What Happens Next Will Amaze You
Idle Words > Talks > What Happens Next Will Amaze You This is the text version of a talk I gave on September 14, 2015, at the FREMTIDENS INTERNET conference in Copenhagen, Denmark.
闲话 > 演讲 > 接下来发生的事情会让你大吃一惊 这是我于 2015 年 9 月 14 日在丹麦哥本哈根举行的 FREMTIDENS INTERNET 会议上发表的演讲的文本版本。
Good morning!
早上好！
Today's talk is being filmed, recorded and transcribed, and everything I say today will leave an indelible trace online.
今天的演讲正在被拍摄、录音和转录，我今天所说的一切都将在网上留下不可磨灭的痕迹。
In other words, it's just a normal day on the Internet.
换句话说，这只是互联网上平常的一天。
For people like me, who go around giving talks about the dystopian future, it's been an incredible year.
对于像我这样到处谈论反乌托邦未来的人来说，这是令人难以置信的一年。
Let me review the highlights so far: We learned that AT&T; has been cooperating with the NSA for over ten years, voluntarily sharing data far beyond anything that the law required them to give.
让我回顾一下迄今为止的亮点： 我们了解到 AT&T；与美国国家安全局合作已有十多年，自愿共享的数据远远超出了法律要求他们提供的任何数据。
The infamous dating site for married people Ashley Madison was hacked, revealing personal information and and easily-cracked passwords for millions of users.
臭名昭著的已婚约会网站 Ashley Madison 遭到黑客攻击，数百万用户的个人信息和密码被泄露。
Some of these users are already the subject of active extortion .
其中一些用户已经成为主动勒索的对象。
Australia passed an incoherent and sweeping data retention law , while the UK is racing to pass a law of its own.
澳大利亚通过了一项不连贯且全面的数据保留法，而英国正在竞相通过自己的法律。
The horrible Hacking Team got hacked , giving us a window into a sordid market for vulnerabilities and surveillance technology.
可怕的黑客团队遭到黑客攻击，为我们提供了一扇了解漏洞和监控技术的肮脏市场的窗口。
The 2014 Sony Pictures hack exposed highly sensitive (and amusing) emails and employee data .
2014 年索尼影业黑客事件暴露了高度敏感（且有趣）的电子邮件和员工数据。
And finally, highly sensitive and intrusive security questionnaires for at least 18 million Federal job applicants were stolen from the US Office of Personnel Management.
最后，美国人事管理局至少 1800 万联邦求职者的高度敏感和侵入性安全调查问卷被盗。
Given this list, let me ask a trick question.
给定这个列表，让我问一个棘手的问题。
What was the most damaging data breach in the last 12 months?
过去 12 个月内最具破坏性的数据泄露事件是什么？
The trick answer is: it's likely something we don't even know about.
巧妙的答案是：这可能是我们根本不知道的事情。
When the Snowden revelations first came to light, it felt like we might be heading towards an Orwellian dystopia.
当斯诺登泄密事件首次曝光时，我们感觉我们可能正在走向奥威尔式的反乌托邦。
Now we know that the situation is much worse.
现在我们知道情况要糟糕得多。
If you go back and read Orwell, you'll notice that Oceania was actually quite good at data security.
如果你回去读奥威尔的书，你会发现大洋洲实际上在数据安全方面相当擅长。
Our own Thought Police is a clown car operation with no checks or oversight, no ability to keep the most sensitive information safe, and no one behind the steering wheel.
我们自己的思想警察是一辆小丑车，没有检查或监督，没有能力保证最敏感信息的安全，也没有人在方向盘后面。
The proximate reasons for the culture of total surveillance are clear.
全面监控文化的直接原因是显而易见的。
Storage is cheap enough that we can keep everything.
存储足够便宜，我们可以保留所有东西。
Computers are fast enough to examine this information, both in real time and retrospectively.
计算机的速度足以实时和回顾性地检查这些信息。
Our daily activities are mediated with software that can easily be configured to record and report everything it sees upstream.
我们的日常活动是通过软件进行调节的，这些软件可以轻松配置为记录和报告上游看到的所有内容。
But to fix surveillance, we have to address the underlying reasons that it exists.
但要解决监控问题，我们必须解决其存在的根本原因。
These are no mystery either.
这些也并不神秘。
State surveillance is driven by fear.
国家监视是由恐惧驱动的。
And corporate surveillance is driven by money.
而企业监控是由金钱驱动的。
The two kinds of surveillance are as intimately connected as tango partners.
这两种监视就像探戈舞伴一样紧密相连。
They move in lockstep, eyes rapt, searching each other's souls.
他们步调一致，目光全神贯注，探寻着彼此的灵魂。
The information they collect is complementary.
他们收集的信息是互补的。
By defending its own worst practices, each side enables the other.
通过捍卫自己最糟糕的做法，双方都为对方提供了便利。
Today I want to talk about the corporate side of this partnership.
今天我想谈谈这种伙伴关系的企业方面。
In his excellent book on surveillance, Bruce Schneier has pointed out we would never agree to carry tracking devices and report all our most intimate conversations if the government made us do it.
布鲁斯·施奈尔（Bruce Schneier）在他关于监视的优秀著作中指出，如果政府让我们这样做，我们永远不会同意携带跟踪设备并报告我们所有最亲密的谈话。
But under such a scheme, we would enjoy more legal protections than we have now.
但在这样的计划下，我们将享有比现在更多的法律保护。
By letting ourselves be tracked voluntarily, we forfeit all protection against how that information is used.
如果我们自愿被追踪，我们就失去了针对该信息使用方式的所有保护。
Those who control the data gain enormous power over those who don't.
那些控制数据的人比那些不控制数据的人拥有巨大的权力。
The power is not overt, but implicit in the algorithms they write, the queries they run, and the kind of world they feel entitled to build.
这种力量不是公开的，而是隐含在他们编写的算法、他们运行的查询以及他们认为有权构建的世界中。
In this world, privacy becomes a luxury good.
在这个世界上，隐私成为奢侈品。
Mark Zuckerberg buys the four houses around his house in Palo Alto, to keep hidden what the rest of us must share with him.
马克·扎克伯格购买了他位于帕洛阿尔托的房子周围的四栋房子，以隐藏我们其他人必须与他分享的东西。
It used to be celebrities and rich people who were the ones denied a private life, now it's the other way around.
过去是名人和富人被剥夺了私人生活，现在则相反。
Let's talk about how to fix it.
我们来谈谈如何修复它。
There's a wonderful quote from a fellow named Martin McNulty, CEO of an ad company called Forward 3D: âI never thought the politics of privacy would come close to my day-to-day work of advertising.
