Inside Barbados' Historic Push for Slavery Reparations
W hen we reach the dirt road leading to Drax Hall plantation, Esther Phillips suggests we stop the car.
当我们到达通往德拉克斯霍尔种植园的土路时，埃丝特·菲利普斯建议我们停车。
Phillips, 73, gets out and draws in a deep breath.
73 岁的菲利普斯下了车，深吸了一口气。
There’s a faint, sweet smell of something akin to rum out here, about eight miles from the capital city.
这里距离首都约八英里，有一股淡淡的甜甜的类似于朗姆酒的气味。
The dried remains of sugarcane, burned then harvested, flank the road.
道路两旁是经过焚烧然后收获的干甘蔗残骸。
Drax Hall, a Barbados plantation where sugar has been reaped for nearly four centuries, was for so long just an ordinary part of what Phillips understood as her wholesome childhood.
德拉克斯霍尔 (Drax Hall) 是巴巴多斯的一个种植园，近四个世纪以来一直在这里收获糖，长期以来，这里只是菲利普斯所理解的她健康童年的一个普通部分。
She grew up nearby, skipping across the grounds to school.
她在附近长大，经常穿过操场去上学。
She remembers gathering milk from cows here, hearing stories about a relative working in the big house, caring for the child referred to as the Young Missy.
她记得在这里从奶牛身上收集牛奶，听到一位亲戚在大房子里工作，照顾被称为“年轻小姐”的孩子的故事。
She remembers her grandfather overseeing a crew of women in the plantation’s Negro (or another N word) yard.
她记得她的祖父在种植园的黑人（或另一个 N 字）院子里监督着一群妇女。
Built in the early 1650s, Drax Hall is believed to be the oldest Jacobean structure in the western hemisphere.
德拉克斯厅 (Drax Hall) 建于 1650 年代初，被认为是西半球最古老的詹姆士一世时期的建筑。
And it’s here that enslaved Black labor and, later, people existing somewhere between slavery and freedom, did the dangerous work to make others sugar-rich.
正是在这里，被奴役的黑人劳工以及后来生活在奴隶制和自由之间的人们，做了危险的工作，让其他人富含糖分。
Photograph by Christopher Gregory-Rivera for TIME But Phillips, the island’s first poet laureate, now describes herself as persona non grata here, something she came to believe after a conversation with a staff member when she called to request access.
摄影：Christopher Gregory-Rivera for TIME 但是，岛上第一位桂冠诗人菲利普斯现在将自己描述为这里不受欢迎的人，当她打电话请求进入时与一名工作人员交谈后，她开始相信这一点。
Road signs describing the property as private appeared around that time too, she says.
她说，描述该房产为私人房产的路牌也在那个时候出现。
Her apparent offense: In late 2021, with part of the hall in the frame, Phillips read from what she calls her Plantation Poems for a British TV crew.
她明显的冒犯：2021 年末，菲利普斯在画面中展示了大厅的一部分，为英国电视台工作人员朗读了她所谓的《种植园诗》。
In spare, evocative language, they explore Phillips’ dawning factual and emotional understanding.
他们用简洁、令人回味的语言探讨了菲利普斯对事实和情感的初步理解。
Drax Hall—which now belongs to Richard Drax, a Conservative member of the British Parliament and part of an unbroken family line of Drax Hall heirs—was the site of untold horrors.
德拉克斯霍尔现在属于英国议会保守党议员理查德·德拉克斯 (Richard Drax)，他是德拉克斯霍尔继承人完整家族的一部分，曾经发生过无数的恐怖事件。
Her island home is a place where mass production with enslaved labor was so optimized for profit that the brutal, local way was exported to other colonies.
她的岛屿家园是一个利用奴役劳动力进行大规模生产以获取利润的地方，这种残酷的当地生产方式被出口到其他殖民地。
Like Phillips, people here, and all over this region, have become increasingly insistent that apologies with meaningful recompense are overdue.
和菲利普斯一样，这里以及整个地区的人们越来越坚持认为，带有有意义的补偿的道歉已经迟到了。
The idea that people held captive and robbed of their labor are owed reparations has been discussed by enslaved people for centuries.
几个世纪以来，被奴役的人们一直在讨论被俘虏和被剥夺劳动的人们应该得到赔偿的想法。
It shows up in 17th century Barbados court cases filed by the few who wrestled their way to freedom, says Sir Hilary Beckles, a Barbados-born historian and author of Britain’s Black Debt.
出生于巴巴多斯的历史学家、《英国黑人债务》一书的作者希拉里·贝克尔斯爵士表示，这种现象出现在 17 世纪巴巴多斯法庭上，由少数奋力争取自由的人提起的案件中。
The idea also occupies space in a 1775 essay by the colonial American political theorist Thomas Paine.
这个想法在美国殖民地政治理论家托马斯·潘恩 1775 年的一篇文章中也占有一席之地。
More recently, reparations supporters have pushed past mere debate.
最近，赔偿支持者已经超越了单纯的辩论。
In the U.S., two federal reparations bills have stalled.
在美国，两项联邦赔偿法案已陷入停滞。
States, cities, and institutions have taken steps on the issue, though even these relatively small-scale programs have often been met with outrage and disdain.
各州、城市和机构已经针对这个问题采取了措施，尽管即使是这些规模相对较小的项目也常常遭到愤怒和蔑视。
In 2021, Evanston, Ill., moved first, launching a $10 million reparations program.
2021 年，伊利诺伊州埃文斯顿率先采取行动，启动了 1000 万美元的赔偿计划。
Phase 1: a lottery aiming to give about 16 Black families homeownership assistance of up to $25,000 each, less than 10% of the city’s median home value.
第一阶段：抽签，旨在为大约 16 个黑人家庭提供每户最高 25,000 美元的住房所有权援助，不到该市房屋中位值的 10%。
That generated significant misinformation and complaints of racial discrimination against non-Black residents.
这产生了严重的错误信息和针对非黑人居民的种族歧视的投诉。
A San Francisco committee released a proposal in January calling for lump-sum payments of $5 million to eligible individuals, spurring instant backlash.
