Pushing the Limit, by Alexandra Starr

I n the early Eighties, Andy King, the coach of the Seawolves, a swim club in Danville, California, instructed Debra Denithorne, aged twelve, to do doubles — to practice in the morning and the afternoon.

八十年代初期，加利福尼亚州丹维尔游泳俱乐部海狼队的教练安迪·金指导十二岁的黛布拉·德尼索恩进行双打——早上和下午都练习。

King told Denithorne’s parents that he saw in her the potential to receive a college scholarship, and even to compete in the Olympics.

金告诉德尼索恩的父母，他看到了她获得大学奖学金、甚至参加奥运会的潜力。

Tall swimmers have an advantage in the water, and by the time Denithorne turned thirteen, she was five foot eight.

个子高的游泳运动员在水中有优势，当德尼索恩十三岁的时候，她已经有五英尺八英寸了。

She dropped soccer and a religious group to spend more time at the pool.

她放弃了足球和宗教团体，转而花更多时间在泳池里。

That commitment, and King’s relentless training, made her an exceptional swimmer.

这种承诺以及金坚持不懈的训练使她成为一名出色的游泳运动员。

When she was in eighth grade, college recruitment letters began to fill her mailbox.

当她八年级时，大学招聘信开始塞满她的邮箱。

Yet as Denithorne grew dependent on King — he’d offer her rides home, travel with her to meets — he cultivated her for a predatory relationship, which led to intercourse when she was fifteen.

然而，随着德尼索恩对金越来越依赖——他会载她回家，陪她去开会——他培养她建立一种掠夺性的关系，最终在她十五岁的时候发生了性关系。

Denithorne’s parents suspected nothing.

德尼索恩的父母对此毫无怀疑。

King had forged a connection with them too, “grooming” them, in psychiatric terms, to preempt questions about whether he could be trusted.

金也与他们建立了联系，用精神病学的术语“培养”他们，以先发制人地询问他是否值得信任。

After dropping Denithorne off, he’d linger at the door; often, he stayed for dinner.

送德尼索恩下车后，他会在门口徘徊。他常常留下来吃晚饭。

Denithorne’s father was a U.S. Marine turned businessman; her mother was a teacher.

德尼索恩的父亲是一名美国海军陆战队员，后来成为一名商人。她的母亲是一名教师。

Occasionally, she remembers, her parents wondered about the intensity of the coach’s interest, but for the most part they were pleased by his attention to their daughter’s athletic career.

她记得，她的父母有时会想知道教练的兴趣有多强烈，但大多数情况下，他们对教练对女儿运动生涯的关注感到高兴。

Parents of other swimmers, however, observed King’s behavior with skepticism.

然而，其他游泳运动员的家长对金的行为持怀疑态度。

Denithorne sometimes overheard moms gossiping poolside that King showed her favoritism because they were sleeping together.

德尼索恩有时无意中听到妈妈们在泳池边闲聊，说金因为他们睡在一起而对她表现出偏爱。

But none of the conjecturing parents approached her with concerns about an affair or inquired about her well-being.

但没有一个猜测的父母接近她，担心她的外遇或询问她的健康状况。

Denithorne lacked the vocabulary to identify the nature of the relationship she was in — she was not King’s girlfriend, but she did not view herself as a victim.

德尼索恩缺乏词汇来识别她所处关系的性质——她不是金的女朋友，但她并不认为自己是受害者。

As time went on, though, she started to feel that he was putting too much pressure on her.

但随着时间的推移，她开始觉得他给她的压力太大了。

“He asked me to marry him,” she told me.

“他向我求婚，”她告诉我。

She wasn’t sure how to extract herself, so she believed it would be best to quit the team.

她不确定如何摆脱困境，因此她认为最好退出团队。

One night in 1986, members of the swim club’s board arrived at the Denithornes’ house to discuss their suspicions about King’s inappropriate involvement with Debra.

1986 年的一天晚上，游泳俱乐部董事会成员来到德尼索内斯家，讨论他们对金与黛布拉不当关系的怀疑。

Her parents dismissed the possibility and never spoke to her about the confrontation.

她的父母否认了这种可能性，也从未与她谈论过这次冲突。

Nevertheless, the board decided not to renew King’s contract.

尽管如此，董事会还是决定不再与金续约。

They didn’t report him to law enforcement, however, or to U.S.A.

然而，他们没有向执法部门或美国举报他。

Swimming, the national governing body for the sport.

游泳，这项运动的国家管理机构。

King went on to coach another team nearby, and as a senior in high school, Denithorne joined him there.

金继续执教附近的另一支球队，高中四年级时，德尼索恩加入了他的行列。

She made him promise not to ask her to sleep with him again.

她让他保证不再要求她和他睡觉。

In college, at Arizona State University, Denithorne stopped swimming and began seeing a sports psychologist.

在亚利桑那州立大学上大学时，德尼索恩停止了游泳并开始去看运动心理学家。

At the age of twenty-one, still unable to suppress her memories of King, she went home to confront him in person.

二十一岁时，她仍无法抑制对金的回忆，回家亲自面对他。

He told her that she hadn’t looked fourteen when he started pursuing her.

他告诉她，当他开始追求她时，她看起来还不到十四岁。

Denithorne knew that it was a ridiculous defense, but she blamed herself, unable to acknowledge that she had been repeatedly raped.

德尼索恩知道这是一种荒谬的辩护，但她责怪自己，无法承认自己多次被强奸。

“It carried such horrible stigma,” she said.

“它带有如此可怕的耻辱，”她说。

It was only in the mid-2000s — after she’d finished college, married, gone through years of counseling, and had a baby — that she began to consider filing charges.

直到 2000 年代中期——在她大学毕业、结婚、接受多年的咨询并生下孩子之后——她才开始考虑提出指控。

As the new mother of a daughter, she was sickened by the possibility that King might have raped other girls too.

作为女儿的新妈妈，她对金也可能强奸其他女孩的可能性感到厌恶。

By that time, stories about King had reached the top levels of U.S.A.

那时，有关金的故事已经传到了美国的高层。

Swimming.

游泳。

In 2003, Katie Kelly, who had been coached by King in the East Bay when she was in her early teens, sent the organization a letter in which she described him as “terribly abusive.” She was “shaking,” she wrote, as she composed an account of her time training with him.

2003 年，十几岁的凯蒂·凯利 (Katie Kelly) 在东湾接受过金的教练，她给该组织发了一封信，在信中她形容金的“辱骂性极强”。她写道，她在撰写有关与金一起训练的经历时“浑身发抖”。

“Over ten years later, I feel I need to say what I wish I said then,” she went on.

“十多年后，我觉得我有必要说出我当时希望说的话，”她继续说道。

“I can’t change what happened but maybe something can be done to stop this from continuing.” Her letter was meant to be informational; she assumed that she would not be allowed to file a formal complaint, because so much time had passed.

“我无法改变已经发生的事情，但也许可以采取一些措施来阻止这种情况继续下去。”她的信旨在提供信息；但事实并非如此。她认为她不会被允许提出正式申诉，因为已经过去了很长时间。

Kelly’s letter was passed up to Chuck Wielgus, the head of U.S.A.

凯利的信被转交给了美国总统查克·维尔格斯。

Swimming.

游泳。

No leader of an Olympic organization has served as long a tenure as Wielgus, who, over twenty years, oversaw teams that won a cumulative 156 medals, about a third of America’s total from recent summer games.

没有哪个奥林匹克组织的领导人像维尔古斯那样任期如此之长，他在 20 多年的时间里，带领球队累计赢得了 156 枚奖牌，约占美国最近夏季奥运会奖牌总数的三分之一。

“This matter should be kept confidential by both you and us,” Wielgus wrote in an email to members of his staff.

“你和我们都应该对此事保密，”维尔格斯在给他的员工的电子邮件中写道。

Because Kelly had not filed a formal complaint, there would be no inquiry; U.S.A.

由于凯利没有提出正式投诉，因此不会进行调查；美国

Swimming would open a file on King, and if more reports ever surfaced, they could decide to act at that point.

游泳将打开有关金的档案，如果有更多报告浮出水面，他们可以决定在那时采取行动。

Wielgus did not mention that, a year before, a woman had informed him that her daughter had been sexually abused by King.

维尔格斯没有提到，一年前，一名妇女告诉他，她的女儿遭到了金的性虐待。

He had told her that something could be done “if there is evidence of wrong doing and if there is someone willing to file a formal complaint.” He said no such thing to Kelly.

