'It's Like a War Zone': What Happened When Portland Decriminalized Fentanyl
T he man at the West Burnside Street bus stop looks stone dead, sprawled out on the sidewalk with his eyes rolled back.
西伯恩赛德街公交车站的那个男人看起来像死了一样，四肢摊开在人行道上，眼睛向后翻。
Lucky for him, he overdosed on a weekday, just five blocks from the downtown Portland , Oregon, fire station, where the quick-response unit is on duty, and they’re on the scene in minutes.
对他来说幸运的是，他在一个工作日服药过量，距离俄勒冈州波特兰市中心消防局只有五个街区，快速反应小组在那里执勤，几分钟后他们就赶到了现场。
With the sangfroid of someone who has performed this ritual too many times to count, paramedic Justin de Jesus jabs the man’s shoulder with a shot of naloxone to reverse the effects of fentanyl , the hyper-potent synthetic opioid that is driving the U.S. overdose epidemic.
护理人员贾斯汀·德·耶稣（Justin de Jesus）沉着冷静，用一针纳洛酮注射到该男子的肩膀上，以逆转芬太尼的影响。芬太尼是一种强效合成阿片类药物，导致美国药物过量流行。
His partner applies an oxygen mask and, slowly, the man’s breathing picks up.
他的伴侣戴上氧气面罩，男人的呼吸慢慢加快。
After a quick knuckle rub to the sternum, he stirs back to life.
用指关节快速摩擦胸骨后，他恢复了活力。
But this brush with death is no wake-up call.
但这次与死亡擦肩而过并不是警钟。
Hostage to his addiction, the man shows no gratitude.
由于毒瘾的影响，这名男子没有表现出任何感激之情。
He won’t give his name and bristles when asked if he’d like more help.
当被问及是否需要更多帮助时，他不愿透露自己的名字，也不愿透露姓名。
Before the first responders have packed up their kit, he disappears around a corner, presumably to score again.
在第一批救援人员收拾好装备之前，他就消失在拐角处，可能是为了再次得分。
If someone overdoses to the point where they have to be revived, de Jesus later explains, “they tend to seek out that dealer because, in their words, ‘That’s the good stuff.’ They’ll just do a little less, so they won’t die.
德热苏斯后来解释说，如果有人服药过量，需要救治，“他们往往会去找毒贩，因为用他们的话说，‘那是好东西’。他们只会少做一点，这样就不会死。”
But since there’s no standardization, you could be getting a fentanyl pill that has nothing in it — or 10,000 times the standard therapeutic dose, so you just drop dead.”
但由于没有标准化，你可能会得到一种不含任何成分的芬太尼药丸——或者是标准治疗剂量的 10,000 倍，所以你就会死去。”
Drug overdoses killed some 87,000 Americans over a 12-month period ending in September 2024 — more lives lost than the wars in Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq combined.
截至 2024 年 9 月的 12 个月内，约有 87,000 名美国人因吸毒过量而死亡——比越南、阿富汗和伊拉克战争造成的死亡人数总和还要多。
Although the death toll is down significantly from a peak of almost 114,000 the year before, Oregon and other Western states have lagged behind the downward national trend, making them ground zero of the decade-long fentanyl crisis.
尽管死亡人数较一年前接近114,000人的峰值大幅下降，但俄勒冈州和其他西方州却落后于全国下降趋势，使他们在长达十年的芬太尼危机中归零。
Nowhere has the social and economic impact been more acutely felt than in Portland, a proudly progressive, midsize city of more than 600,000 that not long ago was one the most desirable places to live in the country, despite stubbornly high rates of unsheltered homelessness and substance abuse.
没有哪个地方比波特兰更能感受到这种社会和经济影响。这座令人自豪的进步型中型城市拥有超过 60 万人口，不久前这里还是全国最理想的居住地之一，尽管无家可归和药物滥用的比例居高不下。
In late 2020, Oregon voters overwhelmingly passed the most liberal drug law in the country, decriminalizing possession of small amounts of hard drugs like fentanyl and methamphetamine.
2020 年底，俄勒冈州选民以压倒性多数通过了该国最自由的毒品法，将持有芬太尼和甲基苯丙胺等少量硬性毒品合法化。
Instead of jail time, Ballot Measure 110 aimed to expand addiction treatment services in a state that ranked last in such offerings nationwide, through hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue redirected from a cannabis tax and savings resulting from decreases in arrests and incarceration.
投票措施 110 旨在扩大大麻成瘾治疗服务，而不是监禁，该州在全国此类服务中排名垫底，通过从大麻税中重新获得数亿美元的收入以及因逮捕和监禁减少而节省的资金。
Additional funding went to harm reduction services — naloxone distribution, needle exchanges, testing kits — that make drugs “safer” to use.
额外的资金用于减少伤害服务——纳洛酮分发、针头交换、测试套件——使药物使用起来“更安全”。
Advocates hoped to follow in the footsteps of trailblazing countries like Portugal and France, where nuanced approaches that prioritize health care over punishment have curtailed overdoses and public drug use.
倡导者希望追随葡萄牙和法国等开拓性国家的脚步，这些国家采取了将医疗保健置于惩罚之上的细致入微的方法，从而减少了吸毒过量和公共场所吸毒的情况。
In some respects, it was the closest any place in the U.S. had yet come to The Wire ’s “Hamsterdam”: a drug zone where police permit dealers to operate as long as they don’t fight over territory and confine sales to a limited number of blocks, enabling addiction service providers to focus their efforts.
在某些方面，它是美国迄今为止最接近《火线》的“仓鼠丹”的地方：警察允许毒品贩子在这里经营，只要他们不争夺地盘，并将销售限制在有限的街区内，从而使成瘾服务提供商能够集中精力。
Editor’s picks The 100 Best TV Episodes of All Time The 250 Greatest Albums of the 21st Century So Far The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time
编辑精选 史上 100 部最佳电视剧 21 世纪迄今为止最伟大的 250 张专辑 史上最伟大的 500 张专辑 史上最伟大的 200 位歌手
The timing could not have been worse.
时机再糟糕不过了。
Months into decriminalization, Mexican drug cartels ratcheted up the flow of fentanyl across the border and up the Interstate 5 corridor, where it flooded onto city streets, plunging prices to less than a dollar a pill.
合法化几个月后，墨西哥贩毒集团加大了芬太尼的跨境流动，沿着 5 号州际公路走廊，涌入城市街道，导致每粒药片的价格降至不到 1 美元。
As lockdown despair from the Covid-19 pandemic deepened, the killing of George Floyd sparked monthslong racial justice protests that turned violent and engulfed parts of downtown .
随着 Covid-19 大流行带来的封锁绝望情绪加深，乔治·弗洛伊德 (George Floyd) 被杀引发了长达数月的种族正义抗议活动，抗议活动演变为暴力活动，席卷了市中心的部分地区。
With police turning a blind eye, Portland became a honeypot for local and out-of-state addicts to score cheap dope and use it freely.
由于警方对此视而不见，波特兰成为当地和州外吸毒者获取廉价毒品并随意使用的蜜罐。
“It was like a perfect storm that brought us from this really vibrant, amazing downtown to a tourist destination [for drug users],” says Rick Graves, a spokesman for Portland Fire and Rescue.
波特兰消防救援队发言人里克·格雷夫斯 (Rick Graves) 表示：“这就像一场完美的风暴，将我们从这个充满活力、令人惊叹的市中心带到了[吸毒者]的旅游目的地。”
Overdose deaths, retail theft, and homicides surged to record levels, running law enforcement and first responders ragged.
服药过量死亡、零售盗窃和凶杀案激增至创纪录水平，执法人员和急救人员陷入困境。
“We’d revive the same people, and revive them again and again,” says Dave Friedericks, a veteran paramedic and firefighter whose downtown station responded to 36 overdose calls in a 48-hour period in the summer of 2023.
戴夫·弗里德里克斯 (Dave Friedericks) 是一位经验丰富的护理人员和消防员，他所在的市中心消防站在 2023 年夏天的 48 小时内接到了 36 起用药过量报警电话。
Related Content Inside the Battle for the Soul of the LAPD Pam Bondi Flatters Trump With Claim That 75% of America Would Be Dead If Not for Him ‘I Was Taken Hostage’: How an American Metal Rocker Landed in Russian Prison Chris Stapleton and Tyler Childers to Co-Headline Healing Appalachia Benefit
洛杉矶警察局灵魂之战中的相关内容 帕姆·邦迪 (Pam Bondi) 奉承特朗普，声称如果没有他，美国 75% 的人都会死去 “我被扣为人质”：一位美国金属摇滚歌手如何降落在俄罗斯监狱 克里斯·斯特普尔顿 (Chris Stapleton) 和泰勒·奇尔德斯 (Tyler Childers) 共同成为治疗阿巴拉契亚福利的头条新闻
A highly addictive painkiller, fentanyl is 50 times stronger than heroin (two milligrams — or the equivalent of five to seven grains of table salt — is considered a lethal dose), with black-market analogues that are thousands of times stronger.