Forward 3D 广告公司首席执行官马丁·麦克纳尔蒂 (Martin McNulty) 曾说过一句精彩的话：“我从未想过隐私政治会与我的日常广告工作如此接近。”
I think thereâs a concern that this could get whipped up into a paranoia that could harm the advertising industry,â I am certainly here to whip up paranoia that I hope will harm the advertising industry.
我认为有人担心这可能会激起偏执，从而损害广告业。我当然是来这里煽动偏执的，我希望这种偏执会损害广告业。
But his point is a good one.
但他的观点是好的。
There's nothing about advertising that is inherently privacy-destroying.
广告本质上不会破坏隐私。
It used to be a fairly innocuous business model.
它曾经是一种相当无害的商业模式。
The phenomenon whereby ads are tied to the complete invasion of privacy is a recent one.
将广告与完全侵犯隐私联系在一起的现象是最近才出现的。
In the beginning, there was advertising.
一开始是有广告的。
It was a simple trinity of publisher, viewer, and advertiser.
这是一个简单的三位一体：出版商、观众和广告商。
Publishers wrote what they wanted and left empty white rectangles for ads to fill.
出版商写下他们想要的内容，并留下空白的白色矩形以供广告填充。
Advertisers bought the right to put things in those rectangles.
广告商购买了将东西放入这些矩形中的权利。
Viewers occasionally looked at the rectangles by accident and bought the products and services they saw pictured there.
观众偶尔会无意中看到这些矩形，并购买他们在其中看到的产品和服务。
Life was simple.
生活很简单。
There were ad agencies to help match publishers with advertisers, figure out what should go in the rectangles, and attempt to measure how well the ads were working.
有广告代理商帮助发布商与广告商进行匹配，找出矩形中应该包含哪些内容，并尝试衡量广告的效果如何。
But this primitive form of advertising remained more art than science.
但这种原始的广告形式更多的是艺术而不是科学。
The old chestnut had it that half of advertising money was wasted, but no one could tell which half.
老栗子说，广告费有一半被浪费了，但谁也说不清是哪一半。
When the Internet came, there was much rejoicing.
当互联网出现时，人们感到非常高兴。
For the first time advertisers could know how many times their ads had been shown, and how many times they were clicked.
广告商第一次可以知道他们的广告被展示了多少次，以及被点击了多少次。
Clever mechanisms started connecting clicks with sales.
聪明的机制开始将点击与销售联系起来。
Ad networks appeared.
广告网络出现了。
Publishers no longer had to sell all those empty rectangles themselves.
出版商不再需要自己出售所有这些空矩形。
They could just ask Google to fill them, and AdSense would dynamically match the space to available ads at the moment the page was loaded.
他们只需要求 Google 填充它们，AdSense 就会在页面加载时动态地将空间与可用广告进行匹配。
Everybody made money.
大家都赚钱了。
The advertisers looked upon this and saw that it was good.
广告商看到了这一点，认为这是好事。
Soon the web was infested with all manner of trackers, beacons, pixels, tracking cookies and bugs.
很快，网络上就充斥着各种各样的跟踪器、信标、像素、跟踪 cookie 和错误。
Companies learned to pool their data so they could follow customers across many sites.
公司学会了汇集数据，以便可以在多个站点上跟踪客户。
They created user profiles of everyone using the web.
他们为每个使用网络的人创建了用户档案。
They could predict when a potential customer was going to do something expensive, like have a baby or get married, and tailor ads specifically to them.
他们可以预测潜在客户何时会做一些昂贵的事情，比如生孩子或结婚，并专门为他们定制广告。
They learned to notice when people put things in a shopping cart and then failed to buy them, so they could entice them back with special offers.
他们学会注意到人们将东西放入购物车却没有购买的情况，这样他们就可以通过特别优惠吸引他们回来。
They got better at charging different prices to people based on what they could affordâthe dream of every dead-eyed economist since the dawn of the profession.
他们更擅长根据人们的承受能力向他们收取不同的价格——自该行业诞生以来，这是每个冷眼经济学家的梦想。
Advertisers were in heaven.
广告商简直就是在天堂。
No longer was half their budget wasted.
他们的一半预算不再被浪费。
Everything was quantified on a nice dashboard.
一切都在一个漂亮的仪表板上进行了量化。
Ubiquitous surveillance and the sales techniques it made possible increased revenue by fifteen, twenty, even thirty percent.
无处不在的监控和销售技巧使收入增加了百分之十五、百分之二十、甚至百分之三十。
And then the robots came.
然后机器人来了。
Oh, the robots were rudimentary at first.
哦，机器人一开始还很初级。
Just little snippets of code that would load a web page and pretend to click ads.
只是加载网页并假装点击广告的一小段代码。
Detecting them was a breeze.
检测到它们轻而易举。
But there was a lot of money moving into online ads, and robots love money.
但有大量资金投入在线广告领域，而机器人也爱钱。
They learned quickly.
他们学得很快。
Soon they were using real browsers, with javascript turned on, and it was harder to distinguish them from people.
很快他们就开始使用真正的浏览器，并且打开了 JavaScript，并且很难将他们与人类区分开来。
They learned to scroll, hover, and move the mouse around just like you and me.
他们学会了像你我一样滚动、悬停和移动鼠标。
Ad networks countered each improvement on the robot side.
广告网络对机器人方面的每一项改进都进行了反击。
They learned to look for more and more subtle signals that the ad impression was coming from a human being, in the process creating invasive scripts to burrow into the visitor's browser.
他们学会寻找越来越多的微妙信号，表明广告印象来自人类，并在此过程中创建侵入性脚本以侵入访问者的浏览器。
Soon the robots were disguising themselves as people.
很快，机器人就将自己伪装成人类。
Like a monster in a movie that pulls on a person's face like a mask, the ad-clicking robots learned to wear real people's identities.
就像电影中的怪物像面具一样拉扯人的脸一样，点击广告的机器人学会了佩戴真人的身份。
They would hack into your grandparents' computer and use their browser history, cookies, and all the tracking data that lived on the machine to go out and perpetrate their robotic deeds.
他们会侵入你祖父母的计算机，并使用他们的浏览器历史记录、cookies 以及机器上的所有跟踪数据来执行他们的机器人行为。
With each iteration it got harder to tell the people and the robots apart.
随着每次迭代，区分人和机器人变得越来越困难。
The robots were crafty.
机器人很狡猾。
They would do things like load dozens of ads into one pixel, stacking them up on top of one another.
他们会做一些事情，比如将数十个广告加载到一个像素中，然后将它们堆叠在一起。
Or else they would run a browser on a hidden desktop with the sound off, viewing video after video, clicking ad after ad.
或者，他们会在关闭声音的隐藏桌面上运行浏览器，观看一个又一个的视频，点击一个又一个的广告。
They learned to visit real sites and fill real shopping carts to stimulate the more expensive types of retargeting ads.