旧金山的一个委员会在一月份发布了一项提案，呼吁向符合条件的个人一次性支付 500 万美元，立即引发强烈反对。
Since May, a statewide California task force has made public its own reparations recommendations—40 chapters of research on resolving vast inequality—while the New Jersey Institute for Social Justice has launched a council to conduct a study of the impacts of slavery, and New York lawmakers have approved something similar.
自 5 月以来，加州全州工作组公开了自己的赔偿建议，其中包括 40 章关于解决巨大不平等问题的研究报告，而新泽西社会正义研究所成立了一个委员会，对奴隶制的影响进行研究，纽约立法者也批准了类似的建议。
Elsewhere, the Netherlands has apologized for its role in the slave trade.
在其他地方，荷兰也为其在奴隶贸易中所扮演的角色道歉。
The Church of England has identified ways that one of its arms profited from enslavement and set aside a £100 million ($127.63 million) fund to address racial inequality.
英国圣公会已经确定了其一个分支从奴役中获利的方式，并拨出了 1 亿英镑（1.2763 亿美元）的基金来解决种族不平等问题。
The new King of England has agreed to a study of the monarchy’s already documented ties to the slave trade, though the nation’s new Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, the first Indian-British person in that role, has rejected calls for reparations.
新任英格兰国王已同意对君主制与奴隶贸易的关系进行研究，尽管该国新任首相里希·苏纳克（Rishi Sunak）拒绝了赔偿要求，他是第一位担任该职位的印度裔英国人。
In operation since the 1640s, Drax Hall was central to the perfection of slave-plantation efficiency and exporting that system to other islands as well as the American south.
德拉克斯庄园自 1640 年代开始运作，对于完善奴隶种植园效率并将该系统输出到其他岛屿以及美国南部至关重要。
Christopher Gregory-Rivera for TIME On Barbados, reparations have moved from a fringe idea to a thing everyone is talking about.
《时代》杂志的克里斯托弗·格雷戈里-里维拉 (Christopher Gregory-Rivera) 在巴巴多斯，赔偿已从一个边缘想法变成了每个人都在谈论的事情。
And this island, long regarded—some would say intentionally misconstrued—as so compliant with the colonial project that it is sometimes called Little Britain, has moved into a regional leadership position.
这个长期以来被认为（有些人会说是故意误解）的岛屿非常符合殖民计划，有时被称为“小不列颠”，但现在它已经占据了地区领导地位。
“Barbados is that country,” says Dorbrene O’Marde, chairman of the Antigua and Barbuda Reparation Support Commission and vice chair of the regional CARICOM Reparations Commission.
“巴巴多斯就是那个国家，”安提瓜和巴布达赔偿支持委员会主席兼加勒比共同体地区赔偿委员会副主席多布琳·奥马德说。
(CARICOM, or the Caribbean Community, is an intergovernmental organization with 15 member and five affiliated states.) CARICOM’s Prime Ministerial Sub-Committee on Reparations for Native Genocide and Slavery, five elected officials led by Barbados’ Prime Minister Mia Mottley , is expected this year to request that 10 European countries begin negotiations for reparations.
（加勒比共同体，即加勒比共同体，是一个拥有 15 个成员国和 5 个附属国的政府间组织。）加勒比共同体土著种族灭绝和奴隶制赔偿问题总理小组委员会由巴巴多斯总理米娅·莫特利领导的五名民选官员组成，预计今年将要求 10 个欧洲国家开始赔偿谈判。
Almost a decade ago, CARICOM’s Reparations Commission developed a 10-point plan calling for, among other things, a careful accounting of what occurred; formal apologies; attention to the psychological and cultural toll of centuries of oppression; European funding to strengthen infrastructure, education, and health care; and debt forgiveness.
大约十年前，加共体赔偿委员会制定了一项 10 点计划，其中包括对所发生的事情进行仔细的核算；正式道歉；关注几个世纪的压迫造成的心理和文化损失；欧洲资助加强基础设施、教育和医疗保健；和债务减免。
European countries rebuffed this request, but an updated 10-point plan will be finalized in the next few months, O’Marde says.
奥马德表示，欧洲国家拒绝了这一请求，但更新后的 10 点计划将在未来几个月内敲定。
This year’s demand for reparations—which will call for a Marshall Plan–like public investment, not the individual payments that have dominated the conversation elsewhere—will arrive with more force.
今年的赔偿要求——这将需要马歇尔计划——如公共投资，而不是在其他地方主导对话的个人付款——将会更有力地到来。
African countries, about two decades after they were first asked, have agreed to support the claim, and CARICOM officials have built alliances with reparations activists in the U.S. The letters are expected to say the time has come to negotiate reparations to improve infrastructure and human conditions in the Caribbean.
非洲国家在首次被要求后大约二十年，已同意支持这一索赔，加共体官员已与美国的赔偿活动人士建立了联盟。预计这些信件将表示，现在是就赔偿问题进行谈判的时候了，以改善加勒比地区的基础设施和人类条件。
Come to the table, they will say, or prepare to see much of the Caribbean in international court.
他们会说，请坐到谈判桌前，或者准备好在国际法庭上看到加勒比地区的大部分情况。
Lawyers who won a reported £14 million ($17.86 million) settlement in 2012 on behalf of three Kenyans brutalized by the British have been retained.
据报道，2012 年代表三名遭受英国残酷对待的肯尼亚人赢得了 1400 万英镑（1786 万美元）和解金的律师已被保留。
“I heard a speaker a couple of days ago quoting Lenin, and the quote is stuck in my head,” O’Marde says before paraphrasing the Russian revolutionary.
“几天前，我听到一位演讲者引用了列宁的话，这句话一直萦绕在我的脑海里，”奥马德在解释这位俄罗斯革命者之前说道。
“You are in struggle, and sometimes a decade passes and nothing happens.
“你处于挣扎之中，有时十年过去了，却什么也没有发生。
And then, all of a sudden a week comes and a decade happens.
然后，突然一周到来，十年到来。
That is where we are at this point in time.
这就是我们目前所处的情况。
A decade has happened for us within the last year or so.”
在过去一年左右的时间里，我们已经经历了十年。”
To understand how an island, only about 14 by 21 miles, became the arguable center of a global push for reparations, it helps to grasp its role in what Matthew Parker, author of The Sugar Barons: Family, Corruption, Empire, and War in the West Indies, described as an “agricultural revolution almost unrivaled” in terms of its “economic, political, and human consequences.”