芬太尼是一种高度成瘾的止痛药，其药效比海洛因强 50 倍（2 毫克，或相当于 5 至 7 粒食盐，被认为是致命剂量），黑市类似物的药效要强数千倍。
Dealers mix fentanyl with other drugs to increase profits, and fentanyl’s effects on users are exacerbated by an evolving array of cuts, notably xylazine (a.k.a.
经销商将芬太尼与其他药物混合以增加利润，而芬太尼对使用者的影响因一系列不断变化的削减而加剧，特别是赛拉嗪（又名赛拉嗪）。
“tranq”), an animal tranquilizer that, when injected, can rot flesh and lead to amputation.
“tranq”），一种动物镇静剂，注射后会导致肌肉腐烂并导致截肢。
Complicating matters, many addicts in Oregon use fentanyl and psychosis-inducing forms of methamphetamine in tandem, raising the likelihood of a fatal overdose and making it even harder to get them to seek treatment.
让事情变得更加复杂的是，俄勒冈州的许多吸毒者同时使用芬太尼和诱发精神病的甲基苯丙胺，增加了过量服用致命的可能性，并使他们寻求治疗变得更加困难。
In January 2024, Portland made national headlines when Gov.
2024 年 1 月，波特兰州长成为全国头条新闻。
Tina Kotek declared a 90-day state of emergency to tackle the fentanyl crisis.
蒂娜·科特克宣布进入为期 90 天的紧急状态，以应对芬太尼危机。
Within months, state lawmakers voted to repeal Measure 110, ending a nearly four-year experiment with decriminalization.
几个月之内，州立法者投票废除了 110 号措施，结束了近四年的非刑事化实验。
Then the reform-minded district attorney of Multnomah County, where Portland is located, was ousted by one of his own prosecutors, in a ballot seen as a referendum for greater accountability.
随后，波特兰所在的摩特诺玛县的地方检察官被自己的一名检察官罢免，这次投票被视为加强问责制的公投。
Now, anyone caught with illicit drugs who doesn’t have outstanding warrants is given a choice: Be charged with possession and go to jail; or be “deflected” to community-based addiction treatment.
现在，任何因非法毒品被捕而没有逮捕令的人都可以选择：被指控持有毒品并入狱；或者“转向”以社区为基础的成瘾治疗。
Anti-drug laws, in other words, are back in force, albeit with a brand of “tough love” that reflects the Rose City’s liberal ethos.
换句话说，禁毒法重新生效，尽管带有“严厉的爱”烙印，反映了玫瑰城的自由主义精神。
I made two trips to Portland last year to see how the transition is working out.
去年我两次前往波特兰，看看过渡进展如何。
In a live-and-let-live city that likes to signal its virtues, can empathy and stricter law enforcement go hand in hand?
在一个喜欢彰显自己的美德的自给自足的城市里，同理心和更严格的执法能否齐头并进？
When does hands-off harm reduction become enablement?
不干涉伤害减少何时成为可能？
And with a drug as deadly addictive as fentanyl, is compulsory detox and treatment a viable option?
对于像芬太尼这样致命的成瘾性药物，强制戒毒和治疗是一个可行的选择吗？
How Portland manages this next chapter could be a bellwether for larger American cities grappling with the tangle of addiction, rampant homelessness, and deteriorating public safety.
波特兰如何应对这一新篇章可能成为美国大城市应对毒瘾、无家可归现象猖獗和公共安全恶化等问题的风向标。
“The challenge here in the U.S. is massive,” says Dr. Andy Mendenhall, CEO of Central City Concern, a nonprofit that provides housing and addiction services to nearly 16,000 people each year.
“美国面临的挑战是巨大的”，Central City Concern 首席执行官安迪·门登霍尔 (Andy Mendenhall) 博士说，该组织是一家非营利组织，每年为近 16,000 人提供住房和戒毒服务。
The unrelenting flow of fentanyl combined with a dearth of shelter beds, affordable housing, and behavioral health resources has resulted in an addicted population that’s chronically homeless and harder to get into treatment, he explains.
他解释说，芬太尼的源源不断的流入，再加上收容所床位、经济适用住房和行为健康资源的缺乏，导致了成瘾人群长期无家可归，更难以接受治疗。
“On a more esoteric level, people feel stressed out and isolated from each other.
“在更深奥的层面上，人们感到压力重重、彼此孤立。
There’s a lack of connection, and we’ve become this soundbite culture where feelings are to be avoided or turned off.
缺乏联系，我们已经变成了一种需要避免或关闭感情的原声文化。
And there are so many different distractions that folks are going to turn to something to help them feel different.”
有太多不同的干扰，人们会寻求一些东西来帮助他们感受不同。”
ON A WIND-BLOWN CORNER near the old Greyhound bus station in Chinatown, homeless addicts muster in front of a white van serving free cups of coffee.
在唐人街老灰狗巴士站附近的一个风吹过的角落里，无家可归的吸毒者聚集在一辆提供免费咖啡的白色面包车前。
The van is operated by the Mental Health and Addiction Association of Oregon, a Measure 110-boosted nonprofit that employs former drug users who apply their lived experience to guide peers into recovery.
这辆面包车由俄勒冈州心理健康与成瘾协会运营，该协会是一家受 110 措施推动的非营利组织，雇用前吸毒者，他们运用自己的生活经验指导同龄人康复。
They offer tickets to a nearby resource center where people can get free showers, do laundry, and eat hot food, no strings attached.
他们提供附近资源中心的门票，人们可以在那里免费洗澡、洗衣服、吃热食，没有任何附加条件。
Should anyone request detox or a housing referral, staff assess their mental health and other criteria to determine the best fit.
如果有人要求戒毒或住房转介，工作人员会评估他们的心理健康状况和其他标准，以确定最适合的人选。
“It’s why I call Portland ‘Supportland,’” says Ricco Mejia, a charismatic ex-heroin addict raised by “whores and bank robbers” who serves as outreach manager.
“这就是为什么我称波特兰为‘支持之地’，”里科·梅希亚 (Ricco Mejia) 说道。
“I was struggling and asked for help, I received help, and I became the help.”
“我在挣扎时寻求帮助，我得到了帮助，我也成为了帮助者。”
Word is that 35-year-old Bruce Ferguson is ready to come in for detox, and Mejia is waiting with a smile and handshake when he turns up.
有消息称，35 岁的布鲁斯·弗格森 (Bruce Ferguson) 已准备好前来戒毒，当他出现时，梅吉亚 (Mejia) 微笑着与他握手等待。
A husky skater with a shock of terracotta hair and a soulful aspect, Ferguson says he started taking Adderall and later pot to deal with teenage anxiety.
弗格森是一位哈士奇滑冰运动员，有着一头赤褐色的头发和深情的外表，他说他开始服用阿得拉，后来又服用大麻来应对青少年的焦虑。
He fell in with a troubled crowd.
他陷入了一群陷入困境的人群中。
A Percocet prescription after a dental operation segued to heroin addiction that got him kicked out of the family home.
牙科手术后服用Percocet处方导致海洛因成瘾，导致他被赶出家门。
Then came fentanyl.
然后是芬太尼。
“It’s not how it used to be,” he says.
“现在已经不一样了，”他说。
“It controls every decision you make.” With a powerful high that wears off in less than an hour, some addicts are compelled to use upward of 20 to 30 times a day, leaving fleeting windows of self-possession.
“它控制着你做出的每一个决定。”由于强烈的快感会在不到一个小时的时间内消失，一些成瘾者被迫每天使用 20 到 30 次以上，从而使自我镇定的时间转瞬即逝。
“People that you would never even guess become users and now, within a couple of days, months, they’re homeless out here,” Ferguson says.
弗格森说：“你根本猜不到的人会成为用户，而现在，在几天、几个月内，他们就无家可归了。”
“They’ve lost everything: families, cars, houses, careers.”
“他们失去了一切：家庭、汽车、房子、事业。”
Ferguson lost a steady job landscaping, his apartment, and the girlfriend he shared it with.
弗格森失去了一份稳定的景观美化工作、他的公寓以及与他合住的女朋友。
He’s had almost no contact with his parents over the past few years.
这些年来，他和父母几乎没有联系。
“I just want to be a decent human being and be accountable, be trustworthy, and I want to be a good son to my mom and my dad and make them proud,” he says, “because I’ve done the complete opposite of that.” He steals constantly to slake his addiction, which compounds the gnawing sense of shame and the urge to numb out — aware he’s one false move from another long stint in jail, or an early grave.