他告诉她，如果有证据表明存在不当行为，并且有人愿意提出正式投诉，就可以采取一些措施。”但他对凯利没有这样说。

In the years that followed, a former teammate of Denithorne’s, now a detective, contacted her about King; they joined other victims in reporting him to the police.

在接下来的几年里，德尼索恩的一位前队友、现在是一名侦探向她联系有关金的事情。他们与其他受害者一起向警方报案。

In 2010, he was convicted of molesting several girls, including a fourteen-year-old he had impregnated.

2010年，他因猥亵多名女孩而被定罪，其中包括一名让他怀孕的14岁女孩。

The same year, Wielgus’s email about Kelly was leaked, and the revelations set off an uproar.

同年，维尔古斯关于凯利的电子邮件被泄露，这一消息引起了轩然大波。

U.S.A.

美国

Swimming responded by releasing a list of banned coaches, with King’s name on it.

作为回应，游泳协会公布了一份被禁赛的教练名单，上面有金的名字。

Wielgus also hired an athlete protection officer, who was tasked with overseeing education and guidelines on confronting sexual abuse.

维尔格斯还聘请了一名运动员保护官员，负责监督有关应对性虐待的教育和指导方针。

Officials at the United States Olympic Committee commissioned a study to assess the scale of the problem across sports.

美国奥委会官员委托进行了一项研究，以评估整个体育运动中问题的严重程度。

U.S.A.

美国

Swimming’s banned list now has nearly 150 names, including Everett Uchiyama, the former director of the national team.

游泳队的禁赛名单目前有近 150 人，其中包括前国家队主任埃弗里特·内山 (Everett Uchiyama)。

But sexual assault tends to be heavily underreported, which means that the actual number of predatory coaches is probably higher.

但性侵犯事件往往被严重低估，这意味着掠夺性教练的实际数量可能更高。

Under Title IX, schools that receive federal funding must investigate allegations of sexual assault, but a local swim club is not subject to the same requirements.

根据第九条，接受联邦资助的学校必须调查性侵犯指控，但当地游泳俱乐部不受同样要求的约束。

Absent a national entity like a ministry of sport, which other countries use to oversee the training of young people, American athletic organizations have never had much guidance in how to identify and remove abusive coaches.

由于缺乏像体育部这样的国家实体（其他国家利用该机构来监督年轻人的训练），美国体育组织在如何识别和解雇虐待教练方面从未得到过太多指导。

Under the U.S.O.C.’s purview, there are forty-eight national governing bodies (N.G.B.’s), overseeing thousands of club teams and gyms.

在 U.S.O.C. 的管辖范围内，有 48 个国家管理机构 (N.G.B.)，负责监管数千支俱乐部球队和体育馆。

The patterns that emerge within this network resemble those of other private institutions — the Catholic Church, the Boy Scouts, boarding schools — that place children and adults in close proximity.

这个网络中出现的模式类似于其他私人机构——天主教会、童子军、寄宿学校——将儿童和成人放在很近的地方。

For years, standard procedure tended to shroud sexual assault, not crusade against it.

多年来，标准程序倾向于掩盖性侵犯，而不是反对它。

“They don’t deal with the root of the problem,” Dani Bostick, a swimmer who was abused by her coach before she turned twelve, told me.

“他们没有解决问题的根源，”丹尼·博斯蒂克（Dani Bostick）告诉我，她是一名游泳运动员，在她十二岁之前就受到了教练的虐待。

“Their approach has been to ignore it, as if that’s how it will go away.” Nancy Hogshead-Makar, a former swimmer who won an Olympic gold medal and is now the head of Champion Women, an organization that advocates for female participation in sports, said, “The U.S.O.C.

“他们的做法是忽视它，好像它就会消失一样。”南希·霍格黑德-马卡尔（Nancy Hogshead-Makar）曾是一名游泳运动员，曾获得奥运会金牌，现在是倡导女性参与体育运动的组织“冠军妇女”（Champion Women）的负责人，她说：“美国奥委会（U.S.O.C.

doesn’t make change until there is a media blowup.”

直到媒体大肆报道才做出改变。”

When the news about King broke, in 2010, Wielgus appeared on TV to comment on how his office was handling the situation.

2010 年，当有关金的消息传出时，维尔格斯出现在电视上，评论他的办公室如何处理这一情况。

On ABC’s 20/20, he seemed befuddled by the suggestion that he ought to have reached out to victims.

在美国广播公司 20/20 节目中，他似乎对他应该向受害者伸出援手的建议感到困惑。

“You feel I need to apologize to them?” he asked.

“你觉得我需要向他们道歉吗？”他问道。

In 2014, Wielgus was considered for induction into the International Swimming Hall of Fame, and Hogshead-Makar successfully led a petition to keep him out.

2014年，维尔古斯曾被考虑入选国际游泳名人堂，但霍格黑德-马卡尔成功发起请愿，将他拒之门外。

The signatories included numerous athletes who had been assaulted by their coaches; they accused Wielgus of a “lack of remorse or compassion towards victims and survivors.”

签名者中包括许多曾被教练殴打的运动员；他们指责维尔格斯“对受害者和幸存者缺乏悔恨或同情心。”

Wielgus withdrew his candidacy, and, in a post on the U.S.A.

维尔格斯退出了他的候选资格，并且在一篇关于美国的帖子中

Swimming website, finally adopted a contrite stance.

游泳网站，最终采取了悔悟的姿态。

“I wish my eyes had been more open to the individual stories of the horrors of sexual abuse,” he wrote.

“我希望我的眼睛能更开阔地了解性虐待恐怖的个人故事，”他写道。

“I wish I had known more so perhaps I could have done more.” (Wielgus died in April.)

“我希望我知道得更多，这样也许我可以做得更多。”（维尔格斯于四月去世。）

By then, the controversy had escalated enough to demand action.

到那时，争议已经升级到需要采取行动的程度。

The same month that Wielgus took himself out of contention for the hall of fame, and as King was beginning a forty-year prison sentence, the U.S.O.C.

就在维尔古斯退出名人堂争夺的同一个月，当金开始被判处四十年监禁时，美国奥委会宣布了这一决定。

board approved plans for the establishment of the U.S. Center for SafeSport, a centralized authority that would take sexual assault prevention and investigation out of the hands of the national governing bodies.

董事会批准了建立美国安全运动中心的计划，该中心是一个中央机构，将把性侵犯的预防和调查从国家管理机构手中夺走。

In March, after several delays, SafeSport opened its doors.

三月份，在几次延误之后，SafeSport 重新开放。

When I spoke with Scott Blackmun, the head of the U.S.O.C., I asked what had ultimately brought about the change, after so many years.

当我与美国奥委会主席斯科特·布莱克门交谈时，我询问是什么最终带来了这么多年之后的变化。

“Evolution,” he said.

“进化论，”他说。

“In 2010, when the swimming scandals hit, people became aware of the extent of some of the abuse that was happening.” He went on, “Honestly, it was not on my radar.”

“2010 年，当游泳丑闻爆发时，人们开始意识到正在发生的一些虐待行为的严重程度。”他接着说，“老实说，这并没有在我的关注范围内。”

By the fall, SafeSport was investigating fifty-two cases from thirty-one sports.

到秋天，安全体育中心正在调查来自 31 个体育项目的 52 起案件。

Blackmun told me that he believed the office would “have a huge positive impact on the lives of our young athletes.” Yet it remains to be seen whether SafeSport can really transform how victims are treated or end the protection of revered coaches.

布莱克门告诉我，他相信该办公室将“对我们年轻运动员的生活产生巨大的积极影响”。然而，安全运动是否能真正改变对待受害者的方式或结束对受人尊敬的教练的保护，还有待观察。

T here are a million easier jobs,” Shellie Pfohl, the CEO of SafeSport, told me when I met her at the organization’s headquarters, in Denver.

“有一百万个更容易的工作，”当我在丹佛该组织总部见到 SafeSport 首席执行官 Shellie Pfohl 时她告诉我。

The office, which sits across from a strip mall, is a few miles from the city’s downtown.

该办公室位于一家购物中心对面，距离市中心仅几英里。

One reason that SafeSport is based there, rather than in Colorado Springs — the hometown of the U.S.O.C.

SafeSport 总部设在此处，而不是美国特种部队的故乡科罗拉多斯普林斯的原因之一是

and U.S.A.

和美国

Swimming — is to put seventy miles between it and the organizations it polices.

游泳——就是让它和它监管的组织之间保持七十英里的距离。

Pfohl explained that if her post is seen as merely an extension of the national governing bodies and the U.S.O.C., it can’t be an effective watchdog.