要了解一个只有约 14 乘 21 英里的岛屿如何成为全球推动赔偿的有争议的中心，有助于理解它在《糖业大亨：西印度群岛的家庭、腐败、帝国和战争》一书的作者马修·帕克（Matthew Parker）所描述的“经济、政治和人类后果”方面几乎无与伦比的“农业革命”中所扮演的角色。
When British settlers came to Barbados in February 1627, James Drax, one of about 50 colonists and 10 enslaved Africans who arrived on the first settler ship, decided on an inland property.
1627 年 2 月，当英国殖民者来到巴巴多斯时，詹姆斯·德拉克斯（James Drax）是乘坐第一艘殖民船抵达的约 50 名殖民者和 10 名被奴役的非洲人之一，他决定在内陆拥有一处地产。
Drax, Parker tells me, was the second or third son of a not rich but not poor clergyman in England, where inheritance traditions so favored firstborn sons that he needed to make his own way.
帕克告诉我，德拉克斯是英国一位不富有但也不贫穷的牧师的第二个或第三个儿子，那里的继承传统非常偏爱长子，因此他需要开辟自己的道路。
He arrived in Barbados at 18 determined to try.
18 岁时，他抵达巴巴多斯，决心尝试一下。
Despite a transition to a service economy in Barbados, agricultural products still play a significant role.
尽管巴巴多斯正在向服务经济转型，但农产品仍然发挥着重要作用。
Kyle Blackmen, 30, manages workers near Drax Hall.
30 岁的凯尔·布莱克曼 (Kyle Blackmen) 在德拉克斯厅 (Drax Hall) 附近管理工人。
Christopher Gregory-Rivera for TIME Farm workers plant sweet potatoes on Edgecumbe Plantation, near Drax Hall.
Christopher Gregory-Rivera for TIME 农场工人在德拉克斯霍尔附近的埃奇库姆种植园种植红薯。
Austeria Bartlett Johnson, 62, has worked most of her life in the fields.
62 岁的奥斯特里亚·巴特利特·约翰逊 (Austeria Bartlett Johnson) 一生大部分时间都在田间劳作。
Christopher Gregory-Rivera for TIME Drax was among the first Barbados colonizers to switch from other crops and grow cane with the stolen labor of Africans and their descendants exclusively, Parker tells me.
帕克告诉我，德拉克斯是第一批放弃其他作物并专门利用偷来的非洲人及其后裔劳动力种植甘蔗的巴巴多斯殖民者之一。
Within a few years of Drax’s start in the early 1640s, he and other planters had produced so much sugar that a period on the island known as the Sugar Revolution had begun.
1640 年代初期，德拉克斯创业后的几年内，他和其他种植园主生产了大量的糖，以至于岛上开始了一段被称为“糖革命”的时期。
“Barbados gets there first at a time when the price of sugar was still really, really high,” Parker explains.
“巴巴多斯率先到达那里，当时糖的价格仍然非常非常高，”帕克解释道。
Other islands would follow.
其他岛屿也会紧随其后。
The enormous profits inspired the world’s first slave codes, legislated in Barbados in 1661.
巨额利润催生了世界上第一部奴隶法典，该法典于 1661 年在巴巴多斯颁布。
The laws delineated rights and restrictions on the lives of Black and white people, and helped establish beliefs about who deserved what that are still in circulation today, Kevin Farmer, deputy director of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society, tells me.
巴巴多斯博物馆和历史学会副馆长凯文·法默（Kevin Farmer）告诉我，这些法律界定了黑人和白人生活的权利和限制，并帮助建立了关于谁应得的信念，这些信念至今仍在流传。
The profits were so substantial that Barbados planters ranked among the investors in the British East India Company.
利润如此之大，以至于巴巴多斯种植园主跻身英国东印度公司的投资者之列。
In the 18th century, one of James Drax’s descendants helped to write the literal book— Instructions for the Management of Negros, sometimes referred to as The Instructions —on how business, in the Barbados plantocracy’s view, should be done.
18 世纪，詹姆斯·德拉克斯 (James Drax) 的一位后裔帮助撰写了一本文字书《内格罗斯管理指南》，有时也称为《指南》，讲述了巴巴多斯种植园统治者认为应该如何做生意。
Though they were hardly the only colonists to get rich, the extended Drax family would become so wealthy that they also built a sizable plantation in Jamaica, and endowed universities on both sides of the Atlantic.
尽管他们并不是唯一致富的殖民者，但德拉克斯家族变得非常富有，以至于他们还在牙买加建立了一个相当大的种植园，并资助大西洋两岸的大学。
Today they remain the owners of Drax Hall and its more than 600 acres on Barbados while just about every other plantation here has changed hands.
如今，他们仍然是 Drax Hall 及其位于巴巴多斯 600 多英亩土地的所有者，而这里几乎所有其他种植园都已易手。
Richard Drax is also the largest individual landowner in the English county he represents in Parliament.
理查德·德拉克斯也是他在议会中代表的英国郡最大的个人土地所有者。
That’s the thing about an island where even today the population remains close to 285,000.
这就是这座岛屿的特点，即使在今天，该岛的人口仍接近 285,000 人。
People and places are closely connected.
人和地方紧密相连。
Time-yellowed records in the Barbados National Archives and the museum link specific but long-dead people to the living.
巴巴多斯国家档案馆和博物馆中陈旧的记录将死去已久的特定人物与生者联系起来。
In July 2021, Phillips published an open letter in Barbados Today under the headline pay up, mr. drax.
2021 年 7 月，菲利普斯在《今日巴巴多斯》上发表了一封公开信，标题为“付钱，先生”。德拉克斯。
She had read an article in which Richard Drax said slavery was regrettable but he didn’t see himself as culpable.
她读过一篇文章，其中理查德·德拉克斯说奴隶制令人遗憾，但他并不认为自己有罪。
“That really got me very, very upset,” Phillips tells me as we sit in her back garden.
“这真的让我非常非常沮丧，”当我们坐在她的后花园时，菲利普斯告诉我。
“This man has profited and still profits by the largesse, the wealth, all that was poured out for him through the sacrifice of my ancestors.