“我只是想成为一个正派的人，有责任感，值得信赖，我想成为我父母的好儿子，让他们感到骄傲，”他说，“因为我做了完全相反的事情。”他不断地偷窃来戒毒，这加剧了令人痛苦的羞耻感和麻木的冲动——意识到他是从另一次长期监狱服刑或过早坟墓中走出来的一个错误举动。
“If I don’t get my shit together, I’m going to lose everything for good.”
“如果我不振作起来，我就会永远失去一切。”
As Mejia and Ferguson set a time to meet at the downtown center, Ferguson’s ex-girlfriend appears.
当梅吉亚和弗格森约定在市中心见面时，弗格森的前女友出现了。
She’s recently relapsed, and looks worse for wear.
她最近旧病复发，而且看起来更糟糕了。
Ferguson later confides that he introduced her to fentanyl, a fact that still haunts him.
弗格森后来透露，他向她介绍了芬太尼，这一事实至今仍困扰着他。
After they catch up, he tells Mejia that his ex’s presence is “stirring the pot a little.”
他们追上来后，他告诉梅吉亚，他前任的出现“有点搅局”。
“That’s that friendly fire we talk about,” replies Mejia, launching into pep-talk mode.
“这就是我们谈论的友军火力，”梅吉亚回答道，并进入了鼓舞士气的谈话模式。
“The lifestyle firing back at us.
“生活方式向我们发起反击。
Most people get taken out on the battlefield by people on our own side.
大多数人在战场上都是被己方人干掉的。
Could be friends and family.
可能是朋友和家人。
They want what’s best for us.
他们想要对我们最好的东西。
But we need a timeout from them to work on ourselves first.
但我们需要他们给我们一个暂停的机会，让我们先做好自己。
So just maybe setting a boundary with her, right?”
所以也许只是和她设定一个界限，对吧？”
Much to Mejia’s relief, Ferguson shows up at the resource center a few hours later.
几个小时后，弗格森出现在资源中心，这让梅吉亚松了一口气。
He showers, cuts his hair, and organizes his art supplies for a weeklong stay at Recovery Works Northwest, a 16-bed inpatient detox facility that opened with Measure 110 funding.
他洗澡、理发、整理美术用品，准备在西北康复中心 (Recovery Works Northwest) 待一周，这是一家由 110 措施资助开设的住院戒毒所，拥有 16 个床位。
Nervous but upbeat, Ferguson says he wants to sober up and reconnect with his father, a schoolteacher now living in Italy.
弗格森紧张但乐观，他说他想清醒一下并与他的父亲重新取得联系，他的父亲是一名现居意大利的教师。
Past experience has also taught him that feeling normal again can be the hardest part of all.
过去的经验也告诉他，恢复正常可能是最困难的部分。
“I have energy and get complacent, like, ‘I can handle that [drug] and it’s not going to hurt me,’ and it does.
“我精力充沛，很自满，就像，‘我可以处理这种[药物]，它不会伤害我，’而且确实如此。
Every time.”
每次。”
When it’s time to head over, Ferguson tells Mejia that he needs to run a few more errands and will come back in the afternoon.
到了该出发的时候，弗格森告诉梅吉亚，他还需要办几件事，下午就会回来。
But he never does.
但他从来不这样做。
Mejia is unfazed.
梅吉亚并不担心。
Having been in and out of detox 15 times himself, he knows better than anyone that the path to recovery is seldom a straight line.
他自己戒毒前后经历了 15 次，他比任何人都清楚，康复之路很少是一条直线。
“It’s the lifestyle and the disease of addiction, making choices for them.” After so many relapses, he credits getting into supportive housing with outpatient treatment for helping him finally turn the corner from being “a community hazard to an asset.
“这是生活方式和成瘾症，为他们做出选择。”在多次复发后，他相信进入支持性住房并接受门诊治疗帮助他最终摆脱了“社区对资产的危害”。
People were here to help me when I was ready, and we’ll be here to help him.”
当我准备好时，人们会在这里帮助我，我们也会在这里帮助他。”
According to the Multnomah County Health Department, individuals who are homeless and addicted like Ferguson are at 51 times greater risk for overdose death.
据摩特诺玛县卫生部门称，像弗格森这样无家可归和吸毒成瘾的人因吸毒过量死亡的风险高出 51 倍。
Of an estimated 7,000 homeless people in Portland, at least 456 died on the street in 2023, the deadliest year on record.
2023 年，波特兰估计有 7,000 名无家可归者，其中至少有 456 人死于街头，这是有记录以来死亡人数最多的一年。
And despite the infusion of more than $1.7 billion since 2015, homelessness in the Portland area continues to climb faster than authorities can house people.
尽管自 2015 年以来已投入超过 17 亿美元，但波特兰地区无家可归者的增长速度仍然超过了当局能够容纳的速度。
Decades of underbuilding have led to a dire housing shortage that has spiked rents and home prices, while some addicts find it easier to service their addictions on the street.
数十年的建设不足导致严重的住房短缺，导致租金和房价飙升，而一些瘾君子发现在街上更容易解决他们的毒瘾。
In a bid to ease the deficit and draw more people into care, Multnomah County is opening temporary housing sites with low barriers to entry.
为了缓解赤字并吸引更多人接受护理，摩特诺玛县正在开放准入门槛较低的临时住房点。
In Portland’s Clinton Triangle area, a fenced-off “village” between train tracks hosts 140 housing pods and another 20 tent platforms that are free of charge, part of a network of some 750 pods across the city.
在波特兰的克林顿三角地区，铁轨之间有一个用栅栏围起来的“村庄”，里面有 140 个住房舱和另外 20 个免费的帐篷平台，这是全市约 750 个舱的网络的一部分。
No one is turned away for substance abuse; the site is staffed primarily by people in recovery, with on-site mental health counselors to connect residents with drug treatment should they seek it.
没有人因滥用药物而被拒之门外；该站点的工作人员主要由正在康复的人组成，现场心理健康咨询师可以在居民寻求药物治疗时为他们提供帮助。
I find 39-year-old Sean Smeeden holed up in one of the tiny homes in a cold sweat, raw out of detox.
我发现 39 岁的肖恩·斯米登 (Sean Smeeden) 躲在一所狭小的房子里，浑身冷汗，因为戒毒而浑身不舒服。
“Fentanyl and opioids ruined my life even before I started doing them,” he says, explaining that the drugs killed his mother, uncle, and grandmother within a year-and-a-half period.
“芬太尼和阿片类药物在我开始使用之前就毁了我的生活，”他说，并解释说这些药物在一年半的时间内杀死了他的母亲、叔叔和祖母。
Although the premises are rife with active fentanyl smokers, Smeeden, a self-described “nomad” from Alaska, is grateful for a space to call his own.
尽管这里挤满了芬太尼吸食者，但自称来自阿拉斯加的“游牧者”斯米登很感激能有一个属于自己的空间。
After four sleepless nights, his withdrawal pangs are fading enough to look for work as a dishwasher.
经过四个不眠之夜后，他的戒断症状已经逐渐消失，他开始寻找洗碗工的工作。
If he can stay sober, he’d like to get certified as a computer programmer and secure more permanent housing.
如果他能保持清醒，他希望获得计算机程序员的认证并获得更永久的住房。
“I’m going through it right now,” he says, “but that’s OK, because I feel alive.
“我现在正在经历这一切，”他说，“但这没关系，因为我感觉自己还活着。
Suffering or not, it feels good to feel.”
不管受苦与否，感觉都很好。”
IN DOWNTOWN PORTLAND, the proliferation of low-barrier housing, treatment centers, and harm reduction services are in tension with struggling business owners who invested back when the local economy was booming.
在波特兰市中心，低门槛住房、治疗中心和减少伤害服务的激增与当地经济繁荣时投资的陷入困境的企业主之间存在紧张关系。
More than 2,600 downtown businesses, already hobbled by the pandemic and street riots, have shut down, citing customer loss due to homelessness and crime.
已有 2,600 多家市中心企业因疫情和街头骚乱而陷入困境，现已关闭，理由是无家可归和犯罪导致顾客流失。
The city’s office vacancy rate stands at 30 percent, the highest in the nation, and job loss is the largest of any major metropolitan area.
该市的写字楼空置率为 30%，为全国最高，而失业人数也是所有主要大都市区中最多的。
From San Francisco to Seattle, a similar decline has stoked fears of an “urban doom loop”: an ever-downward spiral where lower occupancy and property valuation leads to a withering tax base from which to fund policing, first responders, and other critical services.
从旧金山到西雅图，类似的下降引发了人们对“城市末日循环”的担忧：一种不断下降的螺旋，入住率和房产估值下降导致用于资助警务、急救人员和其他关键服务的税基萎缩。
“I’ve learned that the disease of addiction has a hit on my life.…
“我了解到成瘾症对我的生活造成了打击......
The hit man is me .”
杀手就是我。
The city’s reputation for drugs, crime, and homelessness “has really crushed us,” says Jessie Burke, a community organizer and co-owner of The Society Hotel in Old Town Chinatown, a neighborhood that’s a perennial hub for the homeless and drug addicted.