他们学会了访问真实的网站并填充真实的购物车，以刺激更昂贵的重定向广告类型。
Today we live in a Blade Runner world, with ad robots posing as people, and Deckard-like figures trying to expose them by digging ever deeper into our browsers, implementing Voight-Kampff machines in Javascript to decide who is human.
今天，我们生活在一个《银翼杀手》的世界里，广告机器人冒充人类，戴克式的人物试图通过更深入地挖掘我们的浏览器来暴露它们，用 JavaScript 实现 Voight-Kampff 机器来决定谁是人类。
We're the ones caught in the middle.
我们是夹在中间的人。
The ad networks' name for this robotic deception is 'ad fraud' or 'click fraud'.
广告网络将这种机器人欺骗称为“广告欺诈”或“点击欺诈”。
(Advertisers like to use moralizing language when their money starts to flow in the wrong direction.
（当广告商的钱开始流向错误的方向时，他们喜欢使用说教语言。
Tricking people into watching ads is good; being tricked into showing ads to automated traffic is evil.) Ad fraud works because the market for ads is so highly automated.
诱骗人们看广告是好事；被欺骗向自动流量展示广告是邪恶的。）广告欺诈之所以有效，是因为广告市场高度自动化。
Like algorithmic trading, decisions happen in fractions of a second, and matchmaking between publishers and advertisers is outside human control.
与算法交易一样，决策在不到一秒的时间内发生，出版商和广告商之间的匹配超出了人类的控制范围。
It's a confusing world of demand side platforms, supply-side platforms, retargeting, pre-targeting, behavioral modeling, real-time bidding, ad exchanges, ad agency trading desks and a thousand other bits of jargon.
这是一个令人困惑的世界，充满了需求方平台、供应方平台、重定向、预先定位、行为建模、实时出价、广告交易、广告代理交易台和上千个其他术语。
Because the payment systems are also automated, it's easy to cash out of the game.
由于支付系统也是自动化的，因此很容易从游戏中兑现。
And that's how the robots thrive.
这就是机器人蓬勃发展的方式。
It boils down to this: fake websites serving real ads to fake traffic for real money.
归结起来就是：虚假网站提供真实广告，以虚假流量获取真金白银。
And it's costing advertisers a fortune.
这让广告商损失了一大笔钱。
Just how much money robot traffic absorbs is hard to track.
机器人流量到底吸收了多少钱很难追踪。
The robots actually notice when they're being monitored and scale down their activity accordingly.
机器人实际上会注意到它们何时受到监控，并相应地减少它们的活动。
Depending on estimates, ad fraud consumes from 10-50% of your ad budget.
据估计，广告欺诈会消耗您广告预算的 10-50%。
In some documented cases, over 90% of the ad traffic being monitored was non-human.
在一些有记录的案例中，超过 90% 的受监控广告流量都是非人类的。
So those profits to advertisers from mass surveillanceâthe fifteen to thirty percent boost in sales I mentionedâare an illusion.
因此，广告商从大规模监控中获得的利润——我提到的销售额的百分之十五到百分之三十的增长——只是一种幻觉。
The gains are lost, like tears in the rain, to automated ad fraud.
收益就像雨中的眼泪一样被自动广告欺诈所损失。
Advertisers end up right back where they started,still not knowing which half of their advertising budget is being wasted.
广告商最终又回到了起点，仍然不知道哪一半的广告预算被浪费了。
Except in the process they've destroyed our privacy.
但在这个过程中他们破坏了我们的隐私。
The winners in this game are the ones running the casino: big advertising networks, surveillance companies, and the whole brand-new industry known as "adtech".
这场游戏的赢家是赌场的经营者：大型广告网络、监控公司以及被称为“广告技术”的整个全新行业。
The losers are small publishers and small advertisers.
输家是小型出版商和小型广告商。
Universal click fraud drives down the value of all advertising, making it harder for niche publishers to make ends meet.
普遍的点击欺诈降低了所有广告的价值，使利基发布商更难维持收支平衡。
And it ensures that any advertiser who doesn't invest heavily in countermeasures and tracking will get eaten alive.
它确保任何不大力投资对策和跟踪的广告商都会被活活吃掉。
But the biggest losers are you and me.
但最大的输家是你和我。
Advertising-related surveillance has destroyed our privacy and made the web a much more dangerous place for everyone.
与广告相关的监控破坏了我们的隐私，并使网络对每个人来说都变得更加危险。
The practice of serving unvetted third-party content chosen at the last minute, with no human oversight, creates ideal conditions for malware to spread.
在没有人为监督的情况下提供最后一刻选择的未经审查的第三方内容的做法为恶意软件的传播创造了理想的条件。
The need for robots that can emulate human web users drives a market for hacked home computers.
对能够模仿人类网络用户的机器人的需求推动了被黑客入侵的家用计算机市场的发展。
It's no accident how much the ad racket resembles high-frequency trading.
广告诈骗与高频交易非常相似，这并非偶然。
A small number of sophisticated players are making a killing at the expense of everybody else.
少数经验丰富的玩家正在以牺牲其他人的利益为代价大赚一笔。
The biggest profits go to the most ruthless, encouraging a race to the bottom.
最大的利润流向了最残酷的人，鼓励了逐底竞争。
The ad companies' solution to click fraud is to increase tracking.
广告公司针对点击欺诈的解决方案是增加跟踪。
And they're trying to convince browser vendors to play along.
他们正试图说服浏览器供应商合作。
If they could get away with it, they would demand that you have webcam turned on, to make sure you are human.
如果他们能逃脱惩罚，他们会要求你打开网络摄像头，以确保你是人类。
And to track your eye movements, and your facial expression, and round and round we go.
并追踪您的眼球运动和面部表情，我们一圈又一圈地进行。
I don't believe there's a technology bubble, but there is absolutely an advertising bubble.
我不相信存在技术泡沫，但绝对存在广告泡沫。
When it bursts, companies are going to be more desperate and will unload all the personal data they have on us to absolutely any willing buyer.
当它爆发时，公司会更加绝望，并将把他们拥有的所有个人数据出售给任何愿意的买家。
And then we'll see if all these dire warnings about the dangers of surveillance were right.
然后我们会看看所有这些关于监视危险的可怕警告是否正确。
(A PARENTHETICAL COMMENT ABOUT DESPAIR) It's easy to get really depressed at all this.
（关于绝望的旁白评论）面对这一切很容易变得非常沮丧。
It's important that we not let ourselves lose heart.
重要的是我们不要让自己灰心丧气。
If you're over a certain age, you'll remember what it was like when every place in the world was full of cigarette smoke.
如果你超过了一定的年龄，你会记得当世界上每个地方都充满香烟烟雾时是什么样子。
Airplanes, cafes, trains, private offices, bars, even your doctor's waiting roomâit all smelled like an ashtray.
