, New York, served five years in prison for the crime, though she claimed her lover was the one who had poisoned her husband.
纽约州奥尔巴尼市的玛丽·哈同因这一罪行被判入狱五年，尽管她声称是她的情人毒害了她的丈夫。
Sarah Jane Whiteling of Philadelphia was hanged in 1889, after being convicted of killing her husband and children.
费城的莎拉·简·怀特林 (Sarah Jane Whiteling) 因杀害丈夫和孩子而被定罪，于 1889 年被绞死。
Whether they were guilty or innocent, women’s cases were often riddled with ugly misogyny, flawed toxicology, and salacious press coverage—all of it familiar.
无论她们是有罪还是无辜，女性案件往往充满了丑陋的厌女症、有缺陷的毒理学和淫秽的媒体报道——所有这些都是我们所熟悉的。
In no small part, bias and errors derived from a culture-wide fear of gender deviance.
在很大程度上，偏见和错误源于对性别偏差的文化范围内的恐惧。
In the 1800s, women were incrementally gaining power and choosing their own destinies.
1800 年代，女性逐渐获得权力并选择自己的命运。
What if they went so far as to kill men who stood in their way?
如果他们甚至杀死了挡路的人怎么办？
Just as much as the state needed to punish murder, so too did it have to enforce proper womanhood in a rapidly changing social order.
正如国家需要惩罚谋杀一样，它也必须在快速变化的社会秩序中强制执行适当的女性身份。
Science, journalism, and law, still the dominions of men, were tools for catching bad women and holding them accountable.
科学、新闻和法律仍然是男性的领地，但却是抓捕坏女性并追究她们责任的工具。
Was Ann Bilansky guilty?
安·比兰斯基有罪吗？
Most likely not.
很可能不会。
At the very least, she did not receive a fair trial.
至少，她没有受到公正的审判。
She was, however, transgressive in her own way.
然而，她却以自己的方式越轨了。
She did not embody the feminine ideal.
她没有体现女性理想。
She had no children of her own, and she liked to talk, perhaps too much for men’s taste.
她自己没有孩子，而且她很喜欢说话，也许太不合男人的口味了。
She traveled alone across America.
她独自一人穿越美国。
Her only close relative was a young, single man.
她唯一的近亲是一位年轻的单身男子。
That she was not a high-society gentlewoman but a working wife surely did her no favors in the public eye.
她不是一个上流社会的淑女，而是一个职业妻子，这无疑对她在公众眼中没有任何好处。
In her final days, Ann told reporters that she had suffered enough “for all the wrongs I have ever done in my life.” None of those wrongs, it seems, was greater than being a Victorian woman with a dead husband on her hands.
在生命的最后几天，安告诉记者，“我一生中犯下的所有错误”已经让她受够了痛苦。看来，这些错误中没有一个比一个维多利亚时代的女人手上握着死去的丈夫更严重的了。
A number of historians have written about Ann Bilansky’s case.
许多历史学家都撰写过有关安·比兰斯基案件的文章。
Matthew Cecil’s essay “Justice in Heaven: The Trial of Ann Bilansky,” published in Minnesota History (Winter 1997–98), was particularly helpful as a starting point.
马修·塞西尔（Matthew Cecil）在《明尼苏达历史》（1997-98 年冬季）上发表的文章《天堂的正义：安·比兰斯基的审判》作为起点特别有帮助。
I followed Cecil’s lead to the archive of 1859–60 Daily Pioneer and Democrat articles, all of which were generously loaned to me on microfilm from the Minnesota Historical Society.
我按照塞西尔的指引找到了 1859-60 年先锋报和民主党文章的档案，所有这些文章都是明尼苏达历史学会慷慨借给我的缩微胶卷。
A number of books included helpful chapters on Stanislaus and Ann Bilansky.
许多书籍都包含有关斯坦尼斯劳斯和安·比兰斯基的有用章节。
Most notable are Legacy of Violence: Lynch Mobs and Executions in Minnesota, by John D.