社区组织者杰西·伯克 (Jessie Burke) 是老城区唐人街社会酒店 (The Society Hotel) 的共同所有人，她表示，这座城市因毒品、犯罪和无家可归问题而名声“真的让我们崩溃”。唐人街是无家可归者和吸毒成瘾者常年聚集的社区。
Burke, of mixed Chinese American descent, bought the rundown 19th-century building for $700,000 in 2013 and invested more than $4 million in renovations, hoping to be a part of the historic neighborhood’s renaissance.
伯克是美籍华人，他在 2013 年以 70 万美元的价格买下了这座破旧的 19 世纪建筑，并投资了超过 400 万美元进行翻修，希望成为这个历史街区复兴的一部分。
Business was “going gangbusters” in the early years, she says — but since 2019 has plunged by about 40 percent, at a loss of $30,000 a month.
她说，早些年生意“蒸蒸日上”，但自 2019 年以来，生意下滑了约 40%，每月损失 3 万美元。
“I remember thinking this is hard, but I don’t think I ever thought I would witness the things that I’ve witnessed now.”
“我记得我认为这很难，但我认为我从未想过我会见证我现在所目睹的事情。”
During decriminalization, overdoses became so common that the city asked Burke to install a naloxone dispenser in the lobby (she refused), and drive-by shootings between rival drug gangs punctured the night.
在非刑事化期间，吸毒过量变得如此普遍，以至于该市要求伯克在大厅安装纳洛酮分配器（她拒绝了），敌对贩毒团伙之间的驾车枪击事件贯穿了整个夜晚。
Although the violence has tapered off, the hotel’s front doors remain locked.
尽管暴力事件已经逐渐减少，但酒店的前门仍然锁着。
Sidewalks outside are lined with tents and addicts nodding off next to pipes and burnt tinfoil.
外面的人行道上排列着帐篷，瘾君子们在管道和烧焦的锡纸旁边打瞌睡。
Some are missing limbs.
有些人失去了四肢。
When I visited last May, a half-naked man streaked by in a fit of psychosis.
去年五月我去拜访时，一名半裸的男子因精神错乱而狂奔而过。
The week before, another man high on meth armed with a machete threatened to chop the head off an employee’s three-year-old daughter.
一周前，另一名吸食冰毒的男子手持砍刀威胁要砍下一名员工三岁女儿的头。
“You have to be tough as nails to work here,” says Burke.
“在这里工作，你必须坚强如钉子，”伯克说。
“Most days it’s like you’re entering a war zone, and you don’t realize it until you leave.”
“大多数时候，你就像进入了一个战区，直到离开你才意识到这一点。”
A former competitive fencer with a no-nonsense attitude reflecting her East Coast roots, Burke insists that people high on hard drugs should not be allowed free rein.
伯克曾是一名竞技击剑运动员，她的严肃态度反映了她的东海岸血统，她坚持认为，不应该允许吸毒成瘾的人自由发挥。
“It doesn’t need to be jail, but we used to have something called the Cheers van where the drug of choice was alcohol, and if you were passed out or drunk, they would pick you up and you would go to the drunk tank and sober up,” she says.
“不需要是监狱，但我们曾经有一种叫做“干杯车”的车，选择的药物是酒精，如果你昏倒或喝醉了，他们会接你，你会去醉酒池清醒，”她说。
“It has to be built a little differently, because the drugs are different.
“它的构建必须略有不同，因为药物不同。
But the fact that people get to walk the streets and be aggressive on meth and have a machete is unacceptable.
但事实上，人们走在街上，拿着砍刀，对冰毒表现出攻击性，这是不可接受的。
People deserve predictability — it’s the baseline safety that people expect.”
人们应该享有可预测性——这是人们期望的基线安全。”
Burke also decries the lack of oversight on public funds earmarked for homelessness and treatment services, claiming that there are no hard deliverables for any contract that goes out the door for Multnomah County’s $4 billion annual budget.
伯克还谴责缺乏对专门用于无家可归者和治疗服务的公共资金的监督，声称摩特诺玛县 40 亿美元年度预算的任何合同都没有硬性交付成果。
(Her concerns were echoed in a December 2023 state audit of $264 million in Measure 110 funds allocated to treatment service groups, which cited “insufficient data” to assess their effectiveness.) One low-hanging measure she calls long overdue is a centralized server, much like the kind hotels rely on, that tracks the availability of beds in public-funded shelters.
（她的担忧在 2023 年 12 月对分配给治疗服务团体的 110 号措施资金中的 2.64 亿美元进行的国家审计中得到了呼应，其中提到了“数据不足”来评估其有效性。）她认为早就应该采取的一项简单措施是建立一个集中式服务器，就像酒店所依赖的那种，用于跟踪公共资助的庇护所中床位的可用性。
On any given night, hundreds of beds lie empty.
在任何一个晚上，都有数百张床位空着。
Comparing the poor performance to standards in the private sector, she says, “Small businesses don’t have the luxury of failing year after year, not delivering the thing that they promised.”
她将糟糕的表现与私营部门的标准进行比较，“小企业不能年复一年地失败，不能兑现他们的承诺。”
In May, Burke lost her bid for a seat on the Multnomah County board of commissioners.
五月，伯克在摩特诺玛县委员会席位的竞选中失败。
But on the side, she served as campaign manager for her friend Nathan Vasquez, the insurgent county prosecutor who defeated his boss for the district attorney job on a campaign pledge to more aggressively prosecute criminals.
但另一方面，她担任朋友内森·瓦斯奎兹 (Nathan Vasquez) 的竞选经理，内森·瓦斯奎兹是一位叛乱的县检察官，他在竞选时承诺更积极地起诉罪犯，从而击败了自己的老板，赢得了地区检察官的职位。
At his victory party at a swank hotel on the edge of Chinatown, Vasquez affirmed that he would end open-air drug markets and get more users into treatment, “restoring the idea that it is OK to hold people accountable, and do it in a compassionate manner.”
在唐人街边缘一家豪华酒店举行的胜利派对上，瓦斯奎兹确认他将结束露天毒品市场，让更多吸毒者接受治疗，“恢复让人们承担责任是可以的，并以富有同情心的方式做到这一点。”
I RETURNED TO PORTLAND in early November, after Donald Trump won reelection.
唐纳德·特朗普赢得连任后，我于 11 月初返回波特兰。
Scores of downtown storefronts were boarded up in anticipation of clashes between cops and anarchists that, for a change, never materialized.
市中心的数十家店面都用木板封起来，预计警察和无政府主义者之间会发生冲突，但这种情况从未发生过。
Just as the U.S. electorate shifted right, Portland reasserted its progressive bona fides by using a ranked-vote system to elect the most diverse city council in its history.
正当美国选民右倾时，波特兰通过使用排名投票系统选举出历史上最多元化的市议会，重申了其进步的诚意。
The law-and-order mayoral candidate was rejected for Keith Wilson, a moderate businessman with no political experience who promised to end homelessness within a year.
治安市长候选人基思·威尔逊（Keith Wilson）被拒绝，他是一位没有政治经验的温和商人，承诺在一年内消除无家可归现象。
Contrary to what some might have heard, “Portland remains a very liberal city,” says Richard Clucas, a politics professor at Portland State University.
与一些人可能听到的相反，“波特兰仍然是一个非常自由的城市，”波特兰州立大学政治学教授理查德·克鲁卡斯说。
Two months into recriminalization, it was hard to discern any visible change in the downtown drug market.
重新定罪两个月后，很难看出市中心毒品市场有任何明显的变化。
People smoked fentanyl in plain sight and clustered at the usual spots: around the public library, the Burnside Street McDonald’s, along Alder Strett, in the parking lot beneath the closed Montessori school.
人们在众目睽睽之下吸食芬太尼，并聚集在常见的地点：公共图书馆周围、伯恩赛德街麦当劳、阿尔德街沿线、关闭的蒙特梭利学校下面的停车场。
And after dark, the dealers were impossible to miss: short young men in hoodies and women in pajama pants, slinking around corners with side packs.
天黑后，毒贩们不容错过：身穿连帽衫的矮个子年轻男子和穿着睡裤的女子，背着侧包在角落里鬼鬼祟祟地走来走去。
Overdoses were down slightly across the city, in large part thanks to weaker drugs.
全市吸毒过量现象略有下降，这在很大程度上要归功于药物效果减弱。
Since last May, the fentanyl supply experienced a dramatic shift in potency, locally dubbed “the drought.” Nearly half the samples tested by the harm reduction group Outside In contained BTMPS, an industrial chemical nicknamed “bug spray dope” for its acrid taste when smoked.