飞机、咖啡馆、火车、私人办公室、酒吧，甚至医生的候诊室——都闻起来像烟灰缸。
Today we live in a world where you can go for weeks without smelling a cigarette if you don't care to.
今天，我们生活在一个如果你不介意的话，你可以几个星期闻不到烟味的世界。
The people in 1973 were no more happy to live in that smoky world than we would be, but changing it seemed unachievable.
1973 年的人们并不比我们更快乐地生活在那个烟雾缭绕的世界，但改变它似乎是不可能的。
Big Tobacco was a seemingly invincible opponent.
大烟草公司似乎是一个不可战胜的对手。
Getting the right to breathe clean air back required a combination of social pressure, legal action, activism, regulation, and patience.
获得呼吸清洁空气的权利需要社会压力、法律行动、行动主义、监管和耐心的结合。
It took a long time to establish that environmental smoke exposure was harmful, and even longer to translate this into law and policy.
人们花了很长时间才确定暴露在环境烟雾中是有害的，甚至更长时间才将其转化为法律和政策。
We had to believe in our capacity to make these changes happen for a long time before we could enjoy the results.
在享受成果之前，我们必须长期相信自己有能力实现这些改变。
I use this analogy because the harmful aspects of surveillance have a long gestation period, just like the harmful effects of smoking, and reformers face the same kind of well-funded resistance.
我用这个比喻是因为监视的有害方面有很长的酝酿期，就像吸烟的有害影响一样，改革者也面临着同样资金充足的阻力。
That doesn't mean we can't win.
这并不意味着我们不能获胜。
But it does mean we have to fight.
但这确实意味着我们必须战斗。
Today I'd like to propose some ways we can win back our online privacy.
今天，我想提出一些我们可以赢回在线隐私的方法。
I brought up the smoking example because it shows how a mix of strategiesâpolitical, legal, regulatory and culturalâcan achieve results that would otherwise seem fantastical.
我提出吸烟的例子是因为它展示了政治、法律、监管和文化等策略的结合如何能够取得看似不可思议的结果。
So let's review the strategies, new and old, that are helping us push back against the culture of total surveillance.
因此，让我们回顾一下有助于我们抵制全面监控文化的新旧策略。
Technical Solutions As technical people, technical solutions will always come first.
技术解决方案 作为技术人，技术解决方案永远是第一位的。
They're appealing because we can implement them ourselves, without having to convince a vendor, judge, lawmaker, or voter.
它们很有吸引力，因为我们可以自己实施它们，而无需说服供应商、法官、立法者或选民。
Ad Blocking I think of ad blocking like mosquito repellent.
广告拦截 我认为广告拦截就像驱蚊剂。
If you combine DEET, and long sleeves, and wear a face net, you can almost get full protection.
如果将避蚊胺和长袖结合起来，并戴上面罩，几乎可以得到全面的保护。
but God forbid you have an inch of skin showing somewhere.
但上帝不允许你露出一寸皮肤。
Ad blocking has seen a lot of activity.
广告拦截已经出现了很多活动。
The EFF recently released a tool called Privacy Badger specifically targeted at ad tracking, and not just display.
EFF 最近发布了一款名为 Privacy Badger 的工具，专门针对广告跟踪，而不仅仅是显示。
And soon iOS will make it possible for users to install third-party apps that block ads.
很快，iOS 将允许用户安装拦截广告的第三方应用程序。
One issue is that you have to trust the ad blocker.
一个问题是您必须信任广告拦截器。
Blocking works well right now because it's not widespread.
封锁目前效果很好，因为它并不普遍。
The technology is likely to become a victim of its own success.
该技术很可能成为其自身成功的受害者。
And at that point it will face intense pressure to allow ads through.
到那时，它将面临允许广告通过的巨大压力。
We already see signs of strain with AdBlock Plus and its notion of " acceptable ads ".
我们已经看到了 AdBlock Plus 及其“可接受的广告”概念的紧张迹象。
There are more fundamental conflicts of interest, too.
还有更根本的利益冲突。
Consider the spectacle of the Chrome team, employed by Google, fighting against the YouTube ads team, also employed by Google.
想象一下谷歌雇佣的 Chrome 团队与同样受雇于谷歌的 YouTube 广告团队对抗的场面。
Remember that Google makes all its money from ad revenue.
请记住，谷歌的所有收入都来自广告收入。
I've met people on the Chrome team and they are serious and committed to defending their browser.
我见过 Chrome 团队的成员，他们很认真并致力于捍卫他们的浏览器。
I've also met people on the YouTube ads team, and they hate their lives and want to die.
我也遇到过 YouTube 广告团队的人，他们讨厌自己的生活，想死。
But it's still a strange situation to find yourself in.
但你发现自己仍然处于一个奇怪的境地。
As ad blocking becomes widespread, we'll see these tensions get worse, and we'll also see more serious technical countermeasures.
随着广告拦截变得普遍，我们将看到这些紧张局势变得更加严重，我们还将看到更严格的技术对策。
Already startups are popping up with the explicit goal of defeating ad blocking.
初创公司已经纷纷涌现，其明确的目标就是克服广告拦截。
While this exposes the grim, true adversarial nature of online ads, some publishers may feel they have no choice but to declare war on their visitors.
虽然这暴露了在线广告的严峻、真正的对抗性本质，但一些发布商可能觉得他们别无选择，只能向访问者宣战。
Ad blockers help us safeguard an important principleâthat the browser is fundamentally our user agent.
广告拦截器帮助我们维护一个重要原则——浏览器从根本上来说是我们的用户代理。
It's supposed to be on our side.
它应该是在我们这边的。
It sticks up for us.
它对我们来说很重要。
We get to control its behavior.
我们可以控制它的行为。
No amount of moralizing about our duty to view unwanted advertisements can change that.
无论对我们有义务观看不受欢迎的广告进行多少说教，都无法改变这一点。
Consumer countermeasures A second, newer kind of technical countermeasure uses the tools of surveillance to defeat discriminatory pricing.
消费者对策第二种较新的技术对策使用监视工具来击败歧视性定价。
People have long noticed that they get shown different prices depending on where they visit a site from, or even what day of the week they're shopping.
人们早就注意到，根据他们访问网站的位置，甚至是一周中的哪一天，他们会看到不同的价格。
So far this knowledge has been passed around as folklore, but lately we've seen more systematic efforts like $herrif .
到目前为止，这些知识已经作为民间传说流传开来，但最近我们看到了像 $herrif 这样的更系统的努力。
$herrif collects data from many users in order to show you how the price you're being shown compares to what others have seen for the same product.
$herrif 从许多用户那里收集数据，以便向您展示您所显示的价格与其他人看到的相同产品的价格相比如何。
An obvious next step will be to let users make purchases for one another, as a form of arbitrage.
显然，下一步将是让用户互相购买，作为一种套利形式。
Technical solutions are sweet, but they're also kind of undemocratic.