普福尔解释说，如果她的职位仅仅被视为国家管理机构和美国奥委会的延伸，那么它就不可能成为有效的监督机构。

Of course, distance doesn’t guarantee independence.

当然，距离并不能保证独立。

SafeSport’s décor is spartan, a reflection of its newness.

SafeSport 的装饰风格简洁，反映了其新颖性。

Most of the main room is empty space under the glare of fluorescent lights.

在荧光灯的照射下，主房间的大部分空间都是空的。

Down the hall, there are offices occupied by three full-time investigators, four contract investigators, support staff, and a chief operating officer who previously worked for the U.S.O.C.

大厅的尽头有几间办公室，里面住着三名全职调查员、四名合同调查员、支持人员和一名曾在美国特种部队工作过的首席运营官。

Pfohl’s office is decorated with photographs of her with the Obama family — mementos from her previous position, as the executive director of the President’s Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition.

普福尔的办公室里装饰着她与奥巴马一家的照片，这是她之前担任总统健身、运动和营养委员会执行主任时的纪念品。

Tall and lean, she has short brown hair and a crushing handshake.

她又高又瘦，有一头棕色短发，握手时的表情很威严。

On the day I visited, even though the temperature hit ninety-four degrees, she was dressed in a gray-and-white suit.

我去的那天，尽管气温高达九十四度，她还是穿着灰白相间的西装。

She had the diplomatic manner of someone who had chaired quite a few interagency meetings in Washington.

她的外交风格就像在华盛顿主持过多次跨部门会议的人一样。

Growing up in Iowa, Pfohl played basketball, softball, and volleyball.

普福尔在爱荷华州长大，打篮球、垒球和排球。

Her volleyball team attracted crowds rivaling those at her high school’s football games, she told me.

她告诉我，她的排球队吸引的观众人数可与她高中橄榄球比赛的观众人数相媲美。

“Playing organized sports helped give me a sense of identity.” In her last job, she had aimed to boost girls’ participation in athletics and prevent them from dropping out of team sports after they hit puberty; she sees protecting them from sexual assault as a natural continuation of that effort.

“参加有组织的体育运动给了我一种认同感。”在上一份工作中，她的目标是提高女孩对体育运动的参与度，并防止她们在进入青春期后退出团队运动；她认为保护他们免受性侵犯是这一努力的自然延续。

“If individuals are harmed when they dedicate themselves to a sport, that is completely unacceptable,” she said.

“如果个人在致力于一项运动时受到伤害，那是完全不可接受的，”她说。

On a whiteboard by her desk was SafeSport’s motto: champion respect.

她办公桌旁的白板上写着 SafeSport 的座右铭：捍卫尊重。

end abuse .

结束虐待。

That may be an unreachable goal.

这或许是一个遥不可及的目标。

For one thing, SafeSport can’t investigate all claims of misconduct; its jurisdiction extends only to those athletes within the U.S.O.C.

一方面，SafeSport 无法调查所有不当行为的指控；另一方面，其管辖权仅适用于美国奥委会内的运动员。

system.

系统。

Hundreds of thousands of children play on teams that fall under the Amateur Athletic Union (A.A.U.) umbrella, which operates independently, with its own rules.

数十万儿童在业余运动联盟 (A.A.U.) 旗下的球队中比赛，该联盟独立运作，有自己的规则。

Rick Butler, a coach who was suspended by U.S.A.

被美国队停赛的教练里克·巴特勒

Volleyball for allegedly having sex with underage athletes, today coaches an A.A.U.

涉嫌与未成年运动员发生性关系的排球运动员，如今担任 A.A.U. 教练。

team of teenage girls.

十几岁的女孩团队。

Through a lawyer, Butler denied engaging in sexual conduct with minors; U.S.A.

巴特勒通过律师否认与未成年人发生性行为；美国

Volleyball had not granted him due process, he said, and later reinstated him — though that was on the condition that he no longer train girls, and the chair of U.S.A.

他说，排球运动没有给予他正当程序，后来又恢复了他的职位——尽管条件是他不再训练女孩，而且美国队主席

Volleyball’s board later said that the decision to readmit him was “flawed.” Sarah Powers-Barnhard, one of his professed victims, has been vocal about the distress caused by encountering Butler at meets.

排球委员会后来表示，重新接纳他的决定是“有缺陷的”。莎拉·鲍尔斯-巴恩哈德（Sarah Powers-Barnhard）是他自称的受害者之一，她一直直言不讳地讲述了在比赛中遇到巴特勒所造成的痛苦。

“Nothing has changed,” she told me.

“一切都没有改变，”她告诉我。

Last year, she filed a suit against the A.A.U., and is hoping to see him kicked out.

去年，她对 A.A.U. 提起诉讼，希望看到他被开除。

(The A.A.U.

（A.A.U.

did not respond to requests for comment.)

没有回应评论请求。）

SafeSport also appears to be limited in its ability to exert control over the programs it’s been tasked with monitoring.

SafeSport 对负责监控的项目实施控制的能力似乎也受到限制。

Each governing body works with hundreds of private clubs, which historically have determined their own ways of processing sexual assault.

每个管理机构都与数百个私人俱乐部合作，这些俱乐部历史上已经确定了自己处理性侵犯的方式。

Until recently, for example, U.S.A.

直到最近，例如，美国

Gymnastics fielded queries only from victims or their parents.

体操队只回答受害者或其父母的询问。

The board’s headquarters is in Indianapolis; last year, the Indianapolis Star revealed that at least 368 gymnasts had allegedly been abused over a span of two decades.

董事会总部位于印第安纳波利斯；去年，《印第安纳波利斯星报》透露，在 20 年间，至少有 368 名体操运动员据称遭到虐待。

One of the most striking pieces of evidence was a letter from Dan Dickey, who operated a gym in Florida.

最引人注目的证据之一是来自佛罗里达州经营一家健身房的丹·迪基的一封信。

He wrote to warn U.S.A.

他写信警告美国

Gymnastics about Bill McCabe, a coach formerly in his employ.

关于比尔·麦凯布（Bill McCabe）的体操，他曾受雇于他的教练。

Dickey had fired McCabe after hearing him boast about developing a relationship with a fifteen-year-old in his gym and molesting girls at other training centers.

迪基在听到麦凯布吹嘘自己在健身房里与一名 15 岁的男孩发生关系，并在其他训练中心猥亵女孩后，解雇了他。

Not long after, McCabe surfaced at a gym nearby.

不久之后，麦凯布出现在附近的一家健身房。

Dickey appealed to the national board to blacklist McCabe, saying that he “should be locked in a cage before someone is raped.” In response, Dickey received a note thanking him for the heads-up — and explaining that a ban was impossible without “an official letter of complaint from a parent or athlete.” Several years later, McCabe was sentenced to thirty years in prison for molesting female gymnasts, secretly videotaping them changing out of their clothes, and posting naked pictures of them on the internet.

迪基呼吁国家委员会将麦凯布列入黑名单，称他“在有人被强奸之前应该将他锁在笼子里。”作为回应，迪基收到了一张便条，感谢他的提醒，并解释说，如果没有“家长或运动员的正式投诉信”，就不可能禁止禁令。几年后，麦凯布因猥亵女性而被判处三十年监禁。体操运动员偷偷拍摄他们脱衣服的视频，并将他们的裸照发布到互联网上。

(In response to the Star story, U.S.A.

（针对《星报》的报道，美国

Gymnastics launched a policy review, which culminated in a hundred-page report on assault prevention and response.)

体操发起了一项政策审查，最终形成了一份关于攻击预防和应对的一百页报告。）

SafeSport has introduced two measures that intend to avoid a repeat of that fiasco.

SafeSport 推出了两项措施，旨在避免重蹈覆辙。

First, anyone can report an allegation.

首先，任何人都可以举报指控。

“It can be someone unrelated to the victim, someone who witnessed something,” Pfohl explained.

“可能是与受害者无关的人，也可能是目击者，”普福尔解释道。

“It can be anonymous.

– 可以是匿名的。

We will look into it.” Second, SafeSport has pledged to be a mandatory reporter — if someone comes forward about sexual abuse, a staff member will pass the information on to law enforcement.

我们会调查此事。 – 其次，SafeSport 承诺成为一名强制报告者 – 如果有人举报性虐待问题，工作人员会将信息传递给执法部门。

Pfohl’s office produced a set of guidelines to be adopted by each governing body; if SafeSport determines that someone has violated its code, the offender’s name is added to a searchable database of banned staff.

普福尔办公室制定了一套指导方针，供各理事机构采用；如果 SafeSport 确定有人违反了其守则，违规者的姓名将被添加到可搜索的被禁员工数据库中。

That list identifies the date of suspension — sometimes “interim” — but provides no details about the case.