“这个人已经并且仍然从我祖先的牺牲为他倾注的慷慨、财富和一切中获益。
And the only thing he can find to say is it is ‘regrettable’?” (Drax did not respond to multiple requests for comment from TIME.)
他唯一能说的就是‘遗憾’？” （德拉克斯没有回应《时代》周刊的多次置评请求。）
The 18th century book known as “The Instructions,” co-authored by Edward Drax, Edwin Lascelles, and others, at the Barbados Museum & Historical Society.
这本 18 世纪的书被称为《说明》，由爱德华·德拉克斯 (Edward Drax)、埃德温·拉塞尔 (Edwin Lascelles) 等人在巴巴多斯博物馆和历史学会合着。
Christopher Gregory-Rivera for TIME “I personally want nothing from Richard Drax,” Phillips says.
《时代》杂志的克里斯托弗·格雷戈里-里维拉“我个人不想从理查德·德拉克斯那里得到任何东西，”菲利普斯说。
“But if I were Richard Drax, I would be so glad to get rid of that [Drax Hall].
“但如果我是理查德·德拉克斯，我会很高兴摆脱那个[德拉克斯·霍尔]。
I would say let me give it up to show that I have some kind of feeling for the horrors, for the people who were brutalized.” Drax Hall, Phillips says, should become a museum and agricultural school.
我想说，让我放弃它，以表明我对恐怖、对遭受残酷对待的人们有某种感情。”菲利普斯说，德拉克斯厅应该成为博物馆和农业学校。
This is representative of Phillips’ current thinking.
这代表了菲利普斯目前的想法。
She taught English literature for years and took great pride in her ability to recite swaths of Shakespeare.
她教授英国文学多年，并对自己背诵大量莎士比亚作品的能力感到非常自豪。
She still credits him with the way she uses language.
她仍然将自己使用语言的方式归功于他。
But she also recognizes the notion that what was British was best was so pervasive that she didn’t encounter people who made a serious study of West Indian history and literature until the late 1970s.
但她也认识到“英国的就是最好的”这一观念如此普遍，以至于直到 20 世纪 70 年代末她才遇到认真研究西印度历史和文学的人。
“Everything was done to move you away from the world of anything that was Black, anything that was African,” Phillips says, “and even the Black people wanted, as much as possible, to move away from the plantation, understandably.”
“一切都是为了让你远离黑人、非洲的世界，”菲利普斯说，“甚至黑人也想尽可能地离开种植园，这是可以理解的。”
About seven years ago, however, she attended a history lecture at the University of the West Indies at Cave Hill, Barbados.
然而，大约七年前，她参加了位于巴巴多斯凯夫山的西印度群岛大学的历史讲座。
About 450,000 enslaved people were trafficked to Barbados.
大约 45 万奴隶被贩运到巴巴多斯。
Of these about 375,000 arrived alive.
其中约 375,000 人活着抵达。
When emancipation came in 1838, only about 83,000 of them and their descendants survived.
1838 年解放时，只有约 83,000 人及其后代幸存。
As many as 30,000 enslaved people are believed to have died on Drax plantations here and on Jamaica alone, Beckles found in his research.
贝克尔斯在他的研究中发现，据信仅在牙买加就有多达 30,000 名奴隶死于德拉克斯种植园。
Part of Phillips was stunned.
菲利普斯有些惊呆了。
Another part remembered the one thing her grandmother had told her about her own enslaved grandmother, a woman known in the family as a “rebel woman” who repeatedly ran away and was sold several times as a result.
另一部分记得她的祖母告诉她的一件事，关于她自己的被奴役的祖母，一个在家里被称为“叛逆女人”的女人，她多次逃跑，结果多次被卖掉。
This dark-skinned woman was mother to a pale-skinned child, often seen strapped to her body.
这位深色皮肤的女人是一个浅色皮肤孩子的母亲，孩子经常被绑在她身上。
“You have to wonder how she got that child,” Phillips says.
“你一定想知道她是怎么生下这个孩子的，”菲利普斯说。
“Well, you don’t have to wonder, when rape was commonplace …”
“好吧，你不必想知道，当强奸是司空见惯的时候……”
Phillips realized how much she had failed to understand and how much had been concealed.
菲利普斯意识到她有多少未能理解的事情以及有多少事情被隐瞒了。
She began to wonder where her ancestors’ bones were buried at Drax Hall and other plantations.
她开始想知道她祖先的骨头埋在德拉克斯庄园和其他种植园的哪里。
All she knows is that burials likely happened to the west of the big house, she says, to keep the smell of death out of the air.
她说，她只知道葬礼很可能发生在大房子的西边，以防止空气中弥漫着死亡的气味。
Anything more she can’t know without access to Drax Hall’s records.
如果没有德拉克斯·霍尔的记录，她就无法知道更多的事情。
And while some were left with the Barbados archive on “indefinite loan,” by an H.W.
虽然一些巴巴多斯档案被 H.W.
Drax in 1970, and others have sat bound inside public record books of wills and deeds dating back to the 1600s, “select records,” a note in the national archives indicates, “have from time to time been removed to England.” Richard Drax’s father, who died in 2017, told Parker that many of these records were lost in a fire.
1970 年，德拉克斯和其他人都装订了可追溯到 1600 年代的遗嘱和行为公共记录簿，“部分记录”，国家档案馆中的注释指出，“不时被转移到英国”。理查德·德拉克斯 (Richard Drax) 的父亲于 2017 年去世，他告诉帕克，其中许多唱片都在一场火灾中丢失了。
A 24 lb.
一个 24 磅。
iron weight used to keep slaves from running away, at the Barbados Museum & Historical Society.
巴巴多斯博物馆和历史学会中用来防止奴隶逃跑的铁制砝码。
A brand used to mark slaves in Jamaica, at the Barbados Museum & Historical Society.
牙买加用来标记奴隶的牌子，现藏于巴巴多斯博物馆和历史协会。
A precious gem used in jewelry excavated from the Newton Slave Burial Ground at the Barbados Museum & Historical Society.
巴巴多斯博物馆和历史协会牛顿奴隶墓地出土的珠宝中使用的珍贵宝石。
A dogtooth necklace excavated from the Newton Slave Burial Ground, at the Barbados Museum & Historical Society.