自去年五月以来，芬太尼的供应量经历了巨大的转变，被当地人称为“干旱”。减少危害组织 Outside In 测试的近一半样品中含有 BTMPS，这是一种绰号为“杀虫剂”的工业化学品，因其吸食后味道辛辣。
Though toxic, it’s not known to cause overdose or immediate death, fueling a theory that it may be part of a deliberate effort by Mexican cartels to kill less of their customer base while ensuring profits by requiring users to smoke more to get high.
虽然它有毒，但目前尚不清楚它是否会导致吸食过量或立即死亡，这引发了一种理论，即它可能是墨西哥卡特尔故意努力的一部分，目的是减少其顾客群的死亡，同时通过要求使用者吸更多烟来获得快感来确保利润。
For years, fentanyl production in northwestern Mexico was close to a free-for-all: If you had the recipe, you could cook the drug, which yielded wildly varying degrees of potency.
多年来，墨西哥西北部的芬太尼生产几乎是一场混战：如果你有配方，你就可以烹饪这种药物，从而产生不同程度的药效。
In October 2023, the Chapitos faction of the Sinaloa cartel imposed a ban on fentanyl production and killed dozens of violators, purportedly in response to intensified pressure from U.S. law enforcement.
2023 年 10 月，锡那罗亚贩毒集团查皮托派禁止芬太尼生产，并杀害了数十名违法者，据称是为了应对美国执法部门加大的压力。
According to Victoria Dittmar of Insight Crime, a think tank that studies organized crime in the Americas, production continues by other Sinaloa cartel factions, and has since moved into neighboring states like Sonora and Baja California, where cooks operate under the oversight of the cartel.
研究美洲有组织犯罪的智库 Insight Crime 的维多利亚·迪特玛 (Victoria Dittmar) 表示，锡那罗亚州其他卡特尔派系仍在继续生产，并已转移到索诺拉州和下加利福尼亚州等邻近州，那里的厨师在卡特尔的监督下经营。
Weaker fentanyl cuts could be a calculated decision, “as by doing this, they reduce law enforcement pressure on them while still maintaining profits,” Dittmar says.
芬太尼削减幅度的减弱可能是一个经过深思熟虑的决定，“因为通过这样做，他们可以减轻执法压力，同时仍然保持利润，”迪特马说。
“But at this stage, this is just a hypothesis.” Additionally, when certain precursor chemicals are in short supply, fentanyl may be cut with xylazine and other ingredients to increase the volume of the final product at any stage of the chain, from cook to U.S. distributor, “so even if production in Sinaloa appears to be more centralized, the end product can still vary.”
“但在现阶段，这只是一个假设。”此外，当某些前体化学品供应短缺时，芬太尼可能会与赛拉嗪和其他成分一起减少，以增加从厨师到美国经销商的链条任何阶段的最终产品的数量，“因此，即使锡那罗亚州的生产似乎更加集中，最终产品仍然可能会有所不同。”
One factor behind the decline in deaths that’s not in question is more widespread availability of naloxone.
毫无疑问，死亡人数下降背后的一个因素是纳洛酮的更广泛使用。
While some residents contend that harm reduction measures like the free handouts of drug paraphernalia and tarps have exacerbated a sense of decay around Portland and left addicts more vulnerable to abuse, the impact of the opioid reversal drug on streets where it was once scarce to nonexistent is “a major success story,” says Dr. Todd Korthuis, the head of Oregon Health & Science University’s addiction medicine section.
虽然一些居民认为，免费发放吸毒用具和防水布等减少伤害的措施加剧了波特兰周围的腐朽感，并使吸毒者更容易受到滥用，但阿片类逆转药物对曾经稀缺甚至不存在的街道的影响是“一个重大的成功故事”，俄勒冈健康与科学大学成瘾医学部门负责人托德·科尔修斯博士说。
He singled out the work of Save Lives Oregon, a network of organizations that has distributed more than 675,000 naloxone doses, resulting in almost 20,000 overdose reversals.
他特别提到了俄勒冈州拯救生命组织的工作，该组织网络已分发了超过 675,000 剂纳洛酮，导致近 20,000 例药物过量逆转。
Reid Elder, an UberEats driver who obsessively tracks Portland’s drug scene and collects free naloxone, says he’s administered “hundreds” of life-saving doses over the past two years.
里德·埃尔德 (Reid Elder) 是一名 UberEats 司机，他痴迷于追踪波特兰的毒品现场并收集免费的纳洛酮，他说，在过去的两年里，他已经服用了“数百”剂救命药物。
Seven nights a week, he and his partner, Elena Perez, work the graveyard shift downtown in their Toyota Prius while monitoring emergency dispatch on a smartphone app.
每周七个晚上，他和他的伴侣埃琳娜·佩雷斯 (Elena Perez) 开着丰田普锐斯 (Toyota Prius) 在市中心上夜班，同时通过智能手机应用程序监控紧急调度情况。
Anytime an overdose call comes through that’s in range, they detour to the scene equipped with naloxone, often arriving ahead of first responders.
每当在范围内接到用药过量的电话时，他们就会绕道配备纳洛酮的现场，通常比急救人员先到达。
When things are slow, the couple distribute snacks and hand warmers, along with nudges to seek help.
当事情进展缓慢时，这对夫妇会分发零食和暖手器，并鼓励他们寻求帮助。
In general, social service workers in Portland are “too passive,” Elder laments.
埃尔德感叹道，总的来说，波特兰的社会服务工作者“太被动”。
“Getting people off the street is gonna take a lot more assertive helping.”
“让人们离开街道需要更加坚决的帮助。”
On a drizzly Friday night, we check in with “Squints,” a 34-year-old Black man who Elder says has been on the same corner in Chinatown for four nights.
在一个细雨蒙蒙的周五晚上，我们采访了一位 34 岁的黑人“斜眼”，埃尔德说他已经在唐人街的同一个角落待了四个晚上。
It’s 42 degrees out, and Squints is shivering under a thin blanket and a soaked sheet of cardboard.
室外温度为 42 度，Squints 盖着薄薄的毯子和湿透的纸板，瑟瑟发抖。
Elder offers a ride to a nearby shelter, but he politely declines and asks for a lighter instead.
埃尔德提议载他去附近的避难所，但他礼貌地拒绝了，并要求打火机。
When Squints finally agreed to be taken into the hospital five days later, Elder found fentanyl foil under his blanket.
五天后，当斯奎因茨最终同意被送往医院时，埃尔德在他的毯子下发现了芬太尼箔。
Following surgery to remove a blood clot in his leg, he returned to the street.
在手术清除腿部血块后，他回到了街上。
“It’s mind-boggling,” says Elder.
“这令人难以置信，”埃尔德说。
“People get into this state, and they’re not even trying to meet their survival needs.”
“人们进入这种状态，他们甚至不再试图满足自己的生存需求。”
Just after 10 p.m., we pull up to the corner of 13th and Taylor Street as a busted dealer is loaded into an ambulance.
晚上 10 点刚过，我们把车停在 13 街和泰勒街的拐角处，一名被抓获的毒贩被抬上救护车。
He’d tried to make a run for it and was tackled by a member of the Central Bike Squad, a 10-person police unit tasked with disrupting the downtown drug trade (and whose run-and-gun exploits are featured on a COPS -style Instagram account ).
他试图逃跑，但被中央自行车队的一名成员拦截，这是一个由 10 人组成的警察部队，其任务是扰乱市中心的毒品交易（他们的跑枪事迹会在一个警察风格的 Instagram 帐户上展示）。
In his side pack, officers found 50 grams of compressed fentanyl, $1,126 in cash, and a revolver.
警方在他的随身背包中发现了 50 克压缩芬太尼、1,126 美元现金和一把左轮手枪。
Though police don’t make a point of asking, officer Cristina Serrano, a native Spanish speaker, tells me “more than 90 percent” of the street-level dealers they arrest are undocumented Hondurans who belong to networks on Mexican cartels’ payrolls — a fact that squares with Drug Enforcement Administration investigations from Oakland to Salt Lake City.
尽管警方并没有刻意询问，但母语为西班牙语的警官克里斯蒂娜·塞拉诺告诉我，他们逮捕的街头毒贩中“90%以上”是无证洪都拉斯人，他们属于墨西哥贩毒集团的工资网络——这一事实与缉毒局从奥克兰到盐湖城的调查相符。
“Some of them don’t even know it’s a misdemeanor now,” she says, “so they just keep doing it in the street.” (Indeed, a month earlier, when Serrano arrested a woman who’d been weighing out fentanyl powder with a scale at this exact same spot, she says the woman was less concerned about going to jail than feeding her infant child.) Typically, dealers give an alias when arrested and skip their court date; if the heat becomes too great, they move on to another Western state where their warrant won’t be extraditable, in a distribution merry-go-round.