该列表列出了暂停的日期（有时是临时的），但没有提供有关该案件的详细信息。

The rule book itself is filled with jargon, and Hogshead-Makar told me that she is troubled by what she sees as a lack of clarity regarding relationships between coaches and young athletes.

规则书本身充满了行话，霍格黑德-马卡尔告诉我，她对教练和年轻运动员之间的关系缺乏明确性感到困扰。

“It should be as much a part of the public consciousness as the ban on relationships between a therapist and patient or a lawyer and client,” she said.

“这应该成为公众意识的一部分，就像禁止治疗师与患者或律师与委托人之间的关系一样，”她说。

“Bright lines are important.”

– 明亮的线条很重要。 –

Pfohl said that, as a model of what SafeSport could be at its most effective, she looks to the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency.

普福尔表示，作为安全体育最有效的典范，她将目光投向了美国反兴奋剂机构。

Like SafeSport, the U.S.A.D.A.

与 SafeSport 一样，U.S.A.D.A.

was created by the U.S.O.C.

由 U.S.O.C. 创建

as an independent organization; it built its reputation prosecuting Lance Armstrong for doping and has occasionally staked out positions in defiance of U.S.O.C.

作为一个独立的组织；它因起诉兰斯·阿姆斯特朗服用兴奋剂而声名鹊起，并且偶尔会公然藐视美国奥委会的立场。

leadership.

领导。

But the U.S.A.D.A.

但美国反兴奋剂机构（U.S.A.D.A.

managed to establish its autonomy partly because it doesn’t depend on the U.S.O.C.

成功建立自主权的部分原因是它不依赖于美国国家奥委会。

for money — most of its budget, nearly $20 million per year, comes from Congress and outside organizations.

为了钱——其大部分预算（每年近 2000 万美元）来​​自国会和外部组织。

In contrast, SafeSport has a five-year, $25 million budget that is almost entirely derived from the U.S.O.C.

相比之下，SafeSport 的五年预算为 2500 万美元，几乎完全来自美国奥委会。

and its governing bodies.

及其理事机构。

Pfohl is soliciting donations from private companies, individuals, and sports organizations, with the modest aim of raising $1.5 million annually.

Pfohl 正在向私营公司、个人和体育组织募集捐款，目标是每年筹集 150 万美元。

She has had successes — the N.B.A.

她已经取得了成功——NBA。

and the W.N.B.A.

和 W.N.B.A.

have contributed $300,000 — but corporate America hasn’t been persuaded.

已捐款 30 万美元，但美国企业界尚未被说服。

“There’s the issue of gaze aversion,” she said.

“这其中存在厌恶目光的问题，”她说。

A small contribution may be coming from the federal government: In June, two senators — John Thune, a Republican of South Dakota, and Bill Nelson, a Democrat of Florida — proposed legislation that would bestow $5 million on SafeSport over five years.

联邦政府可能会提供一小笔捐款：今年 6 月，两位参议员——南达科他州共和党人约翰·图恩 (John Thune) 和佛罗里达州民主党人比尔·尼尔森 (Bill Nelson)——提议立法，在五年内为 SafeSport 拨款 500 万美元。

The bill would amend the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act, which created the U.S.O.C.

该法案将修改《特德·史蒂文斯奥林匹克和业余体育法案》，该法案创建了美国奥委会。

almost four decades ago; the original law contains no explicit language protecting underage athletes from molestation.

大约四十年前；原来的法律没有明确规定保护未成年运动员免受骚扰。

To remedy that oversight, the senators want to add a new line about promoting a “safe environment in sports that is free from abuse.” It’s a welcome thought, though activists such as Hogshead-Makar question whether merely inserting the provision without establishing punitive legal measures will make much difference.

为了弥补这种疏忽，参议员们希望增加一条新的内容，促进“体育运动中没有虐待的安全环境”。这是一个值得欢迎的想法，尽管霍格黑德-马卡尔等活动人士质疑，仅仅插入这一条款而不制定惩罚性法律措施是否会产生很大影响。

The greatest obstacle for SafeSport, however, may be the norms of elite sports, which have been known to enable complicity in sexual violence.

然而，安全体育的最大障碍可能是精英体育的规范，众所周知，这些规范可能助长性暴力的共谋。

Dia Rianda, a swim coach in Salinas, California, told me, “I have gone to conventions and it is always the same thing.

加利福尼亚州萨利纳斯市的一名游泳教练迪亚·里安达 (Dia Rianda) 告诉我，“我参加过各种会议，但总是一样的事情。”

In the evenings, the coaches go to strip bars and Hooters.” When I asked Pfohl about confronting unsavory aspects of athletic life, she replied, “Culture is a very hard thing to change.

晚上，教练们会去脱衣舞酒吧和猫头鹰餐厅。”当我问普福尔如何面对运动生活中令人讨厌的方面时，她回答说：“文化是一件很难改变的事情。

We need to define what is acceptable and what isn’t.”

我们需要定义什么是可以接受的，什么是不可以接受的。”

Blackmun said that he hoped SafeSport will put at ease those athletes who have been reluctant to report abuse to their national governing bodies.

布莱克门表示，他希望安全体育能让那些不愿向国家管理机构举报虐待行为的运动员放心。

“The N.G.B.’s are the ones making decisions about their futures and levels of support,” he explained.

“NGB 是对其未来和支持水平做出决定的人，”他解释道。

And athletes “didn’t want to be in a position where they were bringing issues to N.G.B.’s that were controlling their athletic destinies.” He pleaded long-standing institutional ignorance of the extent of this problem, but said that he was now enlightened.

运动员“不想让他们向控制他们运动命运的 NGB 带来问题。”他辩称长期以来机构对这个问题的严重程度一无所知，但他说他现在已经开明了。

“When I have had those conversations, it makes you wonder why we couldn’t have gotten it reported sooner.

– 当我进行这些谈话时，你会想知道为什么我们不能更早地报告此事。

That’s the great tragedy in these things, is that we were kept unaware of it for so long.”

这就是这些事情中最大的悲剧，因为我们很长时间都没有意识到这一点。”

His comments were at odds with the ample evidence revealing the scope of sexual assault under the U.S.O.C.’s watch.

他的言论与揭示美国奥委会监管下性侵犯范围的充分证据相矛盾。

It seemed that Blackmun and his colleagues tended to overlook the darker implications of top-level training, which, at its essence, tests what the body can bear.

布莱克门和他的同事似乎倾向于忽视顶级训练的阴暗含义，而顶级训练的本质是测试身体的承受能力。

Emphasis on pushing limits has always made young athletes vulnerable, in different ways, to the whims of their coaches.

强调突破极限总是让年轻运动员在不同方面容易受到教练突发奇想的影响。

When I raised this with Blackmun, he conceded that sports culture encourages athletes to follow their mentors, not to question them.

当我向布莱克门提出这个问题时，他承认体育文化鼓励运动员追随他们的导师，而不是质疑他们。

In some cases, he said, “You don’t push back against your coach, and you don’t push back against your national governing body.”

他说，在某些情况下，“你不会反抗你的教练，也不会反抗你的国家管理机构。”

T here are some 8 million children participating in athletics through the national governing bodies under the U.S.O.C.

大约有 800 万儿童通过美国奥委会下属的国家管理机构参加体育运动。

These institutions devote most of their attention to athletes who might become stars.

这些机构将大部分注意力集中在可能成为明星的运动员上。

Leadership has been up-front about setting priorities this way.

领导层一直很坦率地以这种方式确定优先事项。

In response to a question about allocating resources to governing bodies, Blackmun has said, “For us, it’s all about medals.

在回答有关向管理机构分配资源的问题时，布莱克门表示，“对我们来说，一切都与奖牌有关。”

How do we help American athletes get medals put around their necks?”

我们如何帮助美国运动员将奖牌挂在脖子上？

There’s an obvious economic incentive: The U.S.O.C.

有一个明显的经济动机：美国奥委会。

reaps millions of dollars from television broadcast rights and sponsors of the International Olympics Committee, but the U.S. government does not cut a check, as is the case in most countries.

美国从电视转播权和国际奥委会赞助商那里获得了数百万美元，但美国政府并没有像大多数国家那样开出支票。

Instead, the U.S.O.C.

相反，美国奥委会。

is left to solicit donations and forge marketing partnerships with companies such as Coca-Cola and Chobani.

留下来募捐并与可口可乐和乔巴尼等公司建立营销合作伙伴关系。

A medal — and the stories of sacrifice and triumph behind it — makes for the most compelling TV commercials.