巴巴多斯博物馆和历史协会牛顿奴隶墓地出土的狗牙项链。
Phillips is in England now.
菲利普斯现在在英国。
She’ll spend months engaged in public readings, deep thought, and research about the lives of women enslaved in the -Caribbean.
她将花费数月时间进行公众阅读、深入思考和研究加勒比地区被奴役妇女的生活。
This type of work has already produced Plantation Poems summoning images of her ancestors, who, in her verse, “gifted me their silence”—a complex choice made in hopes of letting a future “girl child walk free, unhindered into the new world,” unfettered by forced labor, unwanted touch, or full knowledge of the global taste for white supremacy and profit.
这类作品已经创作了《种植园诗》，唤起了她祖先的形象，在她的诗中，他们“把他们的沉默送给了我”——这是一个复杂的选择，希望让未来的“女孩自由行走，不受阻碍地进入新世界”，不受强迫劳动、不必要的接触的束缚，也不受全球对白人至上和利润的品味的全面了解。
It’s a process that several months ago prompted Mia Mottley to stand at one of Phillips’ readings, end several seconds of shocked silence, and declare Phillips’ work full of truth that people need to hear.
几个月前，这个过程促使米娅·莫特利站在菲利普斯的一场朗诵会上，结束了几秒钟令人震惊的沉默，并宣布菲利普斯的作品充满了人们需要听到的真理。
When I ask Peter Laurie, Barbados’ ambassador to the U.S. during the Reagan Administration and a chronicler of the island’s social history, when support for reparations began to bubble, he said almost immediately after emancipation in 1838.
当我询问里根政府时期巴巴多斯驻美国大使、该岛社会历史记录者彼得·劳里（Peter Laurie），对赔偿的支持何时开始出现时，他几乎是在 1838 年解放后立即说道。
Later, when Barbadians returned from World War I and from helping to build the Panama Canal, they brought ideas challenging Barbados’ then nearly all-white power structure.
后来，当巴巴多斯从第一次世界大战中帮助修建巴拿马运河归来时，他们带来了挑战巴巴多斯当时几乎全是白人的权力结构的想法。
Still, as late as the 1950s, outsiders researching the Caribbean described Barbados as the most “notoriously racist” place in the region.
尽管如此，直到 20 世纪 50 年代，研究加勒比地区的外部人士仍将巴巴多斯描述为该地区最“臭名昭著的种族主义”的地方。
Ads for jobs often included requirements like a “good complexion,” says Laurie, who is white.
白人劳里说，招聘广告通常包括“良好肤色”等要求。
“And they did not mean being acne-free.”
“而且它们并不意味着没有痤疮。”
Momentum built over time, says Rodney Worrell, a lecturer in history at the University of the West Indies at Cave Hill.
西印度群岛大学凯夫山分校的历史讲师罗德尼·沃雷尔 (Rodney Worrell) 表示，随着时间的推移，这种势头逐渐形成。
A Pan-African movement in the early 1900s gave way to a labor uprising in the 1930s.
1900 年代初的泛非运动让位于 1930 年代的劳工起义。
Independence in 1966, the Black Power movement in the 1970s, and the spread of Rastafarian ideas emboldened a growing share of the island.
1966 年的独立、20 世纪 70 年代的黑人权力运动以及拉斯塔法里教思想的传播，为岛上越来越多的人带来了勇气。
The death of George Floyd and protests in 2020 prompted other changes.
乔治·弗洛伊德 (George Floyd) 之死和 2020 年的抗议活动引发了其他变化。
Chief among them: Barbados, in 2021, became a republic.
其中最主要的是：巴巴多斯于 2021 年成为共和国。
(At the same ceremony Rihanna was named a national hero.)
（在同一仪式上，蕾哈娜被任命为民族英雄。）
Injecting energy into the current movement are the people who have risen to positions of power.
为当前运动注入能量的是那些已经上升到权力位置的人。
First elected Prime Minister in 2018, by the largest margin in the island’s history, Mottley, 57, is Barbados’ first female leader, and she has proved adept at linking seemingly disparate phenomena.
57 岁的莫特利于 2018 年首次当选总理，这是该岛历史上最大的优势，她是巴巴多斯第一位女性领导人，事实证明，她善于将看似不同的现象联系起来。
For centuries, raw goods that slaves produced in the Americas were shipped to Europe, making white people wealthier, nouveau riche, or at least consistently employed.
几个世纪以来，美洲奴隶生产的原材料被运往欧洲，使白人变得更加富有，成为暴发户，或者至少持续就业。
The riches were used to build European industry and infrastructure and fuel the Industrial Revolution.
这些财富被用来建设欧洲工业和基础设施，并推动工业革命。
The resulting economies unleashed large shares of the greenhouse gases now imperiling the Caribbean .
由此产生的经济体释放了大量温室气体，目前正危及加勒比地区。
Anger is growing, Mottley has warned.
莫特利警告说，愤怒正在加剧。
What aid world organizations have sent arrived with what she has characterized as ludicrous and predatory terms.
世界组织发送的援助物资抵达时带有她所说的可笑和掠夺性的术语。
At a New York gathering this year, Mottley mentioned one loan with an interest rate of 400%, and the way that Global South leaders are routinely limited at international events to brief introductions of those regarded as more important.
在今年纽约的一次聚会上，莫特利提到了一项利率为 400% 的贷款，以及南半球领导人在国际活动中通常仅限于简单介绍那些被认为更重要的人士的方式。
Mottley is one of several people on this island who make me think of one of my father’s favorite films, The Spook Who Sat by the Door.
莫特利是岛上几个让我想起我父亲最喜欢的电影之一《坐在门边的幽灵》的人之一。
In it, a young African American man presents as an educated defender of the establishment, joins the CIA’s training program, then quits and uses what he learned to foment revolution.
在影片中，一位年轻的非裔美国人扮演了一名受过教育的建制派捍卫者，加入了中央情报局的培训计划，然后退出并利用他所学到的知识来煽动革命。
A law-school graduate of the London School of Economics, Mottley began her journey to the vaunted European institution at Queen’s College, a prestigious test-to-enter public school on land donated by a Drax descendant.