“他们中的一些人现在甚至不知道这是一种轻罪，”她说，“所以他们就继续在街上这样做。” （事实上，一个月前，当塞拉诺在同一地点逮捕了一名正在用秤称量芬太尼粉末的妇女时，她说这名妇女更关心的是喂养她的婴儿，而不是入狱。）通常，毒贩在被捕时会使用化名并跳过法庭日期；如果天气变得太热，他们就会转移到另一个西部州，在那里他们的逮捕令不会被引渡，就像旋转木马一样。
Under Measure 110, the man caught with fentanyl weight and a gun might have walked away with a ticket — or nothing at all.
根据 110 措施，被发现携带芬太尼和枪支的男子可能会带着罚单走开，或者什么也没有。
Today, it’s hardly any worse; Serrano says he could normally expect to be released “within hours.” Only because it was a weekend and there was no judge on duty, the man would have to spend a couple of nights in jail.
今天，情况几乎没有更糟。塞拉诺说，他通常会在“几小时内”获释。只是因为当时是周末，没有法官值班，所以这名男子不得不在监狱里待上几个晚上。
The remainder of Serrano’s shift would be spent doing paperwork at the precinct, leaving no bike patrol on duty downtown until Monday morning.
塞拉诺轮班的剩余时间将用于在辖区处理文书工作，直到周一早上，市中心才会有自行车巡逻人员值班。
Like water probing for gaps, the Hondurans were back on the same block before midnight.
就像水探查缺口一样，洪都拉斯人在午夜前回到了同一个街区。
“You can push people further away by forcing them [into treatment], and those people will just recede into the shadows.”
“你可以通过强迫人们[接受治疗]来将他们推得更远，而那些人只会退入阴影。”
THE NEXT MORNING, I ask the central precinct commander, Brian Hughes, if there’s any disincentive to dealing fentanyl in his city.
第二天早上，我问中央辖区指挥官布莱恩·休斯 (Brian Hughes)，他的城市是否有任何抑制芬太尼交易的措施。
“There’s none — and they know that; it’s part of the business model,” he says.
“没有——他们知道这一点；这是商业模式的一部分，”他说。
“There needs to be more risk [for dealers].” While recriminalization under the new law, HB 4002, has enabled police to make arrests and carry out investigations that have led to up-the-chain arrests and larger drug seizures, he says authorities are still hamstrung by capacity shortages in the jails and on the street.
“[经销商]需要承担更多风险。”虽然新法律 HB 4002 规定的重新定罪使警方能够实施逮捕并开展调查，从而实现了连锁逮捕和缉获更大规模的毒品，但他表示，当局仍然因监狱和街头的能力短缺而陷入困境。
(Following the George Floyd protests, police hiring was put on a freeze that was later lifted.) He says a city the size of Portland should have at least 1,100 officers.
（乔治·弗洛伊德抗议活动之后，警察招聘被冻结，后来又被解除。）他说，像波特兰这样大的城市应该至少有 1,100 名警察。
Today, there are just 785 on staff, with some entering retirement; another 150 officers are in training but it will take months before they are in service.
如今，员工人数仅有 785 人，其中一些已进入退休状态；另有150名警官正在接受培训，但他们需要几个月的时间才能上岗。
“We are way too low now,” says Hughes.
“我们现在的水平太低了，”休斯说。
Hughes was more upbeat about the deflection option available to drug users to avoid the criminal justice system.
休斯对吸毒者可以使用的逃避刑事司法系统的偏转选项更加乐观。
Provided they have no outstanding warrants and are not a threat, they could choose to be dropped off at a new center across the Willamette River, where they are screened by health workers and referred to additional treatment services.
如果他们没有未执行的搜查令并且不构成威胁，他们可以选择被送到威拉米特河对岸的一个新中心，在那里接受卫生工作者的筛查并转介接受额外的治疗服务。
Operated by Baltimore nonprofit Tuerk House, the center offers 13 sobering stations that are open 24-hours, with plans to open a permanent sobering center in 2027 that can accommodate 50 people for longer stays and involuntary holds, including withdrawal management services and medication-assisted treatment.
该中心由巴尔的摩非营利组织 Tuerk House 运营，提供 13 个 24 小时开放的醒酒站，计划于 2027 年开设一个永久性醒酒中心，可容纳 50 人进行长期停留和非自愿保留，包括戒断管理服务和药物辅助治疗。
It’s still too early to assess the efficacy of the program.
现在评估该计划的效果还为时过早。
As of late February, only 267 have entered deflection (the majority of people arrested with drugs are brought to jail on other charges or an outstanding warrant).
截至 2 月底，只有 267 人进入偏转状态（大多数因毒品被捕的人因其他指控或未执行的逮捕令被送进监狱）。
Moreover, once they are delivered and officers remove the handcuffs, nothing can stop them from walking away — as most appear to be doing , much to the ire of neighbors and business owners.
此外，一旦他们被交付并且警察取下手铐，没有什么可以阻止他们走开——正如大多数人似乎正在做的那样，这让邻居和企业主非常愤怒。
“They haven’t even finished the booking process and they’re out,” says Serrano, noting that after 30 days, offenders become eligible for deflection again if arrested.
塞拉诺说：“他们甚至还没有完成预订流程，就已经出局了。”他指出，30 天后，罪犯如果被捕，就有资格再次获得偏转。
Deflection is a “good idea,” she adds, “but when is enough, enough?”
她补充道，偏转是一个“好主意，但什么时候才足够呢？”
Incoming district attorney Nathan Vasquez says he’s aware of these loopholes and has a plan to fix them.
即将上任的地区检察官内森·瓦斯奎兹 (Nathan Vasquez) 表示，他已经意识到这些漏洞，并计划修复它们。
“Being progressive is wonderful, but there’s still a social contract,” he says.
“进步固然很棒，但社会契约仍然存在，”他说。
“When it comes to [small possession] drug crimes, the goal should never be to lock people up.
“当涉及[少量持有]毒品犯罪时，目标绝不应该是把人关起来。
At the same time, you have to have a motivational piece to push people toward treatment, and sometimes it’s OK to put someone in jail for a few days.”
与此同时，你必须有一个激励人心的作品来推动人们接受治疗，有时把某人关进监狱几天也是可以的。”
To make his point, he shares the story of a key witness in a triple homicide case who was addicted to fentanyl and had overdosed multiple times.
为了阐明自己的观点，他分享了三重凶杀案中一名关键证人的故事，该证人对芬太尼成瘾，并且多次服用过量。
As the trial neared and it was obvious she would not show up, he arranged a warrant to have her held for 10 days with an ankle monitor — enforcing a de facto detox stint.
随着审判的临近，很明显她不会出庭，他安排了一份逮捕令，将她关押 10 天，并给她安装脚踝监视器，以强制执行事实上的戒毒期。
Since the trial ended, Vasquez says the woman texts him every three months to thank him for helping her get sober, something she told him she “never would have done” without him.
瓦斯奎兹说，自审判结束以来，这名女子每三个月给他发短信，感谢他帮助她戒酒，她告诉他，如果没有他，她“永远不会这样做”。
There are “many paths to recovery,” Vasquez says, “and it’s never wise to take any threat of being held accountable off the table.”
瓦斯奎兹说，“恢复的途径有很多，但不接受任何追究责任的威胁从来都是不明智的。”
One component of Vasquez’s plan will be involuntary detox in treatment dorms built on county jail grounds.
瓦斯奎兹计划的一部分是在县监狱内建造的治疗宿舍中进行非自愿戒毒。
Along with traditional guards, they will be staffed by medical nurses working to use the detox period to get them “in the right zone” before they are released to an inpatient or outpatient treatment program, with a supervised plan that could include Suboxone, a medication used to alleviate opioid cravings, and a dedicated case manager.
除了传统的警卫之外，他们还将配备医疗护士，利用戒毒期让他们进入“正确的区域”，然后再被送往住院或门诊治疗项目，并制定监督计划，其中可能包括 Suboxone（一种用于缓解阿片类药物渴望的药物）和专门的病例经理。
He wants to start with 100 to 120 beds and, if enough funding can be raised from the county, federal grants, and private investors, be staffed up and running by the end of 2026.
他希望从 100 到 120 个床位开始，如果可以从县、联邦拨款和私人投资者那里筹集到足够的资金，到 2026 年底就可以配备人员并投入运行。
Because he has no plans to seek higher office, Vasquez says he can put “results ahead of politics” and, hopefully, create a model that other mid-sized American cities can replicate.
瓦斯奎兹表示，由于他没有寻求更高职位的计划，他可以将“结果置于政治之上”，并有望创建一个美国其他中型城市可以复制的模式。
Enforced treatment is not a new concept in the U.S. state and local governments have used drug courts and other systems since the 1970s to compel people to get sober, and the approach is gaining bipartisan momentum owing to the lethality of fentanyl.
强制治疗在美国并不是一个新概念。自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，各州和地方政府一直利用毒品法庭和其他系统来强迫人们戒酒，而且由于芬太尼的致命性，这种方法正在获得两党的支持。
California lawmakers, for instance, have passed legislation that makes it easier to detain people and force them into medical treatment for addiction.