一枚奖牌及其背后的牺牲和胜利的故事可以成为最引人注目的电视广告。

When athletes dominate the medals platform, the U.S.O.C.

当运动员主宰奖牌平台时，美国奥委会

rewards them with thousands of additional dollars, and their national governing body stands to gain — this is known as “money for medals.” Even more lucrative are licensing agreements, since a champion gymnast like Gabby Douglas wearing a logo on her leotard makes for valuable publicity.

额外奖励他们数千美元，而他们的国家管理机构也会从中获益——这被称为“用钱换奖牌”。更有利可图的是许可协议，因为像加比·道格拉斯这样的冠军体操运动员在她的紧身衣上佩戴标志可以带来有价值的宣传。

One afternoon, at a coffee shop on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, I met Jessica Howard, a former top-ranked rhythmic gymnast.

一天下午，在曼哈顿上东区的一家咖啡馆里，我遇到了杰西卡·霍华德，她是一位前顶级艺术体操运动员。

Now thirty-three, she works as a personal trainer for ballet dancers.

现年三十三岁的她担任芭蕾舞演员的私人教练。

She is striking, with porcelain skin and big blue eyes.

她有着瓷质皮肤和蓝色的大眼睛，非常引人注目。

During her athletic career, she garnered several impressive achievements, becoming, at the age of fifteen, America’s youngest national champion.

在她的运动生涯中，她取得了多项令人印象深刻的成就，在 15 岁时成为美国最年轻的全国冠军。

Describing how poisonous the world of elite gymnastics can be, however, she slumped in her chair, as if trying to make herself smaller.

然而，在描述精英体操世界是多么有毒时，她瘫倒在椅子上，仿佛试图让自己变得更小。

“There was no positive reinforcement,” she recalled.

“没有任何积极的强化，”她回忆道。

Her principal coach was verbally tough, and “had a way of finding what would hurt you most and then just twisting the knife.”

她的主教练言语上很严厉，并且“有办法找到对你伤害最大的事情，然后就对你施以援手。”

Howard’s family had made sacrifices so that she could pursue the Olympics.

为了让她能够参加奥运会，霍华德的家人做出了牺牲。

Her father was a minister in Jacksonville, Florida; her mother served as music director for the congregation and raised four children.

她的父亲是佛罗里达州杰克逊维尔的一名牧师；她的母亲担任会众的音乐总监并抚养了四个孩子。

Paying for practice equipment, coaching, and travel to meets was a stretch financially.

支付练习设备、教练和参加比赛的旅费在经济上是一个负担。

When Howard turned twelve, her mother started homeschooling her so that she could put in the requisite six hours per day on the mat.

当霍华德十二岁的时候，她的母亲开始在家教育她，这样她就可以每天在垫子上投入必要的六个小时。

Gymnastics was not an activity; it was her identity.

体操不是一项活动；而是一项活动。这是她的身份。

Coaches were the arbiters of her self-worth.

教练是她自我价值的仲裁者。

As an adult, Howard figured that the best way to advocate for up-and-coming athletes would be to serve as their representative on the U.S.A.

成年后，霍华德认为支持崭露头角的运动员的最佳方式是担任他们在美国的代表。

Gymnastics board.

体操板。

She held the position from 2007 to 2013, hoping to help change the coaching practices she found so emotionally painful.

她从 2007 年到 2013 年担任该职位，希望帮助改变她认为在情感上痛苦的教练做法。

But it didn’t prove to be a perch from which to shake up gymnastics culture.

但事实证明，它并没有成为撼动体操文化的基础。

Instead, Howard found the board to be a bastion of yes-men.

相反，霍华德发现董事会是唯唯诺诺的堡垒。

There were decadent dinners and V.I.P.

有颓废的晚餐和贵宾。

seats at Indiana Pacers games.

印第安纳步行者队比赛的座位。

Howard’s term coincided with the U.S. women’s gymnastics team dominating the podium at the 2012 Olympics, and members of the board received plaques of a Sports Illustrated cover featuring the “Fierce Five.” Kids watching Team U.S.A.

霍华德的任期恰逢美国女子体操队在 2012 年奥运会上占据领奖台，董事会成员获得了印有“激烈五人组”的《体育画报》封面牌匾。孩子们正在观看美国队比赛。

clamored for lessons, which drove up membership.

大声要求教训，这推动了会员人数的增加。

With all the success, Howard said, there was no talk of revising coaching practices, to say nothing of reviewing files with allegations of sexual assault.

霍华德说，尽管取得了如此大的成功，但并没有谈论修改教练实践，更不用说审查有关性侵犯指控的文件了。

U.S.A.

美国

Gymnastics contends that it has always been engaged in athlete welfare, and during this period, the board updated its process for submitting grievances.

体操协会声称，它一直致力于运动员福利，在此期间，委员会更新了提交申诉的流程。

Yet Howard remembers the subject of abuse coming up on exactly one occasion, when a staff member briefed the board about a pending lawsuit.

然而霍华德记得，虐待话题曾在一次场合出现过，当时一名工作人员向董事会通报了一项未决诉讼。

As she recalls, the overriding point was that the liability was manageable.

据她回忆，最重要的一点是负债是可控的。

Hearing that, she excused herself from the table, ran to the bathroom, and threw up.

闻言，她从餐桌上起身，跑到卫生间，吐了。

Last year, a fellow former gymnast reached out to Howard about allegations against Larry Nassar, their team doctor.

去年，一位前体操运动员就针对队医拉里·纳萨尔的指控向霍华德伸出援手。

With that call, her sickness over the liability talk suddenly made sense.

打完这个电话，她对责任问题的厌恶突然变得有道理了。

After competing in the 1999 World Championships, Howard had suffered from a hip injury so excruciating that at times she could barely walk.

参加 1999 年世界锦标赛后，霍华德的臀部受伤，非常痛苦，有时几乎无法行走。

Staffers at U.S.A.

美国员工

Gymnastics recommended that she see Nassar, an osteopath who spent time at a ranch owned by the coaches Béla and Márta Károlyi, where elite gymnasts train.

体操医生建议她去看整骨医生纳萨尔，他曾在教练贝拉和马尔塔·卡罗伊拥有的牧场待过一段时间，那里是精英体操运动员训练的地方。

The ranch is remote — it sits on more than 2,000 acres, sixty miles from Houston — and athletes live under extreme pressure.

该牧场地处偏远，占地 2,000 多英亩，距离休斯顿 60 英里，运动员们生活在极大的压力下。

They eat communally; some say that consuming a full meal is verboten.

他们一起吃饭；有人说吃饱饭是被禁止的。

Howard welcomed the chance to see Nassar in part because “it meant I could get a break from my coach.”

霍华德很高兴有机会见到纳萨尔，部分原因是“这意味着我可以离开教练休息一下。”

Before their first session, she said, Nassar told her to wear loose shorts and no underwear.

她说，在第一次治疗之前，纳萨尔告诉她穿宽松的短裤，不要穿内衣。

The request seemed odd, but she complied.

这个要求看似奇怪，但她还是答应了。

On the exam table, Howard has alleged, he penetrated her vaginally with an ungloved hand.

霍华德声称，在检查台上，他用一只未戴手套的手插入了她的阴道。

She was shocked but didn’t think to question what he was doing; he was a doctor with a stellar reputation.

她很震惊，但没有想到去质疑他在做什么；他是一位享有盛誉的医生。

In other cases, Nassar allegedly penetrated a girl anally, touched her clitoris, and fondled her breasts; he also allegedly performed acupuncture on and around girls’ genitals.

在其他案件中，纳萨尔据称插入一名女孩的肛门，触摸她的阴蒂，并抚摸她的乳房；据称他还对女孩的生殖器及其周围进行针灸治疗。

Howard now sees gymnastics culture — including the atmosphere at the Károlyi ranch — as especially suited to encouraging predatory behavior.

霍华德现在认为体操文化（包括卡罗利牧场的氛围）特别适合鼓励掠夺性行为。

The coaches were tough, and Nassar positioned himself as an athlete’s ally.

教练们很严厉，纳萨尔将自己定位为运动员的盟友。

In a 2013 interview with a podcast called GymCastic, he said that he resisted revealing his patients’ ailments to their trainers.

2013 年，他在接受 GymCastic 播客采访时表示，他拒绝向教练透露患者的疾病。

“If you do something where you break their train of trust, you’re done,” he explained.

“如果你做的事情破坏了他们的信任，你就完了，”他解释道。

“Because they’ll never trust you again.

– 因为他们永远不会再信任你。

They’ll tell the other gymnasts.”