莫特利毕业于伦敦经济学院法学院，开始了她在女王学院就读欧洲著名学府的旅程，这是一所享有盛誉的公立学校，其土地由德拉克斯后裔捐赠。
St. Nicholas Abbey and Steam Railway in Barbados, a former plantation, has been turned into a tourist attraction and rum distillery.
巴巴多斯的圣尼古拉斯修道院和蒸汽铁路以前是一个种植园，现已变成旅游景点和朗姆酒酿酒厂。
The plantation was owned by the ancestors of the British actor Benedict Cumberbatch for about 200 years.
该种植园由英国演员本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇的祖先拥有约 200 年。
Christopher Gregory-Rivera for TIME Another of those people is Beckles, the historian and chairman of the CARICOM Reparations Commission, who is now the University of the West Indies’ vice chancellor.
《时代》杂志的克里斯托弗·格雷戈里-里维拉（Christopher Gregory-Rivera）中的另一个人是贝克尔斯（Beckles），他是历史学家、加共体赔偿委员会主席，现任西印度群岛大学副校长。
Guy Hewitt, head of the Church of England’s racial-justice initiative, which will manage the £100 million fund, is also Barbados born.
英国圣公会种族正义倡议负责人盖伊·休伊特 (Guy Hewitt) 也出生于巴巴多斯，该倡议将管理这一 1 亿英镑的基金。
And David Comissiong, who attended high school at Harrison College, known as the Eton College of Barbados, is deputy chair for the Barbados National Task Force on Reparations, which has worked since 2012 to develop the government’s position on reparations.
大卫·科米森格 (David Comissiong) 就读于哈里森学院（又称巴巴多斯伊顿公学）高中，是巴巴多斯国家赔偿工作组的副主席，该工作组自 2012 年以来一直致力于制定政府在赔偿问题上的立场。
“I’ve been doing this my whole adult life,” says Comissiong, a lawyer who at 26 became the youngest member of the Barbados Senate.
“我成年后一直在这样做，”26 岁时成为巴巴多斯参议院最年轻议员的律师科米辛格 (Commissiong) 说。
But, he tells me, on Barbados something shifted when former Prime Minister Freundel Stuart in 2015 expressed support for reparations, giving it a “whole new respectability.”
但他告诉我，当巴巴多斯前总理弗罗因德尔·斯图尔特 (Freundel Stuart) 2015 年表示支持赔偿时，情况发生了变化，赋予了巴巴多斯“全新的尊严”。
“When we first started,” Comissiong, now 63, tells me, “there were not many people who believed that anything would come of reparations.
现年 63 岁的科米申格告诉我：“当我们刚开始时，没有多少人相信赔偿会带来任何结果。
Many people thought it was just some kind of vulgar money grab.”
很多人认为这只是某种低俗的抢钱行为。”
I ask about headlines describing plans to seek reparations from British actor Benedict Cumberbatch, whose family owned St. Nicholas Abbey, a sugar and rum plantation, for about 200 years.
我询问了有关向英国演员本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇寻求赔偿的头条新闻，他的家族拥有圣尼古拉斯修道院（一家糖和朗姆酒种植园）约 200 年。
(Representatives for Cumberbatch said he was unavailable to comment.) Comissiong says that reporting is wrong.
（康伯巴奇的代表表示，他无法发表评论。）委员会表示，报道是错误的。
The action Barbados takes now will be limited to the CARICOM plan, he says.
他说，巴巴多斯现在采取的行动将仅限于加勒比共同体的计划。
But given that Richard Drax has a sugar operation here, a business directly connected to what James Drax began around 1640, the national task force believes he should engage on the issue.
但考虑到理查德·德拉克斯 (Richard Drax) 在这里经营一家制糖企业，该企业与詹姆斯·德拉克斯 (James Drax) 在 1640 年左右创办的企业直接相关，国家工作组认为他应该参与解决这个问题。
Recompense from wealthy individuals wouldn’t be unprecedented.
富人的回报并非史无前例。
Heirs of Slavery, an initiative founded in April by British aristocrats and many others whose families profited from enslavement and received large sums from the British government at emancipation, has committed to paying what they describe as voluntary reparations and called on the King to consider the same.
奴隶制继承人组织是由英国贵族和许多其他家庭从奴役中获利并在解放时从英国政府获得大笔资金的其他人于四月发起的一项倡议，该组织已承诺支付他们所称的自愿赔偿，并呼吁国王也考虑这样做。
“None of us, in my generation or the generation above, had any idea that our family was associated with the slave trade,” says Laura Trevelyan, one of the founders.
“我们这一代人和上一代人都不知道我们的家族与奴隶贸易有关，”创始人之一劳拉·特里维廉 (Laura Trevelyan) 说。
“It was just really shocking.” She believes recognition that “slavery was abhorrent” and substantive apologies are necessary, and reconciliation is impossible without both.
“这真是令人震惊。”她认为承认“奴隶制是令人憎恶的”和实质性的道歉是必要的，如果两者缺一不可，和解是不可能的。
If Manhattan is an island defined by its street grid, Barbados is an island where plantations function in much the same way.
如果说曼哈顿是一个由街道网格定义的岛屿，那么巴巴多斯就是一个种植园以大致相同的方式运作的岛屿。
In Bridgetown, a plaque identifying the spot where a slave cage once sat hangs on the exterior of a bank.
在布里奇敦，银行的外部悬挂着一块牌匾，标明奴隶笼曾经所在的位置。
Sugar-mill smokestacks and windmills punctuate the countryside.
糖厂的烟囱和风车遍布乡村。
The past is present almost everywhere, acknowledged or not.
无论是否承认，过去几乎无处不在。
A tourist photographs caretakers bathing racehorses on Pebbles Beach.
一名游客拍摄圆石滩上看护者给赛马洗澡的照片。
Horse racing, polo, and cricket are all commonplace in Barbados and a direct inheritance of the British colonial past.
赛马、马球和板球在巴巴多斯都很常见，是英国殖民历史的直接继承。
Christopher Gregory-Rivera for TIME I am reminded of that when, just south of Drax Hall, I happen upon Kyle Blackmen overseeing agricultural workers planting sweet potatoes.