技术解决方案很甜蜜，但它们也有点不民主。
Since they work best when few people are using them, and since the tech elite is the first to adopt them, they can become another way in which the Internet simply benefits the nerd class at the expense of everyone else.
由于它们在很少有人使用时效果最好，而且技术精英是第一个采用它们的人，因此它们可以成为另一种方式，让互联网以牺牲其他人的利益为代价，让书呆子阶级受益。
Legal Remedies The second layer of attack is through the legal system.
法律补救措施 第二层攻击是通过法律体系。
In Europe the weapon of choice is privacy law.
在欧洲，选择的武器是隐私法。
The EU charter has a lot to say about privacyâit has a lot to say about everythingâand individual countries like Germany have even more stringent protections in place.
欧盟宪章对隐私有很多规定——它对所有事情都有很多规定——而像德国这样的个别国家甚至有更严格的保护措施。
Forcing American companies doing business in the EU to adhere to those principles has been an effective way to rein in their behavior.
迫使在欧盟开展业务的美国公司遵守这些原则是控制其行为的有效方法。
The biggest flaw in European privacy law is that it exists to safeguard individuals.
欧洲隐私法的最大缺陷在于它的存在是为了保护个人。
Its protections are not very effective against mass surveillance, which no one considered a possibility at the time these laws were formulated.
它的保护措施对于大规模监视并不是非常有效，在制定这些法律时没有人考虑这种可能性。
One example of EU privacy law in action is the infamous "right to be forgotten", where courts are ordering Google to take down links to information, and even (in an Orwellian twist) demanding the site de-list news stories describing the court order.
欧盟隐私法的一个例子是臭名昭著的“被遗忘权”，法院命令谷歌删除信息链接，甚至（以奥威尔式的方式）要求该网站删除描述法院命令的新闻报道。
In the US, the preferred weapon is discrimination law.
在美国，首选武器是歧视法。
The Supreme Court has recently ruled that a pattern of discrimination is enough , you don't have to prove intent.
最高法院最近裁定，一种歧视模式就足够了，你不必证明其意图。
That opens the door to lawsuits against sites that discriminate against protected categories of people in practice, whatever the algorithmic reason.
这为针对实际上歧视受保护人群的网站打开了诉讼之门，无论算法原因如何。
A problem with legal remedies is that you're asking people who are technical experts in one fieldâthe lawâto create policy in a different technical field, and make sweeping decisions.
法律补救措施的一个问题是，你要求某个领域（法律）的技术专家在不同的技术领域制定政策，并做出全面的决定。
Those decisions, once made, become binding precedent.
这些决定一旦做出，就成为具有约束力的先例。
This creates another situation where elites end up making rules for everyone else.
这就造成了另一种情况，即精英最终为其他人制定规则。
The right to be forgotten is a good cautionary tale in this respect.
在这方面，被遗忘权是一个很好的警示。
No one understands its full implications.
没有人理解其全部含义。
A panel of unelected experts ends up making decisions on a case-by-case basis, compounding the feeling of unaccountability.
一个未经选举产生的专家小组最终会根据具体情况做出决定，从而加剧了不负责任的感觉。
Courts are justifiably loath to make policy.
法院不愿意制定政策是有道理的。
They are not democratic institutions and should not be trying to change the world.
它们不是民主机构，不应该试图改变世界。
By its nature, the legal system always lags behind, waiting until there is a broad social consensus in making decisions.
从本质上来说，法律体系总是滞后的，需要等待广泛的社会共识才做出决定。
And the litigation itself is expensive and slow.
而且诉讼本身既昂贵又缓慢。
Laws and Regulations There's a myth in Silicon Valley that any attempt to regulate the Internet will destroy it, or that only software developers can understand the industry.
法律和法规 硅谷有一个神话，认为任何监管互联网的尝试都会摧毁它，或者只有软件开发人员才能了解这个行业。
When I flew over to give this talk, I wasn't worried about my plane falling out of the sky.
当我飞过去做这个演讲时，我并不担心我的飞机从天上掉下来。
Eighty years of effective technical regulation (and massive penalties for fraud) have made commercial aviation the safest form of transportation in the world.
八十年来有效的技术监管（以及对欺诈行为的严厉处罚）使商业航空成为世界上最安全的运输形式。
Similarly, when I charged my cell phone this morning, I had confidence that it would not burn down my apartment.
同样，当我今天早上给手机充电时，我有信心它不会烧毁我的公寓。
I have no idea how electricity works, but sound regulation has kept my appliances from electrocuting me my entire life.
我不知道电是如何工作的，但良好的调节使我的电器一生都不会触电。
The Internet is no different.
互联网也不例外。
Let's not forget that it was born out of regulation and government funding.
我们不要忘记它是在监管和政府资助下诞生的。
Its roots are in military research, publicly funded universities and, for some reason, a particle accelerator.
它的根源在于军事研究、公立大学以及出于某种原因的粒子加速器。
It's not like we're going to trample a delicate flower by suddenly regulating what had once been wild and untamed.
我们并不是要通过突然调整曾经狂野和未驯服的花朵来践踏一朵娇嫩的花朵。
That doesn't mean that regulations can't fail.
这并不意味着监管不会失败。
The European cookie law is a beautiful example of regulatory disaster.
欧洲 cookie 法是监管灾难的一个很好的例子。
If I want to visit a site in the EU, I need to click through what's basically a modal dialog that asks me if I want to use cookies.
如果我想访问欧盟的网站，我需要点击基本上是一个模式对话框，询问我是否要使用 cookie。
If I don't agree, the site may be borderline unusable.
如果我不同意，该网站可能会无法使用。
Could I ask you to close your eyes for a minute?
我可以请你闭上眼睛一分钟吗？
Those of you who feel you really understand the privacy implications of cookies, please raise your hands (about ten hands go up in an audience of three hundred).
那些认为自己真正了解 cookie 的隐私影响的人，请举手（三百名观众中大约有十只手）。
Thank you.
谢谢。
You can open your eyes.
你可以睁开眼睛了。
Those of you who raised your hands, please see me after the talk.
那些举手的人请在演讲结束后见我。
I'm a programmer and I wander the earth speaking about this stuff, but I don't feel I fully understand the implications of cookies for privacy.
我是一名程序员，我在世界各地谈论这些东西，但我不认为我完全理解 cookie 对隐私的影响。
It's a subtle topic.
这是一个微妙的话题。
So why is my mom supposed to make a reasoned decision about it every time she wants to check the news or weather?
那么，为什么我妈妈每次想查看新闻或天气时都要做出合理的决定呢？
And I say "every time" because the only way European sites remember that you don't want to use cookies is...
我说“每次”是因为欧洲网站记住您不想使用 cookie 的唯一方式是......
by setting a cookie.