他们会告诉其他体操运动员。”

Nassar had access to hundreds of girls.

纳萨尔接触到了数百名女孩。

“Honestly, the man had an evil kind of brilliance,” Howard said.

“老实说，这个人有一种邪恶的才华，”霍华德说。

In 2015, he was fired by U.S.A.

2015年，他被美国解雇。

Gymnastics, and today Howard is one of more than a hundred of his former patients who have joined lawsuits against him.

体操，如今霍华德是一百多名对他提起诉讼的前病人之一。

Nassar has already pleaded guilty to possession of child pornography and will go on trial for criminal sexual conduct in Michigan this December.

纳萨尔已经承认持有儿童色情制品罪，并将于今年 12 月在密歇根州因性​​犯罪行为受审。

One of Nassar’s attorneys, Matt Newburg, declined to comment because of a gag order on the case; he has previously said that Nassar’s techniques are “medically accepted and appropriate.”

纳萨尔的一位律师马特·纽伯格因对此案的禁言令而拒绝发表评论。他此前曾表示，纳萨尔的技术“在医学上是可接受的并且是适当的”。

Lawsuits have also been filed against Michigan State University, which employed Nassar, and U.S.A.

雇用纳萨尔的密歇根州立大学和 U.S. 也被提起诉讼。

Gymnastics, naming the Károlyis as defendants.

体操，将卡罗利家族列为被告。

“The national training camps are not a ‘mother’s day out’ program” a lawyer for the Károlyis wrote in an email, adding that “the Károlyis vehemently deny the existence of a ‘toxic’ environment.” The lawyer also stated that the Károlyis had no knowledge of the medical procedures described in the Nassar litigation.

“国家训练营不是一个‘母亲节’计划”，卡罗利家族的一位律师在一封电子邮件中写道，并补充道，“卡罗利家族强烈否认存在‘有毒’环境。”律师还表示，卡罗利家族并不了解这一情况。纳萨尔诉讼中描述的医疗程序。

Recently, they left the ranch, and have tried — so far unsuccessfully — to sell their gymnastics facilities.

最近，他们离开了牧场，并试图出售他们的体操设施，但迄今为止尚未成功。

There’s also been fallout within the national governing body: Steve Penny, the CEO, was forced to resign as a consequence of his hesitation in responding to the allegations.

国家管理机构内部也受到影响：首席执行官史蒂夫·彭尼(Steve Penny)因在回应指控方面犹豫不决而被迫辞职。

When reached for comment, a spokesperson replied, “U.S.A.

当联系到一位发言人寻求置评时，他回答说：“美国。”

Gymnastics is deeply sorry that anyone has been harmed during his or her gymnastics career.” Pfohl told me that because the case began before the creation of SafeSport, her office would not get involved in the investigation or demand sanctions.

体操协会对任何人在其体操生涯中受到伤害深表歉意。”Pfohl 告诉我，由于此案在 SafeSport 创建之前就开始了，她的办公室不会参与调查或要求制裁。

Howard said that one reason she became part of the lawsuit was that she saw the case as a real opportunity to change the gymnastics organization.

霍华德说，她参与诉讼的原因之一是她认为此案是改变体操组织的真正机会。

She used to love how rhythmic gymnastics combined grace and athleticism, as well as the discipline fostered by its demands.

她曾经很喜欢艺术体操如何将优雅和运动精神结合起来，以及其要求所培养的纪律。

Now she would never recommend that a child participate at an elite level, and she wonders what she could have made of her life with a more formal education.

现在，她永远不会建议孩子参加精英级别的比赛，她想知道如果接受更正规的教育，她的生活会怎样。

“When I reflected back with my mom on this, it was a hard conversation,” she said.

“当我和妈妈回想这件事时，这是一次艰难的谈话，”她说。

“Because I wish more than anything that I had never stepped foot in a gym.”

“因为我最希望自己从未踏足过健身房。”

D ecades passed between the time Nassar allegedly found his first victims and the dawning of any legal consequences.

从纳萨尔据称找到第一批受害者到产生任何法律后果，已经过去了几十年。

In March, after speaking with some of his accusers, Dianne Feinstein, a Democratic senator from California, introduced legislation that would require coaches and officials at the national governing bodies to report instances of assault to the police.

今年三月，在与他的一些指控者交谈后，来自加利福尼亚州的民主党参议员黛安·范斯坦(Dianne Feinstein)提出了一项立法，要求国家管理机构的教练和官员向警方报告袭击事件。

“It was really disturbing,” she told me of the meeting.

“这真的令人不安，”她向我讲述了这次会议。

“There has been denial among coaches and the governing bodies about the responsibility to keep young athletes safe.” Her bill, the Protecting Young Victims from Sexual Abuse Act, would also compel the governing bodies to better communicate with the clubs under their purview.

“教练和管理机构一直否认有责任保护年轻运动员的安全。”她的法案《保护年轻受害者免受性虐待法案》还将迫使管理机构更好地与其职权范围内的俱乐部进行沟通。

As of September, it had twenty-eight sponsors from across the political spectrum — Elizabeth Warren and Ted Cruz both signed on.

截至 9 月，该活动已有来自不同政治派别的 28 位赞助商——伊丽莎白·沃伦 (Elizabeth Warren) 和特德·克鲁兹 (Ted Cruz) 均已签约。

I asked Feinstein about her outlook for its passage, given the chaos of the current political moment.

鉴于当前政治局势的混乱，我询问范斯坦她对通过该法案的看法。

Even in quieter times, sexual assault often ranks as less urgent than other concerns.

即使在比较安静的时期，性侵犯也往往没有其他问题那么紧迫。

“This isn’t a partisan issue,” she replied.

“这不是党派问题，”她回答道。

“No one in the U.S. Congress wants young women to be abused.” She told me that it would become law, but she couldn’t say when there might be a vote.

“美国国会中没有人希望年轻女性受到虐待。”她告诉我这将成为法律，但她不能透露何时进行投票。

Victims can already, of course, turn to the legal system to try to hold attackers accountable.

当然，受害者已经可以诉诸法律体系，试图追究攻击者的责任。

But according to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, only about a third of sexual assaults are reported to law enforcement.

但根据美国司法统计局的数据，只有约三分之一的性侵犯事件被报告给执法部门。

A preexisting relationship can make it all the more difficult for those who have been violated to identify the abuse for what it is, or to find the will to turn their assailant in.

先前存在的关系可能会让那些被侵犯的人更难识别虐待的真相，或者更难找到自首的意愿。

Among those who do go public, most tend not to report until they are adults.

在那些公开举报的人中，大多数人往往要等到成年后才进行举报。

Although thirty-seven states do not have a statute of limitations for child rape, much abuse falls short of that act.

尽管有 37 个州没有规定强奸儿童的诉讼时效，但许多虐待行为都没有达到该法案的规定。

And even where the statute of limitations has been lifted, new laws are not retroactive, which means that survivors in their thirties or older cannot bring criminal cases.

即使时效已被取消，新法律也不具有追溯力，这意味着三十多岁或以上的幸存者不能提起刑事诉讼。

In the past fifteen years, eight states have created “window provisions,” which allow people a set period of time — generally between one and four years, starting from the day the law is enacted — to bring civil suits against their abuser, the institution that created conditions enabling the abuse, or both.

在过去十五年里，有八个州制定了“窗口条款”，允许人们在一段时间内（从法律颁布之日算起，通常为一到四年）对施虐者、创造虐待条件的机构或两者提起民事诉讼。

These cases do not result in jail time but do allow victims to reap compensatory damages and, sometimes, to negotiate systemic changes to keep other children safe.

这些案件不会导致入狱，但确实允许受害者获得补偿性损害，有时还可以协商系统性变革以确保其他儿童的安全。

(For example, requiring that a recreation center not allow swimmers and coaches to be alone in a private place.) Payouts vary by state; a survivor commonly receives around $500,000.

（例如，要求娱乐中心不允许游泳运动员和教练单独呆在私人场所。）赔付因州而异；幸存者通常会收到大约 500,000 美元。

In 2002, California passed a window provision bill that forced the Catholic Church to hand over more than $1 billion to plaintiffs.

2002年，加州通过了一项窗口拨款法案，迫使天主教会向原告上缴超过10亿美元。

The diocese of San Diego soon declared bankruptcy, and in 2013, when the state legislature passed another yearlong window period, U.S.A.

圣地亚哥教区很快宣布破产，2013年，州立法机关又过了一年的窗口期，美国

Swimming joined with the church, successfully lobbying Governor Jerry Brown to veto.