《时代》杂志的克里斯托弗·格雷戈里-里维拉（Christopher Gregory-Rivera）让我想起，在德拉克斯霍尔（Drax Hall）以南，我偶然看到凯尔·布莱克曼（Kyle Blackmen）正在监督农业工人种植红薯。
For Blackmen, 30, foreman work is a choice—he’s always loved the outdoors and science.
对于 30 岁的布莱克曼来说，工头工作是一种选择——他一直热爱户外活动和科学。
But for many of the others, this is the destination to which life pushed them.
但对于其他许多人来说，这就是生活将他们推向的目的地。
One worker asks my colleague, a photojournalist, what he will pay for her image.
一名工人问我的摄影记者同事，他愿意为她的照片付多少钱。
When he explains this is verboten in U.S. journalism, she moves away.
当他解释说这在美国新闻业是被禁止的时，她走开了。
The average farmworker takes home about 400 Barbados dollars ($200) each week, Blackmen tells me.
布莱克曼告诉我，农场工人平均每周带回家约 400 巴巴多斯元（200 美元）。
This is an island where private businesses remain overwhelmingly owned by white Bajans, as residents of Barbados are sometimes known.
在这个岛屿上，私营企业绝大多数仍由白人巴巴多斯人（巴巴多斯居民有时被称为巴巴多斯人）拥有。
The pandemic has delayed assessments, but in 2016, Barbados’ Gini coefficient, a measure of income distribution, represented the largest gap in the Eastern Caribbean and sat almost 7 points higher than inequality in the U.S. and nearly 14 points higher than in the U.K. Diabetes and high blood pressure are so common that signs along every major highway describe ways to manage the conditions.
大流行推迟了评估，但在 2016 年，巴巴多斯的基尼系数（衡量收入分配的指标）代表了东加勒比地区最大的差距，比美国的不平等高出近 7 个百分点，比英国高出近 14 个百分点。糖尿病和高血压如此普遍，以至于每条主要高速公路旁的标志都描述了控制这些疾病的方法。
Scientists have long pointed to diet and exercise as reasons they disproportionately affect Black people throughout the Americas and are now exploring other possibilities: the body’s stress response to oppression, epigenetic effects of trauma, diets enslavers made available, farm and other chemicals to which previous generations were exposed.
长期以来，科学家们一直指出饮食和锻炼对整个美洲黑人的影响尤为严重，现在正在探索其他可能性：身体对压迫的应激反应、创伤的表观遗传效应、饮食奴役、前几代人接触过的农场和其他化学物质。
I ask Blackmen about his family’s history.
我向布莱克曼询问他的家族历史。
“Who among us,” he says, looking me dead in the eye, “does not have that particular connection to the land?”
“我们中间，”他直视着我的眼睛说道，“谁与这片土地没有那种特殊的联系呢？”
Reparations are not a bad idea, Blackmen says, but will they transform the lives of the people in this field?
布莱克曼说，赔偿并不是一个坏主意，但它们会改变这个领域人们的生活吗？
“I have my doubts, to be honest, that England will ever pay a thing,” he says.
“说实话，我怀疑英格兰是否会付出代价，”他说。
“But I also have my doubts that even if something were worked out, the everyman will see anything from it.”
“但我也怀疑，即使解决了一些问题，普通人也能从中看到什么。”
His skepticism is common, but support for reparations, at least in principle, is so widespread I have to hunt for the opposition.
他的怀疑很常见，但至少在原则上，对赔偿的支持是如此普遍，我不得不寻找反对者。
When I contact Richard Hoad, a goat farmer and the man whose name came up in several conversations as a white Barbadian columnist for the Nation Newspaper on record opposing reparations, he says that description is not quite accurate: He does not have a problem with reparations, he says.
当我联系山羊农场主理查德·霍德（Richard Hoad）时，他的名字多次出现在《国家报》的白人巴巴多斯专栏作家的谈话中，记录反对赔偿，他说这种描述不太准确：他说，他对赔偿没有意见。
He’s simply raised questions—why should this slave trade merit recompense and not the Roman campaign to subjugate much of Europe and North Africa?
他只是提出了问题——为什么奴隶贸易应该得到补偿，而不是罗马征服欧洲和北非大部分地区的运动应该得到补偿？
White people suffered as indentured servants, so what are they owed?—and he opposes anything like a “witch hunt” making demands on individuals.
白人作为契约奴而受苦，那么他们欠什么？——他反对任何像“政治迫害”这样对个人提出要求的行为。
Then he shares some ideas that will sound familiar in other parts of the Americas where white objections to reparations for enslavement are prevalent.
然后，他分享了一些在美洲其他地区听起来很熟悉的想法，这些地方白人普遍反对奴隶制赔偿。
“I went to school with strong, robust, healthy Black comrades who beat the stuffing out of whites in most sports, were academically brighter and showed no signs of suffering inferiority because of their colour,” he wrote in an email.
他在一封电子邮件中写道：“我和强壮、健壮、健康的黑人同志一起上学，他们在大多数运动中都击败了白人，在学业上更聪明，并且没有表现出因为肤色而感到自卑的迹象。”
“Barbados has opportunities for those who take them.
“巴巴多斯为那些抓住机会的人提供了机会。
Even back in 1818 London Bourne [a Black abolitionist] got his freedom from slavery, became a wealthy Bridgetown businessman and owned two plantations …
早在 1818 年，伦敦伯恩（黑人废奴主义者）就摆脱了奴隶制，成为布里奇敦的一名富有的商人，并拥有两个种植园……
East Indians landing here with no money, not speaking the language, traded from suitcases to small vans.
来到这里的东印度人没有钱，也不会说当地语言，他们的货物从手提箱到小型货车。
Nowadays they are owning more and more thriving businesses, live in lovely homes and are among our wealthiest citizens.”
如今，他们拥有越来越多蓬勃发展的企业，住在漂亮的房子里，成为我们最富有的公民之一。”
He says Barbados is a “Black country,” and he disputes the idea that anyone alive now is affected by anything before emancipation or just after.
他说巴巴多斯是一个“黑人国家”，他对现在活着的任何人都会受到解放前或解放后的任何事情的影响的观点提出异议。
Tourists outside of the St. Nicholas Abbey and Steam Railway in Barbados.
巴巴多斯圣尼古拉斯修道院和蒸汽铁路外的游客。
Christopher Gregory-Rivera for TIME Many scholars and some legal experts disagree.