例如，加利福尼亚州立法者已经通过了立法，使拘留人们并迫使他们接受毒瘾治疗变得更加容易。
A half-dozen recovering heroin and fentanyl addicts told me, unequivocally, that they never would have broken free without a “nudge from the judge.” “I got rescued, not arrested,” says one, who now works for a recovery nonprofit.
六名正在康复的海洛因和芬太尼成瘾者明确地告诉我，如果没有“法官的推动”，他们永远不会挣脱束缚。 “我被救了，而不是被捕，”一位现在在一家康复非营利组织工作的人说道。
Other former addicts counter that involuntary treatment is unethical and dehumanizing, and it does more harm than good.
其他前吸毒者反驳说，非自愿治疗是不道德和非人性的，而且弊大于利。
“Most people already couldn’t quit using drugs when they were facing a bunch of consequences, so when you come in and say there’s gonna be one more consequence it’s not like, ‘Oh, the fucking light switch flipped,’” says Morgan Godvin, a drug policy researcher and former heroin user who spent four years behind bars as a result of her addiction.
“大多数人在面临一系列后果时已经无法戒掉吸毒，所以当你进来并说还会有一个后果时，它不会像‘哦，该死的电灯开关打开了’”，毒品政策研究员、前海洛因吸食者摩根·戈德文（Morgan Godvin）说，她因毒瘾而入狱四年。
“You can push people further away by forcing them, and those people will just recede into the shadows.” Most empirical data affirms that involuntary treatment is less effective, particularly the “cold turkey” approaches used in some prisons.
“你可以通过强迫人们将他们推得更远，而那些人只会退入阴影。”大多数经验数据证实，非自愿治疗的效果较差，特别是一些监狱使用的“冷火鸡”方法。
A 2024 study in Massachusetts dealing with fentanyl addiction found that civic commitment, whereby family members seek court-mandated treatment for a loved one, increased the risk of overdose after forced abstinence.
2024 年在马萨诸塞州进行的一项有关芬太尼成瘾的研究发现，公民承诺（即家庭成员为亲人寻求法庭强制治疗）会增加强制戒毒后服用过量的风险。
“The goal is to have as many people as possible make the choice between prosecution and treatment consciously, and have a sense of accountability for that,” says Central City Concern’s Mendenhall, noting that recovery outcomes are better when self-directed.
Central City Concern 的门登霍尔表示：“我们的目标是让尽可能多的人有意识地在起诉和治疗之间做出选择，并对此有责任感。”他指出，自我指导的康复效果会更好。
However, when individuals have lost the ability to help themselves due to acute mental illness and addiction, and pose a danger to themselves and others, “involuntary treatment is absolutely necessary.” Oregon still faces a severe shortage of psychiatric care facilities, and people with dual diagnoses are generally excluded from civil commitment.
然而，当个人因急性精神疾病和成瘾而失去自救能力，并对自己和他人构成危险时，“非自愿治疗是绝对必要的”。俄勒冈州仍然面临精神科护理设施的严重短缺，患有双重诊断的人通常被排除在民事承诺之外。
These people are “falling through the cracks,” he adds, resulting “in the greatest inequities and preventable death” from overdose and exposure.
他补充道，这些人正在“被遗漏”，从而导致因吸毒过量和接触而导致“最大的不平等和可预防的死亡”。
Once again, Portland will be a test case as authorities try to strike a balance between care and coercion.
波特兰将再次成为一个考验案例，当局试图在照顾和强制之间取得平衡。
“Measure 110 was, ‘We’re going to let you exist out in the street, and good luck — we hope somehow you’re gonna decide to make the leap to treatment,’ not taking into account the nature of the beast [fentanyl and meth],” says Vasquez.
“第 110 号措施是，‘我们将让你露宿街头，祝你好运——我们希望你能以某种方式决定接受治疗’，而不考虑这种野兽（芬太尼和冰毒）的本质，”瓦斯奎兹说。
“What if we tried this other path, where there is a medical component, and a criminal justice component, and not shy away from that but embrace it in a way that says, ‘How can we help get these individuals connected to treatment in a long-term way?’”
“如果我们尝试另一条道路，其中有医疗部分和刑事司法部分，并且不回避这一点，而是以一种这样的方式拥抱它，那就是：‘我们如何帮助这些人长期接受治疗？’”
LATE ONE NIGHT, making the rounds with Elder and Perez, we speed to an overdose call in Chinatown, right across the street from The Society Hotel.
一天深夜，我们与埃尔德和佩雷斯一起巡视，赶赴唐人街接到服药过量求助电话，就在协会酒店的街对面。
An unconscious man named Gilbert is receiving emergency breathing from a woman, and three discarded shots of naloxone litter the ground.
昏迷不醒的男子吉尔伯特正在接受一名妇女的紧急呼吸，地上散落着三支废弃的纳洛酮注射液。
“His heart’s working, but he’s not breathing,” the woman shouts.
“他的心脏在工作，但他没有呼吸，”女人喊道。
The man’s lips are turning blue, and Perez, unsure of how long he’s been out, jumps in to give him another shot of naloxone.
那人的嘴唇变蓝了，佩雷斯不确定他已经出去多久了，跳进去又给他注射了一针纳洛酮。
The woman pushes her against the wall: “Goddamit, you’re gonna kill him if you give him another shot!” Perez pleads.
女人把她推到墙上：“妈的，你再给他一枪，你就杀了他！”佩雷斯恳求道。
“We’re on the same team, mama!” The scene is harrowing and poignant, two strangers trying their damndest to save a dying man on a cold, wet sidewalk.
“我们是同一个团队的，妈妈！”这个场景令人痛苦又心酸，两个陌生人在寒冷潮湿的人行道上竭尽全力拯救一个垂死的人。
And they succeed: Gilbert wakes up just as an ambulance and fire truck arrive.
他们成功了：吉尔伯特在救护车和消防车到达时醒来。
While I was in Portland, the Centers for Disease Control released preliminary figures indicating that U.S. overdose deaths had experienced their first significant decline in years.
当我在波特兰时，疾病控制中心发布的初步数据表明，美国服药过量死亡人数多年来首次出现显着下降。
There are many theories as to why — and no definitive consensus.
关于原因有很多理论，但没有明确的共识。
Some drug policy analysts touted greater international pressure on Chinese companies that make fentanyl precursor chemicals and larger seizures on the U.S. southern border for the drop in fentanyl supply and strength, with some asserting that intensified law enforcement has changed cartels’ behavior.
一些毒品政策分析师表示，由于芬太尼供应量和强度下降，国际社会对生产芬太尼前体化学品的中国公司施加了更大的压力，美国南部边境缉获了更多芬太尼化学品，一些人声称加强执法已经改变了卡特尔的行为。
Just days ago in Portland, a multiagency operation combining the efforts of the DEA, FBI, and local law enforcement led to the arrest of 46 traffickers — including Honduran nationals allegedly working with the Sinaloa cartel — and the seizure of 44 pounds of fentanyl powder as well as more than 2,500 pills.
就在几天前，在波特兰，缉毒局、联邦调查局和当地执法部门联合开展的一项多机构行动逮捕了 46 名毒贩——其中包括据称与锡那罗亚贩毒集团合作的洪都拉斯国民——并缴获了 44 磅芬太尼粉末以及 2,500 多个药丸。
Since taking office, President Trump has escalated the War on Drugs, designating the cartels as global terrorist organizations and threatening to target them inside Mexico with air strikes and Special Forces.
自上任以来，特朗普总统升级了禁毒战争，将这些贩毒集团指定为全球恐怖组织，并威胁在墨西哥境内发动空袭并派遣特种部队将其作为目标。
But like other heavy-handed campaigns of the past, such tactics are unlikely to be effective given the cartels’ diffuse operations, fentanyl’s low cost and ease of transport, and the insatiable U.S. market for cheap opioids.
但与过去其他严厉的行动一样，考虑到卡特尔的分散经营、芬太尼的低成本和运输便利以及美国市场对廉价阿片类药物的贪得无厌，这种策略不太可能有效。
“Even if all fentanyl producers in Mexico are taken out, production would still take place,” says Insight Crime’s Dittmar, noting that it costs about $60,000 to set up a lab and buy materials.
Insight Crime 的 Dittmar 表示：“即使墨西哥所有芬太尼生产商都被消灭，生产仍然会进行。”他指出，建立实验室和购买材料的成本约为 6 万美元。
“We already see it happening in Canada, and there is some indication that it could be happening in the United States.”
“我们已经看到这种情况在加拿大发生，而且有迹象表明这种情况也可能发生在美国。”
Devastating as Oregon’s overdose crisis remains, health officials contend that vigilance on the home front is the best long-term strategy, however slow and messy.