最值得注意的是约翰·D·暴力的遗产：明尼苏达州的私刑暴徒和处决。
Bessler (University of Minnesota Press, 2006); “The Penalty Is Death”: U.S. Newspaper Coverage of Women’s Executions, by Marlin Shipman (University of Missouri Press, 2002); Murder in Minnesota: A Collection of True Cases, by Walter N.
贝斯勒（明尼苏达大学出版社，2006 年）； “惩罚就是死刑”：美国报纸对妇女处决的报道，作者：马林·希普曼（密苏里大学出版社，2002 年）；明尼苏达谋杀案：真实案例集，作者：沃尔特·N·
Trenerry (Minnesota Historical Society, 1962); Women and Capital Punishment in America, 1840–1899: Death Sentences and Executions in the United States and Canada, by Kerry Segrave (McFarland and Company, 2008); and A History of the City of Saint Paul to 1875, by J.
特伦里（明尼苏达历史学会，1962）； 《美国的妇女与死刑，1840-1899 年：美国和加拿大的死刑判决与处决》，Kerry Segrave 着（McFarland and Company，2008 年）；和《圣保罗市至 1875 年的历史》，J.
Fletcher Williams (Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1983).
弗莱彻·威廉姆斯（明尼苏达历史学会出版社，1983 年）。
John D.
约翰·D.
Bessler’s article “The ‘Midnight Assassination Law’ and Minnesota’s Anti-Death Penalty Movement, 1849–1911,” published in the William Mitchell Law Review (1996), provided vital information about Minnesota’s history with execution.
贝斯勒发表在《威廉·米切尔法律评论》（1996 年）上的文章“‘午夜暗杀法’和明尼苏达州的反死刑运动，1849-1911 年”提供了有关明尼苏达州执行历史的重要信息。
“Gall, Gallantry, and the Gallows: Capital Punishment and the Social Construction of Gender, 1840–1920,” by Annulla Linders and Alana Van Gundy-Yoder, published in Gender and Society (2008), did the same for details about women and the death penalty.
Annulla Linders 和 Alana Van Gundy-Yoder 所著的《Gall, Gallantry, and the Gallows: Capital Punishment and the Social Construction of Gender, 1840-1920》（Gall, Gallantry, and the Gallows: Capital Punishment and the Social Construction of Gender, 1840–1920），发表于《性别与社会》（Gender and Society）（2008年），对有关妇女和死刑的细节做了同样的处理。
Arsenic has an insidious and rollicking history.
砷有着阴险而有趣的历史。
Sandra Hempel’s book The Inheritor’s Powder: A Tale of Arsenic, Murder, and the New Forensic Science (W.
桑德拉·亨佩尔 (Sandra Hempel) 的著作《继承者的火药：砒霜、谋杀和新法医学的故事》(W.
W.
W.
Norton and Company, 2013) is a treasure trove of fascinating facts and lore, along with ghastly stories about the arsenic panic.
Norton and Company，2013）是一个充满迷人事实和传说的宝库，还有有关砷恐慌的可怕故事。
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill generously lent me a delicate copy of Ann K.
北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校慷慨地借给我一本精致的 Ann K.
Simpson’s trial transcripts, printed and bound between dusty covers.
辛普森的审判笔录，打印并装订在布满灰尘的封面上。
Author and researcher Karen Cecil Smith provided additional information about Simpson’s life and death.
作家兼研究员凯伦·塞西尔·史密斯提供了有关辛普森生与死的更多信息。
Lastly, two individuals were invaluable to my research.
最后，有两个人对我的研究非常有价值。
Roxanne Derda, circulation manager at Westminster College’s Giovale Library, managed an onslaught of interlibrary loan requests, listened to me talk about arsenic for many months, and helped me sort through archived materials.
罗克珊·德尔达 (Roxanne Derda) 是威斯敏斯特学院乔瓦莱图书馆的流通经理，负责管理大量的馆际互借请求，听我谈论砷好几个月，并帮助我整理存档材料。
Chris Dasanjh, librarian and head of collections and access at Giovale Library, provided the Minnesota Supreme Court opinions on the Bilansky case.
乔瓦莱图书馆馆长兼藏书和访问主管克里斯·达桑杰 (Chris Dasanjh) 提供了明尼苏达州最高法院对比兰斯基案的意见。