《时代》杂志的克里斯托弗·格雷戈里-里维拉 许多学者和一些法律专家不同意这一观点。
At a February gathering over Zoom of the American Society of International Law’s Symposium on Reparations Under International Law, Judge Patrick Robinson, a Jamaica-born, London–trained lawyer and member of the International Court of Justice, said there is a sound legal basis for reparations for enslavement: Reparations are due if a crime against humanity has been committed or a country created or allowed a practice, system, or event in which each step violated international laws.
在美国国际法学会国际法赔偿研讨会二月份举行的 Zoom 会议上，出生于牙买加、在伦敦接受培训的律师、国际法院法官帕特里克·罗宾逊 (Patrick Robinson) 法官表示，对奴役的赔偿有健全的法律依据：如果犯下了危害人类罪，或者一个国家创建或允许每一步都违反国际法的做法、制度或事件，则应给予赔偿。
Both are arguably met, but certainly the second, by the conduct and outcomes intentionally created by the transatlantic slave trade and almost 400 years of enslavement in the Americas, said Robinson, who oversaw the U.N.’s International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
负责监督联合国前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭的罗宾逊表示，可以说，这两个目标都得到了满足，但肯定是第二个目标，因为跨大西洋奴隶贸易和美洲近 400 年的奴役故意造成的行为和结果。
The concept of a crime against humanity was not established in international law until after World War II to address Nazi atrocities.
危害人类罪的概念直到第二次世界大战后才在国际法中确立，以应对纳粹的暴行。
Still, the concepts of humanity and natural rights are almost as old as time, he said.
他说，尽管如此，人性和自然权利的概念几乎与时间一样古老。
In 1815 many European governments ratified an agreement at the Congress of Vienna to abolish the transatlantic slave trade, “considered by just and enlightened men of all ages as repugnant to the principles of humanity and morality.” By then almost 300 years old, the trade had ended in British territory in 1807, but enslavement and related profit-making activities continued for decades.
1815 年，许多欧洲国家政府在维也纳会议上批准了一项废除跨大西洋奴隶贸易的协议，“各个年龄段的公正和开明的人们都认为该协议违背了人性和道德原则”。到那时，已有近 300 年历史的贸易已于 1807 年在英国领土上结束，但奴役和相关的营利活动却持续了数十年。
Because the same bigoted idea—Africans were undeserving of human rights—animated racially restrictive policy and practices after emancipation, Robinson said, the key condition has been met for reparations for at least some of the period after enslavement as well.
罗宾逊说，因为同样的偏执观念——非洲人不值得享有人权——在解放后推行了种族限制政策和做法，因此，至少在奴役后的一段时间内，赔偿的关键条件也得到了满足。
“There is an international obligation on the United Kingdom, France, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, and the United States of America to make full reparations to the descendants of those Africans whom they enslaved,” Robinson said.
罗宾逊说：“英国、法国、葡萄牙、西班牙、荷兰、瑞典、丹麦和美利坚合众国有国际义务向被他们奴役的非洲人的后裔提供充分赔偿。”
The U.K. and most Western European countries are subject to the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction.
英国和大多数西欧国家均受国际法院和国际刑事法院的管辖。
(The U.S. withdrew from the former’s jurisdiction in the 1980s when it ruled the U.S. owed Nicaragua reparations, and it has not ratified the latter’s treaty.)
（美国在20世纪80年代裁定美国欠尼加拉瓜赔款时退出了前者的管辖，并且尚未批准后者的条约。）
To put a dollar figure on what is owed, the symposium turned to Coleman Bazelon and Alberto Vargas from the Brattle Group, a Boston-based economic consulting firm, who worked pro bono to develop a conservative estimate but noted that some harms, like psychological damage, were difficult to quantify.
为了对所欠金额进行具体计算，研讨会请来了来自波士顿经济咨询公司布拉特尔集团的科尔曼·巴泽隆和阿尔贝托·瓦尔加斯，他们无偿地做出了保守的估计，但指出一些伤害，如心理损害，很难量化。
The global reparations debt, they said, is $101.4 trillion.
他们表示，全球赔偿债务为 101.4 万亿美元。
About $3.54 trillion is owed to Barbados alone.
仅巴巴多斯就欠约3.54万亿美元。
(In 2022, the U.K. GDP amounted to about $2.79 trillion.)
（2022年，英国GDP约为2.79万亿美元。）
It’s impossible to know at this stage what will happen when CARICOM makes its requests, but William “Sandy” Darity Jr., director of the Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity at Duke University and one of the world’s leading experts on reparations, points out that the situation in the Caribbean differs from the one in the U.S. where Black Americans are asking their own government for resources.
现阶段不可能知道加共体提出要求时会发生什么，但杜克大学塞缪尔·杜波依斯·库克社会公平中心主任、世界领先的赔偿专家之一威廉·桑迪·达里蒂指出，加勒比地区的情况与美国黑人向本国政府请求资源的情况不同。
In CARICOM countries the overwhelming majority of citizens were subjected to colonialism and enslavement, “so it is reasonable to consider reparations taking the form of state-to-state payment,” he says, noting that possible support from third-party arbiters could be helpful but won’t eliminate all opposition inside former colonial countries.
在加共体国家，绝大多数公民遭受殖民主义和奴役，“因此考虑以国家间付款的形式进行赔偿是合理的，”他说，并指出第三方仲裁者的可能支持可能会有所帮助，但不会消除前殖民地国家内部的所有反对声音。
Phillips for years dismissed reparations as radical, then unlikely and unnecessary for people who would have to do their best to build on what they had.
菲利普斯多年来一直认为赔偿是激进的，对于那些必须尽最大努力在现有基础上再接再厉的人来说，这种做法不太可能也没有必要。
Today she’s an unwavering supporter.
今天，她是坚定的支持者。
“If something of such horror is revealed and you’re still benefiting from the proceeds, you cannot turn your head and say, ‘Well, what has that to do with me?’” — With reporting by Simmone Shah and Julia Zorthian □
“如果如此恐怖的事情被揭露，而你仍然从收益中受益，你不能转过头说，‘好吧，这与我有什么关系？’”——Simmone Shah 和 Julia Zorthian 的报道 □