通过设置cookie。
People who are serious about not being tracked end up harassed with every page load.
那些认真地不想被跟踪的人最终会在每次页面加载时受到骚扰。
Done poorly, laws introduce confusion and bureaucracy while doing nothing to address the problem.
如果做得不好，法律会带来混乱和官僚主义，却没有采取任何措施来解决问题。
So let's try to imagine some better laws!
所以让我们尝试想象一些更好的法律！
Six Fixes Right To Download Right To Delete Limits on Behavioral Data Collection Right to Go Offline Ban on Third-Party Advertising Privacy Promises There are a few guiding principles we should follow in any attempt at regulating the Internet.
六个修复措施 下载权 删除权 行为数据收集限制 下线权 禁止第三方广告 隐私承诺 在任何监管互联网的尝试中，我们都应该遵循一些指导原则。
The goal of our laws should be to reduce the number of irrevocable decisions we make, and enforce the same kind of natural forgetfulness that we enjoy offline.
我们法律的目标应该是减少我们做出的不可撤销决定的数量，并强制我们像线下一样享受自然的健忘。
The laws should be something average people can understand, setting down principles without tethering them to a specific technical implementation.
法律应该是普通人可以理解的，制定原则而不将其束缚于特定的技术实施。
Laws should apply to how data is stored, not how it's collected.
法律应该适用于数据的存储方式，而不是数据的收集方式。
There are a thousand and one ways to collect data, but ultimately you either store it or you don't.
收集数据的方法有一千零一种，但最终要么存储，要么不存储。
Regulating the database makes laws much harder to circumvent.
监管数据库使法律更难规避。
Laws will obviously only apply in one jurisdiction, but they should make services protect all users equally, regardless of their citizenship or physical location.
法律显然只适用于一个司法管辖区，但它们应该使服务平等地保护所有用户，无论其公民身份或实际位置如何。
Laws should have teeth.
法律应该有牙齿。
Companies that violate them must face serious civil penalties that bind on the directors of the company, and can't be deflected with legal maneuvering.
违反这些规定的公司必须面临严厉的民事处罚，该处罚对公司董事具有约束力，并且不能通过法律手段来扭转。
Anyone who intentionally violates these laws should face criminal charges.
任何故意违反这些法律的人都应受到刑事指控。
With that said, here are six fixes that I think would make the Internet a much better place: Right To Download You should have the right to download data that you have provided, or that has been collected by observing your behavior, in a usable electronic format.
话虽如此，我认为以下六个修复将使互联网变得更加美好： 下载权 您应该有权以可用的电子格式下载您所提供的数据或通过观察您的行为收集的数据。
The right to download is self-evident, but it has some hidden side effects.
下载权是不言而喻的，但它却有一些隐藏的副作用。
It forces companies to better account for the data they collect, instead of indiscriminately spraying it around their datastore.
它迫使公司更好地解释他们收集的数据，而不是不加区别地将数据散布在他们的数据存储中。
Consider the case of Max Schrems, who sued Facebook to obtain 1200 pages of material on CD , after much stonewalling.
考虑一下 Max Schrems 的案例，他在多次阻挠后起诉 Facebook，要求获得 1200 页的 CD 材料。
Facebook tried to complain that it wasn't technically possible to comply with this request.
Facebook 试图抱怨说，从技术上讲，它无法满足这一要求。
I'm sure they had to make internal changes as a result.
我确信他们必须因此做出内部改变。
A universal right to download will give users a clear idea of how much information is being collected about their behavior.
普遍的下载权将使用户清楚地了解有多少关于他们行为的信息被收集。
Study after study shows that people underestimate the degree of surveillance they're under.
一项又一项的研究表明，人们低估了他们所受到的监视程度。
Right To Delete You should have the right to completely remove your account and all associated personal information from any online service, whenever you want.
删除权您应该有权随时从任何在线服务中完全删除您的帐户和所有相关的个人信息。
Programmers recoil from deleting anything, since mistakes can be so dangerous.
程序员不愿删除任何内容，因为错误可能非常危险。
Many online services (including mine!) practice a kind of 'soft delete', where accounts are flagged but data never gets deleted.
许多在线服务（包括我的！）实行一种“软删除”，其中帐户被标记，但数据永远不会被删除。
Even sites that actually delete accounts still keep backups, sometimes indefinitely, where that data lives on forever.
即使是实际删除帐户的网站仍然会保留备份，有时是无限期的，以便数据永远存在。
The right to delete would entail stricter limits on how long we keep backups, which is a good thing.
删除权将对我们保留备份的时间进行更严格的限制，这是一件好事。
Banks and governments have laws about how long they can retain documents.
银行和政府有关于文件保留期限的法律。
Not having infinite backups might help us take better care of what we do keep.
没有无限备份可能会帮助我们更好地保管我们所保留的内容。
Under this rule, the CEO of Ashley Madison, a website that charged a fee to delete your account, and then did not delete it, would be on trial right now and facing jail time.
根据这项规则，阿什利·麦迪逊（Ashley Madison）网站的首席执行官在收取删除用户帐户费用后又没有删除该网站的行为，将立即接受审判并面临牢狱之灾。
Limits On Behavioral Data Companies should only be allowed to store behavioral data for 90 days.
行为数据的限制 公司只能存储 90 天的行为数据。
Behavioral data is any information about yourself you don't explicitly share, but that services can observe about you.
行为数据是您未明确共享但服务可以观察到的有关您的任何信息。
This includes your IP address, cell tower, inferred location, recent search queries, the contents of your shopping cart, your pulse rate, facial expression, what pages or ads you clicked, browser version, and on and on.
这包括您的 IP 地址、手机信号塔、推断位置、最近的搜索查询、购物车的内容、您的脉搏率、面部表情、您点击的页面或广告、浏览器版本等等。
At present, all of this data can be stored indefinitely and sold or given away.
目前，所有这些数据都可以无限期存储并出售或赠送。
Companies should be prohibited from selling or otherwise sharing behavioral data.
应禁止公司出售或以其他方式共享行为数据。
Limiting behavioral data would constrain a lot of the most invasive behavior while allowing companies to keep building recommendations engines, predictive search, training their speech recognition, their stupid overhyped neural networksâwhatever they want.
限制行为数据将限制许多最具侵入性的行为，同时允许公司继续构建推荐引擎、预测搜索、训练他们的语音识别、他们愚蠢的过度炒作的神经网络——无论他们想要什么。
They just don't get to keep it forever.
他们只是无法永远保留它。
The Right to Go Offline Any device with embedded Internet access should be required to have a physical switch that disconnects the antenna, and be able to function normally with that switch turned off.