游泳与教会联合，成功游说州长杰里·布朗否决。

Marci Hamilton — the head of Child U.S.A., an organization that works to prevent child abuse and neglect — travels the country drafting legislation and testifying in statehouses on behalf of sexual assault survivors.

马西·汉密尔顿（Marci Hamilton）是“美国儿童”组织（一个致力于防止虐待和忽视儿童的组织）的负责人，他走遍全国起草立法，并代表性侵犯幸存者在州议会大厦作证。

She told me that, beyond money for therapy, window provisions help provide victims with recognition from the state that a wrong has occurred.

她告诉我，除了治疗费用之外，窗口条款还有助于让受害者得到国家对错误发生的认可。

“It is validating,” she said.

“这正在验证，”她说。

“It can quiet the voices in their heads telling them they were somehow at fault.” For others reticent to come forward, watching people publicly hold their perpetrator accountable is key.

“这可以平息他们头脑中的声音，告诉他们自己在某种程度上有错。”对于其他不愿站出来的人来说，看到人们公开追究肇事者的责任是关键。

Hamilton has observed that child abuse at the Catholic Church has generated the most attention, but she finds youth athletics to be no less hazardous.

汉密尔顿观察到，天主教堂虐待儿童问题引起了最多的关注，但她发现青少年田径运动的危险性也同样高。

“We have reports of abuse in every possible sports organization — whether peewee or little league or high school,” she said.

“我们收到了所有可能的体育组织中存在虐待行为的报告——无论是小联盟还是高中，”她说。

“The extreme power imbalance between a coach and an athlete — not just an adult and child but a coach and an athlete — creates conditions for keeping secrets.

“教练和运动员之间的极端权力不平衡——不仅是成人和儿童，而且是教练和运动员——为保守秘密创造了条件。

And so long as secrets are kept, the perpetrators are protected.” Lawsuits, she added, “are the only way to force these institutions to disclose what’s in their files.” When SafeSport launched, she wrote that “the U.S.O.C.

只要保守秘密，肇事者就会受到保护。”她补充道，诉讼“是迫使这些机构披露其档案内容的唯一途径。”当 SafeSport 推出时，她写道，“美国奥委会”

has moved at a glacial pace,” grappling with allegations of assault over the past fifteen years; “its actions have more often protected problematic coaches than children.” She told me, “What always comes out in the end is that the institution knew more about abuse than just about anybody else.

过去十五年来，我们的行动进展缓慢，一直在努力应对袭击指控； “它的行为更多地保护的是有问题的教练，而不是儿童。”她告诉我，“最终的结果总是，该机构比其他任何人都更了解虐待行为。”

They are also the ones most dedicated to silence.”

他们也是最致力于保持沉默的人。 –

T hus far, SafeSport’s highest-profile case concerns two of the most prominent members of the “first family of taekwondo,” the brothers Jean and Steven Lopez.

到目前为止，SafeSport 最引人注目的案件涉及“跆拳道第一家族”的两位最著名的成员，吉恩·洛佩兹和史蒂文·洛佩兹兄弟。

Jean served as an Olympic coach; Steven is a gold-medal winner twice over.

让曾担任奥运会教练；史蒂文两次获得金牌。

Two other siblings, Diana and Mark, also practice taekwondo, and in 2008 three Lopezes competed in the Olympic Games.

另外两个兄弟姐妹戴安娜和马克也练习跆拳道，三名洛佩兹在 2008 年参加了奥运会。

In recent years, however, women have begun to report that they have suffered abuse by Jean and Steven.

然而，近年来，女性开始报告她们遭受了吉恩和史蒂文的虐待。

Jean has been accused of assaulting two taekwondo practitioners he coached.

吉恩被指控袭击了他指导的两名跆拳道练习者。

Steven has been accused of raping two teammates, as well as another woman he dated.

史蒂文被指控强奸两名队友以及他约会的另一名女子。

Early this year, an attorney hired by U.S.A.

今年年初，美国聘请了一名律师。

Taekwondo delivered the case to SafeSport.

Taekwondo 将案件交给 SafeSport。

Pfohl’s investigators have now been in touch with at least three former athletes who have testified to being assaulted by the Lopez brothers.

普福尔的调查人员现已与至少三名前运动员取得了联系，他们证实曾遭到洛佩兹兄弟的袭击。

One of them is Heidi Gilbert, now thirty-five, who was at one point the sixth-best heavyweight fighter in the world.

其中之一是海蒂·吉尔伯特，现年三十五岁，曾一度是世界第六好的重量级拳击手。

She trained with Jean in Sugar Land, Texas, in the early 2000s.

2000 年代初，她在德克萨斯州 Sugar Land 与 Jean 一起训练。

She told me that on two separate occasions, he sexually assaulted her.

她告诉我，他曾两次对她进行性侵犯。

The first time, she alleged, was in Quito, Ecuador, during the 2002 Pan American Championships.

她声称，第一次是在 2002 年泛美锦标赛期间，在厄瓜多尔基多举行。

Gilbert won a gold medal in her weight division, as did Diana Lopez.

吉尔伯特和戴安娜·洛佩兹都赢得了重量级金牌。

The two young women were ebullient and went to Jean’s room to celebrate.

两个年轻女子兴高采烈，来到吉恩的房间庆祝。

(Diana said that this, and what followed, never happened.) According to Gilbert, Diana left, and Jean shut the door.

（戴安娜说这件事以及接下来的事情从未发生过。）据吉尔伯特说，戴安娜离开了，吉恩关上了门。

Gilbert wasn’t alarmed, even after he threw her on the bed.

吉尔伯特并没有惊慌，即使他把她扔到了床上。

“I thought at first that we were play-wrestling,” she recalled.

“我一开始以为我们是在玩摔跤，”她回忆道。

But soon he was behind her, ejaculating into his sweatpants.

但很快他就到了她身后，射精到他的运动裤里。

Gilbert was shaken, and upon returning to the United States she retreated to her mother’s home to consider her options.

吉尔伯特感到震惊，回到美国后，她回到母亲的家中考虑自己的选择。

Like most athletes, taekwondo practitioners tend to peak in their twenties, and by that metric, the 2004 Olympics would be her moment.

和大多数运动员一样，跆拳道练习者往往在二十几岁时达到巅峰，按照这个标准，2004 年奥运会将是她的巅峰时刻。

“I thought, I’m getting older, and I have to put the pedal to the metal.” She trained in Korea for a few months, but in America the Lopezes’ gym was the obvious choice.

“我想，我年纪大了，我必须全力以赴。”她在韩国训练了几个月，但在美国，洛佩兹健身房是显而易见的选择。

Some athletes she knew there pleaded with her to come, and finally, she relented.

她认识的一些运动员恳求她来，最后她态度软化了。

At first, Jean did nothing out of the ordinary.

起初，吉恩没有做任何异常的事。

But, Gilbert said, at a party after the 2003 World Championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, he offered her a strange drink.

但是，吉尔伯特说，在 2003 年德国加米施-帕滕基兴世界锦标赛结束后的一次聚会上，他给了她一种奇怪的饮料。

Within an hour, she felt woozy.

不到一个小时，她就感到头晕目眩。

By the time he hustled her into a cab, she was only vaguely conscious.

当他把她塞进出租车时，她的意识已经模糊了。

Back at the hotel, Gilbert told SafeSport, he penetrated her with his finger, performed oral sex on her, and rubbed his penis against her legs.

回到酒店后，吉尔伯特告诉安全体育，他用手指插入她，对她进行口交，并将阴茎摩擦她的腿。

Gilbert was wearing tight jeans and tall boots; she told me that she suspects the only reason he didn’t rape her is that he couldn’t pull her pants off.

吉尔伯特穿着紧身牛仔裤和高筒靴。她告诉我，她怀疑他没有强奸她的唯一原因是他无法脱掉她的裤子。

Gilbert left the Lopez gym permanently.

吉尔伯特永久离开了洛佩兹健身房。

She didn’t put in a formal complaint with U.S.A.

她没有向美国提出正式投诉

Taekwondo because she believed that it would mean the death of her career.

跆拳道，因为她相信这将意味着她职业生涯的死亡。

“It was going to be either me or Jean,” she said.

“要么是我，要么是吉恩，”她说。

“And I knew it would be Jean.” Gilbert did not qualify for the Olympics, but she saw him once more, at the 2005 Taekwondo Nationals; he stood on the floor during her matches.

“我知道那人会是吉恩。”吉尔伯特没有获得奥运会参赛资格，但她在 2005 年跆拳道全国锦标赛上再次见到了他。在她比赛期间，他站在地板上。

“It was like he was trying to intimidate me,” she recalled.