尽管俄勒冈州的吸毒过量危机仍然具有毁灭性，但卫生官员认为，在国内保持警惕是最好的长期战略，无论多么缓慢和混乱。
Korthuis emphasizes that fentanyl hit Oregon and other Western states later than Eastern states that are now seeing a sharp drop in overdose deaths due to changes in the drug supply, naloxone availability, and expanded treatment services.
Korthuis 强调，芬太尼袭击俄勒冈州和其他西部各州的时间晚于东部各州，由于药物供应、纳洛酮供应的变化和治疗服务的扩大，这些州目前因用药过量死亡人数急剧下降。
“There seems to be a natural evolution: The decline in overdose deaths maps out almost perfectly with when fentanyl appears in a state,” he says.
“这似乎是一种自然的演变：过量死亡的下降几乎与芬太尼在某个州出现时的情况完美地吻合，”他说。
“I’m confident that by doubling down on prevention and treatment we can demonstrate the success of innovative public health models in Oregon.”
“我相信，通过加倍努力预防和治疗，我们可以在俄勒冈州展示创新公共卫生模式的成功。”
Supporters of decriminalization maintain it was not given enough time to have an impact.
非刑事化的支持者认为，没有足够的时间来产生影响。
Indeed, a new study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association concluded that “decriminalization of drug possession was not associated with an increase in fatal drug overdose rates” in Oregon, attributing the surge to the deluge of fentanyl instead.
事实上，《美国医学会杂志》上发表的一项新研究得出的结论是，俄勒冈州“持有毒品合法化与致命药物过量率的增加无关”，而是将这一激增归因于芬太尼的泛滥。
But in the wake of Measure 110, more people are getting access to naloxone and medically assisted treatment with proven drugs like methadone and buprenorphine.
但在 110 号措施实施后，越来越多的人开始获得纳洛酮以及美沙酮和丁丙诺啡等经过验证的药物的医疗辅助治疗。
Community-based nonprofits offer a broadening spectrum of addiction services — from inpatient treatment and low-barrier housing to long-term counseling — that give fentanyl users a fighting chance of slipping its grip.
以社区为基础的非营利组织提供更广泛的成瘾服务——从住院治疗和低门槛住房到长期咨询——这为芬太尼使用者提供了摆脱束缚的机会。
And, critically, they are staffed by legions of emerging survivors who know the pain and isolation that lie at the root of addiction, and are ready to meet people where they are.
更重要的是，他们的工作人员中有大批新兴幸存者，他们了解成瘾根源的痛苦和孤立，并准备好与他们所在的地方的人们见面。
“It’s all hands on deck here,” says Mejia, the outreach manager.
“这里所有人都齐心协力，”外展经理梅吉亚说。
“We’re keeping the momentum going.”
“我们正在保持这种势头。”
Back at the coffee van in Old Town, a gaunt addict named Travis walks up and asks for detox.
回到老城区的咖啡车上，一个名叫特拉维斯的瘦弱的瘾君子走过来要求戒毒。
“I’m just done,” says the 43-year-old, “I can’t live like this anymore.” Tommy Richmond, a volunteer who credits a jail term with helping him get clean, starts making calls.
“我受够了，”43 岁的他说道，“我不能再这样生活了。”志愿者汤米·里奇蒙德 (Tommy Richmond) 开始打电话，他认为入狱帮助他改过自新。
The first two places are booked, but Recovery Works Northwest has a single bed available, and Mejia comes to drive them over.
前两个位置已经被预订了，但西北恢复工厂有一张单人床，梅吉亚开车送他们过来。
On the way, Richmond stays on the phone trying to arrange housing for the day Travis exits detox, so he doesn’t slip through the cracks.
路上，里士满一直打电话，试图为特拉维斯戒毒那天安排住宿，这样他就不会被漏掉。
If he commits to outpatient treatment, he could be eligible for county funds that would cover his rent while he gets back on his feet.
如果他承诺接受门诊治疗，他可能有资格获得县基金，以便在他重新站起来时支付他的房租。
“There’s going to be a bunch of guys living there, and they’re going to help you stay accountable,” Richmond says.
“会有很多人住在那里，他们会帮助你承担责任，”里士满说。
Travis worries aloud that he’ll be kicked back onto the street if he relapses.
特拉维斯大声担心，如果他旧病复发，他会被赶回街上。
“Even at 13 years clean, I still wanna get high, but I share my thoughts and feelings like you’re doing, so I don’t put that into action,” says Mejia.
“即使已经戒毒 13 年了，我仍然想吸毒，但我会像你一样分享我的想法和感受，所以我不会付诸行动，”Mejia 说。
He adds a parting shot: “I’ve learned that the disease of addiction has a hit on my life.
他补充道：“我了解到毒瘾对我的生活造成了打击。
What’s colder than that?
还有什么比这更冷的呢？
The hit man is me .
杀手就是我。
So, how I get militant and combat that is by doing what you’re doing today and asking for help.”
因此，我如何变得激进并与之抗争，就是通过做你们今天所做的事情并寻求帮助。”
Set back in a residential area and flanked by towering pine trees, Recovery Works looks more like a cozy family home than a detox clinic.
康复工厂位于住宅区，两侧是高耸的松树，看起来更像是一个舒适的家庭住宅，而不是戒毒诊所。
Sean Smeeden had spent a week here in the spring.
春天的时候，肖恩·斯米登曾在这里待过一周。
(Five weeks after we met at the tiny home complex, I learned he was shot dead on a MAX train platform in north Portland.) It turns out Bruce Ferguson had also come through.
（我们在这个小住宅区见面五周后，我得知他在波特兰北部的 MAX 火车站台上被枪杀。） 事实证明，布鲁斯·弗格森也经历了这一过程。
BY CHANCE I RUN into Ferguson on a downtown corner and invite him to lunch.
一次偶然的机会，我在市中心的拐角处遇到了弗格森，并邀请他共进午餐。
Over a bowl of Thai curry, he tells me that he skipped his detox appointment that day in May to get high with his ex-girlfriend.
一边吃着一碗泰式咖喱，他告诉我，他在五月的那天跳过了戒毒预约，去和他的前女友一起狂欢。
But he made it to the clinic a week later and toughed it out, moving on to supportive housing with a group of men.
但一周后，他来到了诊所，并坚持了下来，并与一群男人一起搬进了支持性住房。
He was building momentum, but having only a month to find a job and place of his own made him feel “discouraged and looking for ways to cope.” Before relapsing, he left the home to avoid putting anyone else at risk.
他正在积蓄动力，但只有一个月的时间才能找到自己的工作和住处，这让他感到“灰心丧气，正在寻找应对的方法”。在病情复发之前，他离开了家，以免给其他人带来危险。
Over the summer, he did another month-long stint at a sober house, and relapsed again.
整个夏天，他又在一个清醒的房子里待了一个月，但病情再次复发。
By his count, it was the 10th time.
据他统计，这已经是第十次了。
Since then, he’d been sleeping rough and using, too ashamed to reach out to his family.
从那时起，他就一直露宿街头，羞于与家人联系。
“It hurts to even think about it; they care so much, and I don’t like to be the bearer of bad news.” He recedes into himself for a moment and lets out a groan, the ache of longing taking on a physical dimension.
“想想就让人心痛；他们太在乎了，而我不喜欢成为坏消息的传播者。”他暂时退缩了，发出一声呻吟，渴望的痛苦呈现在肉体上。
“It’s all so exhausting,” he goes on.
“这一切都太累了，”他继续说道。
“Sometimes I wanna curl up in a ball and cry, but out here you gotta keep a certain demeanor so people don’t walk all over you, target you.”
“有时我想蜷缩成一团哭，但在这里你必须保持一定的举止，这样人们就不会踩到你，瞄准你。”
Ferguson was going on three days without sleep.
弗格森连续三天没有睡觉。
As the heavy meal settles, he can barely finish sentences and then finally drifts off, head slumping on his chest.
一顿丰盛的饭菜吃完后，他几乎无法说完句子，最后就睡着了，头垂在胸前。
For the next hour I let him rest, until the cafe closes down and it’s time to head back out into the darkening street.
在接下来的一个小时里，我让他休息，直到咖啡馆关门，是时候回到黑暗的街道了。
The headline of this story has been updated to reflect that Portland decriminalized fentanyl — meaning the drug remained illegal but the criminal justice system did not prosecute those who used it — but did not legalize it.
这个故事的标题已经更新，以反映波特兰将芬太尼合法化——这意味着该药物仍然是非法的，但刑事司法系统没有起诉使用它的人——但没有将其合法化。
Trending Stories Lorde: ‘I’m an Intense Bitch’ What's the Deal With Sleep Token?
热门故事 Lorde：“我是个激烈的婊子” 睡眠令牌有什么用？
Foo Fighters Part With Drummer Josh Freese People Are Losing Loved Ones to AI-Fueled Spiritual Fantasies
Foo Fighters 与鼓手 Josh Freese 分手 人们因人工智能驱动的精神幻想而失去亲人