离线的权利 任何具有嵌入式互联网接入的设备都需要有一个可以断开天线连接的物理开关，并且能够在该开关关闭的情况下正常工作。
This means your Internet-connected light bulb , thermostat , mattress cover , e-diaper , fitness tracker , bathroom scale , smart cup , smart plate , smart fork , smart knife , flowerpot , toaster , garage door , baby monitor , yoga mat , sport-utility vehicle , and refrigerator should all be usable in their regular, 'dumb' form.
这意味着您的联网灯泡、恒温器、床垫套、电子尿布、健身追踪器、浴室秤、智能杯、智能盘子、智能叉子、智能刀、花盆、烤面包机、车库门、婴儿监视器、瑜伽垫、运动型多用途车和冰箱都应该以常规的“哑”形式使用。
If we're going to have networked devices, we need a foolproof way of disconnecting them.
如果我们要拥有联网设备，我们需要一种万无一失的方法来断开它们的连接。
I don't want to have to log in to my pencil sharpener's web management interface to ask it to stop spinning because some teenager in Andorra figured out how to make it spin all night.
我不想因为安道尔的一些青少年想出了如何让它整夜旋转而必须登录我的卷笔刀的网络管理界面来要求它停止旋转。
Samsung recently got in hot water with their smart refrigerator.
三星最近推出的智能冰箱陷入了困境。
Because it failed to validate SSL certificates, the fridge would leak your Gmail credentials (used by its little calendar) to anyone who asked it.
由于它无法验证 SSL 证书，冰箱会将您的 Gmail 凭据（由其小日历使用）泄露给任何询问它的人。
All I wanted was some ice, and instead my email got hacked.
我想要的只是一些冰块，但我的电子邮件却被黑了。
We need an Internet off switch.
我们需要一个互联网关闭开关。
Ban on Third-Party Ad Tracking Sites serving ads should only be able to target those ads based on two things: - the content of the page itself
禁止第三方广告跟踪 提供广告的网站应该只能根据两件事定位这些广告： - 页面本身的内容
Publishers could still use third party ad networks (like AdSense) to serve ads.
发布商仍然可以使用第三方广告网络（例如 AdSense）来投放广告。
I'm not a monster.
我不是怪物。
But those third parties would have to be forgetful, using only the criteria the publisher provided to target the ad.
但这些第三方可能会忘记，只使用发布商提供的标准来定位广告。
They would not be allowed to collect, store, or share any user data on their own.
他们不得自行收集、存储或共享任何用户数据。
This ban would eliminate much of the advertising ecosystem, which is one of the best things about it.
这项禁令将消除大部分广告生态系统，这是它最好的事情之一。
It would especially remove much of the economic incentive for botnets and adware, which piggyback on users histories in an attempt to pass themselves off as 'real' users.
它尤其会消除僵尸网络和广告软件的大部分经济激励，这些软件利用用户历史记录，试图将自己冒充为“真正的”用户。
Ads would get dumber.
广告会变得更加愚蠢。
Sites would get safer.
网站会变得更安全。
Your phone would no longer get hot to the touch or take five minutes to render a blog post.
您的手机将不再摸起来很热，也不会再需要五分钟才能呈现一篇博客文章。
Sites with niche content might be able to make a living from advertising again.
拥有利基内容的网站或许能够再次靠广告谋生。
This proposal sounds drastic, but it really only restores the status quo we had as recently as 2004.
这个提议听起来很激进，但它实际上只是恢复了 2004 年的现状。
The fact that it sounds radical attests to how far we've allowed unconstrained surveillance to take over our online lives.
这听起来很激进，这一事实证明了我们在多大程度上允许不受限制的监视接管我们的在线生活。
Privacy Promises Unlike the first five fixes, the last fix I propose is not a prohibition or ban.
隐私承诺与前五个修复不同，我提出的最后一个修复不是禁止或禁止。
Rather, it's a legal mechanism to let companies to make enforceable promises about their behavior.
相反，它是一种法律机制，让公司对其行为做出可执行的承诺。
Take the example of Snapchat, which is supposed to show you photographs for a few seconds, then delete them.
以 Snapchat 为例，它应该向你展示照片几秒钟，然后将其删除。
It makes that promise in a terms of service document.
它在服务条款文件中做出了这一承诺。
In reality, Snapchat kept the images on its servers for much longer, along with sensitive user information like location data that it claimed not to collect.
事实上，Snapchat 将图像以及敏感的用户信息（例如它声称不收集的位置数据）在其服务器上保存的时间要长得多。
And of course, Snapchat got hacked.
当然，Snapchat 也遭到了黑客攻击。
What were the consequences?
后果是什么？
The Federal Trade Commission told Snapchat that it would keep a close eye on their privacy practices for the next twenty years, to make sure it doesn't happen again.
美国联邦贸易委员会告诉 Snapchat，它将在未来二十年密切关注他们的隐私做法，以确保类似情况不再发生。
There was no fine or other sanction.
没有罚款或其他制裁。
That was it.
就是这样。
I want a system where you can make promises that are more painful to break.
我想要一个系统，让你可以做出更难以打破的承诺。
My inspiration for this is Creative Commons, founded in 2001.
我的灵感来自于 2001 年成立的 Creative Commons。
Creative Commons gave people legal tools to say things like "you can use this for non-commercial purposes", or "you're free to use this if you give me credit".
知识共享为人们提供了合法的工具来表达诸如“您可以将其用于非商业目的”或“如果您给我信用，您就可以自由使用它”之类的话。
Similarly, as a website owner, I want a legal mechanism that lets me make binding promises like "I don't store any personally identifying data", or "I will completely delete photos within one minute of you pressing the 'delete' button".
同样，作为网站所有者，我想要一种法律机制，让我做出具有约束力的承诺，例如“我不存储任何个人身份数据”，或者“我将在您按下‘删除’按钮后一分钟内完全删除照片”。
A system of enforceable promises would let companies actually compete on privacy.
可执行的承诺体系将使公司能够真正在隐私方面展开竞争。
It would make possible innovative ephemeral services that are infeasible now because of privacy concerns.
它将使得创新的临时服务成为可能，而这些服务现在由于隐私问题而无法实现。
While these sound like ambitious goals, note that their effect is to restore the privacy status quo of the first dot-com boom.
虽然这些听起来像是雄心勃勃的目标，但请注意，它们的效果是恢复第一次互联网繁荣时的隐私现状。
As valuable a victory as this would be, it's a somewhat passive and reactive goal.
尽管这是一场有价值的胜利，但它是一个有点被动和反应性的目标。
I'd like to spend the last few minutes ranting about ways we could take the debate beyond privacy, and what it would mean for technology to really improve our lives.
我想用最后几分钟的时间来讨论我们如何将辩论超越隐私范围，以及技术真正改善我们的生活意味着什么。
This summer I took a long train ride from Vienna to Warsaw.
今年夏天，我乘坐长途火车从维也纳到华沙。
It struck me as I looked out window for hour after hour that everything I was seeingâevery car, house, road, signpost, even every telegraph poleâhad been built after 1990.