“他就像是在试图恐吓我，”她回忆道。

Shortly after, Gilbert left professional sports.

不久之后，吉尔伯特离开了职业体育界。

In the years since, other reports of sexual assault began to emerge — about the Lopez brothers and other taekwondo coaches.

此后的几年里，其他有关洛佩兹兄弟和其他跆拳道教练的性侵犯报道开始出现。

In September, Keith Ferguson, the executive director of the national governing body, resigned as evidence mounted that he had mishandled allegations.

9 月，国家管理机构执行董事基思·弗格森 (Keith Ferguson) 辞职，因为有证据表明他对指控处理不当。

Jean and Steven Lopez both deny having acted inappropriately with any athlete; Jean refuted Gilbert’s story.

吉恩·洛佩兹和史蒂文·洛佩兹均否认曾与任何运动员有过不当行为；吉恩反驳了吉尔伯特的故事。

Neither man has been charged with a crime.

两人都没有被指控犯罪。

“It’s unfortunate that Heidi is politicizing the very serious issue of people who have been victimized to push an agenda,” Jean said.

“不幸的是，海蒂正在将那些成为推动议程受害者的非常严重的问题政治化，”让说。

“Our hearts go out to the victims who have suffered these things, and we want the protections to be in place.”

“我们的心与遭受这些苦难的受害者同在，我们希望保护措施到位。”

It is in part to protect people from seeing their abuser at meets that SafeSport has the authority to ban an athlete or a coach accused of assault.

SafeSport 有权禁止被指控攻击的运动员或教练，部分原因是为了防止人们在比赛中看到施虐者。

But in June, with the case still pending, Steven Lopez competed in the Taekwondo World Championships; Jean was free to attend.

但在六月，案件尚未审理时，史蒂文·洛佩兹参加了跆拳道世界锦标赛；吉恩有空参加。

Pfohl declined to comment, citing the ongoing investigation.

普福尔以调查正在进行为由拒绝置评。

Ronda Sweet, a former director of U.S.A.

Ronda Sweet，美国前导演

Taekwondo who has long advocated for a tougher stance on sexual violence, told me that she was frustrated — suspending Jean and Steven during the investigation should have been a no-brainer, she said, given that several people have reported being assaulted by them.

跆拳道组织长期以来一直主张对性暴力采取更强硬的立场，她告诉我，她很沮丧——在调查期间让吉恩和史蒂文停职本来是理所当然的事情，她说，因为有几个人报告说遭到他们的袭击。

“This isn’t a secret,” she explained.

“这不是秘密，”她解释道。

She also questioned what SafeSport could do that would effectively stop the Lopez brothers from abusing anyone else — Pfohl can’t prevent them from giving seminars to young athletes, establishing a new taekwondo school, or representing a foreign country in international competitions.

她还质疑 SafeSport 可以采取什么措施来有效阻止洛佩兹兄弟虐待其他人——普福尔无法阻止他们为年轻运动员举办研讨会、建立一所新的跆拳道学校或代表外国参加国际比赛。

“So even if U.S. SafeSport decides the Lopez brothers have been bad boys, what real consequences are there?” Sweet wondered.

“那么，即使美国安全运动认定洛佩兹兄弟是坏孩子，真正的后果是什么？”斯威特想知道。

SafeSport, she said, is a “toothless tiger.”

她说，SafeSport 是一只“没有牙齿的老虎”。

O ne afternoon, near her office in downtown Manhattan, I met a woman I’ll call Judy, a former elite gymnast who now works in education.

一天下午，在她位于曼哈顿市中心的办公室附近，我遇到了一位女士，我称之为朱迪，她曾是一名精英体操运动员，现在从事教育工作。

She is middle-aged, with a warm smile and a rapid-fire way of talking.

她已是中年人了，笑容温暖，说话语速很快。

“I’m the kind of person who finishes what she starts,” she said.

“我是那种凡事有始有终的人，”她说。

Judy told me a story from the beginning of her gymnastics career, when she was six years old.

朱迪给我讲了一个她六岁时开始体操生涯的故事。

One day, she was on a high balance beam, in her leotard and short socks, frozen in place.

有一天，她穿着紧身衣和短袜，站在高高的平衡木上，僵在原地。

Her coach had asked her to attempt a back handspring, the first step a gymnast performs before unleashing the tumbling moves that stun Olympic spectators.

她的教练要求她尝试后手翻，这是体操运动员在做出令奥运会观众震惊的翻滚动作之前要做的第一步。

The high balance beam looms four feet off the ground and is just four inches wide.

高高的平衡木离地四英尺，宽度只有四英寸。

Judy was frightened.

朱迪很害怕。

Her feet stuck to the beam.

她的脚粘在横梁上。

Her panic became her punishment.

她的恐慌成了她的惩罚。

The coach declared that if she could not bring herself to jump, for the remainder of practice, she would just have to stand there.

教练宣布，如果她不能跳起来，那么在剩下的训练中，她就只能站在那里。

“Don’t even think of getting off,” he yelled as he supervised the uneven bars on the other side of the room.

“别想下车，”他一边喊道，一边监督着房间另一边的高低杠。

His severity sent a message.

他的严厉传达了一个信息。

“You had better believe I did that handspring the next time I walked into the gym,” Judy told me.

“你最好相信我下次走进健身房时就做了那个手翻，”朱迪告诉我。

The heights of athletic performance are achieved, a child learns, by tolerating pain, becoming hardened, developing mental toughness.

孩子通过忍受疼痛、变得坚强、培养心理韧性来学习，达到运动成绩的顶峰。

Girls like Judy are conditioned to think that their bodies belong not to themselves but to the people who promise to lead them to ever more impressive accomplishments.

像朱迪这样的女孩习惯于认为她们的身体不属于自己，而是属于那些承诺带领她们取得更令人印象深刻的成就的人。

An older man may be a supportive mentor who guides a protégé to greatness, even as he abuses her after practice.

一个年长的男人可能是一位支持性的导师，指导门生走向伟大，即使他在训练后虐待她。

The line can be crossed with the smallest step.

可以用最小的步骤越过这条线。

That, ultimately, was what happened to Judy.

最终，这就是发生在朱迪身上的事情。

When she was sixteen, she said, a new coach at a different gym coerced her into a sexual relationship.

她说，当她十六岁时，另一家健身房的一位新教练强迫她发生性关系。

Judy didn’t tell anyone about it until college, when she confided in a friend.

朱迪没有告诉任何人这件事，直到上大学，当时她向一位朋友吐露了心声。

Soon after, Judy brought the man to court.

不久之后，朱迪将该男子告上法庭。

He was acquitted in the criminal case, so she brought a civil suit; in a settlement, with no admission of liability, he agreed to pay monetary damages, go to counseling, and never coach again.

他在刑事案件中被无罪释放，因此她提起民事诉讼；在没有承认责任的和解协议中，他同意支付金钱赔偿、接受心理咨询，并且不再执教。

U.S.A.

美国

Gymnastics, however, did not put him on its banned list.

然而，体操并没有把他列入禁赛名单。

Judy still believes that gymnastics is a meaningful activity for young people.

朱迪仍然相信体操对于年轻人来说是一项有意义的活动。

She credits her training with helping her learn to confront fear: once, she was told to visualize her fears being piped into a hot air balloon that disappears into the sky.

她认为训练帮助她学会面对恐惧：有一次，她被告知想象自己的恐惧被输送到一个热气球中，然后消失在天空中。

“I still use that imagery if I’m feeling anxious about something,” she said.

“如果我对某事感到焦虑，我仍然会使用这种图像，”她说。

Yet Judy sees a direct connection between the way she was humiliated as a child and sexually exploited a decade later, as if she’d been preconditioned.

然而，朱迪看到了她小时候受到的羞辱和十年后遭受性剥削之间的直接联系，就好像她已经受到了先决条件一样。

“It’s hard not to look back and think, ‘Is that the moment when it all began?’ ” Perhaps her first coach thought that he was teaching her a valuable lesson.

“很难不回首思考，“这就是一切开始的时刻吗？”——也许她的第一位教练认为他正在给她上宝贵的一课。

What she took away, though, was a mantra that might make any child vulnerable: “I will always do what my coach says.”

然而，她带走的是一句可能会让任何孩子都变得脆弱的口头禅：“我将永远按照教练说的去做。”

“An unexpectedly excellent magazine that stands out amid a homogenized media landscape.” —the New York Times

– 一本出人意料的优秀杂志，在同质化的媒体格局中脱颖而出。 – – 纽约时报