当我一小时又一小时地望着窗外时，我突然意识到，我所看到的一切——每辆车、房屋、道路、路标，甚至每根电线杆——都是 1990 年之后建造的。
I'd been visiting Poland regularly since I was a kid, but the magnitude of the country's transformation hadn't really sunk in before.
我从小就经常访问波兰，但之前并没有真正意识到这个国家转变的程度。
And I felt proud.
我感到很自豪。
In spite of all the fraud, misgovernment, incompetence, and general Polishness of the post-communist transition, despite all our hardships and failures, in twenty years we had made the country look like Europe.
尽管在后共产主义转型过程中存在着欺诈、政府不善、无能和普遍的波兰化，尽管我们经历了所有的困难和失败，但在二十年里，我们已经让这个国家看起来像欧洲了。
The material basis of people's lives was incomparably better than it had been before.
人们的物质生活基础比以前好得多。
I'd like to ask, how many of you have been to San Francisco (about a quarter of the audience raises their hands).
我想问一下，你们有多少人去过旧金山（大约四分之一的观众举手）。
How many of you were shocked by the homelessness and poverty you saw there?
你们中有多少人对在那里看到的无家可归和贫困感到震惊？
(most of the hands stay up.) For the rest of you, if you visit San Francisco, this is something you're likely to find unsettling.
（大多数人都举起了手。）对于你们其他人来说，如果您访问旧金山，这可能会让您感到不安。
You'll see people living in the streets, many of them mentally ill, yelling and cursing at imaginary foes.
你会看到生活在街上的人们，其中许多人患有精神疾病，对想象中的敌人大喊大叫、咒骂。
You'll find every public space designed to make it difficult and uncomfortable to sit down or sleep, and that people sit down and sleep anyway.
你会发现每个公共空间的设计都是为了让坐下或睡觉变得困难和不舒服，但人们无论如何都会坐下来睡觉。
You'll see human excrement on the sidewalks, and a homeless encampment across from the city hall.
你会在人行道上看到人类排泄物，在市政厅对面看到无家可归者的营地。
You'll find you can walk for miles and not come across a public toilet or water fountain.
您会发现您可以步行数英里而不会遇到公共厕所或饮水机。
If you stay in the city for any length of time, you'll start to notice other things.
如果您在城市停留一段时间，您就会开始注意到其他事情。
Lines outside every food pantry and employment office.
每个食品储藏室和就业办公室外都排起了长队。
Racially segregated neighborhoods where poverty gets hidden away, even in the richest parts of Silicon Valley.
即使在硅谷最富裕的地区，种族隔离的社区也隐藏着贫困。
A city bureaucracy where everything is still done on paper, slowly.
这是一个城市官僚机构，一切仍然在纸上缓慢地完成。
A stream of constant petty crime by the destitute.
穷人不断犯下小罪。
Public schools that no one sends their kids to if they can find an alternative.
如果他们能找到替代方案，就不会有人送孩子去公立学校。
Fundraisers for notionally public services.
名义上的公共服务筹款活动。
You can't even get a decent Internet connection in San Francisco.
在旧金山你甚至无法获得像样的互联网连接。
The tech industry is not responsible for any of these problems.
科技行业不对这些问题负责。
But it's revealing that through forty years of unimaginable growth, and eleven years of the greatest boom times we've ever seen, we've done nothing to fix them.
但这表明，经过四十年难以想象的增长，以及十一年我们所见过的最伟大的繁荣时期，我们却没有采取任何措施来解决这些问题。
I say without exaggeration that the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 did more for San Francisco than Google, Facebook, Twitter, and all the rest of the tech companies that have put down roots in the city since.
我可以毫不夸张地说，1989 年洛马普列塔地震对旧金山的影响比谷歌、Facebook、Twitter 以及所有其他自此扎根于这座城市的科技公司还要大。
Despite being at the center of the technology revolution, the Bay Area has somehow failed to capture its benefits.
尽管处于技术革命的中心，但湾区却未能充分发挥其优势。
It's not that the city's social problems are invisible to the programming class.
这并不是说城市的社会问题对于编程课来说是看不见的。
But in some way, they're not important enough to bother with.
但在某种程度上，它们还没有重要到值得去打扰的程度。
Why solve homelessness in one place when you can solve it everywhere?
当你可以在任何地方解决无家可归问题时，为什么要在一处解决无家可归问题呢？
Why fix anything locally, if the solutions can scale?
如果解决方案可以扩展，为什么还要在本地修复任何问题呢？
And so we end up making life easier for tech workers, assuming that anything we do to free up their time will make them more productive at fixing the world for the rest of humanity.
因此，我们最终让科技工作者的生活变得更轻松，假设我们为释放他们的时间所做的任何事情都会让他们更有效率地为其他人类修复世界。
This is trickle-down economics of the worst kind.
这是最糟糕的涓滴经济学。
In the process, we've turned our city into a a residential theme park, with a whole parallel world of services for the rich.
在此过程中，我们将我们的城市变成了一个住宅主题公园，为富人提供了一个完整的平行服务世界。
There are luxury commuter buses to take us to work, private taxis, valet parking, laundry and housecleaning startups that abstract human servants behind a web interface.
有豪华通勤巴士带我们去上班，也有私人出租车、代客泊车、洗衣店和保洁初创公司，它们将人类仆人抽象到网络界面后面。
We have a service sector that ensures instant delivery of any conceivable consumer good, along with some pretty inconceivable ones.
我们的服务部门可以确保即时交付任何可以想象到的消费品，以及一些相当不可思议的消费品。
There are no fewer than seven luxury mattress startups.
豪华床垫初创公司不少于七家。
There's a startup to pay your neighbor to watch your packages for you.
有一家初创公司会付钱给你的邻居，让他帮你看管你的包裹。
My favorite is a startup you can pay to move your trash bins , once a week, three meters to the curb.
我最喜欢的是一家初创公司，你可以付费将垃圾箱搬到路边三米处，每周一次。
If at the height of boom times we can look around and not address the human crisis of our city, then when are we ever going to do it?
如果在繁荣时期我们可以环顾四周而不解决我们城市的人类危机，那么我们什么时候才能这样做呢？
And if we're not going to contribute to our own neighborhoods, to making the places we live in and move through every day convenient and comfortable, then what are we going to do for the places we don't ever see?
如果我们不打算为我们自己的社区做出贡献，让我们每天居住和出行的地方变得方便和舒适，那么我们能为那些我们从未见过的地方做些什么呢？
You wouldn't hire someone who couldn't make themselves a sandwich to be the head chef in your restaurant.
你不会雇佣一个不会做三明治的人来担任你餐厅的主厨。
You wouldn't hire a gardener whose houseplants were all dead.
你不会雇佣一个室内植物都死了的园丁。